Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is the first human infectious disease to be successfully eradicated worldwide. It remains of clinical concern because of the potential for release and weaponization. This activity illustrates the evaluation and treatment of smallpox and describes the role of the interprofessional team in managing those with this condition. […] In the post-eradication era, development of anti-orthopoxvirus medical therapies remains an active area of research. In 2018, the United States approved tecovirimat as the first antiviral therapy indicated for treatment of smallpox. […] It is hoped no healthcare professional will ever encounter smallpox. That being said an interprofessional team of emergency nurses and clinicians, in the front lines, need to be aware of the presentation so that if it does occur, it will be reported quickly so that an appropriate response can be undertaken to minimize the outbreak.

• #2 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  Currently, the smallpox vaccine is the only approved way to prevent the disease. The vaccine was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population, and therefore routine vaccination of the American public stopped in 1972. However, the U.S. government has recently implemented plans to ensure there is sufficient vaccine available, and procedures in place to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.

• #3 Nursing Care Plan For Smallpox – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-smallpox/

  Smallpox is a highly contagious and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by the variola virus. While smallpox has been eradicated globally, there is a potential risk of its reemergence due to the existence of variola virus samples in laboratories. This makes it crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, to be prepared and knowledgeable about the care and management of smallpox cases. […] The nursing care plan for smallpox plays a vital role in preventing the spread of the disease, ensuring the well-being of the affected individuals, and minimizing complications. This comprehensive approach aims to address various aspects of care, including infection control, symptom management, patient education, and emotional support. […] In this nursing care plan, we will outline evidence-based interventions and strategies to provide effective care to patients with smallpox. It encompasses a holistic approach that considers the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of the affected individuals while focusing on promoting their recovery and preventing further transmission of the disease.

• #4 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Smallpox treatment generally involves supportive care. […] Treatment of smallpox patients generally involves supportive care. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and adherence to proper infection and environmental controls.

• #5 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Treatment of smallpox is generally supportive, with antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. The antiviral drug tecovirimat was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 […] Isolation of people with smallpox is essential. In limited outbreaks, patients may be isolated in a hospital under airborne transmission precautions in an airborne-infection isolation room. In mass outbreaks, home isolation may be required. Contacts should be placed under surveillance, typically with daily temperature measurement; if they develop a temperature of 38 C or other sign of illness, they should be isolated at home. […] Vaccination is highly protective, but rare complications from replication-competent virus vaccine (about 1:10,000) can be serious.

• #6 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #7 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  In a smallpox emergency, your facility may be called upon to care for patients with the disease, or suspected of having the disease. Plan now how your facility will respond quickly and effectively to identify and treat patients. […] The medical management of smallpox patients is generally supportive. Patients are considered infectious once lesions in the throat and mouth appear, throughout the course of the disease, and until the last scab falls off. The duration of ordinary type smallpox typically lasts 3 to 4 weeks. […] In addition to providing medical care to the patient, consider other areas that support the patient’s general well-being. Patients in isolation may suffer from anxiety, depression, or report feeling stigmatized. They may also feel forgotten, as the need for PPE reduces the frequency of interaction with clinical staff. Include in your facility’s plans ways to allow for visitors, especially for pediatric patients. All visitors will need to be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #8 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Treatment of smallpox is generally supportive, with antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. The antiviral drug tecovirimat was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 […] Isolation of people with smallpox is essential. In limited outbreaks, patients may be isolated in a hospital under airborne transmission precautions in an airborne-infection isolation room. In mass outbreaks, home isolation may be required. Contacts should be placed under surveillance, typically with daily temperature measurement; if they develop a temperature of 38 C or other sign of illness, they should be isolated at home. […] Vaccination is highly protective, but rare complications from replication-competent virus vaccine (about 1:10,000) can be serious.

• #9 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  Corneal lesions may be treated with topical idoxuridine. […] Whenever possible, patients should be cared for at home in the event of a large smallpox outbreak. However, in the event of an outbreak with only a few cases or when patients cannot be cared for at home, hospital admission is advisable. The CDC recommends that authorities consider designating specific hospitals for smallpox care. […] Isolate patients possibly infected with smallpox virus in negative-pressure rooms under airborne precautions and vaccinate them within the first 4 days after exposure. Supportive and symptomatic treatment (eg, hydration, nutrition) should be provided. […] Smallpox patients should be transferred as necessary, with appropriate respiratory and contact isolation. […] Further outpatient care for smallpox patients includes cosmetic management of scars and corrective vision care.

