Materiały źródłowe

• #1 6 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with pancreatitis. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals facing pancreatitis. This guide equips you with the necessary information to provide effective and specialized care to patients dealing with pancreatitis. […] Nursing care management of patients with pancreatitis includes relief of pain and discomfort caused by pancreatitis, improvement of nutritional status, improving respiratory function, and improvement of fluid and electrolyte status. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with pancreatitis: Manage pain and discomfort associated with pancreatitis. Monitor and stabilize vital signs. Administer intravenous fluids and maintain hydration. NPO (nothing by mouth) status and provide nutritional support as necessary. Administer appropriate medications for pain control and to manage inflammation. Monitor pancreatic enzyme levels and pancreatic function. Address complications such as infection or pseudocysts. Educate patients on dietary modifications and lifestyle changes to prevent future episodes.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pancreatitis in this nursing study guide. […] The patient who is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pancreatitis is acutely ill and needs expert nursing care. […] Nursing assessment of a patient with pancreatitis involves: Assessment of current nutritional status and increased metabolic requirements. Assessment of respiratory status. Assessment of fluid and electrolyte status. Assessment of sources of fluid and electrolyte loss. Assessment of abdomen for ascites. […] Based on the assessment data, the nursing diagnoses for a patient with pancreatitis include: Acute pain related to edema, distention of the pancreas, and peritoneal irritation. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to inadequate dietary intake, impaired pancreatic secretions, and increased nutritional needs. Ineffective breathing pattern related to splinting from severe pain, pulmonary infiltrates, pleural effusion, and atelectasis.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Interventions and Assessment – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/pancreatitis-nursing-interventions-and-assessment/

  In this article, we’ll talk about pancreatitis nursing interventions and assessment…two skills you’ll use regularly as a bedside RN. Pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition involving the pancreas. It can be acute or chronic, and is associated with a lot of other disorders such as alcoholism, disorders of the biliary tract, and use of certain medications like glucocorticoids. […] Acute pancreatitis has a 10% mortality rate and can lead to serious respiratory complications ranging from hypoxia to ARDS. […] The patient with pancreatitis will be complaining of severe upper or epigastric abdominal pain that may radiate to the back. This pain could be worse after eating high-fat foods, or drinking alcohol. In many cases the patient will have nausea with or without vomiting. […] A good routine to follow is the PQRST model which explores what propagates the pain (or relieves it), the quality of the pain, whether the pain radiates anywhere, the severity of the pain, and if it improves or worsens over time.

• #1 6 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will report relief/control of pain. The client will follow the prescribed therapeutic regimen. The client will verbalize nonpharmacologic methods that provide relief. The client will demonstrate the use of relaxation skills and diversional activities, as indicated, for the individual situation. The client will maintain adequate hydration as evidenced by stable vital signs, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, strong peripheral pulses, and individually appropriate urinary output. The client will demonstrate progressive weight gain toward the goal with normalization of laboratory values. The client will experience no signs of malnutrition. The client will demonstrate behaviors, and lifestyle changes to regain and/or maintain an appropriate weight. The client will demonstrate adequate fluid balance as evidenced by stable vital signs, palpable pulses (good quality); normal skin turgor, moist mucous membranes; individual appropriate urinary output; lack of excessive weight fluctuation; and no edema present. The client will maintain fluid volume at a functional level as evidenced by individually adequate urinary output, and stable vital signs.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation that lasts for a short time. It may range from mild discomfort to a severe, life-threatening illness. […] Here are 5 nursing care plans for pancreatitis. […] May be related to obstruction of pancreatic, biliary ducts. […] Possibly evidenced by reports of pain. […] Desired Outcomes: Report pain is relieved/controlled. […] Investigate verbal reports of pain, noting specific location and intensity (0-10 scale). […] Maintain bedrest during acute attack. […] Provide quiet, restful environment. […] Promote position of comfort on one side with knees flexed, sitting up and leaning forward. […] Provide alternative comfort measures (back rub), encourage relaxation techniques (guided imagery, visualization), quiet diversional activities (TV, radio).

