Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uterine polyps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709

  Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, form as a result of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) overgrowing. […] Hormonal factors appear to play a role. Uterine polyps are estrogen-sensitive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen in the body.

• #1 Uterine (Endometrial) Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/uterine-polyps

  Experts dont know exactly why women get uterine polyps. It may be linked to changes in hormone levels. Each month, your estrogen levels rise and fall, causing the lining of your uterus to thicken and then shed during your period. Polyps form when too much of that lining grows. […] Some things might make you more likely to have polyps. One is age; theyre more common in your 40s or 50s. That may be due to the changes in estrogen levels that happen just before and during menopause. […] You might also be at higher risk because of: Obesity, High blood pressure, The breast cancer drug tamoxifen.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.artfertilityclinics.com/in/en/art-blog/uterine-polyps-causes-symptoms-treatment

  The specific reason or causes for uterine polyps is not fully clear. However, a few elements have been identified that contribute to their development. They are: […] The development of uterine polyps is largely influenced by hormonal abnormalities, particularly those involving progesterone and oestrogen. Oestrogen facilitates the formation of the uterine lining shed monthly during menstruation. Excess oestrogen (a level above progesterone) can make the endometrial tissue expand abnormally, sometimes resulting in polyps. […] Infections or other underlying disorders can cause chronic uterine lining irritation, which can create an ideal environment for polyp growth. This inflammation causes a disruption in the normal processes of cell development and renewal, which results in the creation of aberrant tissue.

• #1 Uterine polyps: Symptoms, causes and more | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/uterine-polyps-symptoms-causes/

  Some studies estimate that up to 25% of women may experience uterine polyps sometime in their life. […] While the exact cause of uterine polyps is unknown, experts believe hormones play a role. Research indicates that uterine polyps tend to grow when your body produces excess estrogen. […] Uterine polyps are also closely tied to your age theyre rare in women under 20 and most common between 20-40 years old. Your risk of developing uterine polyps peaks in your 40s, as you approach menopause. […] Your chances of developing uterine polyps can increase if you are overweight. When you gain weight, the extra fat that your body develops will cause your estrogen levels to increase. […] Receive hormone replacement therapy with a high dose of estrogen. This therapy is sometimes recommended for managing menopausal symptoms. It may be associated with polyp development and its related symptoms of irregular bleeding.

• #1 Endometrial polyp | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/endometrial-polyp?lang=us

  Endometrial polyps are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial surface, and one of the entities included in a differential of endometrial thickening. […] The prevalence of endometrial polyps increases with age and ranges from 8-35%. […] Risk factors include patients receiving tamoxifen, endometriosis (2.8x increased risk), foreign bodies, multiparity, chronic cervicitis, and estrogen secretion. […] ~2.5% (range 0.8-4.8%) of endometrial polyps are premalignant or malignant. […] A very small percentage (0.5-3%) of polyps may contain endometrial carcinoma.

• #1 Endometrial Polyp – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557824/

  Endometrial polyps are localized overgrowths of the endometrial glands and stroma that protrude out of the endometrium. The definite etiology of endometrial polyps is unknown. However, endometrial polyps are associated with endometrial hyperplasia; therefore, unopposed estrogen is considered to be a risk factor. […] Other mechanisms that have been associated with the development of polyps include increased endometrial aromatase activity, TGF-beta, VEGF, BCL-2, and genetic factors. […] Endometrial abnormalities, including the development of polyps, are associated with chronic tamoxifen therapy and occur in 20% to 35% of females. […] A majority of polyps are benign; however, malignant transformation can occur in 0 to 13%. […] Malignancy in an endometrial polyp is related to a patients age and menopausal status. The prevalence of malignant endometrial polyps in symptomatic postmenopausal females is 4.47% compared with 1.51% in an asymptomatic postmenopausal female. […] Additional risk factors for malignant endometrial polyps include age greater than 60, large-sized polyps, menopause status, symptomatic bleeding, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14683-uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps form when theres an overgrowth of endometrial tissue. […] Researchers dont know why polyps form, but hormone levels may be a factor. Estrogen plays a role in causing the endometrium to thicken each month during your menstrual cycle. This thickening likely contributes to uterine polyp growth. Many risk factors for uterine polyps involve your body being exposed to high amounts of estrogen. […] Your chance of developing uterine polyps also increases if you: Have overweight (BMI 25 30) or obese (BMI 30). Have high blood pressure (hypertension). Take tamoxifen, a drug that’s used to treat breast cancer. Receive hormone replacement therapy that involves a high dosage of estrogen. […] Only about 5% of uterine polyps are cancerous. Your risk is greater of a polyp being cancerous if youre postmenopausal or if youre experiencing abnormal bleeding. In some instances, a benign polyp may closely resemble uterine cancer (endometrial sarcomas) or precancer (endometrial hyperplasia). If there’s a question, your provider can perform a biopsy on the tissue to rule out cancer.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/uterine-polyps

