Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disorder afflicting 2-3% of the general population. Based on a prevalence of 2-3%, MVP would be expected to affect approximately 7.8 million individuals in the United States and over 176 million people worldwide. MVP can be associated with significant mitral regurgitation (MR), bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and even sudden death. […] MVP is a clinical entity that is not fully understood, despite being known for more than a century. […] Studies on the heritable features of MVP have been limited by the analysis of relatively small pedigrees and by self-referral and selection biases, including a preponderance of data from hospital-based cohorts. […] Nonetheless, a majority of data favors an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in a large proportion of individuals with MVP.

• #2 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #3 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. […] MVP is thought to be inherited with increased gene expression in female individuals (2:1). The most common form of inheritance is autosomal dominant, but X-linked inheritance has been described. […] MVP commonly occurs with heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. […] MVP was overdiagnosed in the 1970s and 1980s because of the absence of rigorous echocardiographic criteria, with a reported prevalence of 5-15%. Subsequently, Levine et al reported that the two-dimensional echocardiographic characterizations of prolapse, especially on the parasternal long-axis view, are most specific for diagnosing MVP. The use of these criteria prevents overdiagnosis.

• #4 Mitral valve prolapse epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_valve_prolapse_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Prior to the development of rigorous criteria for the diagnosis and classification of mitral valve prolapse, as described above, the incidence of mitral valve prolapse in the general population varied significantly. Studies estimated the incidence of mitral valve prolapse at 5 to 15 percent or even higher.[1] […] As part of the Framingham Heart Study, more modern estimates of the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse have been lower at 2.4%. There was a near-even split between classic and nonclassic MVP, with no significant age or sex discrimination.[2] Based on data gathered in the United States, MVP is prevalent in 7% of autopsies.

• #5 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prevalence of MVP and its clinical associations were examined in the community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The sample analyzed consisted of 3491 participants in whom routine 2D echocardiograms were available and adequate for the evaluation of the MV. […] The prevalence of MVP was fairly evenly distributed among individuals in each decade of age from ages 30 to 80 years. […] These findings suggest that MVP is a progressive disease affecting predominantly middle-aged individuals. […] A similar prevalence of MVP was described in a population-based sample of American Indians (the Strong Heart Study), and in a different sample of Canadians of South Asian, European and Chinese descent (the SHARE study). […] A systematic review of the published literature did not reveal prior studies that have evaluated the prevalence of MVP in Hispanic samples.

• #6 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age. […] Complications related to MVP, however, are reported more frequently in men.

• #7 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prevalence of MVP and its clinical associations were examined in the community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The sample analyzed consisted of 3491 participants in whom routine 2D echocardiograms were available and adequate for the evaluation of the MV. […] The prevalence of MVP was fairly evenly distributed among individuals in each decade of age from ages 30 to 80 years. […] These findings suggest that MVP is a progressive disease affecting predominantly middle-aged individuals. […] A similar prevalence of MVP was described in a population-based sample of American Indians (the Strong Heart Study), and in a different sample of Canadians of South Asian, European and Chinese descent (the SHARE study). […] A systematic review of the published literature did not reveal prior studies that have evaluated the prevalence of MVP in Hispanic samples.

• #8 Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81648-z

  The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) among middle- and older-aged individuals is estimated to be 24% in Western countries. […] This study included a sample of 2442 consecutive military adults aged 18-39 years in Hualien, Taiwan. […] Eighty-two participants were diagnosed with MVP, and the prevalence was 3.36% in the overall population. […] In conclusion, the prevalence and clinical features of MVP in military young adults in Taiwan were in line with those in Western countries. […] The principal findings in this population-based study were that the prevalence of MVP in an unselected young-aged military cohort in Taiwan was 3.36%. […] This was the second study following a Japanese population study to provide information on the prevalence and correlates of MVP in a large population in Asia, specifically in Taiwan.

• #9 Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81648-z

  The prevalence of MVP reported in a previous case-control study in Taiwan was estimated to be 1.92% in a population of ethnic Taiwanese individuals with a mean age of 49.2 years. […] In the present study, 3.3% of young adults had MVP, falling toward the higher end of the range among previous population-based studies. […] The prevalence and clinical features of MVP in military young adults in Taiwan were in line with those in Western countries.

