Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve prolapse – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20355446

  Mitral valve prolapse symptoms can vary widely from one person to another. Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t have noticeable symptoms. Other people may have mild symptoms that develop gradually. […] Signs and symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are due to the amount of blood leaking backward through the valve. […] Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include: A racing or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), Dizziness or lightheadedness, Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, especially during exercise or when lying flat, Fatigue. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse, see your provider if your symptoms worsen.

• #2 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heart issue with floppy valve leaflets that dont close tightly. Its harmless for most people, but can become dangerous if it leads to severe mitral regurgitation (leaky valve). People with severe regurgitation may need valve repair or replacement. […] Mitral valve prolapse is a common form of mitral valve disease that affects 2% to 3% of the general population. MVP is often harmless. Many people have no symptoms and dont even know they have it. […] Some people with moderate or severe prolapse have symptoms and need treatment. It may be daunting to hear that you need surgery. But it may be comforting to know that many people have had successful procedures. […] Although most people with this condition dont have them, mitral valve prolapse symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself. Dizziness. Fatigue. Heart palpitations. These can feel like bursts of rapid heartbeat or an awareness of your heartbeat.

• #3 Mitral valve prolapse: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000180.htm

  Mitral valve prolapse is a heart problem involving the mitral valve, which separates the upper and lower chambers of the left side of the heart. In this condition, the valve does not close normally. […] Many people with mitral valve prolapse do not have symptoms. A group of symptoms sometimes found in people with mitral valve prolapse has been called „mitral valve prolapse syndrome,” and includes: Chest pain (not caused by coronary artery disease or a heart attack), Dizziness, Fatigue, Panic attacks, Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations), Shortness of breath with activity or when lying flat (orthopnea). […] When mitral regurgitation occurs, symptoms may be related to the leaking, particularly when severe. […] Most of the time, mitral valve prolapse is harmless and does not cause symptoms. Symptoms that do occur can be treated and controlled with medicine or surgery. […] Some abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) in people with mitral valve prolapse can be life threatening. If the valve leakage becomes severe, your outlook may be similar to that of people who have mitral regurgitation from any other cause.

• #3 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/mitral-valve-prolapse-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Most people with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms. […] Chest pain is the most frequent symptom in people who have symptoms with mitral valve prolapse. The chest pain may be very bothersome and frightening, but it does not increase the risk of heart attack, death, or other heart problems. […] Mitral valve prolapse is a common cause of mitral regurgitation. That’s a condition in which some blood flows backward through the mitral valve with each heartbeat. Over years, moderate or severe mitral regurgitation can cause weakness of the heart muscle, known as congestive heart failure. Symptoms of congestive heart failure include: Shortness of breath with exertion, Swelling in the legs and feet. […] Mitral valve prolapse has also been associated with other symptoms: Fluttering or rapid heartbeat called palpitations, Shortness of breath, especially with exercise, Dizziness, Passing out or fainting, known as syncope, Panic and anxiety, Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

• #4 Mitral Valve Prolapse – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/mitral-valve-prolapse-a-to-z

  Most people with mitral valve prolapse do not have any symptoms, and the condition is discovered only when a doctor hears a certain clicking sound with or without a heart murmur during a routine physical examination. […] People who have mitral regurgitation that continues to get worse can have symptoms of congestive heart failure (fatigue, shortness of breath, leg swelling). […] Mitral valve prolapse is a lifelong condition. However, most people with the condition do not have any symptoms. […] Most people with mitral valve prolapse never have symptoms, and the condition never significantly affects lifestyle or life expectancy. When surgery is done to reconstruct or replace the mitral valve, it is successful in more than 90% of cases.