  While the risk of developing uterine polyps decreases after menopause, when estrogen levels naturally drop, you may be at risk for these growths if you take tamoxifen therapy. In fact, its estimated that between 8 and 36 percent of postmenopausal women taking this therapy develop uterine polyps. […] Theres not a single known cause of uterine polyps, but its thought that high estrogen levels may play a role in their development. Obesity may also be a risk factor, due to higher amounts of estrogen released by body fat cells. […] Age may also play a role in the development of uterine polyps. These polyps are rare in women under the age of 20. However, the incidence peaks between ages 40 and 49.

• #1 Uterine Polyps – Causes and Risk Factors

  https://nabtahealth.com/article/uterine-polyps/?srsltid=AfmBOopGJHqHv2iEKdnNI6IwUSF4s-pQG7ou7k8ezSEHxdita9bhgC5H

  Uterine polyps can arise in the neck of the uterus, the cervix (cervical polyps) or the lining of the uterine cavity (endometrial polyps). […] It is not always known what causes polyps to develop. […] Age is a major factor and polyps are rarely found in women below 30. Recent work suggests that polyps might exist in a latent state in younger women, with those that do form being more prone to regression as the cells of the endometrium undergo continual cycling. […] Whilst the exact mechanisms that lead to the formation of uterine polyps is unclear, there is a strong association between their development and oestrogen. Women who are prescribed Tamoxifen or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) are at increased risk of polyp formation. […] Obesity is an additional risk factor for polyp development because adipose tissue contains high levels of an enzyme called aromatase, which converts circulating androgens into oestrogens.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.audubonfertility.com/post/uterine-polyps-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Likewise, women with a body mass index greater than 30, have more adipose tissue, or fat cells, which can increase circulating estradiol levels and are more likely to develop polyps. […] In an observational study of over 10,000 women, more than 95% of polyps were benign. Occasionally we do find polyps that can contain malignancy, but this is extremely rare in the fertility population. […] A systematic review concluded that removing polyps was beneficial in infertile women. This conclusion was based primarily on a randomized trial that showed a higher pregnancy rate in women who underwent uterine polyps treatment (removal) compared with hysteroscopy alone (63 versus 28%!). […] The good news is that endometrial polyps do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of miscarriage or adverse obstetric outcomes.

• #1 Uterine Polyps | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/uterine-polyps/

  Uterine polyps develop when the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, overgrows in a particular area. […] Although the exact causes of uterine polyps are unknown, the hormone estrogen might play a role in promoting their growth. […] Factors that can increase the risk of developing uterine polyps include: Having high blood pressure (hypertension), Being obese, Taking tamoxifen, a medication for breast cancer, Being perimenopausal or postmenopausal. […] Polyps can lead to cancer and subfertility.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Dr. Thais Aliabadi, Los Angeles

  https://www.draliabadi.com/gynecology/conditions-of-the-uterus/uterine-polyps/

  Hypertension (high blood pressure): Some studies suggest a link between high blood pressure and the development of uterine polyps, though the exact connection is not fully understood. […] Genetics: There may be a genetic component, as women with a family history of uterine polyps or other endometrial conditions may be more likely to develop them.

• #1 Uterine Polyps | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/uterine-polyps

  Uterine or endometrial polyps are overgrowths of the inner lining of the uterus. […] No definitive cause of endometrial polyps is known, but they appear to be affected by hormone levels and grow in response to estrogen circulating in the blood. […] Obesity increases the levels of estrogen in the blood, so also will increase the risk of uterine polyps. […] Tamoxifen therapy is also a risk factor for the development of endometrial polyps; 8-36% of postmenopausal women treated with tamoxifen develop polyps.