• #10 Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81648-z

  The prevalence of MVP reported in a previous case-control study in Taiwan was estimated to be 1.92% in a population of ethnic Taiwanese individuals with a mean age of 49.2 years. […] In the present study, 3.3% of young adults had MVP, falling toward the higher end of the range among previous population-based studies. […] The prevalence and clinical features of MVP in military young adults in Taiwan were in line with those in Western countries.

• #11 Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81648-z

  The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) among middle- and older-aged individuals is estimated to be 24% in Western countries. […] This study included a sample of 2442 consecutive military adults aged 18-39 years in Hualien, Taiwan. […] Eighty-two participants were diagnosed with MVP, and the prevalence was 3.36% in the overall population. […] In conclusion, the prevalence and clinical features of MVP in military young adults in Taiwan were in line with those in Western countries. […] The principal findings in this population-based study were that the prevalence of MVP in an unselected young-aged military cohort in Taiwan was 3.36%. […] This was the second study following a Japanese population study to provide information on the prevalence and correlates of MVP in a large population in Asia, specifically in Taiwan.

• #12 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prevalence of MVP and its clinical associations were examined in the community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The sample analyzed consisted of 3491 participants in whom routine 2D echocardiograms were available and adequate for the evaluation of the MV. […] The prevalence of MVP was fairly evenly distributed among individuals in each decade of age from ages 30 to 80 years. […] These findings suggest that MVP is a progressive disease affecting predominantly middle-aged individuals. […] A similar prevalence of MVP was described in a population-based sample of American Indians (the Strong Heart Study), and in a different sample of Canadians of South Asian, European and Chinese descent (the SHARE study). […] A systematic review of the published literature did not reveal prior studies that have evaluated the prevalence of MVP in Hispanic samples.

• #13 Epidemiology of left sided valvular heart disease in patients undergoing echocardiography in a Sub-Saharan African population, South West region of Cameroon – Nkoke – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/6450/html

  Of the 1,397 echocardiographic studies performed, 96 were primary left sided VHD (6.9%). […] Degenerative valve disease, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and infective endocarditis accounted for 46.9%, 43.8%, 8.3% and 1% of primary left sided VHD respectively. […] The prevalence of left sided valvular heart disease was 6.9%. […] Another cause of VHD, though less prevalent in our study, is mitral valve prolapse. It is found in 8.3% of patients, a prevalence which is higher than the 1.0% and 1.4% reported in the Heart of Soweto Study and the above mentioned study at the Uganda Heart Institute. […] The findings from this study highlight the urgent need to scale up the access to cardiac surgery. […] VHD is common in the South West region of Cameroon. Degenerative VHD and RHD are the two major causes of VHD in this region.

• #14 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age. […] Complications related to MVP, however, are reported more frequently in men.

• #15 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age. […] Complications related to MVP, however, are reported more frequently in men.

• #16 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. […] MVP is thought to be inherited with increased gene expression in female individuals (2:1). The most common form of inheritance is autosomal dominant, but X-linked inheritance has been described. […] MVP commonly occurs with heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. […] MVP was overdiagnosed in the 1970s and 1980s because of the absence of rigorous echocardiographic criteria, with a reported prevalence of 5-15%. Subsequently, Levine et al reported that the two-dimensional echocardiographic characterizations of prolapse, especially on the parasternal long-axis view, are most specific for diagnosing MVP. The use of these criteria prevents overdiagnosis.

• #17 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age. […] Complications related to MVP, however, are reported more frequently in men.

• #18 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Most common cardiac valve anomaly […] Affects 3%7% of the global population […] Most common between 1530 years of age […] Complications are more often seen in men.

• #19 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prevalence of MVP and its clinical associations were examined in the community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The sample analyzed consisted of 3491 participants in whom routine 2D echocardiograms were available and adequate for the evaluation of the MV. […] The prevalence of MVP was fairly evenly distributed among individuals in each decade of age from ages 30 to 80 years. […] These findings suggest that MVP is a progressive disease affecting predominantly middle-aged individuals. […] A similar prevalence of MVP was described in a population-based sample of American Indians (the Strong Heart Study), and in a different sample of Canadians of South Asian, European and Chinese descent (the SHARE study). […] A systematic review of the published literature did not reveal prior studies that have evaluated the prevalence of MVP in Hispanic samples.