• #4 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] Common symptoms include bursts of rapid heartbeat (palpitations), chest discomfort and fatigue. […] MVP rarely becomes a serious condition. However, in the most serious cases it can cause abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may eventually become life-threatening. […] When mitral valve prolapse is severe enough to cause significant valve leakage, called “regurgitation,” it can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. This happens because when the valve leaks, it can cause the atrium to enlarge. An enlarged atrium may lead to heart rhythm problems such as atrial fibrillation, which may cause blood clots to form. When clots travel from the heart to the arteries or the brain, it can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

• #5 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP can be asymptomatic and can also present with symptoms of atypical chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, and exercise intolerance. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, low blood pressure, and syncope, suggest autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Occasionally, supraventricular arrhythmias are seen, suggesting an increased parasympathetic tone. […] Over the years, it has been noted that patients with MVP do develop a range of autonomic symptoms that include: Panic attacks, Anxiety, Exercise intolerance, Palpitations, Fatigue, Atypical chest discomfort, Orthostasis, Mood changes, Syncope. […] The overall prognosis for MVP is benign. Most asymptomatic individuals are not aware that they have MVP and do not require treatment. Complications associated with MVP include infective endocarditis, mitral valve regurgitation, arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation), transient ischemic event, or systemic embolism. The major predictor of mortality in MVP is the degree of mitral valve regurgitation and ejection fraction.

• #6 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mitral_valve_prolapse/article.htm

  Mitral valve prolapse (also known as „click murmur syndrome” and „Barlow’s syndrome”) is the most common heart valve abnormality. […] Most people are unaware of the prolapsing of the mitral valve. However, others may experience a number of symptoms. […] Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse Migraine headaches have been occasionally linked to mitral valve prolapse. Most people with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms, however, those who do commonly complain of symptoms may experience: Fatigue is the most common symptom of mitral valve prolapse, although the reason for fatigue is not understood. […] Often the severity of symptoms in people with mitral prolapse is inversely correlated to the degree of anatomic abnormality of the heart. Many people with severe symptoms have barely detectable prolapse, and the small minority with severe prolapse and valve dysfunction have no symptoms.

• #7 Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/mitral-valve-prolapse-mvp

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is usually asymptomatic in the absence of significant regurgitation, although there are reports that some patients experience chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, and palpitations. […] Most patients with mitral valve prolapse are asymptomatic. Some experience nonspecific symptoms (eg, chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, dizziness, near syncope, migraines, anxiety) thought to be due to poorly defined associated abnormalities in adrenergic signaling and sensitivity rather than to mitral valve pathology. […] In about one third of patients, emotional stress precipitates palpitations, which may be a symptom of benign arrhythmias (atrial premature beats, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, ventricular premature beats, complex ventricular ectopy). […] Occasionally, patients present with mitral regurgitation. Rarely, patients present with endocarditis (eg, with fever, weight loss, thromboembolic phenomena) or stroke.

• #8 Mitral Valve Prolapse – Dysautonomia-MVP Center – Paula Moore M.D.

  https://www.mvpctr.com/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when one of the valves of the heart does not work properly. […] However, it may sometimes cause blood to flow backward into the upper left chamber or left atrium of the heart. […] Most people with mitral valve prolapse do not experience any symptoms or complications. Symptoms that do appear are often the result of mitral valve regurgitation. Symptoms may include: Arrhythmia, a racing or irregular heartbeat, Dizziness, Difficulty breathing, Headache, Fatigue. […] Some individuals with mitral valve prolapse experience chest pain or discomfort. […] Often, no treatment is necessary for patients with mitral valve prolapse who do not experience any symptoms. […] Many Mitral Valve Prolapse patients have symptoms out of proportion to the degree of prolapse or regurgitation on their Echocardiogram. Many of these patients have Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome or Dysautonomia.

• #9 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. MVP usually has a benign course, but it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant mitral regurgitation (MR), infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events. […] Most patients with MVP are asymptomatic. Symptoms are related to one of the following: […] Symptoms related to the progression of MR include the following: Fatigue, Dyspnea, Exercise intolerance, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), Progressive signs of chronic heart failure (CHF), Palpitations (from associated arrhythmias). […] MVP usually results in a benign course. However, it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant MR, infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events.

