Plamy starcze (plamy wątrobowe)
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby
Plamy starcze (solar lentigines) to płaskie, hiperpigmentowane zmiany skórne o barwie od jasnobrązowej do czarnej, lokalizujące się głównie na obszarach eksponowanych na promieniowanie UV, takich jak twarz, dłonie, ramiona i barki. Zmiany te charakteryzują się około 2-krotnie zwiększoną zawartością melaniny w porównaniu do otaczającej skóry, co wynika raczej ze zmniejszonego usuwania melaniny niż z jej nadprodukcji. Ekspresja keratyn 5 i 10 jest podwyższona, co wpływa na proliferację keratynocytów podstawnych i spowolnione złuszczanie naskórka, prowadząc do charakterystycznej morfologii plam. Genetyczne predyspozycje związane z genami IRF4, MC1R, ASIP i BNC2 wpływają na ich powstawanie niezależnie od szlaku biosyntezy melaniny. Plamy starcze są trwałe, mogą blednąć, ale zwykle nie znikają całkowicie, a ich obecność wskazuje na znaczną ekspozycję na UV i podwyższone ryzyko fotouszkodzeń oraz nowotworów skóry.
Plamy starcze (plamy wątrobowe) – Prognoza (rokowanie)
Plamy starcze, znane również jako plamy wątrobowe lub plamy słoneczne (solar lentigines), są płaskimi, ciemnymi obszarami na skórze o różnych rozmiarach, które pojawiają się najczęściej na obszarach narażonych na działanie słońca, takich jak twarz, dłonie, ramiona i barki. Mimo swojej nazwy, nie mają one żadnego związku z wątrobą lub jej funkcją, a jedynie przypominają jej kolor, który może wahać się od jasnobrązowego do ciemnobrązowego lub czarnego.123
Ogólna prognoza dla pacjentów z plamami starczymi
Plamy starcze nie stanowią zagrożenia dla zdrowia pacjenta i są uważane za trwałe zmiany skórne, które wpływają jedynie na wygląd skóry.45 Są one nieszkodliwe i nie prowadzą do niebezpiecznych objawów.67 Jednakże, należy pamiętać, że plamy starcze są sygnałem, że skóra otrzymała znaczną ekspozycję na promienie słoneczne i stanowią próbę ochrony skóry przed dalszymi uszkodzeniami słonecznymi.8
Trwałość zmian skórnych
Plamy starcze są zmianami permanentnymi, które mogą blednąć z czasem, ale prawdopodobnie nie znikną całkowicie, ponieważ skóra została już uszkodzona.9 Badania molekularne i histologiczne wykazały, że zawartość melaniny w plamach starczych jest około 2-krotnie wyższa niż w otaczającej skórze, co jest zgodne z hiperpigmentowanym fenotypem.10 Istnieje hipoteza, że hiperpigmentacja w plamach starczych wynika raczej ze zmniejszonego usuwania melaniny niż ze zwiększonej produkcji melaniny.11
Ryzyko nawrotu po leczeniu
U niektórych pacjentów plamy starcze mogą powrócić po leczeniu. Prawdopodobieństwo ponownego pojawienia się plam starczych jest wyższe, jeśli skóra nie jest chroniona przed promieniowaniem UV.12 Można zmniejszyć szanse na powrót plam starczych po leczeniu, odpowiednio chroniąc skórę przed promieniowaniem UV.13
Związek z ryzykiem raka skóry
Plamy starcze, znane również jako słoneczne plamy soczewicowate (solar lentigines) i plamy starcze soczewicowate (lentigo senilis), są silnie związane z przewlekłą ekspozycją na słońce i są powiązane z fotouszkodzeniami oraz zwiększonym ryzykiem raka skóry.14 Badania genetyczne (GWAS) wykazały, że 4 geny znane z regulacji koloru skóry i ryzyka nowotworów skóry (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP i BNC2) przyczyniają się do obecności plam starczych na skórze twarzy, a mechanizm ten jest niezależny od szlaku biosyntezy melaniny.15
Różnicowanie z czerniakiem
Ponieważ plamy starcze mogą wyglądać podobnie do niektórych rodzajów raka skóry, ważne jest, aby pacjent był diagnozowany przez dermatologa (lekarza specjalizującego się w chorobach skóry).16 Jeśli plamy starcze ciemnieją lub zmieniają się, należy natychmiast skonsultować się z dermatologiem.17 W przypadku plam starczych, które wyglądają nieregularnie lub są nietypowe w inny sposób, może być wymagana biopsja skóry, aby potwierdzić diagnozę i wykluczyć czerniaka.18
Monitorowanie zmian
Pacjenci powinni skontaktować się z lekarzem, jeśli zauważą jakiekolwiek nowe objawy, szczególnie zmiany w wyglądzie plamy starczej.19 Regularne kontrole dermatologiczne są zalecane, zwłaszcza dla osób z licznymi plamami starczymi lub historią intensywnej ekspozycji na słońce.20
Model rozwoju plam starczych
Badania wykazały, że plamy starcze mają nieprawidłowo wysokie poziomy ekspresji KRT5 i KRT10. Na podstawie tych wyników zaproponowano model wyjaśniający, w jaki sposób rozwija się grzbiet skórny (rete ridges) i z czasem gromadzi się pigment melaniny w plamach starczych:21
- We wczesnych etapach, w skórze narażonej na promieniowanie UV, geny związane z pigmentacją mogą początkowo zwiększać wzrost i różnicowanie melanocytów, prowadząc do zwiększonej pigmentacji skóry
- Z czasem, u starszych osób, keratynocyty podstawne (KRT5-dodatnie) mogą proliferować bardziej aktywnie
- Jednocześnie keratynocyty naskórkowe (KRT10-dodatnie) złuszczają się wolniej niż w normalnej skórze
- Ten proces wywiera nacisk na błonę podstawną, przyczyniając się do charakterystycznego wyglądu plam starczych
Podsumowanie rokowania
Plamy starcze mają dobre rokowanie, ponieważ nie stanowią zagrożenia dla zdrowia pacjenta. Jednak ich obecność może wskazywać na znaczną ekspozycję skóry na promieniowanie UV w przeszłości, co wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem rozwoju nowotworów skóry. Dlatego pacjenci z plamami starczymi powinni regularnie monitorować swoje zmiany skórne i stosować odpowiednią fotoprotekcję, aby zapobiec pojawieniu się nowych zmian oraz minimalizować ryzyko rozwoju innych chorób skóry związanych z promieniowaniem UV.232425
