Plamy starcze (plamy wątrobowe)
Epidemiologia

Plamy starcze (solar lentigines) to płaskie, hiperpigmentowane zmiany skórne, najczęściej występujące u osób powyżej 50. roku życia, szczególnie o jasnym fototypie skóry. Ich etiologia jest ściśle związana z przewlekłą ekspozycją na promieniowanie UV, co prowadzi do kumulacji melaniny w naskórku, przy czym zawartość melaniny w plamach jest około 2-krotnie wyższa niż w otaczającej skórze. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wiek, jasny fototyp, historię oparzeń słonecznych, intensywną ekspozycję na słońce oraz predyspozycje genetyczne (geny IRF4, MC1R, ASIP, BNC2). Lokalizacja zmian to głównie obszary eksponowane na słońce: twarz, grzbiety dłoni, przedramiona, ramiona, dekolt i szyja. Plamy starcze same w sobie są łagodne, ale ich obecność wskazuje na zwiększone ryzyko nowotworów skóry, co wymaga regularnego samobadania skóry i corocznych konsultacji dermatologicznych, zwłaszcza przy zmianach o cechach alarmowych (np. asymetria, nieregularne brzegi, zmiana koloru, średnica >6 mm, ewolucja). Diagnostyka opiera się na badaniu klinicznym, dermatoskopii i w razie potrzeby biopsji.

  1. Plamy starcze (plamy wątrobowe) – Epidemiologia, nadzór
    1. Występowanie w populacji
    2. Czynniki ryzyka
    3. Występowanie geograficzne
    4. Dystrybucja plam starczych na ciele
  2. Nadzór i monitorowanie
    1. Samobadanie i kontrola zmian
    2. Regularne badania dermatologiczne
    3. Rozróżnienie plam starczych od zmian nowotworowych
    4. Badania diagnostyczne
  3. Związek z nowotworem skóry
    1. Podobieństwo do zmian przedrakowych
  4. Badania naukowe i odkrycia
    1. Mechanizmy molekularne
    2. Badania genetyczne
    3. Różnice etniczne
  5. Tendencje i prognozy
    1. Wzrost świadomości
    2. Postępy w metodach diagnostycznych
    3. Zmiany w podejściu do leczenia
    4. Prognozowane trendy
    5. Kolejne rozdziały

Plamy starcze (plamy wątrobowe) – Epidemiologia, nadzór

Plamy starcze, znane również jako plamy wątrobowe lub plamy posłoneczne (solar lentigines), są płaskimi, brązowymi lub czarnymi zmianami skórnymi, które rozwijają się na częściach ciała regularnie wystawionych na działanie promieni słonecznych. Mimo nazwy „plamy wątrobowe”, zmiany te nie mają związku z funkcjonowaniem wątroby ani chorobami tego narządu12.

Występowanie w populacji

Plamy starcze są niezwykle powszechnym zjawiskiem dermatologicznym, szczególnie wśród osób po 50. roku życia, choć mogą pojawiać się również u młodszych osób, które spędzają dużo czasu na słońcu12. Szacuje się, że występują one u około 90% osób powyżej 60. roku życia z jasnym fototypem skóry1. Badania wskazują, że ponad 90% osób powyżej 60. roku życia ma jakąś formę hiperpigmentacji związaną z ekspozycją na promieniowanie UV w ciągu życia2.

U osób młodszych (poniżej 35. roku życia) z jasną karnacją, plamy starcze występują u około 20% populacji, podczas gdy u osób powyżej 60. roku życia odsetek ten wzrasta nawet do 90%1. Warto zauważyć, że plamy starcze mogą pojawić się również u młodszych osób, jeśli miały one znaczącą ekspozycję na promieniowanie UV, czy to z naturalnych źródeł (słońce), czy sztucznych (solaria)1.

Czynniki ryzyka

Istnieje kilka czynników, które zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju plam starczych:12

  • Wiek – ryzyko wzrasta znacząco po 50. roku życia, choć mogą się one pojawiać również u młodszych osób1
  • Jasny fototyp skóry – osoby o jasnej karnacji są bardziej podatne na rozwój plam starczych1
  • Historia oparzeń słonecznych – przebyte epizody oparzeń słonecznych zwiększają ryzyko1
  • Intensywna lub częsta ekspozycja na słońce – regularny, długotrwały kontakt z promieniowaniem UV1
  • Korzystanie z solariów lub lamp UV – sztuczne źródła promieniowania UV1
  • Predyspozycje genetyczne – skłonność do rozwoju plam starczych może mieć podłoże genetyczne1

Badania genetyczne wykazały, że cztery geny (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP i BNC2) związane z regulacją koloru skóry i ryzykiem nowotworów skóry przyczyniają się do występowania plam starczych na skórze twarzy poprzez mechanizm niezależny od drogi biosyntezy melaniny1.

Występowanie geograficzne

Plamy starcze występują na całym świecie, ale ich częstotliwość jest wyższa w regionach o większym nasłonecznieniu oraz wśród osób mieszkających w klimacie, który sprzyja spędzaniu czasu na świeżym powietrzu. Ponieważ głównym czynnikiem wywołującym jest ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV, osoby mieszkające w rejonach okołorównikowych, gdzie intensywność promieniowania słonecznego jest wyższa, mogą wykazywać większą skłonność do rozwoju tych zmian1.

Dystrybucja plam starczych na ciele

Plamy starcze pojawiają się najczęściej na obszarach skóry, które są regularnie wystawione na działanie słońca, takich jak:1

  • Twarz, szczególnie policzki i czoło
  • Grzbiety dłoni
  • Przedramiona
  • Ramiona
  • Dekolt i szyja
  • Barki

Ta lokalizacja jest bezpośrednio związana z mechanizmem powstawania plam starczych – w miejscach, gdzie skóra jest regularnie i długotrwale wystawiona na działanie promieniowania UV, dochodzi do zwiększonej produkcji i gromadzenia się melaniny2.