• #10 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  In most cases, mitral valve prolapse doesnt cause problems and you dont need treatment. Mitral valve prolapse may not harm your body. But in some people, MVP can lead to regurgitation and other issues. […] People who have severe regurgitation but dont get a valve repair face poor outcomes. They have a 20% chance of dying within one year and a 50% chance of dying within five years. […] Mitral valve prolapse can get worse as you get older. Thats why its important to keep all of your appointments with your healthcare provider. Theyll monitor your valve and discuss treatment options with you if needed.

• #11 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  Mitral valve regurgitation is often mild and develops slowly. Some people do not have symptoms for many years. […] But sometimes, mitral valve regurgitation develops quickly. When this happens, it’s called acute mitral valve regurgitation. […] Fatigue is a common but nonspecific symptom of mitral valve regurgitation. Other symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation include: Irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. Shortness of breath, especially when lying down. Feelings of a rapid, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations. Swollen feet or ankles. […] As mitral valve regurgitation gets worse, the heart must work harder to pump blood to the body. The strain on the heart can cause the left lower chamber to widen. The heart muscle may become weak. […] Potential complications of severe mitral valve regurgitation include: An irregular and often rapid heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation. Mitral valve regurgitation may trigger this common heart rhythm disorder. Atrial fibrillation has been linked to an increased risk of blood clots and stroke. High blood pressure in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension. Long-term untreated or improperly treated mitral regurgitation can increase pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs. As pressure rises, fluid builds up in the lungs. Congestive heart failure. In severe mitral valve regurgitation, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra effort causes the left lower heart chamber to get bigger. Untreated, the heart muscle becomes weak. This can cause heart failure.

• #12 Mitral Regurgitation Stages: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-regurgitation-stages

  Doctors classify mitral valve regurgitation into four progressive stages. Symptoms typically dont appear until the final stages but monitoring and treatment in earlier stages may help slow progression. […] People in stage B still dont have symptoms, but they have a higher degree of blood volume flowing backward into their left atrium. […] Stage C mitral regurgitation also doesnt cause symptoms but causes severe mitral regurgitation. […] People in stage D have features similar to people in stage C but with increased severity and symptoms. People with stage D mitral regurgitation may have symptoms that include shortness of breath with exertion or at rest, fatigue, a reduced exercise capacity, heart palpitations, chest pain, and swelling in their legs, abdomen, and neck veins. […] Mitral regurgitation doesnt cause symptoms until you reach stage D. Progressively worsening symptoms or the development of new symptoms can be a sign you have increased regurgitation.

• #12 Mitral Regurgitation Stages: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-regurgitation-stages

  The rate at which mitral regurgitation progresses depends on many factors. Experts recommend people with mitral valve prolapse undergo monitoring every 3 to 5 years, while those with mitral regurgitation should undergo monitoring yearly. […] Doctors divide mitral valve regurgitation into four stages, A to D. Symptoms typically dont appear until stage D. […] A doctor is most likely to recommend surgery for mitral valve regurgitation if youre in stage C2 or stage D.

• #13 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is common. It affects up to 1 in 50 people. Most people do not need treatment because their condition is not serious. […] The leaky valve can cause symptoms, especially if the leak is severe, and if it began recently. The symptoms may be mild and can include: […] Fatigue. Because some of the blood is flowing backwards, you may feel tired and lack energy. You might think, I must be getting older. You may have to rest more than usual. […] Shortness of breath. When the blood goes backwards into the upper chamber (left atrium), it also goes into the lungs. This can cause pressure to build in the lungs, causing congestion. Lung congestion may cause you to feel short of breath when doing physical activities, such as walking up or down stairs or hills, carrying groceries or doing laundry.