• #20 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Most common cardiac valve anomaly […] Affects 3%7% of the global population […] Most common between 1530 years of age […] Complications are more often seen in men.

• #21 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) refers to a systolic billowing of one or both mitral leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole (valve prolapse of 2 mm or more above the mitral annulus). The prevalence of this entity is 1% to 2.5% of the population. It is the most common cardiac valvular anomaly in developed countries. Myxomatous degeneration is the main aetiology of prolapsing valvar leaflets, explaining the fact that MVP is uncommon before adolescence. Indeed, the prevalence of MVP was 0.7% in a population of healthy teenagers. In comparison, the Framingham study revealed that 2.4% of adult subjects had an MVP. […] Primary MVP occurs with increased frequency in patients with Marfan syndrome and other connective tissue diseases (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, dominant cutis laxa or pseudoxanthoma elasticum). Primary MVP syndrome represents a generalised disease of connective tissue. In patients with MVP there is a gradual progression of MR. Sometimes, spontaneous rupture of MV chordae tendineae or their marked elongation will occur, and patients will develop a flail mitral leaflet. In these cases, valve surgery is indicated because the mortality rate in patients with severe MR caused by flail leaflets is 6% to 7% per year.

• #22 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disorder afflicting 2-3% of the general population. Based on a prevalence of 2-3%, MVP would be expected to affect approximately 7.8 million individuals in the United States and over 176 million people worldwide. MVP can be associated with significant mitral regurgitation (MR), bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and even sudden death. […] MVP is a clinical entity that is not fully understood, despite being known for more than a century. […] Studies on the heritable features of MVP have been limited by the analysis of relatively small pedigrees and by self-referral and selection biases, including a preponderance of data from hospital-based cohorts. […] Nonetheless, a majority of data favors an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in a large proportion of individuals with MVP.

• #23

  https://omim.org/entry/157700

  Screening pedigrees for MVP after relatively unbiased ascertainment of the proband has supported autosomal dominant inheritance in a high proportion of idiopathic MVP (Weiss et al., 1975; Fortuin et al., 1977; Devereux et al., 1982). […] The extent of genetic heterogeneity is also unclear. Nonetheless, MVP appears to be the most common mendelian cardiovascular abnormality in humans.

• #24 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-valve-prolapse

  MVP is a common condition and is a risk factor for mitral regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and infective endocarditis. Mitral valve prolapse affects 2.4% of the population and is the most frequent cause of organic mitral regurgitation in Western countries. The prevalence of MVP among young patients with sudden arrhythmic death is reported between 4% to up to 7%. […] It has been suggested that first-degree relatives of those with MVP should have echocardiography to screen for the condition.

• #25 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #26 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. […] MVP is thought to be inherited with increased gene expression in female individuals (2:1). The most common form of inheritance is autosomal dominant, but X-linked inheritance has been described. […] MVP commonly occurs with heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. […] MVP was overdiagnosed in the 1970s and 1980s because of the absence of rigorous echocardiographic criteria, with a reported prevalence of 5-15%. Subsequently, Levine et al reported that the two-dimensional echocardiographic characterizations of prolapse, especially on the parasternal long-axis view, are most specific for diagnosing MVP. The use of these criteria prevents overdiagnosis.

• #27 Mitral valve prolapse | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mitral-valve-prolapse?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252525252f%2525252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Mitral valve prolapse may affect up to 2-3% of the general population. […] Although often isolated it is also seen in individuals with connective tissue disorders. […] Another important association is adult polycystic kidney disease.

• #28 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #29 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #30 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #31 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #32

  https://omim.org/entry/157700

  Screening pedigrees for MVP after relatively unbiased ascertainment of the proband has supported autosomal dominant inheritance in a high proportion of idiopathic MVP (Weiss et al., 1975; Fortuin et al., 1977; Devereux et al., 1982). […] The extent of genetic heterogeneity is also unclear. Nonetheless, MVP appears to be the most common mendelian cardiovascular abnormality in humans.