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Administer analgesics in timely manner (smaller, more frequent doses). […] Maintain meticulous skin care, especially in presence of draining abdominal wall fistulas. […] Administer medication as indicated: Narcotic analgesics: meperidine (Demerol), fentanyl (Sublimaze), pentazocine (Talwin). […] Prepare for surgical intervention if indicated. […] Risk factors may include excessive losses: vomiting, gastric suctioning. […] Desired Outcomes: Maintain adequate hydration as evidenced by stable vital signs, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, strong peripheral pulses, and individually appropriate urinary output. […] Monitor BP and measure CVP if available. […] Measure IO including vomiting, gastric aspirate, diarrhea. […] Record color and character of gastric drainage, measure pH, and note presence of occult blood.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Weigh as indicated. […] Observe and record peripheral and dependent edema. […] Investigate changes in sensorium (confusion, slowed responses). […] Monitor laboratory studies (Hb and Hct, Protein, albumin, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, urine osmolality and sodium, potassium, coagulation studies). […] Prepare and assist with peritoneal lavage, hemoperitoneal dialysis. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements. […] May be related to vomiting, decreased oral intake; prescribed dietary restrictions. […] Desired Outcome: Demonstrate progressive weight gain toward goal with normalization of laboratory values. […] Maintain NPO status and gastric suctioning in acute phase. […] Administer hyperalimentation and lipids, if indicated. […] Resume oral intake with clear liquids and advance diet slowly to provide high-protein, high-carbohydrate diet, when indicated.

• #1 6 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with pancreatitis may include: Relieving Pain and Discomfort. Restoring Fluid Volume Loss from Vomiting and Diarrhea. Promoting Adequate Nutrition Balance. Providing Infection Control and Minimizing Infection Risk. Initiating Patient Education and Health Teachings. Administering Medications and Providing Pharmacologic Support. […] Patients with pancreatitis are at increased risk of developing infections due to several factors. The inflammation and tissue damage caused by pancreatitis can weaken the body’s immune defenses, leading to a higher susceptibility to infection. Additionally, complications such as infected pancreatic necrosis or biliary sepsis can occur, further increasing the risk of infection. […] Patients with pancreatitis may have deficient knowledge due to the complex nature of the disease and its treatment. Pancreatitis can be a complicated and multifaceted condition, and patients may not fully understand the underlying pathophysiology or the importance of adhering to treatment regimens, such as dietary restrictions or medication schedules.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Provide medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) (MCT, Portagen). […] Monitor serum glucose. […] Provide insulin as appropriate. […] Risk factors may include inadequate primary defenses: stasis of body fluids, altered peristalsis, change in pH of secretions. […] Desired Outcomes: Achieve timely healing, be free of signs of infection. […] Use strict aseptic technique when changing surgical dressings or working with IV lines, indwelling catheters and tubes, drains. […] Stress importance of good handwashing. […] Encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and coughing. […] Observe for signs of infection: Fever and respiratory distress in conjunction with jaundice. […] Obtain culture specimens (blood, wound, urine, sputum, or pancreatic aspirate). […] Administer antibiotic therapy as indicated: cephalosporins, cefoxitin sodium (Mefoxin); plus aminoglycosides: gentamicin (Garamycin), tobramycin (Nebcin).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2016/08000/understanding_acute_pancreatitis.9.aspx

  Although common, acute pancreatitis is potentially life-threatening. Prompt assessment, appropriate nursing interventions, and patient teaching can help your patients recover fully and avoid complications. […] This article discusses the latest clinical information about pancreatitis and describes appropriate nursing interventions and patient teaching. […] After the patient has been diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, the nurse should frequently check vital signs and lab values. Likely findings include an increased white blood cell (WBC) count, tachycardia, and fever due to the inflammatory process. Mild confusion and hypoxemia are also common, the patient’s pulse oximetry should be monitored and supplemental oxygen provided if indicated. […] Treating an episode of acute pancreatitis includes supportive care and curative interventions when possible. The first goal is to stabilize the patient hemodynamically. Administer I.V. crystalloids such as lactated Ringer’s solution or colloids and plasma expanders for more critically ill patients, as prescribed. Early aggressive I.V. hydration has been associated with less complications and improved outcomes.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis/