Nadzór i monitorowanie

Samobadanie i kontrola zmian

Chociaż plamy starcze są zmianami łagodnymi i same w sobie nie zagrażają zdrowiu, ich obecność może wskazywać na zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju nowotworów skóry z powodu skumulowanego uszkodzenia słonecznego1. Z tego względu zaleca się regularne samobadanie skóry raz w miesiącu, aby monitorować wszelkie zmiany w istniejących plamach oraz pojawianie się nowych zmian1.

Podczas samobadania należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na następujące cechy, które mogą sygnalizować potrzebę konsultacji z dermatologiem:1

  • Szybki wzrost rozmiaru istniejącej plamy
  • Nieregularne krawędzie
  • Asymetryczny kształt
  • Nietypowe zabarwienie (np. czarne, niebieskie lub białe)
  • Swędzenie, krwawienie lub tworzenie się strupów
  • Wielokolorowe plamy

Regularne badania dermatologiczne

Osoby z licznymi plamami starczymi powinny rozważyć coroczne badania dermatologiczne, ponieważ obecność tych zmian może wskazywać na skumulowane uszkodzenia słoneczne i zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju nowotworów skóry1. Dermatolog może ocenić charakter plam i odróżnić je od potencjalnie niebezpiecznych zmian skórnych2.

Według dr. Walkera, „Chociaż same plamy starcze są całkowicie łagodne, często stanowią sygnał ostrzegawczy, że pacjent jest bardziej narażony na nowotwory skóry, ponieważ wskazują na przedłużoną lub intensywniejszą ekspozycję na światło słoneczne, która jest najczęstszą przyczyną raka skóry”1.

Rozróżnienie plam starczych od zmian nowotworowych

Plamy starcze mogą przypominać wczesne stadia czerniaka lub innych nowotworów skóry, dlatego ważne jest, aby umieć je odróżnić1. Dermatolog może zwykle zdiagnozować plamy starcze za pomocą badania wzrokowego, ale w niektórych przypadkach może być konieczna biopsja w celu wykluczenia podejrzenia czerniaka1.

Aby pomóc w różnicowaniu, dermatolog może stosować reguły ABCDE czerniaka:2

  • A (Asymmetry) – asymetria
  • B (Border) – nieregularne brzegi
  • C (Color) – zróżnicowanie kolorów
  • D (Diameter) – średnica powyżej 6 mm
  • E (Evolution) – ewolucja lub zmiana wyglądu

Warto zauważyć, że niektóre zmiany nowotworowe mogą początkowo przypominać plamy starcze, dlatego jakiekolwiek nowe lub zmieniające się plamy powinny być ocenione przez dermatologów1.

Badania diagnostyczne

W diagnostyce plam starczych najczęściej stosuje się następujące metody:1

  • Badanie kliniczne – ocena wizualna przez lekarza
  • Dermatoskopia – badanie przy użyciu specjalnego mikroskopu, który pozwala na dokładniejszą ocenę struktury zmian skórnych
  • Biopsja – pobieranie małego fragmentu skóry do badania histopatologicznego, wykonywane w przypadku wątpliwości diagnostycznych

W przypadku większej liczby znamion i plam, może być zalecane mapowanie znamion, które polega na fotograficznej dokumentacji wszystkich zmian skórnych i śledzeniu ich zmian w czasie1.

Związek z nowotworem skóry

Plamy starcze same w sobie nie są rakiem skóry ani stanem przedrakowym1. Jednakże, ich obecność może wskazywać na skumulowane uszkodzenia słoneczne, które są głównym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju nowotworów skóry12.

Osoby z licznymi plamami starczymi powinny być świadome zwiększonego ryzyka i podjąć odpowiednie środki ostrożności:1

  • Regularne badania dermatologiczne
  • Comiesięczne samobadanie skóry
  • Stosowanie ochrony przeciwsłonecznej
  • Unikanie nadmiernej ekspozycji na słońce

Według danych Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Onkologicznego, w Stanach Zjednoczonych rocznie diagnozuje się około 100 000 nowych przypadków czerniaka1. Wśród osób powyżej 65. roku życia nowotwory skóry rozwijają się u około miliona osób rocznie, a wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu czerniaka jest najwyższy właśnie w tej grupie wiekowej2.

Podobieństwo do zmian przedrakowych

Plamy starcze mogą czasami przypominać pewne stany przedrakowe, takie jak rogowacenie słoneczne (actinic keratosis)1. W przeciwieństwie do plam starczych, które są płaskie, zmiany rogowacenia słonecznego są zwykle szorstkie w dotyku. Jeśli pacjent podejrzewa u siebie rogowacenie słoneczne, powinien skonsultować się z lekarzem w celu dokładnego badania2.

Ponadto, niektóre plamy starcze mogą być podobne do łagodnych rozrostów skórnych, takich jak rogowacenie łojotokowe (seborrheic keratosis), które również są częste u osób starszych2.

Badania naukowe i odkrycia

Najnowsze badania nad plamami starczymi koncentrują się na zrozumieniu mechanizmów molekularnych leżących u podstaw ich powstawania oraz na opracowaniu skuteczniejszych metod leczenia i profilaktyki.

Mechanizmy molekularne

Badania wykazały, że zawartość melaniny w plamach starczych jest około 2-krotnie wyższa niż w otaczającej skórze, co jest zgodne z fenotypem hiperpigmentacji1. Interesujące jest to, że nie zaobserwowano znaczącej różnicy w poziomie ekspresji genów specyficznych dla melanocytów w plamach starczych w porównaniu do otaczającej skóry kontrolnej. Doprowadziło to do hipotezy, że hiperpigmentacja w plamach starczych wynika raczej ze zmniejszonego usuwania melaniny niż ze zwiększonej produkcji melaniny2.

Badania sugerują również, że różne parakrynne czynniki melanogenne (SCF, KGF/FGF7 i/lub ET1) oraz ich receptory (cKIT, FGFR1 i EDNRB) mogą być zaangażowane w rozwój plam starczych1.

Badania genetyczne

Badanie GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) wykazało, że cztery geny – IRF4, MC1R, ASIP i BNC2 – które są już znane z ich związku z regulacją koloru skóry i ryzykiem nowotworów skóry, przyczyniają się do występowania plam starczych na skórze twarzy. Badanie to doszło do wniosku, że mechanizm ten jest niezależny od szlaku biosyntezy melaniny1.