• #10 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  Due to the ease of transmission of smallpox in hospitals, most patients with smallpox should be cared for at home if possible. […] A smallpox outbreak poses difficult public health problems because of the ability of the virus to continue to spread throughout the population unless checked by vaccination and/or isolation of patients and their close contacts. […] As soon as the diagnosis of smallpox is made, all persons who are suspected of being infected with smallpox should be immediately isolated and all contacts should be vaccinated and placed under surveillance. […] It is recommended that contacts be defined as persons who have been in the same household as the infected individual or who have been in face to face contact with the patient after the onset of fever. […] Vaccination given within the first few days after exposure to a person with smallpox may prevent or lessen smallpox symptoms.

• #11 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  The use of smallpox against groups of Indians in North America caused a devastating loss of life. […] Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available to treat smallpox. At this time, treatment consists of supportive therapy plus antibiotics as needed for treatment of secondary bacterial infections. […] Therefore, maintaining adequate hydration and nutrition is imperative, although eating and drinking are difficult due to the painful pustules that sometimes form in the mouth and oropharynx. […] In caring for a patient with smallpox in the home, caregivers must practice strict infection control measures. All contaminated instruments, surfaces, excretions, fluids, and other materials should be incinerated or decontaminated chemically. […] Given the high potential for transmitting smallpox among other patients who are hospitalized, many of whom are immunocompromised, the WHO recommends isolating all but the most critical patients at home.

• #12 Controlling Spread of Smallpox | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/smallpox/controlling

  All suspect and known cases will be isolated at an appropriate site, which may include a healthcare facility or at home. When caring for smallpox patient adhere to Standard, Contact and Airborne Precautions. This includes an N 95 or better mask, goggles, gloves and gown and if hospitalized, a negative pressure room. All persons caring for smallpox patients should be vaccinated for smallpox. […] Contacts of cases should be given smallpox vaccine as soon as possible, ideally within five days of exposure. This may prevent or reduce the severity of disease.

• #13 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are a variety of controls that should be implemented to protect workers from exposure to smallpox. Workers that may be affected, either during regular work activities or during an emergency response, include, but are not limited to, emergency responders, healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and others. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (updated July 2023) prescribe specific precautions to be taken when treating patients with known or suspected smallpox. These precautions include standard, droplet, airborne, and contact precautions, under certain circumstances. Patient isolation and similar precautions may also be necessary. […] Similar infection control precautions, as listed previously for live individuals, should be implemented for the post-mortem care of smallpox patients. These precautions apply to all workers performing post-mortem procedures on smallpox patients, including healthcare workers, morticians, forensic personnel, or others.

• #14 Smallpox (variola)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/smallpox

  There is no cure for smallpox. The aim of keeping smallpox under control is to prevent it from occurring. If smallpox is suspected in an individual, state health officials must be notified immediately and containment of the virus a major priority. This would include strict respiratory and contact isolation for at least 17 days and vaccination of all contacts. […] Treatment for an already ill smallpox patient should be supportive care consisting of adequate hydration and nutrition, eye care and antibiotics as needed for secondary skin infections. Vaccination within the incubation period, particularly if given within 3 days of exposure to the virus, has been shown to prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox disease in most people. […] The patient should be isolated. Very strict adherence to hygiene and personal protective equipment (N95 mask, eye protection, gloves, and gown) must be worn by carers to reduce the chance of contagion.

• #15 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  The most important method for preventing transmission of smallpox is vaccination. All staff who provide care for smallpox patients must be vaccinated against smallpox. In a smallpox emergency, only staff with confirmed vaccination status should provide direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed smallpox. […] During a smallpox emergency, patients will not be the only ones who require extra care. Healthcare and public health responders will have their own needs, as well. Your staff will be strained from caring for their patients, and they will likely have their own fears and concerns about the safety of their family members and loved ones. Each patient with smallpox may be hospitalized and require care for 3 to 4 weeks. Depending upon the scale of the emergency, this might require an especially long, protracted response by your facility’s staff. […] Personnel handling laundry from smallpox patients should be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #16 Controlling Spread of Smallpox | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/smallpox/controlling

  All suspect and known cases will be isolated at an appropriate site, which may include a healthcare facility or at home. When caring for smallpox patient adhere to Standard, Contact and Airborne Precautions. This includes an N 95 or better mask, goggles, gloves and gown and if hospitalized, a negative pressure room. All persons caring for smallpox patients should be vaccinated for smallpox. […] Contacts of cases should be given smallpox vaccine as soon as possible, ideally within five days of exposure. This may prevent or reduce the severity of disease.

