Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Endometrial Polyp – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557824/

  Endometrial polyps may be diagnosed at all ages; however, peak incidence occurs between the age of 40 to 49 years old. […] Although there is not a diagnostic bleeding pattern for endometrial polyps, a detailed history of the patients bleeding pattern should be obtained. […] Transvaginal ultrasound is the most common and efficient technique in imaging pelvic structures. […] More importantly, these methods will not provide tissue diagnosis. Tissue sampling should be considered due to the risk of malignancy associated with endometrial polyps. […] Hysteroscopic polypectomy is considered the standard treatment of an endometrial polyp. […] The timing of hysteroscopic polypectomy is unclear for asymptomatic and low-risk patients. […] Hysterectomy is a radical surgical option that eliminates the risk of polyp recurrence and the potential for malignancy.

• #2 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are abnormal growths that project from the uterus lining, consisting of glands, stroma, and blood vessels. These typically benign polyps vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters and can occupy a small area or fill the entire uterine cavity. Common in women aged 40 to 49, they can develop in both reproductive and postmenopausal stages. Polyps can be classified as pedunculated when attached by a thin stalk or sessile with a broad base. While many women with uterine polyps are asymptomatic, these growths are implicated in 50% of cases of abnormal uterine bleeding and 35% of infertility cases. Though often benign, uterine polyps may occasionally show hyperplastic or precancerous changes, necessitating careful evaluation and monitoring.

• #3 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14683-uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps are growths that occur in the inner lining (endometrium) of your uterus. Uterine polyps are usually noncancerous, but they may cause problems with periods (menstruation) or fertility if theyre left untreated. […] Uterine polyps form when theres an overgrowth of endometrial tissue. […] Uterine polyps are usually benign (noncancerous), but they may cause problems with periods (menstruation) or your ability to have children (fertility). […] Your healthcare provider will review your medical history and ask questions about your symptoms. […] Your provider will also perform a gynecological exam, including a pelvic exam and a Pap smear. They may order additional tests or procedures to confirm that the growths are polyps. […] These tests may include: Transvaginal ultrasound, Sonohysterography, Hysteroscopy, Endometrial biopsy, Curettage.

• #4 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/uterine-cancer/risk-factors/uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps, often referred to as endometrial polyps, are abnormal growths that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, or endometrium. […] How are uterine polyps diagnosed? […] If uterine polyps are suspected, the patients health care provider will likely start by taking a thorough medical history and asking about symptoms. This oral history is typically followed by a gynecological exam, including a pelvic exam and possibly a Pap smear. […] Further diagnostic tests may be necessary to confirm the presence of uterine polyps, including those listed below. […] Transvaginal ultrasound: For this procedure, a slim, handheld device (an ultrasound transducer) is inserted into the vagina. This device emits sound waves that create an image of the inside of the uterus, revealing any irregularities, such as polyps.

• #5 Uterine Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/uterine-polyps

  History taking: Your doctor will ask about your menstrual cycle, menopausal status, and whether you have vaginal spotting. […] Pelvic exam and a Pap smear […] Transvaginal ultrasound […] Saline infusion sonohysterography […] Hysteroscopy […] Endometrial biopsy […] Curettage.

• #6 What Are Uterine Polyps? Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.drpankhurigautam.com/blog/what-are-uterine-polyps-symptoms-causes-and-diagnosis/

  Diagnosing uterine polyps involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, and specific diagnostic procedures. […] The healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, menstrual history, and any relevant medical conditions during the initial consultation. […] A pelvic exam will be performed to check for any abnormalities in the uterus or cervix. […] Uses sound waves to create a picture of the uterus and can help detect polyps. […] Injecting a saline solution into the uterus during an ultrasound. […] A small sample of the uterine lining is removed and examined under a microscope.