• #1 Uterine polyps: Symptoms, causes and more | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/uterine-polyps-symptoms-causes/

  Take tamoxifen. This drug is used for breast cancer treatment and works against cancer cells in breast tissue, but it has cancer-like effects on endometrial tissue. Long-term tamoxifen use has been associated with uterine polyps, which can develop in 20-35% of women who take it for an extended period. […] Have a family history of Lynch or Cowden syndrome. Lynch syndrome and Cowden syndrome are genetic conditions that run in families. Both are characterized by a genetic predisposition or increased risk of developing certain cancers.

• #1 Uterine Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps are endometrial tissue that overgrows. […] A surge of hormones such as estrogen during each menstrual cycle causes endometrial thickening, which can be associated with the growth of uterine polyps. […] Old age increases the risk of developing uterine polyps. You are more likely to have uterine polyps when you are perimenopausal or postmenopausal. […] Tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment […] Hormone replacement therapy with high doses of estrogen. […] Uterine polyps can recur that need repeat treatment.

• #1 Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501471/

  Similarly, postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been found to have a higher incidence of endometrial polyps. […] Endometrial polyp formation may be the result of localised chronic inflammation in the endometrium. […] The quantity of mast cells were found to be seven-fold higher in endometrial polyps compared with normal endometrium, and the majority of these mast cells were found to be activated. […] It has been speculated that this may be via proliferation of fibrin and blood vessels during the inflammatory repair process resulting in metaplasia and potentially, in tumour growth. […] The difference in the expressions of growth factors may have an implication on the existence of two different kinds of endometrial polyps, one being hormonal dependent and the other of an inflammatory nature.

• #1 Endometrial polyps: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007636.htm

  The exact cause of endometrial polyps in women is not known. They tend to grow when there is more of the hormone estrogen in the body. […] Other factors that may increase the risk for endometrial polyps are: Obesity, Tamoxifen, a treatment for breast cancer, Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, Family history of Lynch syndrome or Cowden syndrome (genetic conditions that run in families). […] Endometrial polyps are common in women between 20 to 40 years of age.

• #1 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  Genetic factors also contribute to polyp formation. Chromosomal rearrangements in stromal cells have been identified, with abnormalities in specific regions such as 6p21-22, 12q13-15, and 7q22. Additional genetic markers, including p63, aromatase P450, and steroidogenic factor-1, have been linked to polyp development, indicating a complex interaction between hormonal and genetic factors in polyp formation. […] Inflammation is another potential factor in the pathogenesis of uterine polyps. Chronic localized inflammation may lead to the growth of new blood vessels and tissue expansion. Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and increased activated mast cells are commonly found in polyps, suggesting an inflammatory response that promotes angiogenesis and tissue proliferation. Angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1) are also elevated in polyps, contributing to increased blood vessel density and fibrotic tissue, characteristic of these growths.

• #1 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  The exact cause of uterine polyps remains uncertain, but several theories suggest that estrogen stimulation plays a significant role in their development. Polyps have been found to contain higher concentrations of estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ER-alpha, and reduced progesterone receptors compared with normal endometrium, potentially causing abnormal growth and resistance to the natural shedding process seen in typical endometrial tissue. This hormonal imbalance may prevent polyp tissue from undergoing normal cyclical changes, contributing to its persistence. […] In addition to hormonal influences, abnormalities in cellular apoptosis (programmed cell death) and proliferation appear to be involved. Markers such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), which inhibits apoptosis, and Ki67, which indicates cellular proliferation, are elevated in polyps, especially during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Increased Bcl-2 expression in polyps may lead to decreased cell death, allowing polyps to evade the normal shedding process. Furthermore, Ki67 expression is particularly high in the glandular epithelium of polyps, signifying increased cell growth, which is further elevated in women treated with tamoxifen, a drug with estrogen-like effects on the uterus that is commonly used in breast cancer treatment.

• #1 Uterine Polyp: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Tips

  https://risaaivf.com/uterine-polyp-causes-symptoms-prevention-tips/

  Uterine polyps form due to an overgrowth of cells in the uterine lining (endometrium). The exact cause is not always clear. However there are several factors that can contribute to their development: […] Hormonal Imbalance: High estrogen levels can cause excessive growth of the endometrial tissue. […] Age and Menopause: Women in their 40s and 50s, especially around menopause, are more likely to develop polyps due to hormonal changes. […] Obesity: Excess body fat increases estrogen levels and may trigger polyp growth. […] High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Studies suggest a link between hypertension and the development of uterine polyps. […] Tamoxifen Use: This medication is used for breast cancer treatment. It can sometimes lead to uterine polyps as a side effect. […] Chronic Inflammation or Infection: Long-term inflammation of the uterus can contribute to polyp growth. […] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS often have irregular hormone levels and can also increase the risk of polyps.