• #17 Controlling Spread of Smallpox | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/smallpox/controlling

  All suspect and known cases will be isolated at an appropriate site, which may include a healthcare facility or at home. When caring for smallpox patient adhere to Standard, Contact and Airborne Precautions. This includes an N 95 or better mask, goggles, gloves and gown and if hospitalized, a negative pressure room. All persons caring for smallpox patients should be vaccinated for smallpox. […] Contacts of cases should be given smallpox vaccine as soon as possible, ideally within five days of exposure. This may prevent or reduce the severity of disease.

• #18

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/smallpox.aspx

  Suspected, probable and confirmed cases should be immediately isolated and notified to the relevant Communicable Disease Branch (CDB) who will report to the National Incident Room (NIR). […] All contacts of a confirmed or probable case must be traced immediately. […] Vaccination should be carried out as soon as possible, preferably within 3-4 days and at most within 7 days following exposure to a confirmed case. […] Vaccination within 3 days of exposure with replication-competent smallpox vaccine will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people.

• #19 Smallpox | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/smallpox

  There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but research to evaluate new antiviral agents is ongoing. Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids and medicine to control fever or pain, and antibiotics for any secondary bacterial infections. […] If the vaccine is given to a person within four days of exposure to smallpox, it may lessen the severity of–or possibly prevent–illness. Vaccine against smallpox contains a live virus called vaccinia; it does not contain the smallpox virus. […] The vaccine is stored and distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the Strategic National Stockpile of pharmaceutical supplies. In the event smallpox is used as a weapon, the distribution of vaccine would be coordinated by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state and local health departments.

• #20 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  Due to the ease of transmission of smallpox in hospitals, most patients with smallpox should be cared for at home if possible. […] A smallpox outbreak poses difficult public health problems because of the ability of the virus to continue to spread throughout the population unless checked by vaccination and/or isolation of patients and their close contacts. […] As soon as the diagnosis of smallpox is made, all persons who are suspected of being infected with smallpox should be immediately isolated and all contacts should be vaccinated and placed under surveillance. […] It is recommended that contacts be defined as persons who have been in the same household as the infected individual or who have been in face to face contact with the patient after the onset of fever. […] Vaccination given within the first few days after exposure to a person with smallpox may prevent or lessen smallpox symptoms.

• #21 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Smallpox treatment generally involves supportive care. […] Treatment of smallpox patients generally involves supportive care. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and adherence to proper infection and environmental controls.

• #22 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  In a smallpox emergency, your facility may be called upon to care for patients with the disease, or suspected of having the disease. Plan now how your facility will respond quickly and effectively to identify and treat patients. […] The medical management of smallpox patients is generally supportive. Patients are considered infectious once lesions in the throat and mouth appear, throughout the course of the disease, and until the last scab falls off. The duration of ordinary type smallpox typically lasts 3 to 4 weeks. […] In addition to providing medical care to the patient, consider other areas that support the patient’s general well-being. Patients in isolation may suffer from anxiety, depression, or report feeling stigmatized. They may also feel forgotten, as the need for PPE reduces the frequency of interaction with clinical staff. Include in your facility’s plans ways to allow for visitors, especially for pediatric patients. All visitors will need to be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #23 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #24 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #25 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #26 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #27 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #28 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  The use of smallpox against groups of Indians in North America caused a devastating loss of life. […] Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available to treat smallpox. At this time, treatment consists of supportive therapy plus antibiotics as needed for treatment of secondary bacterial infections. […] Therefore, maintaining adequate hydration and nutrition is imperative, although eating and drinking are difficult due to the painful pustules that sometimes form in the mouth and oropharynx. […] In caring for a patient with smallpox in the home, caregivers must practice strict infection control measures. All contaminated instruments, surfaces, excretions, fluids, and other materials should be incinerated or decontaminated chemically. […] Given the high potential for transmitting smallpox among other patients who are hospitalized, many of whom are immunocompromised, the WHO recommends isolating all but the most critical patients at home.

• #29 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  Corneal lesions may be treated with topical idoxuridine. […] Whenever possible, patients should be cared for at home in the event of a large smallpox outbreak. However, in the event of an outbreak with only a few cases or when patients cannot be cared for at home, hospital admission is advisable. The CDC recommends that authorities consider designating specific hospitals for smallpox care. […] Isolate patients possibly infected with smallpox virus in negative-pressure rooms under airborne precautions and vaccinate them within the first 4 days after exposure. Supportive and symptomatic treatment (eg, hydration, nutrition) should be provided. […] Smallpox patients should be transferred as necessary, with appropriate respiratory and contact isolation. […] Further outpatient care for smallpox patients includes cosmetic management of scars and corrective vision care.