• #33

  https://omim.org/entry/157700

  Screening pedigrees for MVP after relatively unbiased ascertainment of the proband has supported autosomal dominant inheritance in a high proportion of idiopathic MVP (Weiss et al., 1975; Fortuin et al., 1977; Devereux et al., 1982). […] The extent of genetic heterogeneity is also unclear. Nonetheless, MVP appears to be the most common mendelian cardiovascular abnormality in humans.

• #34 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prognosis of MVP has varied in the published literature. […] In the community-based FHS sample, MVP was described as a benign entity, with a low occurrence of adverse sequelae. […] These discrepancies may be due to selection biases inherent in evaluating symptomatic patients at referral tertiary care centers, compared to observations made on healthier asymptomatic volunteers. […] Overall, young (50 years), medically treated patients presenting with normal left ventricular function and no symptoms have excellent survival, even with severe mitral regurgitation. […] The common denominator of the studies evaluating prognosis of MVP is the role of MR at the time of diagnosis in determining the risk for adverse events (such as congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ischemic neurologic event, endocarditis), and the need for surgery on follow-up.

• #35 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prognosis of MVP has varied in the published literature. […] In the community-based FHS sample, MVP was described as a benign entity, with a low occurrence of adverse sequelae. […] These discrepancies may be due to selection biases inherent in evaluating symptomatic patients at referral tertiary care centers, compared to observations made on healthier asymptomatic volunteers. […] Overall, young (50 years), medically treated patients presenting with normal left ventricular function and no symptoms have excellent survival, even with severe mitral regurgitation. […] The common denominator of the studies evaluating prognosis of MVP is the role of MR at the time of diagnosis in determining the risk for adverse events (such as congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ischemic neurologic event, endocarditis), and the need for surgery on follow-up.

• #36 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prognosis of MVP has varied in the published literature. […] In the community-based FHS sample, MVP was described as a benign entity, with a low occurrence of adverse sequelae. […] These discrepancies may be due to selection biases inherent in evaluating symptomatic patients at referral tertiary care centers, compared to observations made on healthier asymptomatic volunteers. […] Overall, young (50 years), medically treated patients presenting with normal left ventricular function and no symptoms have excellent survival, even with severe mitral regurgitation. […] The common denominator of the studies evaluating prognosis of MVP is the role of MR at the time of diagnosis in determining the risk for adverse events (such as congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ischemic neurologic event, endocarditis), and the need for surgery on follow-up.

• #37 Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/arrhythmogenic-mitral-valve-prolapse-can-we-risk-stratify-and-prevent-sudden-cardiac-death?language_content_entity=en

  The yearly incidence of SCD, generally defined as death due to a cardiovascular cause occurring within 1 h of the onset of symptoms, ranges from 15 to 159 per 100,000 and is attributed to coronary artery disease in approximately 80% of cases. […] The clinical signs of MVP first described by Cuffer and Barbillon in the 19th century on the basis of a midsystolic click were erroneously attributed as being of pericardial or extracardiac origin. […] Complications including infective endocarditis, progression to severe MR and the need for valvular intervention are significantly higher in patients with classic MVP. […] High-risk features for cardiac mortality and morbidity include older age, depressed left ventricular (LV) function, dilated LA, flail leaflet, MR and AF.

• #38 Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sports Activity: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Sports Eligibility Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1350

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most prevalent valvular abnormality in Western countries, affecting 2–4% of the general population. […] MVP generally has a benign course, and subjects with MVP in the absence of moderate-to-severe/severe mitral regurgitation (MR) or hemodynamic consequences on LV size and function reportedly have a similar life expectancy to the general population. […] However, even in the initial description of MVP in the 1960s, it was recognized that a subset of patients with MVP have associated electrophysiological changes which may be recognized by 12-lead ECG, leading to the definition of an auscultatory-electrocardiographic syndrome. […] Fifty years of research have confirmed that even among individuals with MVP and no/trivial MR or LV dysfunction, a small subgroup of patients may indeed be at high risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and much attention has been devoted to the so-called arrhythmic MVP (AMVP) during recent years.

• #39 $10.2 Million NIH Grant to Explore the Early Signs of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/card2024-_2_mitral-valve

  A multidisciplinary team is investigating risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse, which can lead to sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] Of particular concern is the growing awareness of the connection between mitral valve prolapse and malignant arrhythmias which can cause sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] In the United States, it is estimated that between 7 million and 9 million people have mitral valve prolapse, the most common form of valve disease. But Dr. Miller points out that only in recent years have physicians been widely aware of the risk of malignant arrhythmias in these patients. Identifying patients at increased risk for developing life-threatening arrhythmias is especially important when you take into account the fact that many patients have no symptoms prior to suffering cardiac arrest, says Dr. Miller.