  Planning and goals developed for a patient with pancreatitis involve: Relief of pain and discomfort. Improvement in nutritional status. Improvement in respiratory function. Improvement in fluid and electrolyte status. […] Performing nursing interventions for a patient with pancreatitis needs expertise and efficiency. […] Evaluation of a successful plan of care for a patient with pancreatitis should include: Relieved pain and discomfort. Improved nutritional status. Improved respiratory function. Improved fluid and electrolyte status. […] A prolonged period is needed to regain the strength of a patient who has experienced pancreatitis and to return to the previous level of activity. […] Teaching needs to be repeated and reinforced because the patient may have difficulty in recalling many of the explanations and instructions are given.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Prepare for surgical intervention as necessary. […] May be related to lack of exposure/recall. […] Desired Outcomes: Verbalize understanding of condition/disease process and potential complications. […] Review specific cause of current episode and prognosis. […] Discuss other causative and associated factors such as excessive alcohol intake, gallbladder disease, duodenal ulcer, hyperlipoproteinemias, some drugs. […] Instruct in use of pancreatic enzyme replacements and bile salt therapy as indicated. […] Recommend cessation of smoking. […] Discuss signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus. […] false

• #1 Pancreatitis Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pancreatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOor0kYRHCdrV2U5M4TE0F3FmPFgFrpzei-p4n8t7_SCNdwCIsGGZ

  Monitor vital signs. Provide analgesia as ordered. Administer medications as ordered. Provide oral or enteral nutrition within 24 hours of admission. Promote bedrest. […] Verbalizes relief of pain. Demonstrates no evidence of organ damage. Shows no recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. Normalization of laboratory values. Understands disease process and how to prevent a recurrence. Changes in lifestyle to prevent a recurrence. […] Notify healthcare provider or seek immediate medical care for: Return of previous symptoms, Fever 100.4F, Worsening abdominal pain, Return of nausea or vomiting, Changes in mental status. […] Lifestyle changes to prevent a recurrence: Smoking cessation, Eliminate or decrease alcohol consumption.

• #1 Pancreatitis Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pancreatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOor0kYRHCdrV2U5M4TE0F3FmPFgFrpzei-p4n8t7_SCNdwCIsGGZ

  An individual with acute pancreatitis usually presents with epigastric pain that radiates to the back. The characteristics of the pain are sharp and often associated with nausea and vomiting. […] From a nursing perspective, early identification of complications such as hypovolemic shock, sepsis, or multi-organ dysfunction is crucial. Frequent reassessment of pain levels, fluid balance, respiratory status, and mental status can guide clinical priorities and improve outcomes. Collaboration with the interdisciplinary team, including dietitians, GI specialists, and pharmacists, is essential in managing nutrition, pain, and any underlying causes or complications of pancreatitis. […] Treatment starts with aggressive IV fluid replacement with Ringers Lactate. Intravenous electrolyte replacement should coincide with fluid replacement. Antibiotics are given prophylactically in moderate to severe pancreatitis to prevent infected necrosis and improve morbidity and mortality. Enteral feedings should be started immediately in individuals who cannot tolerate eating by mouth.

• #1 Pancreatitis Nursing Care and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about the factors implicated in the onset of pancreatitis and about the need to avoid high-fat foods, heavy meals, and alcohol. […] The nurse should give verbal and written instructions about the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis and possible complications that should be reported promptly to the physician. […] The nurse would be able to assess the patients physical and psychological status and adherence to the therapeutic regimen. […] Nursing documentation of the case of a patient with acute pancreatitis involves the following: Clients description of response to pain and acceptable level of pain. Prior medication use. Caloric intake. Individual cultural or religious restrictions and personal preferences. Respiratory pattern, breath sounds, and use of accessory muscles. Laboratory values. Use of respiratory aids or supports. Plan of care. Teaching plan. Response to interventions, teaching, and actions performed. Attainment or progress toward desired outcomes. Modifications to plan of care. Long-term needs.

• #1 Acute Pancreatitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Supportive Care, Antibiotic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-treatment

  Medical management of mild acute pancreatitis is relatively straightforward. The patient is kept NPO (nil per os that is, nothing by mouth), and intravenous (IV) fluid hydration is provided. Analgesics are administered for pain relief. Antibiotics are generally not indicated. […] Patients with severe acute pancreatitis require intensive care. Within hours to days, a number of complications (eg, shock, pulmonary failure, renal failure, gastrointestinal [GI] bleeding, or multiorgan system failure) may develop. The goals of medical management are to provide aggressive supportive care, to decrease inflammation, to limit infection or superinfection, and to identify and treat complications as appropriate. […] Patients can be discharged when their pain is well controlled with oral analgesia, they are able to tolerate an oral diet that maintains their caloric needs, and all complications have been addressed adequately.