• #30 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #31 Smallpox | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/smallpox

  There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but research to evaluate new antiviral agents is ongoing. Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids and medicine to control fever or pain, and antibiotics for any secondary bacterial infections. […] If the vaccine is given to a person within four days of exposure to smallpox, it may lessen the severity of–or possibly prevent–illness. Vaccine against smallpox contains a live virus called vaccinia; it does not contain the smallpox virus. […] The vaccine is stored and distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the Strategic National Stockpile of pharmaceutical supplies. In the event smallpox is used as a weapon, the distribution of vaccine would be coordinated by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state and local health departments.

• #32 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is the first human infectious disease to be successfully eradicated worldwide. It remains of clinical concern because of the potential for release and weaponization. This activity illustrates the evaluation and treatment of smallpox and describes the role of the interprofessional team in managing those with this condition. […] In the post-eradication era, development of anti-orthopoxvirus medical therapies remains an active area of research. In 2018, the United States approved tecovirimat as the first antiviral therapy indicated for treatment of smallpox. […] It is hoped no healthcare professional will ever encounter smallpox. That being said an interprofessional team of emergency nurses and clinicians, in the front lines, need to be aware of the presentation so that if it does occur, it will be reported quickly so that an appropriate response can be undertaken to minimize the outbreak.

• #33 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Smallpox-Prognosis.aspx

  The appropriate care and management of smallpox patients requires hospitalization. […] Today, any suspect case of smallpox should be managed in a negative-pressure room and the patient should be vaccinated, particularly if the illness is in an early stage. Strict airborne and contact isolation precautions should be followed. […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off in order to prevent transmission of variola virus to nonimmune individuals. […] As substantial amounts of fluid and protein can be lost by febrile individuals with pox lesions, patients require appropriate hydration and nutrition.

• #34 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  The use of smallpox against groups of Indians in North America caused a devastating loss of life. […] Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available to treat smallpox. At this time, treatment consists of supportive therapy plus antibiotics as needed for treatment of secondary bacterial infections. […] Therefore, maintaining adequate hydration and nutrition is imperative, although eating and drinking are difficult due to the painful pustules that sometimes form in the mouth and oropharynx. […] In caring for a patient with smallpox in the home, caregivers must practice strict infection control measures. All contaminated instruments, surfaces, excretions, fluids, and other materials should be incinerated or decontaminated chemically. […] Given the high potential for transmitting smallpox among other patients who are hospitalized, many of whom are immunocompromised, the WHO recommends isolating all but the most critical patients at home.

• #35 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  No known treatment is effective for smallpox. Medical management of smallpox is mainly supportive. Supportive care in patients with symptomatic smallpox consists of the following: […] The patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off (about 3-4 wk after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the variola virus to nonimmune persons. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored and maintained to avoid dehydration. […] Oral antiviral agents (ie, tecovirimat, cidofovir) are available from the US governments Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). […] Medications should be given for fever and pain. […] Good nutritional support should be maintained. […] Skin care should be instituted. […] Complications should be monitored for and treated. […] Unless the diagnosis of smallpox is confirmed in a laboratory, patients should receive smallpox vaccination if they will be isolated with other patients with confirmed or suspected smallpox, to prevent accidental transmission.

• #36 Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7019/

  Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination is also available in PDF format. The smallpox vaccine contains a live virus called vaccinia. After vaccination, this live virus is present at the vaccine site and can be spread to other parts of the body or to other individuals through contact. To avoid this, the vaccination site must be cared for carefully until the scab that forms after vaccination falls off on its own, usually, in 2 to 3 weeks. […] Cover the vaccination site loosely with a gauze bandage, using medical tape to keep it in place. Keep it covered until the scab has separated on its own. This bandage will provide a barrier to protect against spread of the vaccinia virus. Health care workers involved in direct patient care should cover the gauze with a semi-permeable dressing as an additional barrier.

• #37 Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7019/

  You can wear a shirt that covers the vaccination site as an extra precaution to prevent spread of the vaccinia virus. This is particularly important in situations of close personal contact. Change the bandage every 1-2 days. This will keep skin at the vaccination site from softening and wearing away. Wash hands with soap and warm water after direct contact with the bandage or after direct contact with the vaccination site. This is vital in order to remove any virus from your hands and prevent contact spread. Keep the vaccination site dry. Cover the vaccination site with a water-resistant pad, such as a waterproof band-aid, when you bathe. Remember to change back to the loose gauze bandage after bathing. Put the contaminated bandages in a sealed plastic bag and throw them away. Wash clothing or any other material that comes in contact with the vaccination site. Use hot water with detergent and/or bleach. When the scab comes off, throw it away in a sealed plastic bag (remember to wash your hands afterwards). […] Don’t use a bandage that blocks all air from the vaccination site. This may cause the skin at the vaccination site to soften and wear away. Use loose gauze secured with medical tape to cover the site. Don’t put salves or ointments on the vaccination site. Don’t scratch or pick at the scab.

