Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. MVP usually has a benign course, but it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant mitral regurgitation (MR), infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events. […] For purposes of treatment, patients with MVP can be divided into the following categories: Asymptomatic patients with minimal disease, Patients with symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, Patients with evidence of progression to severe MR, Patients with neurologic findings. […] Treatment measures for asymptomatic patients with minimal disease include reassurance of the benign prognosis, initial echocardiography for risk stratification, and encouragement to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle with vigorous exercise.

• #2 Improving Care for Mitral Valve Prolapse | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/giving/research-and-clinical-highlights/improving-care-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is one of the most common heart valve diseases, affecting more than 170 million people worldwide. […] Mitral valve prolapse can also cause a more serious problem. […] Mitral valve prolapse should not be underestimated as being mostly benign, said Dr. Delling. […] We have to find better tools to identify patients at risk, especially those who dont have regurgitation, a heart murmur, or any symptoms at all. […] She hopes that AI might be able to use existing EKGs and echocardiograms to identify such patients who are currently under the radar. […] She also hopes her findings could help develop evidence-based guidelines to determine which patients should receive an implantable cardio-verter defibrillator before they experience a cardiac arrest or sudden death.

• #3 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #4

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3439

  Your heart is a muscular pump that has four chambers and four valves. Your mitral valve is like a one-way gate that regulates blood flow in your heart. It allows blood to flow in only one direction, from the upper to the lower heart chamber on the left side of the heart. Normally the mitral valve closes after blood flows through it. This keeps blood from leaking back into the upper chamber. In mitral valve prolapse, the flap of the valve bulges backward (prolapses) into the upper chamber. […] You will probably not need treatment for mitral valve prolapse. You may not have symptoms. But you have a risk for a problem called mitral valve regurgitation. With this problem, the flaps of the mitral valve do not seal tightly and blood leaks back into the upper chamber. Your doctor will likely check for signs of this problem at regular checkups.

• #5 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. […] Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need treatment. If you have a mild form, your provider may simply monitor you with regular checkups. They may prescribe beta-blockers to help manage symptoms like dizziness or heart palpitations. […] Surgery or a transcatheter procedure may be the best mitral valve prolapse treatment for some people. The most effective approach depends on many individual factors. […] About 1 in 10 people with mitral valve prolapse need to have a surgeon repair or replace their valve. You may need valve repair or replacement if: Your symptoms are getting worse over time.

• #6

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3439

  Your heart is a muscular pump that has four chambers and four valves. Your mitral valve is like a one-way gate that regulates blood flow in your heart. It allows blood to flow in only one direction, from the upper to the lower heart chamber on the left side of the heart. Normally the mitral valve closes after blood flows through it. This keeps blood from leaking back into the upper chamber. In mitral valve prolapse, the flap of the valve bulges backward (prolapses) into the upper chamber. […] You will probably not need treatment for mitral valve prolapse. You may not have symptoms. But you have a risk for a problem called mitral valve regurgitation. With this problem, the flaps of the mitral valve do not seal tightly and blood leaks back into the upper chamber. Your doctor will likely check for signs of this problem at regular checkups.

• #7 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. […] Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need treatment. If you have a mild form, your provider may simply monitor you with regular checkups. They may prescribe beta-blockers to help manage symptoms like dizziness or heart palpitations. […] Surgery or a transcatheter procedure may be the best mitral valve prolapse treatment for some people. The most effective approach depends on many individual factors. […] About 1 in 10 people with mitral valve prolapse need to have a surgeon repair or replace their valve. You may need valve repair or replacement if: Your symptoms are getting worse over time.

• #8 Mitral Valve Prolapse (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/mvp.html

  Mitral valve prolapse usually doesn’t cause symptoms or affect everyday life. […] Kids with mitral valve prolapse don’t need medical treatment. If the condition causes a lot of mitral regurgitation, doctors may prescribe blood pressure medicine to control how hard the heart muscle works. […] Kids with mitral valve prolapse who have no other medical conditions usually dont need special medical care. Those who want to play sports can do so if: They dont have mitral regurgitation. Their mitral valve prolapse isnt causing symptoms. […] Kids with a leaky valve or symptoms need their doctors OK to play sports. This may involve getting more tests.

• #9 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is common. It affects up to 1 in 50 people. Most people do not need treatment because their condition is not serious. […] The leaky valve can cause symptoms, especially if the leak is severe, and if it began recently. The symptoms may be mild and can include: Fatigue. Because some of the blood is flowing backwards, you may feel tired and lack energy. You might think, I must be getting older. You may have to rest more than usual. Shortness of breath. When the blood goes backwards into the upper chamber (left atrium), it also goes into the lungs. This can cause pressure to build in the lungs, causing congestion. Lung congestion may cause you to feel short of breath when doing physical activities, such as walking up or down stairs or hills, carrying groceries or doing laundry. Swelling in ankles and legs. When the pressure in the lungs becomes high, it may cause a different heart valve, the tricuspid valve, to leak. If this happens, you may have swelling in your ankles and legs. Atrial fibrillation. If the left atrium becomes enlarged, it may trigger an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, or AFib. This can make your mitral valve symptoms worse. If you develop AFib, you can develop a blood clot because your atria are not squeezing as they should. If the blood clot breaks off, it can cause a stroke or another serious health event.

• #10 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is common. It affects up to 1 in 50 people. Most people do not need treatment because their condition is not serious. […] The leaky valve can cause symptoms, especially if the leak is severe, and if it began recently. The symptoms may be mild and can include: Fatigue. Because some of the blood is flowing backwards, you may feel tired and lack energy. You might think, I must be getting older. You may have to rest more than usual. Shortness of breath. When the blood goes backwards into the upper chamber (left atrium), it also goes into the lungs. This can cause pressure to build in the lungs, causing congestion. Lung congestion may cause you to feel short of breath when doing physical activities, such as walking up or down stairs or hills, carrying groceries or doing laundry. Swelling in ankles and legs. When the pressure in the lungs becomes high, it may cause a different heart valve, the tricuspid valve, to leak. If this happens, you may have swelling in your ankles and legs. Atrial fibrillation. If the left atrium becomes enlarged, it may trigger an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, or AFib. This can make your mitral valve symptoms worse. If you develop AFib, you can develop a blood clot because your atria are not squeezing as they should. If the blood clot breaks off, it can cause a stroke or another serious health event.