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Materiały źródłowe
- #1 Age spots (liver spots) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines. […] Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] True age spots don’t need treatment, but they are a sign the skin has received a lot of sun exposure and are an attempt by your skin to protect itself from more sun damage. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
- #2 Liver spots Information | Mount Sinai – New Yorkhttps://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/liver-spots
Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Liver spots are flat, brown or black spots that can appear on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun. They have nothing to do with the liver or liver function. […] Liver spots are changes in skin color that occur in older skin. The coloring may be due to aging, exposure to the sun or other sources of ultraviolet light, or causes that are not known.
- #3 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #4 Liver spots Information | Mount Sinai – New Yorkhttps://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/liver-spots
Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Liver spots are flat, brown or black spots that can appear on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun. They have nothing to do with the liver or liver function. […] Liver spots are changes in skin color that occur in older skin. The coloring may be due to aging, exposure to the sun or other sources of ultraviolet light, or causes that are not known.
- #5 FloridaHealthFinder | Liver spots | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinderhttps://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001141
Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Your health care provider usually diagnoses the condition based on how your skin looks, especially if you are over 40 and have had a lot of sun exposure. You may need a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The biopsy also helps rule out a skin cancer called melanoma if you have a liver spot that looks irregular or is unusual in other ways. […] Most of the time, no treatment is needed. Talk to your provider about using bleaching lotions or creams. Most bleaching products use hydroquinone. This medicine is thought to be safe in the form used to lighten darkened skin areas. However, hydroquinone can cause blisters or skin reactions in sensitive people. […] Contact your provider if you develop any new symptoms, especially changes in the appearance of a liver spot. […] No data available for this condition/procedure.
- #6 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #7 Age Spots (Solar Lentigo, Liver Spots) – Harvard Healthhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/age-spots-solar-lentigo-liver-spots-a-to-z
Age spots are not harmful. […] Most age spots fade over time but probably will not disappear because the skin has been damaged.
- #8 Age spots (liver spots) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines. […] Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] True age spots don’t need treatment, but they are a sign the skin has received a lot of sun exposure and are an attempt by your skin to protect itself from more sun damage. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
- #9 Age Spots (Solar Lentigo, Liver Spots) – Harvard Healthhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/age-spots-solar-lentigo-liver-spots-a-to-z
Age spots are not harmful. […] Most age spots fade over time but probably will not disappear because the skin has been damaged.
- #10 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Our study showed that the melanin content in age spots was about 2-fold higher than the surrounding skin, which is consistent with the hyperpigmented phenotype. Those results led us to hypothesize that the hyperpigmentation in age spots results from decreased melanin removal rather than increased melanin production.
- #11 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Our study showed that the melanin content in age spots was about 2-fold higher than the surrounding skin, which is consistent with the hyperpigmented phenotype. Those results led us to hypothesize that the hyperpigmentation in age spots results from decreased melanin removal rather than increased melanin production.
- #12 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #13 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #14 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. […] Our study shows that age spots have abnormally high levels of expression of KRT5 and KRT10. Therefore, we propose a model for how rete ridges develop and melanin pigment accumulates over time in age spots. In age spots, early events in UV-exposed skin might involve pigment-related genes, as identified in previous studies, that initially increase melanocyte growth and differentiation, leading to increased skin pigmentation. Over time, in older subjects, the basal keratinocytes (KRT5-positive) might proliferate more actively while suprabasal keratinocytes (KRT10-positive) desquamate more slowly than in normal skin putting pressure on the basement membrane.