• #38 Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7019/

  Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination is also available in PDF format. The smallpox vaccine contains a live virus called vaccinia. After vaccination, this live virus is present at the vaccine site and can be spread to other parts of the body or to other individuals through contact. To avoid this, the vaccination site must be cared for carefully until the scab that forms after vaccination falls off on its own, usually, in 2 to 3 weeks. […] Cover the vaccination site loosely with a gauze bandage, using medical tape to keep it in place. Keep it covered until the scab has separated on its own. This bandage will provide a barrier to protect against spread of the vaccinia virus. Health care workers involved in direct patient care should cover the gauze with a semi-permeable dressing as an additional barrier.

• #39 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  In a smallpox emergency, your facility may be called upon to care for patients with the disease, or suspected of having the disease. Plan now how your facility will respond quickly and effectively to identify and treat patients. […] The medical management of smallpox patients is generally supportive. Patients are considered infectious once lesions in the throat and mouth appear, throughout the course of the disease, and until the last scab falls off. The duration of ordinary type smallpox typically lasts 3 to 4 weeks. […] In addition to providing medical care to the patient, consider other areas that support the patient’s general well-being. Patients in isolation may suffer from anxiety, depression, or report feeling stigmatized. They may also feel forgotten, as the need for PPE reduces the frequency of interaction with clinical staff. Include in your facility’s plans ways to allow for visitors, especially for pediatric patients. All visitors will need to be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #40 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  In a smallpox emergency, your facility may be called upon to care for patients with the disease, or suspected of having the disease. Plan now how your facility will respond quickly and effectively to identify and treat patients. […] The medical management of smallpox patients is generally supportive. Patients are considered infectious once lesions in the throat and mouth appear, throughout the course of the disease, and until the last scab falls off. The duration of ordinary type smallpox typically lasts 3 to 4 weeks. […] In addition to providing medical care to the patient, consider other areas that support the patient’s general well-being. Patients in isolation may suffer from anxiety, depression, or report feeling stigmatized. They may also feel forgotten, as the need for PPE reduces the frequency of interaction with clinical staff. Include in your facility’s plans ways to allow for visitors, especially for pediatric patients. All visitors will need to be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #41 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  In a smallpox emergency, your facility may be called upon to care for patients with the disease, or suspected of having the disease. Plan now how your facility will respond quickly and effectively to identify and treat patients. […] The medical management of smallpox patients is generally supportive. Patients are considered infectious once lesions in the throat and mouth appear, throughout the course of the disease, and until the last scab falls off. The duration of ordinary type smallpox typically lasts 3 to 4 weeks. […] In addition to providing medical care to the patient, consider other areas that support the patient’s general well-being. Patients in isolation may suffer from anxiety, depression, or report feeling stigmatized. They may also feel forgotten, as the need for PPE reduces the frequency of interaction with clinical staff. Include in your facility’s plans ways to allow for visitors, especially for pediatric patients. All visitors will need to be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #42 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  The most important method for preventing transmission of smallpox is vaccination. All staff who provide care for smallpox patients must be vaccinated against smallpox. In a smallpox emergency, only staff with confirmed vaccination status should provide direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed smallpox. […] During a smallpox emergency, patients will not be the only ones who require extra care. Healthcare and public health responders will have their own needs, as well. Your staff will be strained from caring for their patients, and they will likely have their own fears and concerns about the safety of their family members and loved ones. Each patient with smallpox may be hospitalized and require care for 3 to 4 weeks. Depending upon the scale of the emergency, this might require an especially long, protracted response by your facility’s staff. […] Personnel handling laundry from smallpox patients should be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #43 Healthcare Facility Response Activities | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/php/bioterrorism-response-planning/healthcare-facility-response.html

  The most important method for preventing transmission of smallpox is vaccination. All staff who provide care for smallpox patients must be vaccinated against smallpox. In a smallpox emergency, only staff with confirmed vaccination status should provide direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed smallpox. […] During a smallpox emergency, patients will not be the only ones who require extra care. Healthcare and public health responders will have their own needs, as well. Your staff will be strained from caring for their patients, and they will likely have their own fears and concerns about the safety of their family members and loved ones. Each patient with smallpox may be hospitalized and require care for 3 to 4 weeks. Depending upon the scale of the emergency, this might require an especially long, protracted response by your facility’s staff. […] Personnel handling laundry from smallpox patients should be vaccinated and wear appropriate PPE.