• #11 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is common. It affects up to 1 in 50 people. Most people do not need treatment because their condition is not serious. […] The leaky valve can cause symptoms, especially if the leak is severe, and if it began recently. The symptoms may be mild and can include: Fatigue. Because some of the blood is flowing backwards, you may feel tired and lack energy. You might think, I must be getting older. You may have to rest more than usual. Shortness of breath. When the blood goes backwards into the upper chamber (left atrium), it also goes into the lungs. This can cause pressure to build in the lungs, causing congestion. Lung congestion may cause you to feel short of breath when doing physical activities, such as walking up or down stairs or hills, carrying groceries or doing laundry. Swelling in ankles and legs. When the pressure in the lungs becomes high, it may cause a different heart valve, the tricuspid valve, to leak. If this happens, you may have swelling in your ankles and legs. Atrial fibrillation. If the left atrium becomes enlarged, it may trigger an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, or AFib. This can make your mitral valve symptoms worse. If you develop AFib, you can develop a blood clot because your atria are not squeezing as they should. If the blood clot breaks off, it can cause a stroke or another serious health event.

• #12 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is common. It affects up to 1 in 50 people. Most people do not need treatment because their condition is not serious. […] The leaky valve can cause symptoms, especially if the leak is severe, and if it began recently. The symptoms may be mild and can include: Fatigue. Because some of the blood is flowing backwards, you may feel tired and lack energy. You might think, I must be getting older. You may have to rest more than usual. Shortness of breath. When the blood goes backwards into the upper chamber (left atrium), it also goes into the lungs. This can cause pressure to build in the lungs, causing congestion. Lung congestion may cause you to feel short of breath when doing physical activities, such as walking up or down stairs or hills, carrying groceries or doing laundry. Swelling in ankles and legs. When the pressure in the lungs becomes high, it may cause a different heart valve, the tricuspid valve, to leak. If this happens, you may have swelling in your ankles and legs. Atrial fibrillation. If the left atrium becomes enlarged, it may trigger an irregular heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation, or AFib. This can make your mitral valve symptoms worse. If you develop AFib, you can develop a blood clot because your atria are not squeezing as they should. If the blood clot breaks off, it can cause a stroke or another serious health event.

• #13 Mitral Valve Prolapse/Repair | Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/cardiac/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse is the most common valve abnormality of the heart, affecting up to 10% of the population. […] Most patients with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms because only a small amount of blood leaks through the abnormal valve. However, when the amount of leakage through the valve becomes excessive, symptoms develop. These include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness or fainting spells. […] When symptoms of heart failure develop (shortness of breath, leg swelling, fatigue) or the heart begins to enlarge or weaken, patients are advised to have an operation to treat the leaky mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is a newer technique used to treat leaking mitral valves whether caused by mitral valve prolapse, heart attacks or other conditions. […] However, mitral valve repair has many advantages over replacement of the valve. These include better heart function after surgery, fewer risks of future strokes or valve infections, and a lower mortality rate. […] More than 80% of patients with mitral valve leaks treated by WashU Medicine heart surgeons can have a successful valve repair instead of replacement.

• #14 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/mitral-valve-prolapse.html

  MVP often doesn’t need to be treated. That’s because it is rarely a serious condition and it doesn’t damage the heart. Regular checkups with your healthcare provider are advised. […] If you have heart rhythm changes, you may need medicines that control fast heart rhythms or irregular heartbeats. In most cases, you will also need to limit stimulants, such as caffeine and nicotine, to control symptoms. […] If you have atrial fibrillation or severe left atrial enlargement, you may need treatment with an anticoagulant (blood thinner) to keep clots from forming. This medicine can be in the form of aspirin, warfarin therapy, or other blood thinners. […] If you have symptoms of dizziness or fainting, it’s important to stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. […] If severe mitral regurgitation is from a floppy mitral leaflet, tear (rupture) of the cords, or extreme lengthening of the valve, you may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Call your healthcare provider if your symptoms get worse or if you have new symptoms. […] People with heart rhythm changes may need to be treated with medicines to control tachycardias (fast heart rhythms).

• #15 Mitral Valve Prolapse/Repair | Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/cardiac/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse is the most common valve abnormality of the heart, affecting up to 10% of the population. […] Most patients with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms because only a small amount of blood leaks through the abnormal valve. However, when the amount of leakage through the valve becomes excessive, symptoms develop. These include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness or fainting spells. […] When symptoms of heart failure develop (shortness of breath, leg swelling, fatigue) or the heart begins to enlarge or weaken, patients are advised to have an operation to treat the leaky mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is a newer technique used to treat leaking mitral valves whether caused by mitral valve prolapse, heart attacks or other conditions. […] However, mitral valve repair has many advantages over replacement of the valve. These include better heart function after surgery, fewer risks of future strokes or valve infections, and a lower mortality rate. […] More than 80% of patients with mitral valve leaks treated by WashU Medicine heart surgeons can have a successful valve repair instead of replacement.

• #16 Mitral valve prolapse – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355452

  To diagnose mitral valve prolapse, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] If you have mitral valve regurgitation but don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition. […] If you have severe mitral valve regurgitation, medications or surgery may be needed even if you don’t have symptoms. […] Medications may be needed to treat irregular heartbeats or other complications of mitral valve prolapse. […] Most people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need surgery. But surgery may be recommended if mitral prolapse causes severe mitral valve regurgitation, whether or not you have symptoms. […] If you have mitral valve prolapse, you’ll have regular follow-up appointments with your health care provider to monitor your condition. […] It’s also important to take steps to keep your heart healthy. […] If mitral valve prolapse causes severe regurgitation, your provider may recommend certain exercise limitations.