• #40 Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sports Activity: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Sports Eligibility Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1350

  The precise burden of SCD in MVP is unknown, and the yearly incidence of SCD among unselected patients with MVP seems to be between 0.4% and 1.9%. […] The prevalence of MVP among competitive athletes seems to be similar to that of the general population (2.9%). […] Therefore, from a sports cardiology perspective, it is of paramount importance to comprehensively evaluate athletes with MVP to identify the high-risk AMVP subgroup and provide evidence-based advice concerning sports practice in order to prevent SCD. […] A comprehensive risk stratification of patients with MVP is mandatory and should start with clinical history, ECG, and exercise stress testing. […] The EHRA consensus statement on AMVP recommends a structured risk stratification process aimed at identifying AMVP and assessing the risk of SCD. […] In most cases, MVP has a benign course, and it does not imply any sports restriction in asymptomatic athletes. […] Competitive athletes with MVP displaying any phenotypic feature of AMVP should be advised against participating in competitive sports.

• #41 $10.2 Million NIH Grant to Explore the Early Signs of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/card2024-_2_mitral-valve

  Specifically, it is now recommended that all patients with mitral valve prolapse have a routine electrocardiogram (ECG) during their annual mitral prolapse surveillance follow-up. […] In December 2022, this precaution was recommended in a consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association in collaboration with the European Society of Cardiology Council on Valvular Heart Disease and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. […] Long considered benign in many cases, mitral valve prolapse is now recognized as a more significant risk factor in sudden cardiac death, Dr. Miller says. We are now closer to understanding which patients are truly at higher risk.

• #42 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Athletes

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2017/02/20/08/06/mv-prolapse-and-mv-regurgitation-in-athletes

  Mitral valve prolapse is the most common valve abnormality in the general population, affecting between 2-3% of people, and is also the most common cause of mitral valve regurgitation in athletes.5,6 […] In 2015, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology released the following recommendations regarding athletic participation in patients with mitral valve prolapse:7 […] The European Society of Cardiology released similar recommendations for participation in competitive sports but also added that those with long QT interval should not engage in competitive sports.4 All athletes with mitral valve prolapse should have annual follow-up with cardiology to monitor for any of the above high risk features or progression of mitral regurgitation. […] Patients with mitral valve prolapse and significant mitral valve regurgitation have an increased risk for sudden cardiac death, estimated at 0.9 to 1.9 percent annually, which is far greater than patients with only mitral valve prolapse or the population as a whole.10,11

• #43 Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sports Activity: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Sports Eligibility Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1350

  The precise burden of SCD in MVP is unknown, and the yearly incidence of SCD among unselected patients with MVP seems to be between 0.4% and 1.9%. […] The prevalence of MVP among competitive athletes seems to be similar to that of the general population (2.9%). […] Therefore, from a sports cardiology perspective, it is of paramount importance to comprehensively evaluate athletes with MVP to identify the high-risk AMVP subgroup and provide evidence-based advice concerning sports practice in order to prevent SCD. […] A comprehensive risk stratification of patients with MVP is mandatory and should start with clinical history, ECG, and exercise stress testing. […] The EHRA consensus statement on AMVP recommends a structured risk stratification process aimed at identifying AMVP and assessing the risk of SCD. […] In most cases, MVP has a benign course, and it does not imply any sports restriction in asymptomatic athletes. […] Competitive athletes with MVP displaying any phenotypic feature of AMVP should be advised against participating in competitive sports.

• #44 $10.2 Million NIH Grant to Explore the Early Signs of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/card2024-_2_mitral-valve

  Specifically, it is now recommended that all patients with mitral valve prolapse have a routine electrocardiogram (ECG) during their annual mitral prolapse surveillance follow-up. […] In December 2022, this precaution was recommended in a consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association in collaboration with the European Society of Cardiology Council on Valvular Heart Disease and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. […] Long considered benign in many cases, mitral valve prolapse is now recognized as a more significant risk factor in sudden cardiac death, Dr. Miller says. We are now closer to understanding which patients are truly at higher risk.