Niektóre rodziny mają genetyczną predyspozycję do rozwoju rogowacenia łojotokowego (które często mylone jest z plamami starczymi) i interesujące jest to, że w każdej rodzinie osoby mają tendencję do rozwijania ich albo na twarzy, albo na tułowiu1.

Różnice etniczne

Istnieje wariant rogowacenia łojotokowego zwany dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN), który występuje najczęściej w typach skóry IV-VI, zwłaszcza u osób pochodzących z kontynentów afrykańskiego lub azjatyckiego1.

Chociaż plamy starcze występują u osób wszystkich typów skóry, są one bardziej widoczne i częstsze u osób o jasnej karnacji ze względu na większy kontrast kolorystyczny1.

Tendencje i prognozy

Wraz ze starzeniem się społeczeństwa i zwiększoną świadomością szkodliwości promieniowania UV, obserwuje się pewne tendencje w epidemiologii plam starczych oraz w podejściu do ich profilaktyki i leczenia.

Wzrost świadomości

Rośnie świadomość społeczna dotycząca związku między ekspozycją na słońce a plamami starczymi oraz zwiększonym ryzykiem nowotworów skóry. Prowadzi to do większej uwagi poświęcanej ochronie przeciwsłonecznej oraz regularnym badaniom dermatologicznym1.

Wielu dermatologów zaleca coroczne profesjonalne badania skóry, szczególnie osobom z licznymi plamami starczymi, co może przyczynić się do wcześniejszego wykrywania potencjalnie niebezpiecznych zmian skórnych1.

Postępy w metodach diagnostycznych

Rozwijają się nowoczesne technologie diagnostyczne, takie jak cyfrowe mapowanie znamion i dermatoskopia, które pozwalają na dokładniejszą ocenę i monitorowanie plam starczych oraz innych zmian skórnych1.

Technologia cyfrowa, taka jak system SCARLETRED, przezwycięża ograniczenia konwencjonalnych metod oceny i zapewnia standaryzowane środki oceny plam starczych, co może przyczynić się do lepszego monitorowania zmian i skuteczności leczenia2.

Zmiany w podejściu do leczenia

Obserwuje się trend w kierunku mniej inwazyjnych metod leczenia plam starczych, takich jak zabiegi laserowe czy peelingi chemiczne, które oferują skuteczne rezultaty przy minimalnym czasie rekonwalescencji1.

Rośnie również popularność profilaktyki pierwotnej, w tym stosowania kremów z wysokim filtrem SPF, noszenia odzieży ochronnej i unikania ekspozycji na słońce w godzinach największego nasłonecznienia (10:00-14:00)2.

Warto zauważyć, że plamy starcze mają tendencję do nawracania, niezależnie od tego, jak są leczone – laserem, IPL, peelingami chemicznymi czy ciekłym azotem1. Z tego względu, ochrona przeciwsłoneczna pozostaje kluczowym elementem zarówno profilaktyki, jak i zapobiegania nawrotom po leczeniu.

Prognozowane trendy

W miarę jak populacja starzeje się, oczekuje się wzrostu liczby przypadków plam starczych, co może prowadzić do zwiększonego zapotrzebowania na usługi dermatologiczne związane z diagnostyką i leczeniem tych zmian2.

Jednocześnie, większa świadomość dotycząca ochrony przeciwsłonecznej może przyczynić się do zmniejszenia częstości występowania plam starczych u przyszłych pokoleń1.

Istnieją również dowody na to, że światło widzialne, szczególnie niebieskie światło, może przyczyniać się do powstawania plam starczych, zwłaszcza u osób o ciemniejszym odcieniu skóry2. Ta informacja może wpłynąć na przyszłe zalecenia dotyczące ochrony skóry nie tylko przed promieniowaniem UV, ale również przed światłem widzialnym.