• #44 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are a variety of controls that should be implemented to protect workers from exposure to smallpox. Workers that may be affected, either during regular work activities or during an emergency response, include, but are not limited to, emergency responders, healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and others. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (updated July 2023) prescribe specific precautions to be taken when treating patients with known or suspected smallpox. These precautions include standard, droplet, airborne, and contact precautions, under certain circumstances. Patient isolation and similar precautions may also be necessary. […] Similar infection control precautions, as listed previously for live individuals, should be implemented for the post-mortem care of smallpox patients. These precautions apply to all workers performing post-mortem procedures on smallpox patients, including healthcare workers, morticians, forensic personnel, or others.

• #45 HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS – Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221067/

  The Emergency Nurses Association and the American Nurses Association support a broad public awareness campaign regarding smallpox, the nature of the disease, and the risks and benefits of the vaccine. A well-designed campaign will help affirm public opinion and minimize panic. […] Education of health care providers regarding recognition, isolation procedures, protection, and vaccination are likely to assist in early identification and reduce exposure. Currently, nurses are not educated in smallpox vaccination procedures, and are not taught the techniques. Competencies will have to be established either before an outbreak, or very quickly following. At minimum, each community should have protected and competent public health officials who can begin vaccination procedures and care for infected patients.

• #46 HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS – Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221067/

  The Emergency Nurses Association and the American Nurses Association support a broad public awareness campaign regarding smallpox, the nature of the disease, and the risks and benefits of the vaccine. A well-designed campaign will help affirm public opinion and minimize panic. […] Education of health care providers regarding recognition, isolation procedures, protection, and vaccination are likely to assist in early identification and reduce exposure. Currently, nurses are not educated in smallpox vaccination procedures, and are not taught the techniques. Competencies will have to be established either before an outbreak, or very quickly following. At minimum, each community should have protected and competent public health officials who can begin vaccination procedures and care for infected patients.

• #47 Smallpox | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.smallpox.tn8265

  There is no known cure for smallpox. Treatment includes drinking plenty of fluids and taking medicines to control pain and fever. To prevent the spread of the virus, an infected person must be kept away from other people until he or she is no longer contagious. […] People who have survived smallpox cannot get it again. […] Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. It has vaccinia virus in it, which is like the smallpox virus but safer. If you get the shot before you’ve been exposed to smallpox, it will likely protect you for at least 3 to 5 years. And having a second shot later can protect you for an even longer period of time. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. Everyone who might have been exposed to the virus was then vaccinated. This practice, called ring vaccination, played a key role in wiping out smallpox. Many experts think it would be better to carry out ring vaccination before mass vaccination if there were a case today. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur. All children and most adults in the U.S. today have a chance of getting infected if they are exposed to the smallpox virus.

• #48 Smallpox – Grand Ave Urgent Care

  https://grandaveurgentcare.com/patient-education/health-library?DOCHWID=tn8265

  In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. Everyone who might have been exposed to the virus was then vaccinated. This practice, called ring vaccination, played a key role in wiping out smallpox. Many experts think it would be better to carry out ring vaccination before mass vaccination if there were a case today.

• #49 HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS – Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221067/

  The nurse’s organizations agree with CDC’s recommendation that if there are no known outbreaks of smallpox, the general public need not be vaccinated. In the absence of a confirmed case or confirmed bioterrorism attack, persons, pre-designated by public health authorities who will have direct contact with or will investigate the initial cases of smallpox, and those considered essential medical personnel should be vaccinated. […] In the event of a confirmed smallpox case, or confirmed bioterrorism event involving smallpox, surveillance and containment will be needed to identify, control, and contain the disease. Public health officials should determine the exposure risk, and direct vaccinations be given to those at risk.

• #50

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/smallpox.aspx

  This guideline describes the public health response to a case of smallpox. This guideline is intended to be used together with the national Plan for Smallpox Outbreak, Preparedness, Response and Management (Smallpox Plan) and jurisdictional smallpox response plans. […] The aim is to isolate the infectious case and create a barrier of immune persons around the case (ring vaccination). Post exposure vaccination may prevent or modify disease. The following actions should be undertaken as soon as possible: identify and isolate smallpox cases to prevent further disease spread, identify, vaccinate and monitor higher risk and lower risk primary contacts to prevent secondary cases, identify, vaccinate and educate the household-like contacts of higher risk primary contacts to prevent tertiary cases, vaccinate first responders (healthcare and emergency workers who may come into contact with a smallpox case or specimens).