• #14 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/mitral-valve-prolapse-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Most people with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms. […] Chest pain is the most frequent symptom in people who have symptoms with mitral valve prolapse. The chest pain may be very bothersome and frightening, but it does not increase the risk of heart attack, death, or other heart problems. […] Mitral valve prolapse is a common cause of mitral regurgitation. That’s a condition in which some blood flows backward through the mitral valve with each heartbeat. Over years, moderate or severe mitral regurgitation can cause weakness of the heart muscle, known as congestive heart failure. Symptoms of congestive heart failure include: Shortness of breath with exertion, Swelling in the legs and feet. […] Mitral valve prolapse has also been associated with other symptoms: Fluttering or rapid heartbeat called palpitations, Shortness of breath, especially with exercise, Dizziness, Passing out or fainting, known as syncope, Panic and anxiety, Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

• #15 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Symptoms of MVP syndrome do not typically present before the age of 14. It is important to note that patients without MVP often present with similar dysautonomic symptoms. […] The most frequent and important complication of MVP is a condition known as mitral regurgitation (MR). The gradual progression of MR in patients with MVP may result in increasing dilation and dysfunction of the left atrium and left ventricle. MR that becomes severe can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and an increased risk of sudden death. […] Patients with MR may be asymptomatic for years. The average interval from diagnosis to the onset of symptoms is 16 years. […] The progression may be slow and insidious or it may be abrupt. Abrupt progression is indicative of a chordal rupture, which leads to flail leaflet. Patients with severe symptomatic MR have a poor clinical outcome. Survival rates are 33% at 8 years in the absence of surgical intervention.

• #16 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-valve-prolapse-symptoms

  Although many people may not experience symptoms, others can have symptoms like heart palpitations, chest pain, and fatigue. […] MVP can worsen with age, especially if you dont monitor and manage it properly. As you age, the heart ages too, causing the valve leaflets to stretch and degenerate. […] Without treatment, MVP can lead to serious complications. These can include arrhythmias, heart attack, and heart valve infection (endocarditis).

• #17 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Approximately 5-10% of patients with MVP progress to severe mitral regurgitation (MR). […] Most patients with MVP are asymptomatic and have a benign prognosis, with survival rates similar to those of the general population. Nonetheless, high-risk patients (ie, those with moderate-to-severe MR and reduced left ventricular systolic function) have increased cardiac morbidity and mortality rates. […] MR is the most common complication of MVP and the leading cause of isolated MR requiring mitral valve surgery in the United States. Acute severe MR is most frequently due to rupture of the chordae tendineae. […] The risk of MR increases with the following factors: age older than 50 years, male sex, history of hypertension, increased body mass index (BMI), increased mitral valve thickness or redundancy, and left atrial and left ventricular dilatation.

• #18 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  The complications that can manifest with mitral valve prolapse are as follows: Progression to severe mitral regurgitation, Infective endocarditis, Atrial fibrillation, Stroke, Sudden death. […] The majority of patients with MVP have a normal life expectancy. About 3-10% of patients have a progression of the condition to severe mitral regurgitation. In general, patients over 50 at diagnosis and normal left ventricular function have an excellent outcome, even if they develop MR. Death is rare from MVP today. Even for those who undergo repair or replacement of the valve, the outcomes are good to excellent.

• #19 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  In a Mayo clinic series, MR volume increased by more than 8 mL in 51% of 74 patients with MVP over a follow-up period of 1.5 years. Progression of the valvular lesions and an increase in mitral annular diameter were the two independent predictors of regurgitant volume over time. […] The main mechanism for an increased risk of infective endocarditis is a turbulent flow state due to leaflet thickness or redundancy and MR. The risk of endocarditis increases 3- to 8-fold with MVP. […] There is a 50-60% increased risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with myxomatous MVP; the risk of sudden death is 0.4-2% in these patients. The SCD risk is increased when patients have evidence of left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction, severe MR, or increased mitral leaflet thickness or redundancy.