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Liver spots: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001141.htm
    Liver spots are flat, brown or black spots that can appear on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun. They have nothing to do with the liver or liver function. […] Liver spots are very common after age 50. They occur most often on areas that have had the greatest sun exposure, such as the: […] Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks. […] Sun-induced skin changes – liver spots; Senile or solar lentigo or lentigines; Skin spots – aging; Age spots.
  • #1 Age spots (liver spots) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
    Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines. […] Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
  • #1 Thanks for your interest!
    https://www.eraorganics.com/blogs/skin-condition/age-spot?srsltid=AfmBOop7ORIXRKTJIye_FxDRSbTfPKunyDy5QwJZTCLA-nM7uSFVo9DR
    Age spots, liver spots, or solar lentigines are small, dark patches on the skin. […] The main cause of age spots is prolonged sun exposure. […] Age spots are harmless but they are treated cosmetically using various ways such as topical treatments, laser therapy, cryotherapy, or chemical peels. […] Age spots are common over the world, particularly among elderly folks and people with fair skin who have spent a lot of time in the sun. […] More than 90% of people over the age of 60 have some type of hyperpigmentation due to their lifetime UV exposure, according to studies. […] Age spots are frequent, particularly in persons over the age of 50, but they emerge in younger people who have had a lot of sun exposure. […] Age spots are associated with aging, although they appear in younger people who have had extended or heavy sun exposure.
  • #1 What Are Age Spots and How Do You Get Rid of Them?
    https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/health-wellness/what-are-age-spots-how-to-get-rid-of-them/
    Age spots develop on sun-exposed skin and become more common as we age, affecting around 20% of people with white skin under the age of 35 and as many as 90% over 60. […] Age spots are caused by an increase in melanin, which is a substance in your skin that’s responsible for pigment. […] Age spots aren’t painful or dangerous, but that doesn’t mean you have to live with them if you don’t want to. […] A dermatologist or cosmetic surgeon can help you choose the right treatment for your skin.
  • #1 Liver Spots: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-spots-7091272
    Liver spots are small, dark spots on the skin that develop from excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, usually from the sun. They are not skin cancer. They are cosmetic in nature and are generally not cause for concern. […] Liver spots are also called age spots, sunspots, or solar lentigo. […] Liver spots are most common after age 40 due to years spent in the sun. However, young people can also get liver spots if they have had significant UV exposure from the sun or other UV light sources, like tanning beds. […] For many people, liver spots are very common and a normal part of aging. […] Liver spots have nothing to do with the liver. They are simply a sign of UV light or sun exposure over time and are different from more serious skin conditions like skin cancer.
  • #1 Age spots (liver spots) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
    https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20257397/
    Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] Age spots may affect people of all skin types, but theyre more common in adults with light skin. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you: Have light skin, Have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn. […] To help avoid age spots and new spots after treatment, follow these tips for limiting your sun exposure: Avoid the sun between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. […] Diagnosing age spots might include: Visual inspection. Your doctor can usually diagnose age spots by looking at your skin. […] If you want your age spots to be less noticeable, treatments are available to lighten or remove them.
  • #1 Age Spots (Solar Lentigo, Liver Spots) – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/age-spots-solar-lentigo-liver-spots-a-to-z
    Age spots (also called liver spots or solar lentigo) are collections of pigment caused by exposure to the sun. […] They are most common in people older than 55. […] Age spots do not need to be treated. […] Age spots are not harmful.
  • #1 Liver Spots and Aging — How to Keep Skin Looking Youthful | Summit Health
    https://www.summithealth.com/health-wellness/liver-spots-and-aging-how-keep-skin-looking-youthful
    Liver spots, also known as age spots, are most common on sun-exposed areas of the body such as the face, neck, chest, and the backs of the hands, explains Dr. Hartman. […] Certain people are more likely to develop liver spots, including older adults, people with fair skin, and those who are exposed to UV rays from the sun or tanning beds, or gel manicures. […] The good news is that even though liver spots may be cosmetically undesirable to some people, they are harmless, says Dr. Hartman. […] Since lentigos (liver spots) result from sun exposure, they can be prevented with diligent sun protection and avoidance, explains Dr. Hartman.
  • #1 Age spots (liver spots) | Beacon Health System
    https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/age-spots-liver-spots?content_id=CON-20257397
    Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have light skin, have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn. […] Diagnosing age spots might include visual inspection. Your doctor can usually diagnose age spots by looking at your skin. It’s important to distinguish age spots from other skin disorders because the treatments differ and using the wrong procedure may delay other needed therapy.
  • #1 Age spots (liver spots) // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/age-spots-liver-spots
    Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn. […] Diagnosing age spots might include: Visual inspection. Your doctor can usually diagnose age spots by looking at your skin. It’s important to distinguish age spots from other skin disorders because the treatments differ and using the wrong procedure may delay other needed therapy. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations. […] The age spot therapies that remove skin are usually done in a doctor’s office and don’t require hospitalization. The length of each procedure and the time it takes to see results varies from weeks to months.
  • #1 Liver Spot: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options
    https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/skin/liver-spot-261
    Age spots develop due to overactive pigment cells, primarily triggered by prolonged ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. UV rays accelerate melanin production, the natural pigment responsible for skin color. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you: Have light skin, Prolonged sun exposure, Have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure, Frequently use tanning beds. […] Preventing liver spots primarily involves reducing exposure to the sun and protecting the skin from harmful UV radiation. […] Diagnosing liver spots typically involves a combination of visual examination and, if necessary, diagnostic tests to confirm the nature of the spots. […] If you want to diminish the appearance of age spots, several treatment options can help lighten or remove them. […] If you have liver spots, there are several things you can do to manage their appearance and prevent new ones from developing.
  • #1 Age spots: What you need to know
    https://www.bswhealth.com/blog/liver-spots-what-you-need-to-know