• #17 Mitral valve disease: clinical features focusing on auscultatory findings including auscultation of mitral valve prolapse

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-disease-clinical-features-focusing-on-auscultatory-findings-including-auscultation-of-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the leading cause of significant MR in developed countries. MVP, or degenerative mitral valve disease as it is sometimes called in a broader sense, is defined by a spectrum of mitral valve lesions involving one or more components of the mitral valve apparatus. It can vary from simple chordal rupture with prolapse of an isolated segment of the posterior leaflet (P2) in an otherwise normal valve to multi-segment prolapse affecting one or both leaflets in a valve with significantly excess tissue and a larger annulus. As expected, on auscultation MVP produces some characteristic but at the same time varied features. […] The characteristic auscultatory feature of MVP is a mid-systolic click, a high-pitched sound. It results from sudden tensing of the mitral valve apparatus as the leaflets prolapse into the left atrium in systole. Multiple clicks can be heard as different parts of the mitral leaflets prolapse at different times of systole. The loudness and timing of the clicks can vary according to left ventricular volume and contractility.

• #18 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #19 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #20 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #21 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #22 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Encourage these patients to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle, including vigorous exercise. […] Different measures may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance. A trial of beta-blockers for symptomatic relief can be recommended in patients with palpitations or other symptoms of an enhanced adrenergic drive. Abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes is also recommended. An ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Asymptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe MR and LV enlargement, especially those with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary hypertension, should undergo surgery before LV function deteriorates. […] According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), guidelines on the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, mitral valve surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and an LVEF of 60% or less and/or a LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) of 40 mm or more (class 1 recommendation).

• #23 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Your provider will likely recommend regular visits with them, as well as frequent physical activity. You can also avoid things that put stress on your heart, like: Alcohol-containing beverages. […] Your provider will let you know how often you need to come in for follow-up visits. It’s important to keep all of your appointments. You may also need regular imaging tests to check on the health of your mitral valve.

• #24 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Encourage these patients to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle, including vigorous exercise. […] Different measures may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance. A trial of beta-blockers for symptomatic relief can be recommended in patients with palpitations or other symptoms of an enhanced adrenergic drive. Abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes is also recommended. An ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Asymptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe MR and LV enlargement, especially those with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary hypertension, should undergo surgery before LV function deteriorates. […] According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), guidelines on the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, mitral valve surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and an LVEF of 60% or less and/or a LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) of 40 mm or more (class 1 recommendation).

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/abstract/1982/09000/nursing_care_of_mitral_valve_prolapse.1.aspx

  Mitral value prolapse is a relatively benign condition that may mimic myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease. […] Critical care nurses working in emergency rooms and coronary care units are instrumental in assessing the condition and relieving patients’ anxieties.

• #26 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #27

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3439

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you are not getting better as expected.

• #28 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #29 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #30 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Treatment measures for patients with symptoms of autonomic dysfunction include different measures that may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance, abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes, and an ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Treatment measures for patients with evidence of or progression to severe MR include close follow-up and consideration for surgical referral weighing the reparability of the lesion and signs of ventricular dysfunction. […] Treatment measures for patients with central neurologic findings include actively seeking atrial fibrillation and considering antiplatelet therapy for risk factor modification. […] Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) should receive education regarding their prognosis and the signs and symptoms of disease progression. Of emphasis, most patients with MVP have a benign course. Still, the risk of ruptured chordae tendinae and/or clinically significant mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, embolic transient ischemic attack or stroke, and rare sudden death must also be discussed.

• #31 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Treatment measures for patients with symptoms of autonomic dysfunction include different measures that may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance, abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes, and an ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Treatment measures for patients with evidence of or progression to severe MR include close follow-up and consideration for surgical referral weighing the reparability of the lesion and signs of ventricular dysfunction. […] Treatment measures for patients with central neurologic findings include actively seeking atrial fibrillation and considering antiplatelet therapy for risk factor modification. […] Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) should receive education regarding their prognosis and the signs and symptoms of disease progression. Of emphasis, most patients with MVP have a benign course. Still, the risk of ruptured chordae tendinae and/or clinically significant mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, embolic transient ischemic attack or stroke, and rare sudden death must also be discussed.

• #32 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mitral-valve-prolapse-care-instructions.uh3439

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you are not getting better as expected.

• #33 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. […] However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. In more severe cases, surgery for mitral valve prolapse may be necessary. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] If you have severe mitral valve prolapse, you may need to limit certain kinds of exercise, even though physical activity is generally good for the heart. […] Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] Regular exercise is good for the heart and should be part of your care program. Walking is a good way to stay active unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

• #34 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #35

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3439

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you are not getting better as expected.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/abstract/1982/09000/nursing_care_of_mitral_valve_prolapse.1.aspx

  Mitral value prolapse is a relatively benign condition that may mimic myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease. […] Critical care nurses working in emergency rooms and coronary care units are instrumental in assessing the condition and relieving patients’ anxieties.

• #37 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Symptomatic patients with severe MR should be evaluated for mitral valve repair, and replacement is sometimes indicated. Valvular surgery is recommended for patients with severe MR accompanied by atrial fibrillation or pulmonary hypertension. […] One major part of managing patients with MVP is providing reassurance, because most patients are asymptomatic and not at high risk for complications. Health care providers should reassure patients with mild or no symptoms of the benign prognosis.

• #38 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Implications for the Primary Care Physician | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0601/p3238.html

  A 32-year-old woman presented with palpitations and atypical chest pain. […] Mitral valve prolapse, a common entity linked with devastating complications, has caused much alarm and anxiety in patients and physicians alike. […] Patients who present with a loud holosystolic murmur of mitral regurgitation and the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse should have a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation. […] In some surgical institutions, it is now possible to perform valve repair rather than valve replacement in selected patients with mitral valve prolapse. […] The diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse should be based on the findings of a careful clinical examination. […] Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is warranted only in those patients with the true disease of thickened redundant mitral leaflets, mitral regurgitation, or both. […] Using this approach, many patients given the label of the disease of mitral valve prolapse may be reassured that they have a normal variant and an excellent prognosis for the future.