• #7 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms and Treatment | Andrew Krinsky, MD, FACOG

  https://www.toplinemd.com/andrew-krinsky-md/uterine-polyps-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Uterine polyps are usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, diagnostic imaging, and laboratory testing. The first step in diagnosing uterine polyps is typically a pelvic exam, during which your healthcare provider will feel for any abnormalities in your uterus. If a polyp is suspected, your healthcare provider may perform additional diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the size, location, and number of polyps present. […] One common diagnostic tool is ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of your reproductive organs. Ultrasound can accurately determine the size and location of uterine polyps and help distinguish them from other conditions, such as fibroids. Another diagnostic tool is hysteroscopy, which involves inserting a lighted, slender instrument into the uterus to visualize the inside and obtain tissue samples for biopsy.

• #8

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/endometrial-polyps/diagnosis-treatment

  Your doctor may diagnose uterine polyps using one of the following tests: […] Transvaginal ultrasound. It involves the insertion of a thin handheld device known as an ultrasound transducer into the vagina. The device produces sound waves and provides images of the inside of your uterus. […] Sonohysterography. It involves administering fluid into the uterus through a catheter or a thin tube. This expands the uterus and helps to provide clear pictures of the uterus during a transvaginal ultrasound. […] Hysteroscopy. It involves the insertion of a hysteroscope through your vagina and cervix into the uterus, and allows the doctor to see the inside of your uterus. […] Endometrial biopsy. A suction catheter is used to collect a specimen of polyp tissue for lab testing to check for cancer cells. […] Curettage. Using a curette (a long metal tool with a small hoop on one end), the doctor removes a tissue sample of a polyp and sends it for laboratory analysis.

• #9 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  Screening and diagnosis of uterine polyps typically involve a combination of clinical assessment, imaging techniques, and tissue sampling. The approach may vary based on the patient’s symptoms, age, and risk factors. […] The diagnostic process usually begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Patients may report symptoms such as irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, or infertility. A pelvic examination is performed to check for any visible abnormalities. […] Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) is often the first-line imaging tool used to evaluate the uterus. TVUS can detect endometrial thickening, which may indicate the presence of polyps. An endometrial thickness greater than 4 mm in postmenopausal women is considered abnormal and warrants further investigation.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13669-012-0012-9

  Endometrial polyps are localized intrauterine overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma covered by a surface epithelium. […] Their detection has increased with the advent of high-resolution transvaginal sonography, saline-infusion ultrasonography, and hysteroscopy. […] TVUS, SIS, and hysteroscopy facilitate diagnosis of endometrial polyps. […] The advantages of TVUS include that instrumentation is readily available, safe, and noninvasive. […] SIS has a higher sensitivity and specificity than TVUS at identifying endometrial polyps and is more precise in determining polyp size and locations. […] Hysteroscopy with guided biopsy represents the gold standard in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps. […] This modality has higher accuracy than any other diagnostic test at identifying endometrial polyps because of the ability to visualize the endometrial pathology.

• #11 Endometrial polyps. An evidence-based diagnosis and management guide – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33756339/