    Age spots are most common in adults over 40 and younger people who spend a lot of time in the sun. […] Those at greatest risk for developing age spots include people with fair skin, outdoor occupations, or a history of tanning, radiation or light therapy. […] They may be called liver spots because they were once thought to be a sign of a malfunctioning liver, but we now know that is not the case. […] Your genetic makeup, including your skin color, does influence your ability to develop age spots. […] Though you may not like how they look, sunspots are not cancerous and wont hurt you. […] An annual visit to the dermatologist is a great way to keep your skin healthy and uncover early signs of a more serious condition. […] Performing monthly self-exams and regular skin exams by your dermatologist can help catch any suspicious spot before it becomes a problem.
  • #1 Molecular and histological characterization of age spots
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
    Age spots, also called solar lentigines and lentigo senilis, are light brown to black pigmented lesions of various sizes that typically develop in chronically sun-exposed skin. […] It is well known that age spots are strongly related to chronic sun exposure and are associated with photodamage and an increased risk for skin cancer, however, the mechanism(s) underlying their development remain poorly understood. […] Some studies have reported various melanogenic paracrine factors, such as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF/FGF7), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), stem cell factor (SCF/KITL) and endothelin 1 (EDN1), that might be involved in the development of age spots. […] A recent GWAS study concluded that 4 genes already known to be associated with the regulation of skin color and the risk of skin cancers (IRF4, MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) contribute to the presence of age spots on facial skin, and that study concluded that the mechanism involved is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway.
  • #1 Liver Spot: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options
    https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/skin/liver-spot-261
    Liver spots, also known as age spots or solar lentigines, are flat, brown, grey, or black spots on the skin that usually appear in areas exposed to the sun. They are a common condition associated with ageing and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Liver spots are not related to liver function, despite their name, and are more common in adults over 50. […] Liver spots, also known as age spots typically appear on areas of the skin frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. While liver spots are medically harmless, they can affect a person’s appearance by creating an uneven skin tone, often making the skin look older. […] Liver spots, or age spots, are patches of darkened skin that develop due to overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. They are not related to liver function and are more common in adults over 50.
  • #1 Liver spots Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/liver-spots
    Liver spots are flat, brown or black spots that can appear on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun. They have nothing to do with the liver or liver function. […] Liver spots are very common after age 50. They occur most often on areas that have had the greatest sun exposure, such as the backs of the hands, face, forearms, forehead, and shoulders. […] Your health care provider usually diagnoses the condition based on how your skin looks, especially if you are over 40 and have had a lot of sun exposure. […] Liver spots are not dangerous to your health. They are permanent skin changes that affect how your skin looks.
  • #1 What Do Liver Spots Look Like? – U.S. Dermatology Partners
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/what-do-liver-spots-look-like/
    According to Dr. Walker, “While age spots themselves are entirely benign, they are often a warning sign that a patient is at greater risk for skin cancers since they indicate prolonged or more extensive exposure to sunlight, which is the most common cause of skin cancer.” […] Since liver spots may be a warning sign that patients are at increased risk for skin cancers, Dr. Walker encourages these patients to schedule annual professional exams with their dermatologist, examine their skin for new or changing spots every month, and learn the ABCDE’s of skin cancer by heart. […] According to Dr. Walker, “There is a range of cosmetic dermatology treatment options available to remove liver spots. […] When it comes to prevention, Dr. Walker says, “If you already have liver spots, chances are you’ll develop more down the road, but by taking steps to limit sun exposure and protect your skin from UVA/B damage, you can reduce your risk for developing new age spots.”
  • #1 Are Age Spots an Early Sign of Skin Cancer? | Parrish Cancer Center
    https://www.parrishhealthcare.com/news/2020/july/are-age-spots-an-early-sign-of-skin-cancer-/
    Also known as sunspots or liver spots, age spots are caused by sun exposure and can be most prevalent on the face, back, back of the hands, shoulders, and arms. […] Skin cancer growths could be mistaken as age spots, which is why it’s crucial to understand the differences. […] While age spots can heighten the look of aging, they are not harmful and are usually small, flat, dark brown spots. […] Checking your skin at least once a month can help you stay on top of your skin health, as well as increase the likelihood of detecting skin cancer sooner than later. […] From limiting the appearance of age spots to reducing your risk of developing skin cancer, here are some tips to protect your skin.
  • #1 Liver Spot: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options
    https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/skin/liver-spot-261
    Although liver spots are generally harmless, it is essential to consult a dermatologist if you notice any changes in the appearance of your age spots, such as: Rapid increase in size, Irregular borders, Asymmetrical shape, Unusual colouration (e.g., black, blue, or white), Itching, bleeding, or crusting. […] Liver spots, or age spots, are harmless dark spots that appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin due to excess melanin production. Various treatment options are available for liver spot removal, including topical treatments, chemical peels, laser therapy, IPL, microdermabrasion, and cryotherapy. Protecting your skin from UV light, avoiding peak sun hours, wearing protective clothing, and maintaining a consistent skincare routine can help manage and prevent liver spots.
  • #1 Age Spot Treatment for Greater Houston, TX | DermSurgery Associates
    https://www.dermsurgery.org/procedure/medical-dermatology/age-spot-treatment/
    Age spots are a common problem among older adults and people with fair skin. […] Age spots (also known as “liver spots” or lentigines) are flat, round, brown, or black patches of skin. […] These spots are usually more prevalent as we age and are caused by overexposure to sunlight. […] We recommend that a dermatologist perform an annual skin check to ensure these spots are not potentially cancerous. […] Treatments for age spots vary with the number and severity of your concerns. […] Our dermatologists often suggest topical creams and lotions as an initial treatment for lightening age spots over time. […] Another option, Clear + Brilliant®, is a gentle fractional laser that treats mild age spots by releasing pinpoint columns of energy into the skin, causing the creation of new skin cells.
  • #1 Age Spots Treatment in Phoenix, AZ | Book Your Appointment
    https://saguaroderm.com/services/medical-dermatology/age-spots/
    Age spots are harmless, hyperpigmented spots that develop due to excessive sun exposure. They are also known as liver spots, sunspots, and solar lentigines (lentigo for one spot). Age spots typically appear later in life, commonly after the age of 50. […] Individuals over age 50 have a higher chance of developing age spots, but younger people can also have age spots if they get excessive exposure to the sun. […] Age spots are typically harmless. But it is recommended to consult an experienced dermatologist to examine any age spots that appear suspicious to you, as these spots can sometimes be similar in appearance to skin cancer. […] As skin cancer is a serious condition indicated by discolored spots or patches on the skin, you should monitor the age spots frequently for any changes that may indicate they are cancerous, as noted above. […] Age spots are harmless and can develop with long-term exposure to the sun or UV rays.