• #45 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Mitral valve, computer illustration. A study conducted by UAB investigators has outlined that deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] Vibhu Parcha, M.D., a clinical research fellow in the UAB Division of Cardiovascular Disease, says this study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease.

• #46 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Mitral valve, computer illustration. A study conducted by UAB investigators has outlined that deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] Vibhu Parcha, M.D., a clinical research fellow in the UAB Division of Cardiovascular Disease, says this study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease.

• #47 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Parcha and his investigative team analyzed the nationwide mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions mortality database. This database registers the cause-specific mortality data for all Americans. This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse, he said.

• #48 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Parcha and his investigative team analyzed the nationwide mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions mortality database. This database registers the cause-specific mortality data for all Americans. This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse, he said.

• #49 Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sports Activity: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Sports Eligibility Assessment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1350

  The precise burden of SCD in MVP is unknown, and the yearly incidence of SCD among unselected patients with MVP seems to be between 0.4% and 1.9%. […] The prevalence of MVP among competitive athletes seems to be similar to that of the general population (2.9%). […] Therefore, from a sports cardiology perspective, it is of paramount importance to comprehensively evaluate athletes with MVP to identify the high-risk AMVP subgroup and provide evidence-based advice concerning sports practice in order to prevent SCD. […] A comprehensive risk stratification of patients with MVP is mandatory and should start with clinical history, ECG, and exercise stress testing. […] The EHRA consensus statement on AMVP recommends a structured risk stratification process aimed at identifying AMVP and assessing the risk of SCD. […] In most cases, MVP has a benign course, and it does not imply any sports restriction in asymptomatic athletes. […] Competitive athletes with MVP displaying any phenotypic feature of AMVP should be advised against participating in competitive sports.

• #50 Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/arrhythmogenic-mitral-valve-prolapse-can-we-risk-stratify-and-prevent-sudden-cardiac-death?language_content_entity=en

  The reported prevalence of MVP in the general population has varied in different studies due to varying diagnostic criteria and study demographics. […] A large 2021 Taiwanese study reported an MVP prevalence of 3.3% in their young adult population. […] Many studies have reported an evenly distributed prevalence of MVP across gender and age groups. […] The incidence of SCD in the MVP population remains uncertain. […] Our recent 2018 and 2019 systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported a yearly SCD incidence of 0.14% in the overall MVP population, with MVP in 11.7% of cases of SCD where the cause remained undetermined. […] The review of Muthukumar et al. highlights that although MVP’s SCD event rate may be less than that of other non-ischaemic arrhythmogenic syndromes such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, its relative contribution towards SCD in the general adult population is the same, if not greater, due to its significantly higher prevalence.

• #51 Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/arrhythmogenic-mitral-valve-prolapse-can-we-risk-stratify-and-prevent-sudden-cardiac-death?language_content_entity=en

  The reported prevalence of MVP in the general population has varied in different studies due to varying diagnostic criteria and study demographics. […] A large 2021 Taiwanese study reported an MVP prevalence of 3.3% in their young adult population. […] Many studies have reported an evenly distributed prevalence of MVP across gender and age groups. […] The incidence of SCD in the MVP population remains uncertain. […] Our recent 2018 and 2019 systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported a yearly SCD incidence of 0.14% in the overall MVP population, with MVP in 11.7% of cases of SCD where the cause remained undetermined. […] The review of Muthukumar et al. highlights that although MVP’s SCD event rate may be less than that of other non-ischaemic arrhythmogenic syndromes such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, its relative contribution towards SCD in the general adult population is the same, if not greater, due to its significantly higher prevalence.

• #52 Mitral valve prolapse: an underestimated cause of sudden cardiac death—a current review of the literature – Spartalis – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/17315/html

  The results of our present analysis lead to the conclusion that MVP is an underrated cause of arrhythmic SCD. […] The subset of patients with malignant MVP who may be at greater risk for SCD is characterized by young women with bileaflet MVP, biphasic or inverted T waves in the inferior leads, and frequent complex ventricular ectopic activity with documented ventricular bigeminy or VT and PVC configurations of outflow tract alternating with fascicular origin or papillary muscle. […] We do believe that the role of imaging and genetic evaluation in risk stratification for SCD in MVP patients deserves further experimental investigation and large-scale prospective randomized clinical trials.