  Objective: To provide an updated practice guideline for the management of patients with endometrial polyps. […] Recommendations: Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) should be the imaging modality of choice for the detection of endometrial polyps in woman of fertile age (level B). Its accuracy increases when color-doppler, 3D investigation and contrast are used (level B). Dilation and Curettage (DC) should be avoided for the diagnosis and management of polyps (level A). In office hysteroscopy showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in infertile patients with suspected endometrial polyps (level B). Polyps might alter endometrial receptivity, and embryo implantation reducing pregnancy rates (level C). Hysteroscopic polypectomy is feasible and safe with negligeble risk of intrauterine adhesion formation (level B). Polypectomy does not compromise reproductive outcomes from subsequent IVF procedures but the removal of polyps as a routine practice in sub-fertile women is not currently supported by the evidence (level B). Cost-effectiveness analysis suggest performing office polypectomy in women desiring to conceive (level B). Saline infused sonohysterography is highly accurate in detecting polyps in asymptomatic postmenopausal women (level B). Postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding and suspected endometrial polyp should be offered diagnostic hysteroscopy with hysteroscopic polypectomy if endometrial polyps are present (level B). In-office hysteroscopy has the highest diagnostic accuracy with high cost-benefits ratio for premalignant and malignant pathologies of the uterine cavity (level B). Due to risk of malignancy, histopathological analysis of the polyp is mandatory (level B). Blind DC should be avoided due to inaccuracy for the diagnosis of focal endometrial pathology (level A). Expectant management is not recommended in symptomatic patients especially in postmenopausal women (level B). In case of atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma on a polyp, hysterectomy is recommended in all post-menopausal patients and in premenopausal patients without desire of future fertility (level B). Asymptomatic endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women should be removed in case of large diameter ( 2 cm) or in patients with risk factors for endometrial carcinoma (level B). Excision of polyps smaller than 2 cm in asymptomatic postmenopausal patients has no impact on cost-effectiveness or survival (level B). Removal of asymptomatic polyps in premenopausal women should be considered in patients with risk factors for endometrial cancer (level B).

• #12 Endometrial polyp | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/endometrial-polyp?lang=us

  Endometrial polyps are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial surface, and one of the entities included in a differential of endometrial thickening. Endometrial polyps can either be sessile or pedunculated. They can often be suggested on ultrasound or MRI studies but may require sonohysterography or direct visualization for confirmation. […] Most polyps are asymptomatic although they can be a common cause of postmenopausal bleeding (can account for ~30% of cases). In premenopausal women, they may cause intermenstrual bleeding, metrorrhagia, and infertility. […] Although not always necessary for a diagnosis, polyps are well-characterized on sonohysterography and appear as echogenic, smooth, intracavitary masses outlined by the fluid. The typical appearance of an endometrial polyp at sonohysterography is a well-defined, homogeneous, polypoid lesion that is isoechoic to the endometrium with preservation of the endometrial-myometrial interface. There is usually a well-defined vascular pedicle within the stalk. […] Visualization of a vascular pedicle is 76% sensitive and 95% specific for endometrial polyps.

• #13 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/uterine-cancer/risk-factors/uterine-polyps

  Sonohysterography: Following an initial transvaginal ultrasound, a sterile fluid may be introduced into the uterus via a thin tube or catheter for this diagnostic test. This fluid expands the uterus, providing a clearer image of growths in the uterine cavity. […] Hysteroscopy: This procedure involves inserting a long, thin tube with a lighted telescope (hysteroscope) into the uterus through the vagina and cervix to check for abnormalities. The hysteroscope provides a direct view of the inside of the uterus. […] Endometrial biopsy: In some cases, a soft plastic instrument is used to collect a tissue sample from the inner walls of the uterus. The sample that is then tested in a laboratory to determine the presence of abnormal cells. […] Curettage: A long, metal instrument, known as a curette, may be used to scrape tissue or polyps from the inner walls of the uterus. The removed tissue or polyps are then sent to a laboratory for testing to check for the presence of cancer cells.

• #14 Uterine (Endometrial) Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/uterine-polyps

  Most uterine polyps aren’t cancer. Many women don’t have symptoms, and some don’t need treatment. But doctors have several ways to find and remove them. […] Your doctor can look inside your uterus to check for polyps. If they see any, they may be able to remove them at the same time. […] Tests include: Transvaginal ultrasound. Your doctor puts a slender wand-like device inside your vagina. It gives off sound waves and sends them to a computer to create images of the inside of your uterus. […] Hysterosonography or sonohysterography. Your doctor can use this procedure during a transvaginal ultrasound. They put a thin tube called a catheter inside your vagina and inject salt water into your uterus. The liquid expands your uterus to allow a clearer ultrasound. […] Hysteroscopy. Your doctor puts a thin, flexible, lighted telescope, called a hysteroscope, through your vagina and cervix and into your uterus. It lets them look at the tissue lining the inside. If they see polyps, they can use tools to remove them at the same time.