  • #1 Age Spot Treatment Columbia | Liver Spots Highland, Laurel, Howard County
    https://www.whitepebbledermatology.com/agespot-dermatologist-columbia-md/
    Age spots, also known as liver spots and Solar Lentigo, are common skin condition that typically develops as we age. […] Age spots (Solar Lentigo) are flat, brown or black patches on the skin that typically develop as we age. […] Age spots are most commonly found on areas of the body that are frequently exposed to the sun. […] Occasionally, a biopsy is needed to differentiate age spot (Solar Lentigo) from Melanoma, the most deadly skin cancer. […] We understand the impact that age spots can have on your skin and your overall appearance.
  • #1 Age spots are result of too much sun exposure | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/age-spots-are-result-of-too-much-sun-exposure
    Age spots are the darkened areas of skin that develop on parts of the body that have been regularly exposed to sunlight. […] While its true that age spots, which are sometimes referred to as sun spots or liver spots, become more common as we get older, they can appear on any skin that has had chronic overexposure to sunlight. […] Its also important to note that some cancerous and pre-cancerous growths can start out looking like age spots.
  • #1 Freckles & Age Spots Treatment Reading – Causes & Symptoms | Derma
    https://www.dermareading.co.uk/freckles-and-age-spots
    Most age spots are usually; Flat, oval-shaped areas of darker pigmented skin […] The primary cause of freckles and age spots is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from the sun, or from harmful artificial tanning practices, such as sunbeds or sunlamps. […] Treatment for age spots depends on several factors, including the location they appear on your body, and the the size and degree of pigmentation of the age spot, but together with the dermatologist, you will discuss the latest and most effective treatments. […] Most people can safely have age spots treated, but like any medical treatment, it is important to undergo a thorough consultation beforehand. […] If this is the case, and if you also have moles, it may be advisable to consider mole mapping.
  • #1 Sunspot or skin cancer? Know the difference, MoleMap
    https://www.molemap.net.au/skin-cancer/sunspot-or-skin-cancer
    Sunspots, liver spots, age spots or solar lentigines (their medical name) whatever you call those small brown spots that form on your hands, face or other sun-exposed areas tend to become more prevalent with age. […] Sunspots are little areas of hyperpigmentation that are generally harmless (although they can be unsightly). […] The trouble is that the difference between a benign skin change and early skin cancer can be very subtle, which is why we recommend having your skin checked by an expert skin cancer detection service at a specialised MoleMap skin cancer clinic every year. […] Sunspots are considered to be harmless, random marks on the skin that do not become cancerous. However, this doesn’t mean they should be ignored. In order to develop sunspots, your skin must have had prolonged exposure to the sun and the damage from UV exposure increases your risk of skin cancer over time.
  • #1 Difference Between Age Spots and Cancer | Age Spots vs Cancer
    https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/cancer/age-spots-or-signs-of-skin-cancer/
    Age spots happen, so it’s important to know whether yours are harmless or warning signs of skin cancer. […] Solar lentigines is the medical term for these areas of skin discoloration that are commonly called age spots or liver spots. […] Lentigines are not cancerous or dangerous, but people who have significant past sun exposure are more likely to have them, as well as an increased risk of developing skin cancer. […] One million people age 65 and older develop some type of skin cancer each year, and they also have the highest death rate from melanoma. Cumulative exposure to the sun is the main contributor to older adults higher risk.
  • #1 Melanoma or Liver Spots? How to Tell the Difference
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-cancer/melanoma-or-age-spots-how-to-tell-the-difference.aspx
    Age spots are benign blemishes that develop on your skin as you grow older. They are also known as sunspots, solar lentigines, or liver spots even though they have nothing to do with your liver. They are caused by long-term ultraviolet (UV) light exposure from both the sun and artificial sources. […] According to the American Cancer Society, about 100,000 new melanoma cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] The most common sunspots cherry hemangiomas, lentigines, and seborrheic keratoses can often be confused with a melanoma and look like a melanoma, says Wolf.
  • #1 Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323287
    Age spots are marks that commonly appear on the skin after prolonged sun exposure. They are harmless, but some people wish to remove them for cosmetic reasons. […] Other names for age spots include solar lentigines and liver spots, though they are not related to the liver. […] Age spots tend to form in people ages 40 and over, though they can also develop in younger people who frequently get sunburns or use tanning beds. […] Age spots are not cancerous. However, they can sometimes resemble types of skin cancer, so it is important to be aware of the differences. […] Skin cancer is more likely to develop in areas exposed to the sun over a prolonged period. […] Age spots can look like actinic keratosis (AK) growths, which are precancerous. However, age spots are flat, while AK growths usually feel rough. […] If a person suspects that they have AK growths, they should visit a doctor for an examination. […] It is generally a good idea to consult a doctor about any unusual changes to the skin. If a doctor diagnoses skin cancer early, treatment has a high success rate.
  • #1 Molecular and histological characterization of age spots
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
    It has been suggested that various melanogenic paracrine factors (SCF, KGF/FGF7 and/or ET1) and their receptors (cKIT, FGFR1 and EDNRB, respectively) might be involved in the development of age spots. […] Interestingly, none of the melanocyte-specific genes showed a significantly different gene expression level in age spots compared to the perilesional control skin. […] Our study showed that the melanin content in age spots was about 2-fold higher than the surrounding skin, which is consistent with the hyperpigmented phenotype. […] Those results led us to hypothesize that the hyperpigmentation in age spots results from decreased melanin removal rather than increased melanin production.
  • #1 How to Get Rid Of Evidence of Age
    https://skintreatment.com/a/info/blog/how-to-get-rid-of-evidence-of-age?srsltid=AfmBOooMbWmwhi93VURL8LdexA0-waWu38r3tB5wYt_Kd10foB8bup3l
    Some families tend to grow a lot of SKs and interestingly in each family people tend to get them either on the face, or on the trunk. […] There is a variant of SKs called dermatosis papulosis nigra or DPN. Dermatologists love long names, and makes us sound so smart dont you think? Anyway, it is most often seen in skin types IV-VI, especially in people from or of origin in the African or Asian continents. […] The most common way to treat age spots is by freezing then with liquid nitrogen. It is effective, relatively inexpensive and quick. […] Both of the primary methods of treatment have been around for a long time. Not nearly as exciting or as lucrative for the physician as laser, but it just goes to show you that sometimes new is not better.
  • #1 Sunspot or skin cancer? Know the difference, MoleMap
    https://www.molemap.net.au/skin-cancer/sunspot-or-skin-cancer
    When assessing your sunspots, it’s also important to consider your personal skin cancer risk factors. […] Regardless of whether your skin cancer risk factor is high or low, it’s important that you check your own skin regularly to monitor for any irregularities or changes in your sunspots or any spots on your skin, for that matter. […] Even though sunspots can be pretty ugly, they’re actually doing you a favour by showing up. Sunspots mean that you’ve had a lot of sun exposure during your lifetime and that your risk of developing skin cancer is probably elevated possibly very elevated.