• #39 What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse? Treatment, Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mitral_valve_prolapse/article_em.htm

  Most women with mitral valve prolapse require no specific precautions. […] A woman may require antibiotics if she needs a urinary catheter or has an infection at the time of delivery and has a heart murmur of mitral insufficiency. […] Usually a person needs no medications for mitral valve prolapse, just a strong dose of reassurance. If a person has unusual heart rhythms, such as palpitations, he or she may need treatment with beta-blockers. […] A person with mitral valve prolapse should see a health-care professional for a follow-up exam every 2-3 years, including a clinical evaluation and possibly an ECHO test to assess whether blood leakage is worsening.

• #40 Mitral Valve Prolapse Causes & Effects | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Baptist Health is known for advanced, superior care for patients with heart problems and the diagnosis, management and treatment of mitral valve disease. […] You may also be directed to have a regular exercise plan, practice techniques for relaxation and stress reduction, and avoid caffeine and other stimulants. […] Those showing severe symptoms of severe mitral regurgitation or congestive heart failure due to a prolapsing valve are good candidates for surgery to repair or replace a leaky valve.

• #41 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. MVP usually has a benign course, but it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant mitral regurgitation (MR), infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events. […] For purposes of treatment, patients with MVP can be divided into the following categories: Asymptomatic patients with minimal disease, Patients with symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, Patients with evidence of progression to severe MR, Patients with neurologic findings. […] Treatment measures for asymptomatic patients with minimal disease include reassurance of the benign prognosis, initial echocardiography for risk stratification, and encouragement to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle with vigorous exercise.

• #42 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the flaps (leaflets) of the heart’s mitral valve bulge (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart’s left upper chamber (left atrium) as the heart contracts. […] In most people, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t usually require treatment or changes in lifestyle but it does require monitoring. […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. […] Antiarrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Mitral valve repair or replacement.

• #43 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #44 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #45 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Encourage these patients to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle, including vigorous exercise. […] Different measures may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance. A trial of beta-blockers for symptomatic relief can be recommended in patients with palpitations or other symptoms of an enhanced adrenergic drive. Abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes is also recommended. An ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Asymptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe MR and LV enlargement, especially those with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary hypertension, should undergo surgery before LV function deteriorates. […] According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), guidelines on the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, mitral valve surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and an LVEF of 60% or less and/or a LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) of 40 mm or more (class 1 recommendation).

• #46 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Encourage these patients to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle, including vigorous exercise. […] Different measures may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance. A trial of beta-blockers for symptomatic relief can be recommended in patients with palpitations or other symptoms of an enhanced adrenergic drive. Abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes is also recommended. An ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Asymptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe MR and LV enlargement, especially those with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary hypertension, should undergo surgery before LV function deteriorates. […] According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), guidelines on the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, mitral valve surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and an LVEF of 60% or less and/or a LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) of 40 mm or more (class 1 recommendation).

• #47 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. […] However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. In more severe cases, surgery for mitral valve prolapse may be necessary. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] If you have severe mitral valve prolapse, you may need to limit certain kinds of exercise, even though physical activity is generally good for the heart. […] Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] Regular exercise is good for the heart and should be part of your care program. Walking is a good way to stay active unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

• #48 Current Management of Mitral Valve Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0601/p3343.html

  Patients with MVP and palpitations associated with mild tachyarrhythmias or increased adrenergic symptoms and those with chest pain, anxiety or fatigue often respond to therapy with beta blockers. […] Daily aspirin therapy (80 to 325 mg per day) is recommended for patients with MVP who have a history of focal neurologic events and who are in sinus rhythm but have no atrial thrombi. […] Long-term anticoagulation therapy with warfarin (Coumadin) is recommended for patients with MVP who have had a stroke and those who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks while on aspirin therapy. […] Asymptomatic patients with MVP and mild or no mitral regurgitation can be evaluated clinically every three to five years. […] Patients who have severe mitral regurgitation with symptoms or impaired LV systolic function require cardiac catheterization and evaluation for mitral valve surgery.

• #49 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the flaps (leaflets) of the heart’s mitral valve bulge (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart’s left upper chamber (left atrium) as the heart contracts. […] In most people, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t usually require treatment or changes in lifestyle but it does require monitoring. […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. […] Antiarrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Mitral valve repair or replacement.

• #50 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the flaps (leaflets) of the heart’s mitral valve bulge (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart’s left upper chamber (left atrium) as the heart contracts. […] In most people, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t usually require treatment or changes in lifestyle but it does require monitoring. […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. […] Antiarrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Mitral valve repair or replacement.

• #51 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the flaps (leaflets) of the heart’s mitral valve bulge (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart’s left upper chamber (left atrium) as the heart contracts. […] In most people, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t usually require treatment or changes in lifestyle but it does require monitoring. […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. […] Antiarrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Mitral valve repair or replacement.

• #52 Current Management of Mitral Valve Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0601/p3343.html

  Patients with MVP and palpitations associated with mild tachyarrhythmias or increased adrenergic symptoms and those with chest pain, anxiety or fatigue often respond to therapy with beta blockers. […] Daily aspirin therapy (80 to 325 mg per day) is recommended for patients with MVP who have a history of focal neurologic events and who are in sinus rhythm but have no atrial thrombi. […] Long-term anticoagulation therapy with warfarin (Coumadin) is recommended for patients with MVP who have had a stroke and those who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks while on aspirin therapy. […] Asymptomatic patients with MVP and mild or no mitral regurgitation can be evaluated clinically every three to five years. […] Patients who have severe mitral regurgitation with symptoms or impaired LV systolic function require cardiac catheterization and evaluation for mitral valve surgery.

• #53 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the flaps (leaflets) of the heart’s mitral valve bulge (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart’s left upper chamber (left atrium) as the heart contracts. […] In most people, mitral valve prolapse isn’t life-threatening and doesn’t usually require treatment or changes in lifestyle but it does require monitoring. […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. […] Antiarrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Mitral valve repair or replacement.