• #15 Endometrial polyps: What they are, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/polyps-endometriosis

  Endometrial polyps, or uterine polyps, develop when cells of the inner lining of the uterus overgrow. These growths range in size and protrude into the uterus but typically cause no symptoms. […] Most people with endometrial polyps do not know they have them, as they often have no symptoms. Some may experience atypical bleeding, such as with longer than average periods of bleeding between periods. […] If a gynecologist suspects a person may have endometrial polyps, they may order a transvaginal ultrasound. To perform this test, a doctor will insert a small wand into the vaginal cavity and apply ultrasounds to create images of the inside of the uterus. […] Saline infusion sonography is the gold standard for diagnosing endometrial polyps. This method involves injecting sterile saline into the uterus to expand the organ and make imaging the inner lining clearer. The technician then uses ultrasound to note more details of the polyps, such as location and size.

• #16 How to Identify and Treat Uterine Polyps

  https://www.herserenity.com/blog/how-to-identify-and-treat-uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are fleshy overgrowths in the inner lining of the uterus that can affect women’s reproductive health. […] Recognizing and treating uterine polyps promptly ensures better health outcomes and reduces risks associated with potential malignant transformations. […] The best method to diagnose uterine polyps is saline infusion sonography or sonohysterography. This technique is considered the gold standard because it offers detailed views of the size, location, and characteristics of the polyps. […] An endometrial biopsy is particularly recommended for women with postmenopausal bleeding, as it helps rule out malignancy and evaluate the nature of the polyps. […] While transvaginal ultrasound is helpful as an initial screening tool, it is generally less definitive than sonohysterography or hysteroscopy.

• #17 Endometrial polyps: In-office management

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/endometrial-polyps-office-management

  Because AUB triggers further evaluation of potential etiologies, endometrial polyps are often diagnosed on ultrasound, as seen in Figure 1. The sonographic finding suggestive of an endometrial polyp is a bright, hyperechoic area visualized within the endometrium. Using power doppler sonography may reveal a single-vessel pattern of blood flow to the polyp (sensitivity 81.2%, positive predictive value [PPV] 92.9%) compared to fibroids, which more often show an enhancing rim of vessels. […] If further characterization is needed, office hysteroscopy is considered the gold standard for further evaluation, however, saline infusion sonography (SIS) is another excellent diagnostic study with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 81% in diagnosing endometrial polyps. Hysteroscopy and SIS are best performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle shortly after cessation of menses. Hysteroscopy allows for direct visualization of the polyps while SIS with a skillful operator can also provide specific details, such as where the polyp is attached and its size. If there is uncertainty about presence of a polyp on transvaginal ultrasound, SIS can be used as the next step for better visualization, with a PPV of 88.5%, compared to only 65.2% with ultrasound alone.

• #18 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  Sonohysterography (SIS), also known as saline infusion sonography, involves instilling saline into the uterine cavity during ultrasound. It provides better visualization of polyps by creating a contrast between the polyp and the surrounding fluid. SIS has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity compared with conventional TVUS. […] Hysteroscopy allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity using a thin, flexible telescope. It is considered the gold standard for diagnosing uterine polyps as it enables both visualization and biopsy of suspicious lesions. […] Endometrial Biopsy involves collecting a small sample of endometrial tissue for laboratory analysis. While it can detect some polyps, it may miss others, especially if they are small or located in areas not reached by the biopsy instrument.