  • #1 SCARLETRED – Solar lentigo – Standardized measurement of age spots
    https://www.scarletred.com/articles/solar-lentigo-standardized-measurement-of-age-spots
    Solar lentigo, also called age spots, is a common form of hyperpigmentation, especially in adults older than 50, caused by natural or artificial ultraviolet light exposure. […] Age spots themselves are usually assessed by their clinical appearance. […] Age spots are a very commonly occurring pigmentation disorder in adults caused by excessive exposure to natural or artificial UV light. Even though solaris lentigo is not a life threatening or painful condition, it can put affected individuals under emotional distress. The digital technology of SCARLETRED overcomes the limitations of conventional assessment methods and provides a standardized means of assessment of age spots.
  • #1 Age Spot Treatment for Greater Houston, TX | DermSurgery Associates
    https://www.dermsurgery.org/procedure/medical-dermatology/age-spot-treatment/
    Darker age spots require more aggressive treatments, such as the following: […] All these treatments can be prescribed or performed in our offices and require little to no downtime. […] We also recommend applying strong SPF sunscreen daily and wearing sun-protective clothing such as hats and long-sleeved shirts to prevent further damage. […] Our Greater Houston area dermatology team can help you diminish age spots and rejuvenate your skin.
  • #1 How to Get Rid of Age Spots or Dark Spots
    https://www.aarp.org/benefits-discounts/members-only-access/info-2025/how-to-get-rid-of-age-spots.html
    Whether you call them age spots, sunspots, liver spots or brown spots, women over 50 want them gone! These dots and splotches of darker skin known as hyperpigmentation are caused mainly by cumulative sun damage. […] Brown spots have a tendency to recur, regardless of how they are treated by laser, IPL, chemical peels or liquid nitrogen, Kim says. […] If you opt for at-home dark spot treatment and have not had a yearly skin cancer check, schedule one. […] Dark spots are afraid of the cold. One in-office treatment for a few random brown spots is cryotherapy in which your dermatologist sprays freezing-cold liquid nitrogen on individual spots, which destroys the excess pigment. […] IPL/BBL acts as a magic eraser for red and brown sun damage, Hartman says. […] Lasers are ideal for more immediate pigment improvement on mature skin thats saggy and wrinkled, Hartman says. […] There is evidence that visible light specifically blue light can contribute to dark-spot formation, especially in darker skin tones.
  • #2 What Do Liver Spots Look Like? – U.S. Dermatology Partners
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/what-do-liver-spots-look-like/
    Liver spots, also known as age spots, sun spots, or solar lentigines, are extremely common spots that develop on the skin’s outer surface. […] According to Dr. Gregory Walker of U.S. Dermatology Partners in Waco, Texas, “People often worry when they see liver spots because they can mimic the appearance of skin issues that present a real health concern, so the good news is that these liver spots aren’t harmful. […] Liver spots, which you may hear referred to commonly as age spots or by medical professionals as solar lentigines, are a benign dermatologic condition that causes dark-colored spots to develop on the skin. They are most common for people with light-colored skin who are over the age of 40, but anyone can develop liver spots. […] Liver spots are referred to clinically as solar lentigines because they almost always develop as a result of solar damage from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays.
  • #2 Liver Spots: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21723-liver-spots
    Liver spots are more common in adults over 50. […] Other names for liver spots include age spots, sun spots and solar lentigines (len-TIJ-a-neez). […] True age spots dont lead to dangerous symptoms. […] Some people develop age spots again after treatment.
  • #2 Thanks for your interest!
    https://www.eraorganics.com/blogs/skin-condition/age-spot?srsltid=AfmBOop7ORIXRKTJIye_FxDRSbTfPKunyDy5QwJZTCLA-nM7uSFVo9DR
    Age spots, liver spots, or solar lentigines are small, dark patches on the skin. […] The main cause of age spots is prolonged sun exposure. […] Age spots are harmless but they are treated cosmetically using various ways such as topical treatments, laser therapy, cryotherapy, or chemical peels. […] Age spots are common over the world, particularly among elderly folks and people with fair skin who have spent a lot of time in the sun. […] More than 90% of people over the age of 60 have some type of hyperpigmentation due to their lifetime UV exposure, according to studies. […] Age spots are frequent, particularly in persons over the age of 50, but they emerge in younger people who have had a lot of sun exposure. […] Age spots are associated with aging, although they appear in younger people who have had extended or heavy sun exposure.
  • #2 Age Spots: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/age-spots
    Many people notice dark, flat spots appearing on their skin as they age, often mistaking them for severe skin conditions. These spots, commonly known as age spots or liver spots, affect millions worldwide. […] Age spots (solar lentigines) are flat, darkened patches that develop on the skin due to excess melanin production. These common skin changes have nothing to do with liver function despite being commonly called liver spots. […] The risk of developing age spots increases with certain factors: Fair Skin: People with lighter skin tones are more susceptible, Advanced Age: The likelihood rises after age 50, Frequent Sun Exposure: Regular outdoor activities without protection, History of Sunburns: Past sun damage increases risk, Use of Tanning Beds: Artificial UV exposure accelerates spot formation, Genetic Predisposition: Family history can play an elementary role.
  • #2 Age spots (liver spots) | Health Library | Memorial Health System
    https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20257397/
    Age spots are very common in adults older than 50, but younger people can get them if they spend time in the sun. […] Age spots may affect people of all skin types, but theyre more common in adults with light skin. […] Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. […] You might be more likely to develop age spots if you: Have light skin, Have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn. […] To help avoid age spots and new spots after treatment, follow these tips for limiting your sun exposure: Avoid the sun between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. […] Diagnosing age spots might include: Visual inspection. Your doctor can usually diagnose age spots by looking at your skin. […] If you want your age spots to be less noticeable, treatments are available to lighten or remove them.
  • #2 Age spots: What you need to know
    https://www.bswhealth.com/blog/liver-spots-what-you-need-to-know
    Age spots are most common in adults over 40 and younger people who spend a lot of time in the sun. […] Those at greatest risk for developing age spots include people with fair skin, outdoor occupations, or a history of tanning, radiation or light therapy. […] They may be called liver spots because they were once thought to be a sign of a malfunctioning liver, but we now know that is not the case. […] Your genetic makeup, including your skin color, does influence your ability to develop age spots. […] Though you may not like how they look, sunspots are not cancerous and wont hurt you. […] An annual visit to the dermatologist is a great way to keep your skin healthy and uncover early signs of a more serious condition. […] Performing monthly self-exams and regular skin exams by your dermatologist can help catch any suspicious spot before it becomes a problem.
  • #2 What Do Liver Spots Look Like? – U.S. Dermatology Partners
    https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/what-do-liver-spots-look-like/