• #1 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | The Well by Northwell

  https://thewell.northwell.edu/womens-health/uterine-polyps-treatment

  Uterine polyps are common, affecting 10% to 40% of women at some point in their lives. […] While its unknown exactly what causes uterine polyps to occur, hormonal imbalances are thought to be the main culprit. When women make more estrogen than progesterone, it can stimulate the thickening of the uterine lining and potentially lead to polyp formation, explains Greco. […] As a result, conditions that can cause hormones to fluctuate such as PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), obesity, and perimenopause can make women more susceptible to uterine polyps. In addition, women taking tamoxifen, an elective estrogen receptor modulator medication used to treat and prevent breast cancer, are also at an increased risk of uterine polyps.

• #1 Polyp in the uterus: causes, diagnosis and treatment – Lada Clinic

  https://ladaclinic.ua/en/polyp-in-the-uterus-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Uterine polyps are benign growths in the uterine cavity that arise from the overgrowth of endometrial cells. […] There is currently no definitive cause that influences the structural changes and degeneration of endometrial cells. However, several factors affecting the frequency of the disease are identified. These include hormonal imbalances, particularly elevated estrogen levels. […] Other factors influencing the likelihood of developing uterine polyps include: adrenal dysfunction; thyroid and liver diseases; genetic predisposition; Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes; excess weight; chronic high blood pressure; neuroses; chronic infections of the reproductive system; frequent abortions. […] Therefore, there is no simple answer to the question of what to do to prevent the growth of polyps in the uterus.

• #1 What Are Uterine Polyps? – Arjang Naim, MD

  https://drarjangnaim.com/what-are-uterine-polyps/

  Insulin is increased by consuming foods that raise blood sugar. It causes inflammation and abnormal tissue growth. Research shows an association between insulin resistance and endometrial polyps. […] Uterine polyps form when cells grow abnormally in the inner wall of the uterus. Polyps are small, soft lumps inside the uterus that are usually 95% benign and treatable, although some can be cancerous or eventually turn into cancerous lumps.

• #1 Endometrial and Cervical Polyps | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/endometrial-and-cervical-polyps

  Polyps are small growths of tissue that can form in the body. If they form on the lining of the uterus (endometrium), they are called endometrial polyps. Cervical polyps grow in the cervical canal. This part of the body links the uterus to the vagina. […] The exact cause of these polyps is not known. But they may occur because of changes in genes or hormones. […] Certain things may also raise your risk for them, such as: Having chronic inflammation or an infection of the cervical canal, Being on hormone replacement therapy, Taking certain medicines like tamoxifen, which helps prevent and treat breast cancer, Being obese, Having a sexually transmitted infection. […] Most often, endometrial and cervical polyps are not cancer. […] The exact cause of these polyps is not known. But they may occur because of changes in genes or hormones. […] Sometimes these types of polyps may come back. They may also cause problems with getting pregnant if they block the cervical canal.

• #1 Endometrial polyp – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_polyp

  An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a mass in the inner lining of the uterus. […] No definitive cause of endometrial polyps is known, but they appear to be affected by hormone levels and grow in response to circulating estrogen. Risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure and a history of cervical polyps. Taking tamoxifen or hormone replacement therapy can also increase the risk of uterine polyps. […] The presence of cancerous cells may suggest a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). […] Endometrial polyps are usually benign although some may be precancerous or cancerous. About 0.5% of endometrial polyps contain adenocarcinoma cells. […] Endometrial polyps usually occur in women in their 40s and 50s. Endometrial polyps occur in up to 10% of women.

• #1 NYC Uterine/Endometrial Polyps and Infertility | What Causes Polyps in The Uterus?

  https://newayfertility.com/uterine-endometrial-polyps/

  Women of childbearing age who experience abnormal uterine bleeding may be suffering from polyps in the uterus, or endometrial polyps. […] The polyps are a result of overgrowth of the endometrial lining inside the uterus. […] The way in which endometrial polyps affect conception is not yet understood; however, research shows that the placement of the polyp may cause interference with the embryo implanting on the uterine wall. Endometrial polyps may block the cervical canal, making it impossible for sperm to reach and fertilize the egg.