• #54 Current Management of Mitral Valve Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0601/p3343.html

  Patients with MVP and palpitations associated with mild tachyarrhythmias or increased adrenergic symptoms and those with chest pain, anxiety or fatigue often respond to therapy with beta blockers. […] Daily aspirin therapy (80 to 325 mg per day) is recommended for patients with MVP who have a history of focal neurologic events and who are in sinus rhythm but have no atrial thrombi. […] Long-term anticoagulation therapy with warfarin (Coumadin) is recommended for patients with MVP who have had a stroke and those who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks while on aspirin therapy. […] Asymptomatic patients with MVP and mild or no mitral regurgitation can be evaluated clinically every three to five years. […] Patients who have severe mitral regurgitation with symptoms or impaired LV systolic function require cardiac catheterization and evaluation for mitral valve surgery.

• #55 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. […] Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need treatment. If you have a mild form, your provider may simply monitor you with regular checkups. They may prescribe beta-blockers to help manage symptoms like dizziness or heart palpitations. […] Surgery or a transcatheter procedure may be the best mitral valve prolapse treatment for some people. The most effective approach depends on many individual factors. […] About 1 in 10 people with mitral valve prolapse need to have a surgeon repair or replace their valve. You may need valve repair or replacement if: Your symptoms are getting worse over time.

• #56 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Encourage these patients to pursue a normal, unrestricted lifestyle, including vigorous exercise. […] Different measures may be aimed at orthostatic intolerance. A trial of beta-blockers for symptomatic relief can be recommended in patients with palpitations or other symptoms of an enhanced adrenergic drive. Abstinence from stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes is also recommended. An ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitor may be useful for detecting supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias. […] Asymptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe MR and LV enlargement, especially those with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary hypertension, should undergo surgery before LV function deteriorates. […] According to the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), guidelines on the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, mitral valve surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and an LVEF of 60% or less and/or a LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) of 40 mm or more (class 1 recommendation).

• #57 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #58 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #59 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #60 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. […] Many people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need treatment. If you have a mild form, your provider may simply monitor you with regular checkups. They may prescribe beta-blockers to help manage symptoms like dizziness or heart palpitations. […] Surgery or a transcatheter procedure may be the best mitral valve prolapse treatment for some people. The most effective approach depends on many individual factors. […] About 1 in 10 people with mitral valve prolapse need to have a surgeon repair or replace their valve. You may need valve repair or replacement if: Your symptoms are getting worse over time.

• #61 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  These guidelines also recommend mitral valve intervention in symptomatic patients with severe primary MR irrespective of the LV systolic function (class 1 recommendation). […] For patients who are surgical candidates and whose primary anatomic etiology of their MR is a degenerative disease, the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement if the repair will be successful and durable (class 1 recommendation). […] There is no special diet that prevents or treats mitral valve prolapse (MVP); however, in patients who develop congestive heart failure symptoms, a low-salt diet is recommended to prevent acute congestive heart failure and hospitalizations. […] Patients with MVP are encouraged to exercise and maintain physical activity. However, patients with the following conditions are instructed to avoid competitive exercise: Moderate left ventricular enlargement, Left ventricular dysfunction, Uncontrolled tachyarrhythmias, Long QT interval, Unexplained syncope, Prior resuscitation from cardiac arrest, Aortic root enlargement. […] Theoretically, heavy weightlifting may cause increased left ventricular wall tension and chordal extension, worsening prolapse, and regurgitation. Therefore, patients with MVP should avoid heavy weightlifting.

• #62 Mitral Valve Prolapse/Repair | Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/cardiac/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse is the most common valve abnormality of the heart, affecting up to 10% of the population. […] Most patients with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms because only a small amount of blood leaks through the abnormal valve. However, when the amount of leakage through the valve becomes excessive, symptoms develop. These include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness or fainting spells. […] When symptoms of heart failure develop (shortness of breath, leg swelling, fatigue) or the heart begins to enlarge or weaken, patients are advised to have an operation to treat the leaky mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is a newer technique used to treat leaking mitral valves whether caused by mitral valve prolapse, heart attacks or other conditions. […] However, mitral valve repair has many advantages over replacement of the valve. These include better heart function after surgery, fewer risks of future strokes or valve infections, and a lower mortality rate. […] More than 80% of patients with mitral valve leaks treated by WashU Medicine heart surgeons can have a successful valve repair instead of replacement.

• #63 Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP): Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-valve-prolapse

  In most cases, you wont need any treatment for mitral valve prolapse. However, if you have noticeable symptoms, your doctor might choose to treat your condition. […] Treatment often involves taking medications to help relieve any symptoms youre experiencing. Possible medications your doctor might prescribe include: […] If your condition is more serious, such as if you have severe regurgitation or impaired heart function, you may need surgery. There are two basic types of surgery for this issue: valve replacement and valve repair. Your doctor will generally opt to repair the valve if possible. […] If repairing the valve isnt possible, it may be replaced with either a man-made mechanical valve or a biological valve harvested from a cow or pig or created from human tissue. There are pros and cons to both kinds of valves, so your doctor will discuss your options with you before the procedure.

• #64 Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP): Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-valve-prolapse

  In most cases, you wont need any treatment for mitral valve prolapse. However, if you have noticeable symptoms, your doctor might choose to treat your condition. […] Treatment often involves taking medications to help relieve any symptoms youre experiencing. Possible medications your doctor might prescribe include: […] If your condition is more serious, such as if you have severe regurgitation or impaired heart function, you may need surgery. There are two basic types of surgery for this issue: valve replacement and valve repair. Your doctor will generally opt to repair the valve if possible. […] If repairing the valve isnt possible, it may be replaced with either a man-made mechanical valve or a biological valve harvested from a cow or pig or created from human tissue. There are pros and cons to both kinds of valves, so your doctor will discuss your options with you before the procedure.