• #53 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Several questions regarding the epidemiology of MVP still remain unanswered. Specifically, it is unknown: if early, non-diagnostic MVP morphologies progress within and/or outside the familial context; if some risk factors more than others contribute to progression and at which stages; and finally, if response to future non-surgical therapies varies as MVP progresses from early disease to significant MR. Further longitudinal studies with a focus on specific clinical, demographic, and ethnic subgroups are needed to answer these important questions.

• #54 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Several questions regarding the epidemiology of MVP still remain unanswered. Specifically, it is unknown: if early, non-diagnostic MVP morphologies progress within and/or outside the familial context; if some risk factors more than others contribute to progression and at which stages; and finally, if response to future non-surgical therapies varies as MVP progresses from early disease to significant MR. Further longitudinal studies with a focus on specific clinical, demographic, and ethnic subgroups are needed to answer these important questions.

• #55 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Several questions regarding the epidemiology of MVP still remain unanswered. Specifically, it is unknown: if early, non-diagnostic MVP morphologies progress within and/or outside the familial context; if some risk factors more than others contribute to progression and at which stages; and finally, if response to future non-surgical therapies varies as MVP progresses from early disease to significant MR. Further longitudinal studies with a focus on specific clinical, demographic, and ethnic subgroups are needed to answer these important questions.

• #56 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  Several questions regarding the epidemiology of MVP still remain unanswered. Specifically, it is unknown: if early, non-diagnostic MVP morphologies progress within and/or outside the familial context; if some risk factors more than others contribute to progression and at which stages; and finally, if response to future non-surgical therapies varies as MVP progresses from early disease to significant MR. Further longitudinal studies with a focus on specific clinical, demographic, and ethnic subgroups are needed to answer these important questions.

• #57 Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome: Once Benign and Now Malignant

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2020/12/01/01/42/Mitral-Valve-Prolapse-Syndrome-Once-Benign-and-Now-Malignant

  In adults, sudden onset chest pain and palpitations have often heralded impending cardiovascular demise. […] MVP is estimated to affect only 1% to 2% of the general population and the annual incidence of MVP-related SCD is 1%. […] Despite the increased awareness of SCD in MVP, the management of arrhythmic MVP remains unclear beyond surveillance with advanced imaging and extended telemetry monitoring, and initial treatment with beta-blocker therapy. […] Ongoing investigations are occurring at the basic science level to explore the genetic basis for arrhythmic MVP, at international conferences such as VT Symposium 2020 to discuss novel catheter ablation strategies to address arrhythmic MVP, and at dedicated institutional programs such as the Mitral Valve Repair Center at Mount Sinai Hospital to evaluate surgical treatment options for MVP.

• #58 $10.2 Million NIH Grant to Explore the Early Signs of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/card2024-_2_mitral-valve

  A multidisciplinary team is investigating risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse, which can lead to sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] Of particular concern is the growing awareness of the connection between mitral valve prolapse and malignant arrhythmias which can cause sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] In the United States, it is estimated that between 7 million and 9 million people have mitral valve prolapse, the most common form of valve disease. But Dr. Miller points out that only in recent years have physicians been widely aware of the risk of malignant arrhythmias in these patients. Identifying patients at increased risk for developing life-threatening arrhythmias is especially important when you take into account the fact that many patients have no symptoms prior to suffering cardiac arrest, says Dr. Miller.

• #59 $10.2 Million NIH Grant to Explore the Early Signs of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/card2024-_2_mitral-valve

  A multidisciplinary team is investigating risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse, which can lead to sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] Of particular concern is the growing awareness of the connection between mitral valve prolapse and malignant arrhythmias which can cause sudden death in a small but significant subset of patients. […] In the United States, it is estimated that between 7 million and 9 million people have mitral valve prolapse, the most common form of valve disease. But Dr. Miller points out that only in recent years have physicians been widely aware of the risk of malignant arrhythmias in these patients. Identifying patients at increased risk for developing life-threatening arrhythmias is especially important when you take into account the fact that many patients have no symptoms prior to suffering cardiac arrest, says Dr. Miller.