• #51 Nursing Care Plan For Smallpox – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-smallpox/

  The care plan emphasizes strict adherence to infection control measures, including standard precautions, isolation protocols, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment. These measures are essential for minimizing the risk of transmission within healthcare settings and protecting both patients and healthcare providers. […] Furthermore, the nursing care plan recognizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, as effective management of smallpox requires a team approach involving healthcare providers, infection control specialists, laboratory personnel, and public health officials. By working together and sharing knowledge and expertise, the healthcare team can effectively respond to smallpox cases and minimize the impact of potential outbreaks. […] By implementing this comprehensive nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute significantly to managing smallpox cases, preventing its spread, and providing the necessary care and support to affected individuals. Through their expertise, compassion, and dedication, nurses play a vital role in protecting public health and ensuring the well-being of patients during smallpox outbreaks.

• #52 Nursing Care Plan For Smallpox – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-smallpox/

  The care plan emphasizes strict adherence to infection control measures, including standard precautions, isolation protocols, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment. These measures are essential for minimizing the risk of transmission within healthcare settings and protecting both patients and healthcare providers. […] Furthermore, the nursing care plan recognizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, as effective management of smallpox requires a team approach involving healthcare providers, infection control specialists, laboratory personnel, and public health officials. By working together and sharing knowledge and expertise, the healthcare team can effectively respond to smallpox cases and minimize the impact of potential outbreaks. […] By implementing this comprehensive nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute significantly to managing smallpox cases, preventing its spread, and providing the necessary care and support to affected individuals. Through their expertise, compassion, and dedication, nurses play a vital role in protecting public health and ensuring the well-being of patients during smallpox outbreaks.

• #53 Updated Smallpox Vaccination Recommendation, Health Law & Policy Institute

  https://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/Bioterrorism/022207ACIP.html

  The supplemental recommendation, available at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/smallpox/supp_recs.htm, addresses vaccination of the general population and of those designated to care for persons with suspected or confirmed cases of smallpox. […] The ACIP recommends vaccinating the following selected groups in order to enhance smallpox response readiness: persons designated by public health authorities to investigate initial smallpox cases, requiring direct contact with infected persons; selected personnel in facilities designated to serve as referral centers to provide care for the initial cases of smallpox. […] state bioterrorism response plans should designate initial smallpox isolation and care facilities, and these facilities should designate in advance individuals who would care for the initial smallpox cases.

• #54 ACIP suggests which hospital workers need smallpox shots; total could reach 500,000 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/public-health/acip-suggests-which-hospital-workers-need-smallpox-shots-total-could-reach-500000

  The committee called for immunizing emergency department and intensive care unit staff members, infectious disease physicians, respiratory therapists, dermatologists, and others who could be assigned to smallpox care teams in hospitals. […] The committee recommends that such teams include „emergency room physicians and nurses, intensive care unit staff, infectious disease specialists, medical personnel with smallpox experience, and other medical specialties, including dermatologists, pediatricians, ophthalmologists, pathologists, and surgeons.” […] The committee also recommends „that hospitals establish at least two smallpox health care teams to ensure adequate care.” […] The advice against time off is tied to a recommendation that workers who care directly for patients keep their vaccination sites „covered with gauze or similar absorbent material in order to absorb exudates.”

• #55 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  The risk of re-aerosolization of smallpox virus from contaminated persons is considered low. In situations where there may have been gross exposure to smallpox, personal decontamination can be performed by removing contaminated clothing and washing exposed skin with soap and water. […] The principles of Standard Precautions are generally applied for the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of equipment and environmental control in facilities. […] Specific biosafety procedures, including vaccinating laboratory personnel against smallpox if there is potential work involving receiving and handling smallpox specimens, personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and additional work practices that have been established for handling smallpox virus in laboratories. […] Various actions may be taken by public health authorities to treat and prevent further infections due to a release of the smallpox virus. These measures may include mass distribution of vaccinations, surveillance, quarantine, and communication procedures.

• #56 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  The risk of re-aerosolization of smallpox virus from contaminated persons is considered low. In situations where there may have been gross exposure to smallpox, personal decontamination can be performed by removing contaminated clothing and washing exposed skin with soap and water. […] The principles of Standard Precautions are generally applied for the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of equipment and environmental control in facilities. […] Specific biosafety procedures, including vaccinating laboratory personnel against smallpox if there is potential work involving receiving and handling smallpox specimens, personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and additional work practices that have been established for handling smallpox virus in laboratories. […] Various actions may be taken by public health authorities to treat and prevent further infections due to a release of the smallpox virus. These measures may include mass distribution of vaccinations, surveillance, quarantine, and communication procedures.