• #65

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve prolapse tends to run in families and is usually present since birth. […] It also can develop any time, most often seen in women age 20 to 40. […] You’re also more likely to have it if you have scoliosis, polycystic kidney disease or a connective tissue disorder like Marfan syndrome. […] To treat mitral valve disease, we’ll work with you on a plan that’s right for you. […] It may include diet and lifestyle changes or medication. […] At some point, we may recommend repairing or replacing the mitral valve using one these procedures: […] Catheter heart valve repair (MitraClip procedure), where we thread a catheter through a blood vessel to the damaged mitral valve and use small clips to reshape the valve so blood can’t flow backward. […] Balloon valvuloplasty, where we thread a catheter with a small balloon on the end through a blood vessel from the groin to your heart and inflate the balloon to stretch the heart valve. […] Valve replacement, where our experienced surgeons replace the damaged valve with an artificial one.

• #66

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve prolapse tends to run in families and is usually present since birth. […] It also can develop any time, most often seen in women age 20 to 40. […] You’re also more likely to have it if you have scoliosis, polycystic kidney disease or a connective tissue disorder like Marfan syndrome. […] To treat mitral valve disease, we’ll work with you on a plan that’s right for you. […] It may include diet and lifestyle changes or medication. […] At some point, we may recommend repairing or replacing the mitral valve using one these procedures: […] Catheter heart valve repair (MitraClip procedure), where we thread a catheter through a blood vessel to the damaged mitral valve and use small clips to reshape the valve so blood can’t flow backward. […] Balloon valvuloplasty, where we thread a catheter with a small balloon on the end through a blood vessel from the groin to your heart and inflate the balloon to stretch the heart valve. […] Valve replacement, where our experienced surgeons replace the damaged valve with an artificial one.

• #67 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #68 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #69 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #70 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #71 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #72 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #73 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Most often, when a leak is grade 2, it is monitored closely with echocardiograms. Over time, this allows us to see if it is getting worse. Many patients may stay at this level for years. […] Medications have little effect. They may be used to reduce symptoms, for example using diuretics to remove fluid. But the valve is still broken, and it still leaks. […] When the leak is grade 3 or 4, especially if there are symptoms from the valve leak, then therapy is considered. Two options are: Transcatheter mitral valve therapy, Surgical mitral valve repair, which is described below. […] Surgery to repair mitral valve prolapse is generally considered to be the safest, most successful heart operation in adults. […] Most patients move out of the ICU the day after surgery. On average, patients spend a total of four days in the hospital.

• #74 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #75 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #76 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #77 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #78 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #79 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Instructions for recovery and rehabilitation are fairly simple for most patients. We encourage you to be up and walking around as soon as you return home. You can use stairs. You can ride in a car anytime. However, patients often feel tired for some time after surgery, so do not drive until you feel you have the energy. […] Most patients will never need another procedure on the mitral valve. A Northwestern Medicine study showed that fewer than 1 in 100 patients needed a second procedure by 10 years after surgery. […] However, the risks involved with this surgery are low. In fact, Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved 100% in-hospital survival for surgical mitral valve repairs.

• #80 Mitral valve prolapse – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355452

  To diagnose mitral valve prolapse, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] If you have mitral valve regurgitation but don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition. […] If you have severe mitral valve regurgitation, medications or surgery may be needed even if you don’t have symptoms. […] Medications may be needed to treat irregular heartbeats or other complications of mitral valve prolapse. […] Most people with mitral valve prolapse don’t need surgery. But surgery may be recommended if mitral prolapse causes severe mitral valve regurgitation, whether or not you have symptoms. […] If you have mitral valve prolapse, you’ll have regular follow-up appointments with your health care provider to monitor your condition. […] It’s also important to take steps to keep your heart healthy. […] If mitral valve prolapse causes severe regurgitation, your provider may recommend certain exercise limitations.

• #81 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. […] However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. In more severe cases, surgery for mitral valve prolapse may be necessary. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] If you have severe mitral valve prolapse, you may need to limit certain kinds of exercise, even though physical activity is generally good for the heart. […] Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] Regular exercise is good for the heart and should be part of your care program. Walking is a good way to stay active unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

• #82 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. […] However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. In more severe cases, surgery for mitral valve prolapse may be necessary. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] If you have severe mitral valve prolapse, you may need to limit certain kinds of exercise, even though physical activity is generally good for the heart. […] Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] Regular exercise is good for the heart and should be part of your care program. Walking is a good way to stay active unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

• #83 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  Mitral valve prolapse usually isn’t dangerous but requires monitoring from your doctor. […] However, if your prolapse is severe enough, you may need treatment to alleviate more serious symptoms and prevent your MVP from causing other, more dangerous, conditions, like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. In more severe cases, surgery for mitral valve prolapse may be necessary. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] If you have severe mitral valve prolapse, you may need to limit certain kinds of exercise, even though physical activity is generally good for the heart. […] Schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] Regular exercise is good for the heart and should be part of your care program. Walking is a good way to stay active unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

• #84 What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse? Treatment, Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mitral_valve_prolapse/article_em.htm

  Mitral valve prolapse usually requires no specific treatment, except reassurance, since most people do not have serious underlying heart disease. Rather, care focuses on minor changes a person can make that may prevent symptoms. […] The condition usually requires no activity restrictions, but the person should avoid competitive sports if he has a definite click and murmur of significant mitral insufficiency. Most people have minimal, if any, mitral insufficiency. […] There are no special restrictions on diet. […] Caffeine, alcohol, and stimulant intake should be limited if heart irregularities are present. […] Maintain normal fluid intake. Dehydration can provoke mitral valve prolapse. […] If a woman is pregnant, she should tell her obstetrician or midwife that she has mitral valve prolapse.