• #60 Mitral Valve Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470288/

  MVP is a common valvular disorder that affects up to 3% of the general population. This disorder affects approximately 7 to 8 million individuals in the United States and more than 16 million globally. […] MVP can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MVP is characterized by myxomatous degeneration without connective tissue pathology. Secondary MVP can be multifactorial and can be seen with Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, graves’ disease, and pectus excavatum. […] Genetic causes may be familial or sporadic and may include autosomal dominant inherited variants with affected chromosomes, including MMVP1 – chromosome 16p11.2-p12, MMVP2 – chromosome 11p15, and MMVP3 – chromosome 13q31.3-q32. Less commonly, it may be affected, and x linked mutation on chromosome Xq28 with missense mutation including P637Q, G288R, and V711D or can include in-frame 1944 base pair deletion.

• #61 Mitral valve prolapse – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common heart valve abnormality and the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the US. […] Prevalence: 23 % (one of the most common valvular abnormalities in the US). […] The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in developed countries.

• #62 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age. […] Complications related to MVP, however, are reported more frequently in men.

• #63 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Insights into Disease Progression, Genetics, and Molecular Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4052751/

  The prevalence of MVP and its clinical associations were examined in the community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The sample analyzed consisted of 3491 participants in whom routine 2D echocardiograms were available and adequate for the evaluation of the MV. […] The prevalence of MVP was fairly evenly distributed among individuals in each decade of age from ages 30 to 80 years. […] These findings suggest that MVP is a progressive disease affecting predominantly middle-aged individuals. […] A similar prevalence of MVP was described in a population-based sample of American Indians (the Strong Heart Study), and in a different sample of Canadians of South Asian, European and Chinese descent (the SHARE study). […] A systematic review of the published literature did not reveal prior studies that have evaluated the prevalence of MVP in Hispanic samples.

• #64 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-valve-prolapse

  MVP is a common condition and is a risk factor for mitral regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and infective endocarditis. Mitral valve prolapse affects 2.4% of the population and is the most frequent cause of organic mitral regurgitation in Western countries. The prevalence of MVP among young patients with sudden arrhythmic death is reported between 4% to up to 7%. […] It has been suggested that first-degree relatives of those with MVP should have echocardiography to screen for the condition.

• #65 Mitral valve prolapse – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common heart valve abnormality and the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the US. […] Prevalence: 23 % (one of the most common valvular abnormalities in the US). […] The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in developed countries.

• #66

  https://omim.org/entry/157700

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has a prevalence of approximately 2 to 3% in the general population. […] The natural history of MVP varies from benign, with a normal life expectancy, to severe complications associated with the development of significant mitral regurgitation, including congestive heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism, and even sudden death. However, complications are uncommon, affecting less than 3% of individuals with MVP (Freed et al., 1999; Grau et al., 2007; Delling and Vasan, 2014). […] Delling and Vasan (2014) reviewed the epidemiology and pathophysiology of MVP, with discussion of disease progression, genetics, and molecular basis. […] Roberts (2005) noted a reported prevalence of 2.4% for MVP, based primarily on studies in European and North American populations.

• #67 Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/arrhythmogenic-mitral-valve-prolapse-can-we-risk-stratify-and-prevent-sudden-cardiac-death?language_content_entity=en

  Ventricular arrhythmias associated with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and the capacity to cause sudden cardiac death (SCD), referred to as malignant MVP, are an increasingly recognised, albeit rare, phenomenon. […] Risk stratification of these arrhythmias is an important clinical and public health issue to provide precise and targeted management. […] Even with recently improved understanding, it remains challenging how best to weight the prognostic importance of clinical, imaging and electrophysiological data to determine a clear high-risk arrhythmogenic profile in which an ICD should be used for the primary prevention of SCD. […] The prevalence of MVP in the general population is approximately 23%, occurring most commonly due to fibromyxomatous changes in one or both leaflets. […] The early identification and treatment of malignant MVP is made difficult due to the limited data available and a lack of evidence-based guidelines. […] Accurate risk stratification of MVP with a likelihood of malignant VA is an important clinical and public health issue, which would allow for more precise and targeted management and the consideration of appropriate ICD therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of SCD in this cohort.

Zobacz więcej