• #20 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the valve between the two left chambers of the heart doesn’t close perfectly, allowing blood to flow backward. Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] Common symptoms include increased awareness of your heartbeat, a feeling of your heart racing or beating irregularly, decreased stamina and worsening exercise tolerance. Sometimes, people report dizziness, lightheadedness, and chest pain. In more advanced disease stages, patients may develop shortness of breath on exertion. […] Some people live their whole lives with mild cases of mitral valve prolapse. Among those whose condition progresses, the timeline varies significantly. According to the American Heart Association, about 25% of patients with MVP will progress to significant mitral valve regurgitation within 3 to 16 years.

• #21 Mitral valve prolapse: What you need to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318455

  In very rare cases, complications can occur and may include the following: heart failure; arrhythmias; infection of the inner tissues of the heart. […] In most cases, mitral valve prolapse is not serious or life-threatening. Many people who have the condition experience no symptoms at all. […] However, the condition may get worse over time and cause symptoms to develop.

• #22 Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/mitral-valve-prolapse-mvp

  Sudden death occurs in 1%, most often resulting from ruptured chordae tendineae and flail mitral valve leaflets. […] Mitral regurgitation is the most common complication of mitral valve prolapse. MR may be acute (due to ruptured chordae tendineae causing flail mitral valve leaflets) or chronic. […] Sequelae of MVP with MR include heart failure, infective endocarditis, and atrial fibrillation with thromboembolism. […] Prognosis is usually benign unless MR develops, in which case there is increased risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and infective endocarditis.

• #23 Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome: Once Benign and Now Malignant

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2020/12/01/01/42/Mitral-Valve-Prolapse-Syndrome-Once-Benign-and-Now-Malignant

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome, an entity first described in the 1960s, has become associated with prominent features including atypical chest pain, anxiety and MVP. […] Despite the association with sudden cardiac death (SCD), MVP syndrome has largely been viewed as a benign condition and contemporary management continues to advocate reassurance and lifestyle changes. […] However, over the last decade new multi-modality observations on the structure and function of the mitral valve apparatus have revealed a potential underlying mechanism for the arrhythmic manifestations in MVP syndrome. This new entity, termed arrhythmic MVP or malignant MVP, is associated with biphasic or inverted T waves in the inferior ECG leads, complex or pleomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), and PVC-triggered ventricular fibrillation (VF).

• #24 Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome: Once Benign and Now Malignant

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2020/12/01/01/42/Mitral-Valve-Prolapse-Syndrome-Once-Benign-and-Now-Malignant

  Overall, these findings suggest that the risk of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmic MVP is likely related to the interaction between a diseased underlying myocardium, an arrhythmic trigger, and a transient systemic state. […] Despite the increased awareness of SCD in MVP, the management of arrhythmic MVP remains unclear beyond surveillance with advanced imaging and extended telemetry monitoring, and initial treatment with beta-blocker therapy. […] In patients with significant MVP and mitral regurgitation, mitral valve repair has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of SCD by not only addressing the underlying substrate to promote ventricular remodeling but also alleviating myocardial distention as an arrhythmic trigger. […] Although our understanding of MVP remains incomplete, we have come a long way in appreciating the interplay of the electrical, mechanical, and systemic drivers that contribute to the development of MVP-related SCD.

• #25 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-valve-prolapse

  MVP is generally asymptomatic, unless there are complications such as significant mitral regurgitation. It usually presents as an incidental finding on clinical examination or echocardiogram. […] Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction may occur with genetically inherited MVP – eg, anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations, syncope or presyncope, neuropsychiatric symptoms. […] ECG and CXR are usually normal unless there has been progression to significant mitral regurgitation. The ECG may show nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities. […] Patients at high risk need follow-up to monitor for progressive mitral regurgitation. If this occurs, the surgical repair or replacement of the valve may be needed, and the optimal timing of surgery must be considered. […] Progression to severe mitral regurgitation, which may require surgery.