• #57 Nursing CE – RnCeus.com

  http://rnceus.com/biot/small.html

  The use of smallpox against groups of Indians in North America caused a devastating loss of life. […] Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available to treat smallpox. At this time, treatment consists of supportive therapy plus antibiotics as needed for treatment of secondary bacterial infections. […] Therefore, maintaining adequate hydration and nutrition is imperative, although eating and drinking are difficult due to the painful pustules that sometimes form in the mouth and oropharynx. […] In caring for a patient with smallpox in the home, caregivers must practice strict infection control measures. All contaminated instruments, surfaces, excretions, fluids, and other materials should be incinerated or decontaminated chemically. […] Given the high potential for transmitting smallpox among other patients who are hospitalized, many of whom are immunocompromised, the WHO recommends isolating all but the most critical patients at home.

• #58 Caring for the Site of the Smallpox Vaccination

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7019/

  You can wear a shirt that covers the vaccination site as an extra precaution to prevent spread of the vaccinia virus. This is particularly important in situations of close personal contact. Change the bandage every 1-2 days. This will keep skin at the vaccination site from softening and wearing away. Wash hands with soap and warm water after direct contact with the bandage or after direct contact with the vaccination site. This is vital in order to remove any virus from your hands and prevent contact spread. Keep the vaccination site dry. Cover the vaccination site with a water-resistant pad, such as a waterproof band-aid, when you bathe. Remember to change back to the loose gauze bandage after bathing. Put the contaminated bandages in a sealed plastic bag and throw them away. Wash clothing or any other material that comes in contact with the vaccination site. Use hot water with detergent and/or bleach. When the scab comes off, throw it away in a sealed plastic bag (remember to wash your hands afterwards). […] Don’t use a bandage that blocks all air from the vaccination site. This may cause the skin at the vaccination site to soften and wear away. Use loose gauze secured with medical tape to cover the site. Don’t put salves or ointments on the vaccination site. Don’t scratch or pick at the scab.

• #59 Smallpox Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Vaccination, Isolation Recommendations From the CDC

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment

  Corneal lesions may be treated with topical idoxuridine. […] Whenever possible, patients should be cared for at home in the event of a large smallpox outbreak. However, in the event of an outbreak with only a few cases or when patients cannot be cared for at home, hospital admission is advisable. The CDC recommends that authorities consider designating specific hospitals for smallpox care. […] Isolate patients possibly infected with smallpox virus in negative-pressure rooms under airborne precautions and vaccinate them within the first 4 days after exposure. Supportive and symptomatic treatment (eg, hydration, nutrition) should be provided. […] Smallpox patients should be transferred as necessary, with appropriate respiratory and contact isolation. […] Further outpatient care for smallpox patients includes cosmetic management of scars and corrective vision care.

• #60 Smallpox | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/smallpox/

  Before smallpox was eradicated (eliminated), it was a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It spread from person-to-person and caused a fever and a distinctive skin rash. […] Most people with smallpox recovered, but about 3 out of every 10 people with the disease died. Many smallpox survivors have permanent scars over large areas of their body, especially their faces. Some are left blind. […] Treatment of smallpox patients generally involved supportive care. Vaccination can prevent or lessen the severity of disease if given within 2 to 3 days of the initial exposure. Vaccination may decrease symptoms if given within the first week of exposure. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and proper infection and environmental controls.

• #61 Nursing Care Plan For Smallpox – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-smallpox/

  The care plan emphasizes strict adherence to infection control measures, including standard precautions, isolation protocols, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment. These measures are essential for minimizing the risk of transmission within healthcare settings and protecting both patients and healthcare providers. […] Furthermore, the nursing care plan recognizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, as effective management of smallpox requires a team approach involving healthcare providers, infection control specialists, laboratory personnel, and public health officials. By working together and sharing knowledge and expertise, the healthcare team can effectively respond to smallpox cases and minimize the impact of potential outbreaks. […] By implementing this comprehensive nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute significantly to managing smallpox cases, preventing its spread, and providing the necessary care and support to affected individuals. Through their expertise, compassion, and dedication, nurses play a vital role in protecting public health and ensuring the well-being of patients during smallpox outbreaks.

• #62 Nursing Care Plan For Smallpox – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-smallpox/

  The care plan emphasizes strict adherence to infection control measures, including standard precautions, isolation protocols, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment. These measures are essential for minimizing the risk of transmission within healthcare settings and protecting both patients and healthcare providers. […] Furthermore, the nursing care plan recognizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, as effective management of smallpox requires a team approach involving healthcare providers, infection control specialists, laboratory personnel, and public health officials. By working together and sharing knowledge and expertise, the healthcare team can effectively respond to smallpox cases and minimize the impact of potential outbreaks. […] By implementing this comprehensive nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can contribute significantly to managing smallpox cases, preventing its spread, and providing the necessary care and support to affected individuals. Through their expertise, compassion, and dedication, nurses play a vital role in protecting public health and ensuring the well-being of patients during smallpox outbreaks.

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