- #15 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. […] Our study shows that age spots have abnormally high levels of expression of KRT5 and KRT10. Therefore, we propose a model for how rete ridges develop and melanin pigment accumulates over time in age spots. In age spots, early events in UV-exposed skin might involve pigment-related genes, as identified in previous studies, that initially increase melanocyte growth and differentiation, leading to increased skin pigmentation. Over time, in older subjects, the basal keratinocytes (KRT5-positive) might proliferate more actively while suprabasal keratinocytes (KRT10-positive) desquamate more slowly than in normal skin putting pressure on the basement membrane.
- #16 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #17 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #18 FloridaHealthFinder | Liver spots | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinderhttps://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001141
Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Your health care provider usually diagnoses the condition based on how your skin looks, especially if you are over 40 and have had a lot of sun exposure. You may need a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The biopsy also helps rule out a skin cancer called melanoma if you have a liver spot that looks irregular or is unusual in other ways. […] Most of the time, no treatment is needed. Talk to your provider about using bleaching lotions or creams. Most bleaching products use hydroquinone. This medicine is thought to be safe in the form used to lighten darkened skin areas. However, hydroquinone can cause blisters or skin reactions in sensitive people. […] Contact your provider if you develop any new symptoms, especially changes in the appearance of a liver spot. […] No data available for this condition/procedure.
- #19 FloridaHealthFinder | Liver spots | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinderhttps://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001141
Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Your health care provider usually diagnoses the condition based on how your skin looks, especially if you are over 40 and have had a lot of sun exposure. You may need a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The biopsy also helps rule out a skin cancer called melanoma if you have a liver spot that looks irregular or is unusual in other ways. […] Most of the time, no treatment is needed. Talk to your provider about using bleaching lotions or creams. Most bleaching products use hydroquinone. This medicine is thought to be safe in the form used to lighten darkened skin areas. However, hydroquinone can cause blisters or skin reactions in sensitive people. […] Contact your provider if you develop any new symptoms, especially changes in the appearance of a liver spot. […] No data available for this condition/procedure.
- #20 Age spots (liver spots) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines. […] Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] True age spots don’t need treatment, but they are a sign the skin has received a lot of sun exposure and are an attempt by your skin to protect itself from more sun damage. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
- #21 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. […] Our study shows that age spots have abnormally high levels of expression of KRT5 and KRT10. Therefore, we propose a model for how rete ridges develop and melanin pigment accumulates over time in age spots. In age spots, early events in UV-exposed skin might involve pigment-related genes, as identified in previous studies, that initially increase melanocyte growth and differentiation, leading to increased skin pigmentation. Over time, in older subjects, the basal keratinocytes (KRT5-positive) might proliferate more actively while suprabasal keratinocytes (KRT10-positive) desquamate more slowly than in normal skin putting pressure on the basement membrane.
- #22 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. […] Our study shows that age spots have abnormally high levels of expression of KRT5 and KRT10. Therefore, we propose a model for how rete ridges develop and melanin pigment accumulates over time in age spots. In age spots, early events in UV-exposed skin might involve pigment-related genes, as identified in previous studies, that initially increase melanocyte growth and differentiation, leading to increased skin pigmentation. Over time, in older subjects, the basal keratinocytes (KRT5-positive) might proliferate more actively while suprabasal keratinocytes (KRT10-positive) desquamate more slowly than in normal skin putting pressure on the basement membrane.
- #23 Molecular and histological characterization of age spotshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. […] Our study shows that age spots have abnormally high levels of expression of KRT5 and KRT10. Therefore, we propose a model for how rete ridges develop and melanin pigment accumulates over time in age spots. In age spots, early events in UV-exposed skin might involve pigment-related genes, as identified in previous studies, that initially increase melanocyte growth and differentiation, leading to increased skin pigmentation. Over time, in older subjects, the basal keratinocytes (KRT5-positive) might proliferate more actively while suprabasal keratinocytes (KRT10-positive) desquamate more slowly than in normal skin putting pressure on the basement membrane.
- #24 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatmenthttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
Liver spots are darkened patches of skin. They often develop on areas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. […] Although they are called liver spots, these skin patches have nothing to do with your liver except for having a similar color, which may be tan to dark brown. […] Liver spot treatment might include: […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. Because age spots can look similar to certain types of skin cancer, its important to see a dermatologist (doctor specializing in skin) for diagnosis. If you have age spots that darken or change, see a dermatologist right away. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment. You are more likely to get new age spots if you dont protect your skin from UV light. […] You can lower the chances that age spots will return after treatment by protecting your skin from UV light.
- #25 Age spots (liver spots) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines. […] Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] True age spots don’t need treatment, but they are a sign the skin has received a lot of sun exposure and are an attempt by your skin to protect itself from more sun damage. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
Zobacz więcej
hiperpigmentacja kontrola dermatologiczna pigmentacja skóry plama soczewicowata keratynocyt podstawny plama starcza rete ridges melanocyt biosynteza melaniny czerniak biopsja skóry plama wątrobowa błona podstawna promieniowanie UV melanina plama słoneczna dermatolog rak skóry gen IRF4 solar lentigines fotoprotekcja