• #26 Mitral valve prolapse – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/321

  Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of chronic mitral regurgitation in developed countries. […] Diagnosis is established by clinical examination and echocardiogram. […] Usually follows a benign course with a favourable prognosis. […] Uncommonly, serious complications occur such as infective endocarditis, severe mitral regurgitation, or sudden cardiac death. Patients at increased risk are identifiable by clinical and echocardiographical features. […] MVP with leaflet thickening of 5 mm or greater during diastasis, reflecting myxomatous degeneration, is referred to as classic prolapse and is a predictor of complications. […] The degree of associated mitral regurgitation ranges from none to severe. […] The echocardiographic definition of MVP is prolapse of leaflet(s) by 2 mm above the level of the annulus during systole in the long-axis parasternal view. […] Presence of risk factors, mid-systolic click, late-systolic murmur, and palpitations are key diagnostic factors.

• #27 Mitral valve prolapse | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse?content_id=CON-20248751

  Signs and symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are due to the amount of blood leaking backward through the valve. […] Mitral valve prolapse symptoms can vary widely from one person to another. Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t have noticeable symptoms. Other people may have mild symptoms that develop gradually. […] Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include: A racing or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), dizziness or lightheadedness, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, especially during exercise or when lying flat, fatigue. […] Usually, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t require treatment or lifestyle changes. But some people may need medications or surgery, especially if the prolapse causes severe regurgitation. […] If you have mitral valve regurgitation but don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition. […] If you have severe mitral valve regurgitation, medications or surgery may be needed even if you don’t have symptoms.

• #28 Cardiothoracic Surgery – Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://adultctsurgery.ucsf.edu/patient/patient-education/mitral-valve-prolapse.aspx

  Most people who have MVP have no symptoms or medical problems and don’t need treatment. […] Among those who do have symptoms, palpitations (strong or rapid heartbeats) are reported most often. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, dizziness, fatigue (tiredness), anxiety, migraine headaches, and chest discomfort. […] MVP symptoms can vary from one person to another. They tend to be mild but can worsen over time, mainly when complications occur. […] Complications of MVP are rare. When present, they’re most often due to the backflow of blood through the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve backflow causes blood to flow backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium. Blood can even back up from the atrium into the lungs, causing shortness of breath. […] The backflow of blood puts a strain on the muscles of both the atrium and the ventricle. Over time, the strain can lead to arrhythmias. […] MVP is treated with medicines, surgery, or both. […] Most people who have MVP don’t need treatment because they don’t have complications and have few or no symptoms. […] If you have MVP, it’s important to get ongoing care. See your doctor if your symptoms worsen.

• #29 Mitral Valve Disease and Diagnosis | AdventHealth Orlando

  https://www.adventhealth.com/hospital/adventhealth-orlando/blog/mitral-valve-disease-and-diagnosis

  Acute, severe mitral valve regurgitation is a medical emergency and you should seek medical attention immediately. It can cause serious symptoms such as: Symptoms of shock such as pale skin, loss of consciousness or rapid breathing, Severe shortness of breath, Abnormal heart rhythms that make the heart unable to pump well. […] The symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may look like other medical conditions, so always see a health care provider for an accurate diagnosis.

• #30 Mitral Valve Prolapse – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=mitral-valve-prolapse-85-P00229

  The symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may look like other medical conditions or problems. Always see a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] MVP usually doesn’t need to be treated because it is rarely a serious condition, and it doesn’t damage the heart. Regular checkups with your doctor are advised. […] If you have heart rhythm changes, you may need medicines that control fast heart rhythms or irregular heartbeats. In most cases, you will also need to limit stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes, to control symptoms. […] If severe mitral regurgitation is from a floppy mitral leaflet, tear (rupture) of the cords, or extreme lengthening of the valve, you may need transcatheter mitral valve repair, surgical repair, or valve replacement.

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