• #85 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  These guidelines also recommend mitral valve intervention in symptomatic patients with severe primary MR irrespective of the LV systolic function (class 1 recommendation). […] For patients who are surgical candidates and whose primary anatomic etiology of their MR is a degenerative disease, the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement if the repair will be successful and durable (class 1 recommendation). […] There is no special diet that prevents or treats mitral valve prolapse (MVP); however, in patients who develop congestive heart failure symptoms, a low-salt diet is recommended to prevent acute congestive heart failure and hospitalizations. […] Patients with MVP are encouraged to exercise and maintain physical activity. However, patients with the following conditions are instructed to avoid competitive exercise: Moderate left ventricular enlargement, Left ventricular dysfunction, Uncontrolled tachyarrhythmias, Long QT interval, Unexplained syncope, Prior resuscitation from cardiac arrest, Aortic root enlargement. […] Theoretically, heavy weightlifting may cause increased left ventricular wall tension and chordal extension, worsening prolapse, and regurgitation. Therefore, patients with MVP should avoid heavy weightlifting.

• #86 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  These guidelines also recommend mitral valve intervention in symptomatic patients with severe primary MR irrespective of the LV systolic function (class 1 recommendation). […] For patients who are surgical candidates and whose primary anatomic etiology of their MR is a degenerative disease, the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement if the repair will be successful and durable (class 1 recommendation). […] There is no special diet that prevents or treats mitral valve prolapse (MVP); however, in patients who develop congestive heart failure symptoms, a low-salt diet is recommended to prevent acute congestive heart failure and hospitalizations. […] Patients with MVP are encouraged to exercise and maintain physical activity. However, patients with the following conditions are instructed to avoid competitive exercise: Moderate left ventricular enlargement, Left ventricular dysfunction, Uncontrolled tachyarrhythmias, Long QT interval, Unexplained syncope, Prior resuscitation from cardiac arrest, Aortic root enlargement. […] Theoretically, heavy weightlifting may cause increased left ventricular wall tension and chordal extension, worsening prolapse, and regurgitation. Therefore, patients with MVP should avoid heavy weightlifting.

• #87 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  These guidelines also recommend mitral valve intervention in symptomatic patients with severe primary MR irrespective of the LV systolic function (class 1 recommendation). […] For patients who are surgical candidates and whose primary anatomic etiology of their MR is a degenerative disease, the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over mitral valve replacement if the repair will be successful and durable (class 1 recommendation). […] There is no special diet that prevents or treats mitral valve prolapse (MVP); however, in patients who develop congestive heart failure symptoms, a low-salt diet is recommended to prevent acute congestive heart failure and hospitalizations. […] Patients with MVP are encouraged to exercise and maintain physical activity. However, patients with the following conditions are instructed to avoid competitive exercise: Moderate left ventricular enlargement, Left ventricular dysfunction, Uncontrolled tachyarrhythmias, Long QT interval, Unexplained syncope, Prior resuscitation from cardiac arrest, Aortic root enlargement. […] Theoretically, heavy weightlifting may cause increased left ventricular wall tension and chordal extension, worsening prolapse, and regurgitation. Therefore, patients with MVP should avoid heavy weightlifting.

• #88 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/mitral-valve-prolapse.html

  MVP often doesn’t need to be treated. That’s because it is rarely a serious condition and it doesn’t damage the heart. Regular checkups with your healthcare provider are advised. […] If you have heart rhythm changes, you may need medicines that control fast heart rhythms or irregular heartbeats. In most cases, you will also need to limit stimulants, such as caffeine and nicotine, to control symptoms. […] If you have atrial fibrillation or severe left atrial enlargement, you may need treatment with an anticoagulant (blood thinner) to keep clots from forming. This medicine can be in the form of aspirin, warfarin therapy, or other blood thinners. […] If you have symptoms of dizziness or fainting, it’s important to stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. […] If severe mitral regurgitation is from a floppy mitral leaflet, tear (rupture) of the cords, or extreme lengthening of the valve, you may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Call your healthcare provider if your symptoms get worse or if you have new symptoms. […] People with heart rhythm changes may need to be treated with medicines to control tachycardias (fast heart rhythms).

• #89 What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse? Treatment, Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mitral_valve_prolapse/article_em.htm

  Mitral valve prolapse usually requires no specific treatment, except reassurance, since most people do not have serious underlying heart disease. Rather, care focuses on minor changes a person can make that may prevent symptoms. […] The condition usually requires no activity restrictions, but the person should avoid competitive sports if he has a definite click and murmur of significant mitral insufficiency. Most people have minimal, if any, mitral insufficiency. […] There are no special restrictions on diet. […] Caffeine, alcohol, and stimulant intake should be limited if heart irregularities are present. […] Maintain normal fluid intake. Dehydration can provoke mitral valve prolapse. […] If a woman is pregnant, she should tell her obstetrician or midwife that she has mitral valve prolapse.

• #90 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/mitral-valve-prolapse.html

  MVP often doesn’t need to be treated. That’s because it is rarely a serious condition and it doesn’t damage the heart. Regular checkups with your healthcare provider are advised. […] If you have heart rhythm changes, you may need medicines that control fast heart rhythms or irregular heartbeats. In most cases, you will also need to limit stimulants, such as caffeine and nicotine, to control symptoms. […] If you have atrial fibrillation or severe left atrial enlargement, you may need treatment with an anticoagulant (blood thinner) to keep clots from forming. This medicine can be in the form of aspirin, warfarin therapy, or other blood thinners. […] If you have symptoms of dizziness or fainting, it’s important to stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. […] If severe mitral regurgitation is from a floppy mitral leaflet, tear (rupture) of the cords, or extreme lengthening of the valve, you may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Call your healthcare provider if your symptoms get worse or if you have new symptoms. […] People with heart rhythm changes may need to be treated with medicines to control tachycardias (fast heart rhythms).

• #91 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #92 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #93 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  MVP rarely becomes a serious condition. However, in the most serious cases it can cause abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may eventually become life-threatening. […] When mitral valve prolapse is severe enough to cause significant valve leakage, called “regurgitation,” it can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. […] The use of antibiotics before having a dental procedure is no longer recommended by the American Heart Association for people with mitral valve prolapse, regardless of whether they have associated symptoms.

• #94 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mitral-valve-prolapse-care-instructions.uh3439

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you are not getting better as expected.