• #19 Evaluation of the uterine cavity and diagnosis of endometrial polyps – Hysteroscopy Newsletter

  https://hysteroscopynewsletter.com/2021/06/01/evaluation-of-the-uterine-cavity-and-diagnosis-of-endometrial-polyps/

  Endometrial polyps represent one of the most common gynecologic pathology frequently causing abnormal uterine bleeding and/or intermenstrual spotting, although the majority of patients with endometrial polyps are asymptomatic. […] Hysteroscopic polypectomy remains the gold standard modality for the diagnosis and management of the patients with endometrial polyps. […] There are several options available for the diagnosis of endometrial polyps. […] The primary tool for initial diagnosis of endometrial polyps is transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS). […] Compared to TVUS alone, saline infusion sonohysterography seems to be little superior to simple TVUS for the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology. […] Among the diagnostic methods for investigating endometrial disease, hysteroscopy has the highest diagnostic efficacy. Hysteroscopy with guided biopsy represent the gold standard in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps.

• #20 Evaluation of the uterine cavity and diagnosis of endometrial polyps – Hysteroscopy Newsletter

  https://hysteroscopynewsletter.com/2021/06/01/evaluation-of-the-uterine-cavity-and-diagnosis-of-endometrial-polyps/

  Diagnostic hysteroscopy alone (without additional biopsies) allows a subjective assessment of the size and characteristic of the lesion with reported sensitivity of 58% to 99%, specificity of 87% to 100%, PPV of 21% to 100%, and NPV of 66% to 99% when compared to hysteroscopy with guided biopsy. […] It is important to include in the hysteroscopic evaluation of endometrial polyps some characteristics such as: number, size, location, consistency, vascularization and implant base, all characteristics that can be achieved by the gold standard of hysteroscopy. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging is moderately sensitive to detect endometrial polyps, demonstrating features that are not sensitive but may be specific such as dense fibrous tissue stroma, which reflects a dark T2 fibrous core; thick-walled vascular channels, corresponding to avid enhancement and endometrial glands, corresponding to intra-tumoral cysts.

• #21 Endometrial polyps: what are they, how are they formed and what are the symptoms and treatment?

  https://www.institutobernabeu.com/en/blog/endometrial-polyps-what-are-they-and-how-are-they-formed/

  Endometrial or uterine polyp diagnosis Instituto Bernabeu A transvaginal ultrasound is the method of choice in order to reach a confirmed diagnosis. In addition, a 3D ultrasound can provide an accurate diagnosis. Sonohysterography procedures can sometimes prove helpful. This consists of introducing saline solution into the endometrial cavity so that the area surrounding the polyp can be observed with an ultrasound. […] A hysteroscopy can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. This entails inserting a camera into the uterus so that the uterine cavity can be observed directly. In addition to confirming what was observed in the ultrasound, a hysteroscopy facilitates histopathological analysis when there is a suspicion that polyps are malign. It also makes removing them possible. A hysteroscopy test can be performed in day clinics. Sometimes, the patient needs to be sedated but recovery is swift.

• #22 Uterine Polyp @ 30 Hysteroscopy in 2 days – Pre-Diagnosis, Signs & Symptoms – Cancer Chat | Cancer Research UK

  https://cancerchat.cancerresearchuk.org/f/pre-diagnosis-signs-symptoms/109088/uterine-polyp-30-hysteroscopy-in-2-days

  So, things have moved really quickly in the last week. […] I was sent for a transvaginal ultrasound and in that appointment the nurse told me that she thought she could see a polyp […] in that appointment (Wednesday), I was told that my left ovary was touching if not attached to my uterus and there was a large polyp. […] I managed to do the hysteroscopy under local anesthetic […] They confirmed a 17mm polyp and removed it then and there to send off for testing. […] I believe you can have a General anathsetic but have to wait longer for an appointment but most people just want to get on with it.

• #23 Uterine (Endometrial) Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/uterine-polyps

  Endometrial biopsy. Your doctor uses a soft plastic tool to take a piece of tissue from the lining of your uterus. They’ll send that tissue sample, called a biopsy, to a lab to test it for cancer cells. […] Curettage. You have this procedure in an operating room. Your doctor uses a metal instrument with a small loop on one end, called a curette, to get a piece of a polyp or the tissue in your uterus for testing. They can also use the curette to remove polyps. […] Doctors can usually remove polyps during the same procedures they use to diagnose them, such as hysteroscopy or curettage. Instead of making a cut in your belly, they can insert a curette or other surgical tools through your vagina and cervix to take the polyps out. If your polyps have cancer cells, you may need surgery to take out your entire uterus, called a hysterectomy.