• #1 Influence of standardized nursing intervention combined with mindfulness stress reduction training on the curative effect in patients with acute pancreatitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10731205/

  Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common inflammatory disease of the pancreas with high mortality rates. It is of great significance to take scientific intervention measures for patients with AP in time. […] To explore the effect of standardized nursing combined with mindfulness stress reduction training on the curative effect, negative emotion, and quality of life in patients with acute pancreatitis. […] The application of standardized nursing intervention combined with mindfulness stress reduction training in patients with acute pancreatitis has a definite effect, which can help to ameliorate the clinical symptoms, anxiety and depression of patients, reduce the incidence rate of complications, and improve the prognosis of patients. […] This study firstly found that the standardized nursing combined with mindfulness stress reduction training had defined curative effect on patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), which ameliorated clinical symptoms, negative emotion, and quality of life. Our study provide an effective nursing intervention method for AP.

• #2 Pancreatitis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pancreatitis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute pain related to pancreatic inflammation and increased intra-abdominal pressure as evidenced by verbal reports of pain, guarding behavior, and facial grimacing. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive pain assessment q2-4h. Rationale: Enables early detection of changes in pain patterns and effectiveness of interventions. […] Administer prescribed analgesics as ordered. Rationale: Provides consistent pain management and prevents pain escalation. […] Position patient with head elevated 30-45 degrees. Rationale: Reduces abdominal tension and promotes comfort. […] Implement non-pharmacological pain management techniques. Rationale: Complements medication management and provides additional comfort measures. […] Desired Outcomes: Patient reports pain level 3/10.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan for Acute Pancreatitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-acute-pancreatitis/

  Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to severe pain, digestive disturbances, and potential complications. As a nurse, your role is crucial in the management and support of patients with acute pancreatitis. This nursing care plan aims to outline evidence-based interventions to provide optimal care, alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and promote the patients recovery. […] The patient reports severe abdominal pain, usually in the upper left or middle abdomen. […] The patient may have a history of alcohol abuse or recent gallbladder issues. […] Assess and monitor the intensity, location, and characteristics of the patients pain using a validated pain scale. […] Provide pain relief measures, such as administering prescribed analgesics (e.g., opioids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) as directed.

• #2 Pancreatitis Nursing Care Plans – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pancreatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Provide medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) (MCT, Portagen). […] Monitor serum glucose. […] Provide insulin as appropriate. […] Risk factors may include inadequate primary defenses: stasis of body fluids, altered peristalsis, change in pH of secretions. […] Desired Outcomes: Achieve timely healing, be free of signs of infection. […] Use strict aseptic technique when changing surgical dressings or working with IV lines, indwelling catheters and tubes, drains. […] Stress importance of good handwashing. […] Encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and coughing. […] Observe for signs of infection: Fever and respiratory distress in conjunction with jaundice. […] Obtain culture specimens (blood, wound, urine, sputum, or pancreatic aspirate). […] Administer antibiotic therapy as indicated: cephalosporins, cefoxitin sodium (Mefoxin); plus aminoglycosides: gentamicin (Garamycin), tobramycin (Nebcin).

• #2 Pancreatitis Nursing Interventions and Assessment – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/pancreatitis-nursing-interventions-and-assessment/

  Assess the patient’s blood pressure. In many cases it will be reduced due to volume losses. However, severe pain can elevate blood pressure which could (for a little while at least) mask a hypovolemic state. […] Assess respiratory status and lung sounds as the patient is at risk for pleural effusion and ARDS. […] The four mainstays of pancreatitis treatment are fluid replacement, NPO, NGT and pain management. […] IV fluids will be given to replace volume losses. […] The patient will be NPO to give the pancreas a rest since eating stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes. […] Pain medication can include meperidine and/or opiates. […] Medications to reduce gastric acids include H2 receptor blockers, PPIs and antacids. […] The patient will need to avoid caffeine as it can exacerbate the condition. […] Teach the patient which foods trigger attacks, so they can avoid them (typically this includes fatty red meats, fried foods, butter or margarine, sugary foods and full-fat dairy).