• #1 Uterine Polyps & Fertility | Tennessee Reproductive Medicine | TNUterine Polyps & Fertility | Tennessee Reproductive Medicine | TN

  https://trmbaby.com/library/conditions/polyps/

  Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are bulb-shaped growths of endometrial tissue that develop in the uterus, attaching to the uterine lining by a stalk. […] The exact cause of these polyps is unknown, but the hormone estrogen seems to promote their growth. […] Uterine (endometrial) polyps are similar to uterine fibroids, most likely developing due to an imbalance of the hormone estrogen. Excess endometrial tissue develops in response to estrogen, causing soft uterine polyps to grow from the uterine lining. […] Endometrial polyps are more common in women with high blood pressure (hypertension), who are overweight, or who are taking tamoxifen (a medication used for treating breast cancer). […] Uterine polyps themselves are not a direct cause of miscarriage or conception problems. However, they are sometimes a sign of underlying conditions that may increase the risk of miscarriage or make it more difficult to conceive. […] These polyps can also cause infertility or, possibly, miscarriages by preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine wall correctly. Research published by the National Institutes of Health indicates that endometrial (uterine) polyps are a factor in about 35% of female infertility.

• #1 Uterine Polyps – Symptoms, Causes & Complications Related To It! – By Dr. Prashant K Vaidya | Lybrate

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/uterine-polyps-symptoms-causes-complications-related-to-it/8e8530bbe316e1005b9d22951040d981

  Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that extend into the uterine cavity. Overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) leads to the formation of uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps. […] Hormonal factors appear to play a role. Uterine polyps are estrogen-sensitive, meaning they grow in response to circulating estrogen. […] Risk factors for developing uterine polyps include: Being perimenopausal or postmenopausal, Having high blood pressure (hypertension), Being obese, Taking tamoxifen, a drug therapy for breast cancer. […] Uterine polyps might be associated with infertility. If you have uterine polyps and you’re unable to have children, removal of the polyps might allow you to become pregnant, but the data are inconclusive.

• #1 Uterine Polyps and Miscarriages |

  https://laivfclinic.com/blog/uterine-polyps-and-miscarriages/

  Uterine polyps, also called endometrial polyps, are small soft growths inside of a womans uterus. Kind of like a skin tag, uterine polyps are an overgrowth of tissue from the endometrium or lining, of the uterus. […] Medical science has yet to uncover the exact cause of uterine polyps, but doctors believe estrogen plays a role. […] An imbalance may cause an overgrowth of the endometrium, creating uterine polyps. […] The presence of polyps in the lining of the uterus may raise your risk for miscarriage. […] Because polyps present with irregular periods and abnormal bleeding, your lining could begin to shed or bleed at the time your embryo is ready to implant. […] Doctors diagnose uterine polyps in roughly 25% of all women who experience unexplained infertility. […] In addition to recurrent miscarriages it is believed uterine polyps prevent fertilization by impeding the sperm and egg from coming together. […] Of course any risk of uterine polyp-related infertility or miscarriage depends on the size and number of polyps in the uterus.

• #1 Endometrial Polyps

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/endometrial-polyps

  As our ability to look inside the uterus improves, many women are told they have a common abnormality of the uterine lining, called endometrial polyps. […] Polyps cause these symptoms because they dangle from their stalks and irritate the surrounding tissue, which causes the tissue to rub off, exposing tiny blood vessels. […] If a woman goes to her doctor complaining of spotting between periods or after intercourse, or very heavy bleeding during a menstrual period, her doctor will usually think of polyps as one of the many possible causes. […] Diagnosing endometrial polyps involves looking inside the uterine cavity. […] If a polyp is diagnosed one of the first questions is „could this be cancer?” Fortunately, polyps only rarely turn cancerous. […] The risk does increase, but only slightly, as a patient passes age 50. […] Most gynecologists will remove polyps, as discussed below, if they are found in women with a history of miscarriage. […] Only a small percent of polyps seem to come back, but it is possible that months or years after treatment a polyp might recur.