• #24 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/uterine-polyps

  While abnormal or heavy vaginal bleeding may be linked to a variety of conditions, these are also possible symptoms of uterine polyps. […] If you have symptoms like abnormal bleeding or vaginal discharge, its important to see a doctor. They can help determine whether you have uterine polyps or another condition that may be causing similar symptoms. […] If uterine polyps are suspected, your doctor will need to locate them with the help of a small camera called a hysteroscope. During a procedure called a hysteroscopy, this tool is inserted inside the uterine cavity. […] While an ultrasound may also help your doctor find uterine polyps, this diagnostic tool isnt as reliable. This is especially the case if you still menstruate because a thickened uterine lining may incorrectly look like polyps on an ultrasound.

• #25 How to Identify and Treat Uterine Polyps

  https://www.herserenity.com/blog/how-to-identify-and-treat-uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps are typically benign growths, but there is a small risk of them being cancerous or precancerous. […] Approximately 1-2% of these polyps in premenopausal women and 5-6% in postmenopausal women may harbor cancerous changes. […] When abnormal bleeding occurs, it is often a key symptom prompting investigation, potentially leading to a biopsy for further assessment. […] If a polyp is found to contain cancer, the standard treatment usually involves a hysterectomy to ensure complete removal of the affected tissue. […] Regular examinations are crucial, especially for symptomatic or postmenopausal women, who have a higher risk for cancer associated with polyps. […] To prevent the recurrence of uterine polyps, monitoring symptoms and hormonal activity is essential. […] Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider can help catch any new growths early. […] Surgical removal of symptomatic polyps can provide relief and mitigate future risks associated with malignancy.

• #26

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/endometrial-polyps/diagnosis-treatment

  Curettage. Using a curette (a long metal tool with a small hoop on one end), the doctor removes a tissue sample of a polyp and sends it for laboratory analysis. […] If cancer cells are found in your polyps, your doctor may recommend hysterectomy (surgical removal of the entire uterus) or other suitable treatment options.

• #27 Pathology Outlines – Endometrial polyp

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html

  Benign hyperplastic overgrowth of endometrial tissue that forms a localized projection into the endometrial cavity and is composed of a variable amount of glands and stroma. […] Polypoid / pedunculated mass composed of cystically dilated glands with fibrous stroma that contains thick walled blood vessels. […] May be related to hyperestrogenism, possibly originating as a localized hyperplasia of the endometrial basalis, secondary to hormonal influences. […] Transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice in women of fertile age. […] Saline infusion sonohysterography is accurate in asymptomatic postmenopausal females. […] Hysteroscopy. […] Confirmation by histopathology of the resected specimen. […] Blind dilatation and curettage should be avoided due to inaccuracy for the diagnosis.

• #28 Uterine Polyp Symptoms and Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/resources/uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps are often diagnosed by microscopic examination of a specimen obtained after endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage but they also be diagnosed on ultrasound or hysteroscopy. […] The majority of cases of uterine polyps are cured by thorough dilation and curettage. […] Hysteroscopy is a procedure that is performed minimally invasively at Brigham and Womens Hospital. Using a thin instrument with a lens, light source and camera attached to one end. This procedure enables surgeons to thoroughly examine the lining of the uterus and to remove the uterine polyps.

• #29 Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment of Fibroids and Polyps | Progyny

  https://progyny.com/education/female-infertility/diagnosis-symptoms-treatment-fibroids-polyps/

  Polyps are small overgrowths of the endometrium, or the lining of the uterus. They are most often benign but, in some cases, can become malignant/cancerous. Endometrial polyps are most common among reproductive aged women. […] There are several ways to confirm a diagnosis of endometrial polyps as often they can go undetected during a pelvic exam: […] Sonohysterogram is a type of ultrasound that uses sterile water to expand the uterus and view the uterine cavity […] Hysterosalpingogram uses a dye and x-ray imaging to view the contour of the uterus […] Hysteroscopy uses a thin telescope-like viewing device to look inside the uterus and confirm the presence of polyps.