    According to Dr. Walker, “While age spots themselves are entirely benign, they are often a warning sign that a patient is at greater risk for skin cancers since they indicate prolonged or more extensive exposure to sunlight, which is the most common cause of skin cancer.” […] Since liver spots may be a warning sign that patients are at increased risk for skin cancers, Dr. Walker encourages these patients to schedule annual professional exams with their dermatologist, examine their skin for new or changing spots every month, and learn the ABCDE’s of skin cancer by heart. […] According to Dr. Walker, “There is a range of cosmetic dermatology treatment options available to remove liver spots. […] When it comes to prevention, Dr. Walker says, “If you already have liver spots, chances are you’ll develop more down the road, but by taking steps to limit sun exposure and protect your skin from UVA/B damage, you can reduce your risk for developing new age spots.”
  • #2 Sunspot or skin cancer? Know the difference, MoleMap
    https://www.molemap.net.au/skin-cancer/sunspot-or-skin-cancer
    When assessing your sunspots, it’s also important to consider your personal skin cancer risk factors. […] Regardless of whether your skin cancer risk factor is high or low, it’s important that you check your own skin regularly to monitor for any irregularities or changes in your sunspots or any spots on your skin, for that matter. […] Even though sunspots can be pretty ugly, they’re actually doing you a favour by showing up. Sunspots mean that you’ve had a lot of sun exposure during your lifetime and that your risk of developing skin cancer is probably elevated possibly very elevated.
  • #2 Difference Between Age Spots and Cancer | Age Spots vs Cancer
    https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/cancer/age-spots-or-signs-of-skin-cancer/
    Age spots happen, so it’s important to know whether yours are harmless or warning signs of skin cancer. […] Solar lentigines is the medical term for these areas of skin discoloration that are commonly called age spots or liver spots. […] Lentigines are not cancerous or dangerous, but people who have significant past sun exposure are more likely to have them, as well as an increased risk of developing skin cancer. […] One million people age 65 and older develop some type of skin cancer each year, and they also have the highest death rate from melanoma. Cumulative exposure to the sun is the main contributor to older adults higher risk.
  • #2 Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323287
    Age spots are marks that commonly appear on the skin after prolonged sun exposure. They are harmless, but some people wish to remove them for cosmetic reasons. […] Other names for age spots include solar lentigines and liver spots, though they are not related to the liver. […] Age spots tend to form in people ages 40 and over, though they can also develop in younger people who frequently get sunburns or use tanning beds. […] Age spots are not cancerous. However, they can sometimes resemble types of skin cancer, so it is important to be aware of the differences. […] Skin cancer is more likely to develop in areas exposed to the sun over a prolonged period. […] Age spots can look like actinic keratosis (AK) growths, which are precancerous. However, age spots are flat, while AK growths usually feel rough. […] If a person suspects that they have AK growths, they should visit a doctor for an examination. […] It is generally a good idea to consult a doctor about any unusual changes to the skin. If a doctor diagnoses skin cancer early, treatment has a high success rate.
  • #2 Melanoma or Liver Spots? How to Tell the Difference
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-cancer/melanoma-or-age-spots-how-to-tell-the-difference.aspx
    Age spots are benign blemishes that develop on your skin as you grow older. They are also known as sunspots, solar lentigines, or liver spots even though they have nothing to do with your liver. They are caused by long-term ultraviolet (UV) light exposure from both the sun and artificial sources. […] According to the American Cancer Society, about 100,000 new melanoma cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. […] The most common sunspots cherry hemangiomas, lentigines, and seborrheic keratoses can often be confused with a melanoma and look like a melanoma, says Wolf.
  • #2 Molecular and histological characterization of age spots
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5342934/
    It has been suggested that various melanogenic paracrine factors (SCF, KGF/FGF7 and/or ET1) and their receptors (cKIT, FGFR1 and EDNRB, respectively) might be involved in the development of age spots. […] Interestingly, none of the melanocyte-specific genes showed a significantly different gene expression level in age spots compared to the perilesional control skin. […] Our study showed that the melanin content in age spots was about 2-fold higher than the surrounding skin, which is consistent with the hyperpigmented phenotype. […] Those results led us to hypothesize that the hyperpigmentation in age spots results from decreased melanin removal rather than increased melanin production.
  • #2 SCARLETRED – Solar lentigo – Standardized measurement of age spots
    https://www.scarletred.com/articles/solar-lentigo-standardized-measurement-of-age-spots
    Solar lentigo, also called age spots, is a common form of hyperpigmentation, especially in adults older than 50, caused by natural or artificial ultraviolet light exposure. […] Age spots themselves are usually assessed by their clinical appearance. […] Age spots are a very commonly occurring pigmentation disorder in adults caused by excessive exposure to natural or artificial UV light. Even though solaris lentigo is not a life threatening or painful condition, it can put affected individuals under emotional distress. The digital technology of SCARLETRED overcomes the limitations of conventional assessment methods and provides a standardized means of assessment of age spots.
  • #2 Liver Spot: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options
    https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/skin/liver-spot-261
    Liver spots, also known as age spots or solar lentigines, are flat, brown, grey, or black spots on the skin that usually appear in areas exposed to the sun. They are a common condition associated with ageing and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Liver spots are not related to liver function, despite their name, and are more common in adults over 50. […] Liver spots, also known as age spots typically appear on areas of the skin frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. While liver spots are medically harmless, they can affect a person’s appearance by creating an uneven skin tone, often making the skin look older. […] Liver spots, or age spots, are patches of darkened skin that develop due to overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. They are not related to liver function and are more common in adults over 50.
  • #2 How to Get Rid of Age Spots or Dark Spots
    https://www.aarp.org/benefits-discounts/members-only-access/info-2025/how-to-get-rid-of-age-spots.html
    Whether you call them age spots, sunspots, liver spots or brown spots, women over 50 want them gone! These dots and splotches of darker skin known as hyperpigmentation are caused mainly by cumulative sun damage. […] Brown spots have a tendency to recur, regardless of how they are treated by laser, IPL, chemical peels or liquid nitrogen, Kim says. […] If you opt for at-home dark spot treatment and have not had a yearly skin cancer check, schedule one. […] Dark spots are afraid of the cold. One in-office treatment for a few random brown spots is cryotherapy in which your dermatologist sprays freezing-cold liquid nitrogen on individual spots, which destroys the excess pigment. […] IPL/BBL acts as a magic eraser for red and brown sun damage, Hartman says. […] Lasers are ideal for more immediate pigment improvement on mature skin thats saggy and wrinkled, Hartman says. […] There is evidence that visible light specifically blue light can contribute to dark-spot formation, especially in darker skin tones.

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