• #1 Uterine Polyps | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/clinical-updates/uterine-polyps

  These findings suggest that uterine polyps may arise from hormonal, genetic, and inflammatory factors. The interaction of these factors may lead to two distinct types of polyps: those driven by hormonal imbalances and those resulting from inflammation. This dual nature could explain variations in symptoms, recurrence rates, and potential implications for fertility and cancer risk.

• #2 Uterine Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14683-uterine-polyps

  Uterine polyps form when theres an overgrowth of endometrial tissue. […] Researchers dont know why polyps form, but hormone levels may be a factor. Estrogen plays a role in causing the endometrium to thicken each month during your menstrual cycle. This thickening likely contributes to uterine polyp growth. Many risk factors for uterine polyps involve your body being exposed to high amounts of estrogen. […] Your chance of developing uterine polyps also increases if you: Have overweight (BMI 25 30) or obese (BMI 30). Have high blood pressure (hypertension). Take tamoxifen, a drug that’s used to treat breast cancer. Receive hormone replacement therapy that involves a high dosage of estrogen. […] Only about 5% of uterine polyps are cancerous. Your risk is greater of a polyp being cancerous if youre postmenopausal or if youre experiencing abnormal bleeding. In some instances, a benign polyp may closely resemble uterine cancer (endometrial sarcomas) or precancer (endometrial hyperplasia). If there’s a question, your provider can perform a biopsy on the tissue to rule out cancer.

• #2 Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501471/

  Endometrial polyps are overgrowths of endometrial glands that typically protrude into the uterine cavity. […] The exact cause of endometrial polyps is unknown, however, there are several theories proposed relating to the aetiology and pathogenesis of these lesions. […] They are believed to be related to oestrogen stimulation, this may be as a result of an increased concentration of oestrogen receptors (ERs), predominantly ER-alpha in polyp glandular cells compared with normal endometrium, and a decreased expression of progesterone receptors (PRs) A and B in polyps compared with normal endometrium. […] The risk factors for endometrial polyp formation include increased endogenous oestrogen and exogenous oestrogen administration. […] Tamoxifen (a uterine oestrogen agonist used to treat breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women) have an increased likelihood of developing endometrial polyp.

• #2 Uterine Polyps: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Dr. Thais Aliabadi, Los Angeles

  https://www.draliabadi.com/gynecology/conditions-of-the-uterus/uterine-polyps/

  Uterine polyps, also called endometrial polyps, are abnormal growths that form in the inner lining of the uterus (the endometrium). They develop due to the overgrowth of the cells that make up the uterine lining. […] Several risk factors can influence uterine polyps: […] Hormonal imbalances: Uterine polyps are often associated with an imbalance in estrogen and progesterone, particularly when there is excessive estrogen stimulation. Estrogen causes the endometrial lining to grow, and an overproduction can lead to the formation of polyps. […] Age: Uterine polyps are more common in women who are in their 40s and 50s, particularly as they approach menopause, a time when hormonal fluctuations are more common. […] Obesity: Being overweight can increase estrogen levels in the body. […] Tamoxifen use: Women who take tamoxifen, a drug used to treat breast cancer, have an increased risk of developing uterine polyps due to the drugs effects on the endometrium.

• #2 Uterine (Endometrial) Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/uterine-polyps

  Experts dont know exactly why women get uterine polyps. It may be linked to changes in hormone levels. Each month, your estrogen levels rise and fall, causing the lining of your uterus to thicken and then shed during your period. Polyps form when too much of that lining grows. […] Some things might make you more likely to have polyps. One is age; theyre more common in your 40s or 50s. That may be due to the changes in estrogen levels that happen just before and during menopause. […] You might also be at higher risk because of: Obesity, High blood pressure, The breast cancer drug tamoxifen.

• #3 Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501471/

  Endometrial polyps are overgrowths of endometrial glands that typically protrude into the uterine cavity. […] The exact cause of endometrial polyps is unknown, however, there are several theories proposed relating to the aetiology and pathogenesis of these lesions. […] They are believed to be related to oestrogen stimulation, this may be as a result of an increased concentration of oestrogen receptors (ERs), predominantly ER-alpha in polyp glandular cells compared with normal endometrium, and a decreased expression of progesterone receptors (PRs) A and B in polyps compared with normal endometrium. […] The risk factors for endometrial polyp formation include increased endogenous oestrogen and exogenous oestrogen administration. […] Tamoxifen (a uterine oestrogen agonist used to treat breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women) have an increased likelihood of developing endometrial polyp.

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