• #30 Endometrial polyps: In-office management

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/endometrial-polyps-office-management

  Endometrial polyps, whether found on ultrasound during a workup for AUB or suspected to be the etiology of a patients infertility, are commonly encountered and easily managed with office-based hysteroscopic procedures. Given the underlying risk of malignancy in endometrial polyps, which may be as low as 0.5% to 3% in all women diagnosed with polyps or up to 6% in postmenopausal women presenting with bleeding, removal is strongly recommended with hysteroscopic polypectomy for eventual histopathologic diagnosis.

• #31 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14683-uterine-polyps

  Treatment will depend on your symptoms and other factors that increase your risk of uterine cancer. […] If youre postmenopausal or experiencing symptoms like abnormal bleeding, your provider may recommend removal. […] If there’s a question, your provider can perform a biopsy on the tissue to rule out cancer.

• #32 Get Uterine Polyp Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/uterine-polyps-treatment

  Most uterine polyps are benign (not cancer). Our doctors are experts at identifying precancerous changes to uterine tissue. When they see something suspicious, specialists may recommend an endometrial biopsy and biopsy of any polyps. This helps ensure the polyps aren’t cancerous. […] We use a hysteroscope to view your uterus and then we remove a small sample of tissue from the endometrium. We send this sample to a lab where experts can examine it under a microscope.

• #33 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/uterine-polyps

  Your doctor may perform a series of tests based on your symptoms and medical history. They may also use screening tools to help rule out cancer and other conditions. […] Possible options include: Transvaginal ultrasound. This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of your internal organs. Its almost always performed before a biopsy. […] Endometrial biopsy. With this procedure, a small sample of the polyp is taken and then sent to a lab for further analysis. The lab results determine whether the sample is cancerous. […] During diagnosis for uterine polyps, your doctor will also be able to rule out other conditions that may contribute to heavier-than-normal or unusual vaginal bleeding, such as: uterine fibroids, which are usually noncancerous growths of muscle on the uterus, ovarian cysts, issues with the uterine lining, including endometriosis, hemophilia and other bleeding disorders, hypothyroidism, certain medications, such as blood thinners, hormonal changes that may occur during puberty and perimenopause, obesity, which can lead to more estrogen in your body. […] Its not possible to self-diagnose uterine polyps, as many of the symptoms are similar to other conditions. This is why you should see a doctor if youre experiencing any abnormal bleeding, including longer or heavier periods or vaginal bleeding after menopause.

• #34 Differential diagnosis of uterine polyps: MR manifestations of various epithelial and mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like lesions, pitfalls and problem-solving MR techniques

  https://epos.myesr.org/poster/esr/ecr2011/C-1908

  To review the wide spectrum of uterine polyps including epithelial and mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like lesions. […] To describe clinical and MR features of uterine polyps for the differential diagnosis, pitfalls, and problem-solving MR techniques. […] We present characteristic imaging manifestations, clinical features, and pitfalls of uterine polyps, and problem-solving MR techniques for the differential diagnosis. […] The definition of Uterine Polyp: Abnormal growth of benign or malignant tissue projecting from the inner lining of the uterus to the cavity or cervical canal. […] To recognize characteristic MR manifestations of various uterine polyps by using problem-solving MR techniques is important to provide adequate treatment.