• #95 What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse? Treatment, Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mitral_valve_prolapse/article_em.htm

  Most women with mitral valve prolapse require no specific precautions. […] A woman may require antibiotics if she needs a urinary catheter or has an infection at the time of delivery and has a heart murmur of mitral insufficiency. […] Usually a person needs no medications for mitral valve prolapse, just a strong dose of reassurance. If a person has unusual heart rhythms, such as palpitations, he or she may need treatment with beta-blockers. […] A person with mitral valve prolapse should see a health-care professional for a follow-up exam every 2-3 years, including a clinical evaluation and possibly an ECHO test to assess whether blood leakage is worsening.

• #96 Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-treatment

  Medical therapy has a limited role in patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) because the underlying process is a degenerative valve that requires intervention. Medical management should be focused on treating any concomitant hypertension and/or heart failure with guideline-directed medical therapy, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). […] Early referral to cardiothoracic surgery in a center experienced with mitral valve interventions is recommended. […] Asymptomatic patients with minimal mitral valve disease should be reassured of their benign prognosis. They should undergo initial echocardiography for risk stratification. If no clinically significant MR and thin leaflets are observed, clinical examinations and echocardiographic studies can be scheduled every 3-5 years. If echocardiography demonstrates leaflet thickening, which is considered a high-risk feature, these patients should be followed with annual echocardiograms.

• #97 Mitral Valve Prolapse and Repair | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Most often, when a leak is grade 2, it is monitored closely with echocardiograms. Over time, this allows us to see if it is getting worse. Many patients may stay at this level for years. […] Medications have little effect. They may be used to reduce symptoms, for example using diuretics to remove fluid. But the valve is still broken, and it still leaks. […] When the leak is grade 3 or 4, especially if there are symptoms from the valve leak, then therapy is considered. Two options are: Transcatheter mitral valve therapy, Surgical mitral valve repair, which is described below. […] Surgery to repair mitral valve prolapse is generally considered to be the safest, most successful heart operation in adults. […] Most patients move out of the ICU the day after surgery. On average, patients spend a total of four days in the hospital.

• #98 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Your provider will likely recommend regular visits with them, as well as frequent physical activity. You can also avoid things that put stress on your heart, like: Alcohol-containing beverages. […] Your provider will let you know how often you need to come in for follow-up visits. It’s important to keep all of your appointments. You may also need regular imaging tests to check on the health of your mitral valve.

• #99

  https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/abstract/1982/09000/nursing_care_of_mitral_valve_prolapse.1.aspx

  Mitral value prolapse is a relatively benign condition that may mimic myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease. […] Critical care nurses working in emergency rooms and coronary care units are instrumental in assessing the condition and relieving patients’ anxieties.

• #100 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #101 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mitral-valve-prolapse-care-instructions.uh3439

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you are not getting better as expected.

• #102 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] In most cases, it’s harmless. Most people who have the condition are unaware of it and their health isn’t affected. However, in some cases treatment is required. […] Even for those who aren’t having symptoms, if a murmur is detected suggesting mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiogram (echo) is recommended. […] In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. If you’re prescribed medication, take it as directed. […] People with an abnormal mitral valve may need mitral valve repair or replacement if: Symptoms are getting worse, Mitral regurgitation becomes severe, The left ventricle or left atrium of the heart become enlarged, Arrhythmias develop, The heart function (ejection fraction) decreases.

• #103 Mitral Valve Prolapse | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mitral-valve-prolapse.ug1237

  Get vaccinated against COVID-19, the flu, and pneumonia. […] Be active. If you have not been active before, talk with your doctor before starting an exercise program. Get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing tennis or team sports.

• #104 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Mitral valve prolapse may occur suddenly. They are most often accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs of heart failure. This is an emergency that requires surgical intervention immediately. […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. They need to be taught precautions for anticoagulant therapy, including using electric razors and soft bristle toothbrushes and how often they will require monitoring, if at all. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair. This may seem silly but it is a HUGE deal. The evidence has shown that bacteria from the oral cavity are highly likely to translocate (move) to the heart and become lodged in/on the valves. This is also why patients should avoid dental procedures for 6 months after valve surgery. It is so important that you, as the nurse, educate them on why this is so important.

• #105 Mitral Valve Prolapse

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/mitral-valve-prolapse

  Symptomatic patients with severe MR should be evaluated for mitral valve repair, and replacement is sometimes indicated. Valvular surgery is recommended for patients with severe MR accompanied by atrial fibrillation or pulmonary hypertension. […] One major part of managing patients with MVP is providing reassurance, because most patients are asymptomatic and not at high risk for complications. Health care providers should reassure patients with mild or no symptoms of the benign prognosis.

• #106 Mitral valve repair: A new choice

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mitral-valve-repair-a-new-choice/

  Postoperative nursing care for patients undergoing valve repair is similar to nursing care for other cardiothoracic surgeries. During the acute recovery phase, you monitor the patient for unstable hemodynamic values, bleeding, arrhythmias, surgical-site infection, and complications from mechanical ventilation. […] The risk of postoperative complications is lower than or similar to the risk after valve replacement. Patients who have mitral valve repair for ischemic coronary artery disease face the same risk of bleeding and stroke as those who have valve replacement. A patients risk of atrial fibrillation is 27% for either procedure.

• #107 Mitral Valve Prolapse Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/mitral-valve-prolapse/

  Mitral valve prolapse is not dangerous. It usually does not damage your heart. You will probably not need treatment. You can live a normal, healthy life. […] Most people who have mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment for it. You will likely get regular tests that check how well the mitral valve is working. A heart-healthy lifestyle and regular exercise are recommended for most people. […] Do not smoke. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good. Eat heart-healthy foods. These foods include vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, lean meat, fish, and whole grains. Limit sodium, alcohol, and sugar. Stay at a healthy weight. Lose weight if you need to. Manage other health problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. If you think you may have a problem with alcohol or drug use, talk to your doctor. Get vaccinated against COVID-19, the flu, and pneumonia.

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