• #2 Pancreatitis NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/pancreatitis-nclex-review/

  As a nursing student, you must be familiar with acute and chronic pancreatitis and how to care for patients who are experiencing these conditions. […] Nursing Interventions for Pancreatitis: Goal: rest the pancreas (prevent it from being stimulated to produce digestive enzymes), control pain, monitor for complications, administer medications per MD order (pancreatic enzymes, antibiotics and stomach acid blockers), diet education. […] Maintain NPO status (to let pancreas rest once symptoms subside reintroduce solids food very carefully..start with liquids..no fat per MD order). […] Maintain IV hydration. TPN may be ordered (if taking a while to heal) for nutrition per MD order. […] Insert NG tube and maintain per MD order (used to remove stomach contents and gas). […] Monitor blood sugars: hyperglycemia.

• #2 Acute Pancreatitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Supportive Care, Antibiotic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-treatment

  Patients with acute pancreatitis lose a large amount of fluids to third spacing into the retroperitoneum and intra-abdominal areas. Accordingly, they require prompt intravenous (IV) hydration within the first 24 hours. Especially in the early phase of the illness, aggressive fluid resuscitation is critically important. This cannot be overemphasized. […] In patients with mild uncomplicated pancreatitis, no benefit is observed from nutritional support, and the energy (caloric) intake received with IV dextrose 5% in water (D5W) suffices; oral feedings should be initiated once the patients pain and anorexia resolve. […] In patients with moderate-to-severe pancreatitis, begin nutritional support early in the course of management, as soon as stabilization of fluid and hemodynamic parameters permits; optimally, nasojejunal feedings with a low-fat formulation should be initiated at admission.

• #2 Pancreatitis Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pancreatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOor0kYRHCdrV2U5M4TE0F3FmPFgFrpzei-p4n8t7_SCNdwCIsGGZ

  An individual with acute pancreatitis usually presents with epigastric pain that radiates to the back. The characteristics of the pain are sharp and often associated with nausea and vomiting. […] From a nursing perspective, early identification of complications such as hypovolemic shock, sepsis, or multi-organ dysfunction is crucial. Frequent reassessment of pain levels, fluid balance, respiratory status, and mental status can guide clinical priorities and improve outcomes. Collaboration with the interdisciplinary team, including dietitians, GI specialists, and pharmacists, is essential in managing nutrition, pain, and any underlying causes or complications of pancreatitis. […] Treatment starts with aggressive IV fluid replacement with Ringers Lactate. Intravenous electrolyte replacement should coincide with fluid replacement. Antibiotics are given prophylactically in moderate to severe pancreatitis to prevent infected necrosis and improve morbidity and mortality. Enteral feedings should be started immediately in individuals who cannot tolerate eating by mouth.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2016/08000/understanding_acute_pancreatitis.9.aspx

  Monitor patients for early signs and symptoms of complications, such as increased abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, and WBC count. Changes in mental status are early signs of impending respiratory failure or shock. […] Routine nursing care should include the following: Assess for dizziness or lightheadedness and hypotension. Cardiac involvement can result from the release of myocardial depressant factor and hypovolemic shock, which decreases cardiac output. […] Document intake and output and assess for signs and symptoms of fluid overload, including dyspnea, peripheral edema, crackles in the lung fields especially the bases, and electrolyte imbalances. […] When gallstone pancreatitis is being managed conservatively, provide written dietary instructions and teach patients to follow a low-fat diet to reduce gallbladder stimulation and to notify their healthcare provider at the first sign of recurrent pain, nausea, or vomiting.

• #2 Pancreatitis Nursing Care and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pancreatitis/

  The nurse instructs the patient about the factors implicated in the onset of pancreatitis and about the need to avoid high-fat foods, heavy meals, and alcohol. […] The nurse should give verbal and written instructions about the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis and possible complications that should be reported promptly to the physician. […] The nurse would be able to assess the patients physical and psychological status and adherence to the therapeutic regimen. […] Nursing documentation of the case of a patient with acute pancreatitis involves the following: Clients description of response to pain and acceptable level of pain. Prior medication use. Caloric intake. Individual cultural or religious restrictions and personal preferences. Respiratory pattern, breath sounds, and use of accessory muscles. Laboratory values. Use of respiratory aids or supports. Plan of care. Teaching plan. Response to interventions, teaching, and actions performed. Attainment or progress toward desired outcomes. Modifications to plan of care. Long-term needs.

Zobacz więcej