• #35 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  Dilation and Curettage (DC) involves dilating the cervix and scraping the uterine lining to obtain tissue samples. It can be used for both diagnosis and treatment of polyps. […] The American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) recommends hysteroscopy as the gold standard for diagnosing and treating endometrial polyps. They suggest that blind sampling techniques like endometrial biopsy or DC alone are inadequate for accurate diagnosis. […] For postmenopausal women with bleeding, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends initial evaluation with TVUS or office endometrial biopsy. If the initial evaluation is inconclusive, further assessment with SIS or office hysteroscopy is recommended. […] Transvaginal ultrasound is recommended as the initial diagnostic tool due to its safety and accessibility, despite variable accuracy. If ultrasound results are inconclusive, saline-infused sonohysterography (SIS) or 3D ultrasound can be considered. Hysteroscopy with guided biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing and treating polyps, enabling complete resection, reducing recurrence, and providing a pathology specimen. Hysterosalpingography, CT, and MRI are not useful for polyp diagnosis.

• #36 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  High-risk patients (over 60, postmenopausal, symptomatic, or taking tamoxifen) should be referred to a gynecologist for further evaluation. In asymptomatic, low-risk cases, expectant management may be considered. Blind sampling techniques, such as endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage (DC), are not recommended for diagnosing polyps. […] Hysteroscopic polypectomy is the preferred treatment for polyps, especially in patients seeking to improve fertility, as it enhances pregnancy outcomes. Bipolar energy should be used over monopolar energy to reduce the risk of electrosurgical burns, and tissue removal systems are preferred when available. If a polyp is found during in vitro fertilization stimulation, options like cycle cancellation or freezing embryos can be discussed, though cycle cancellation is not typically necessary. Overall, these guidelines emphasize targeted diagnostic tools, minimally invasive treatments, and careful management based on patient risk factors and reproductive goals.

• #37 Uterine polyps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709

  Uterine polyps can cause irregular menstrual bleeding, bleeding after menopause, very heavy menstrual flow or bleeding between periods. […] Seek medical care if you have vaginal bleeding after menopause. […] Hormonal factors appear to play a role. Uterine polyps are estrogen-sensitive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen in the body. […] Uterine polyps might be associated with infertility. If you have uterine polyps and you’re unable to have children, removal of the polyps might allow you to become pregnant, but the data are inconclusive.

• #38 Uterine Polyp Diagnosis — Natalie Crawford MD

  https://www.nataliecrawfordmd.com/blog-1/polyp-diagnosis-and-removal

  There was a study looking at people who had infertility and doing a polypectomy did improve rates of getting pregnant afterwards. […] I am a believer everybody needs to be evaluated to see if they have a polyp, especially if you’re doing IVF sometime before you do the embryo transfer. […] The way that you can diagnose a uterine polyp (you cannot always see it on vaginal ultrasound) is by some type of imaging inside the uterus, and the best two options are going to be a saline sonogram or hysteroscopy. […] Saline sonogram and SIS, saline infused sonogram, and hysterosonogram are all the same thing. […] Vaginal sonogram alone cannot catch them all. So saline sonogram, when you push the water in, you are separating these two walls, and then you’re able to see the inside of the uterine cavity better, and you can see these small projections. […] Hysteroscopy is the perfect test. […] The best way to remove a polyp if you are an infertility patient or trying to get pregnant is definitely hysteroscopy, as we said.

• #39 What Are Uterine Polyps? – Arjang Naim, MD

  https://drarjangnaim.com/what-are-uterine-polyps/

  Uterine polyps are lesions that attach to the inner wall of the uterus and extend into the uterine cavity. […] The exact cause of the polyp is unknown. […] There are several diagnostic methods that gynecologists examine. […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a special x-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes. […] Vaginal ultrasound is one of the most important and widely used tools in gynecology. […] An ultrasound histogram is an imaging study of the uterus. […] This procedure uses a scope inserted into the uterus through the vagina to look at the polyps and determine their size and extent. […] Examination of the tissue under a microscope is the only way to determine if the polyp is benign or malignant. […] Polyps can prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus wall. […] The prevalence of diagnosing suspected intrauterine abnormalities during hysteroscopy before in vitro fertilization was between 11% and 45%.

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