Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #2 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #3 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] Smallpox is caused by infection with Variola virus, which belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. […] Variola virus is large and brick-shaped and is approximately 302 to 350 nanometers by 244 to 270 nm, with a single linear double stranded DNA genome 186 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size and containing a hairpin loop at each end. […] The more common, infectious form of the disease was caused by the variola major virus strain, known for its significantly higher mortality rate compared to its counterpart, variola minor. Variola major had a fatality rate of around 30%, while variola minor’s mortality rate was about 1%. […] Variola minor virus, also called alastrim, was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although variola minor had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, it is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to variola major’s 30%.

• #4 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is a member of the viral family poxvirus, genus orthopoxvirus, and species variola virus. […] Poxviruses are the largest of the human viral pathogens and have a brick-shaped appearance on electron microscopy. Variola virus measures approximately 300 nm to 350 nm long. The poxviruses possess a linear, double-stranded DNA genome, and are unique in that their genetic makeup encodes all the proteins necessary for replication allowing them to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. […] Smallpox is a human disease without animal reservoirs, which became an important factor in its successful eradication. […] Smallpox transmission occurs through airborne respiratory droplet secretions or direct contact with lesions or contaminated fomites. […] After viral entry through the oropharynx or nasopharynx, the virus migrates to regional lymph nodes where it begins replication.

• #5 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] Smallpox is caused by infection with Variola virus, which belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. […] Variola virus is large and brick-shaped and is approximately 302 to 350 nanometers by 244 to 270 nm, with a single linear double stranded DNA genome 186 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size and containing a hairpin loop at each end. […] The more common, infectious form of the disease was caused by the variola major virus strain, known for its significantly higher mortality rate compared to its counterpart, variola minor. Variola major had a fatality rate of around 30%, while variola minor’s mortality rate was about 1%. […] Variola minor virus, also called alastrim, was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although variola minor had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, it is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to variola major’s 30%.

• #6 Smallpox and genetics | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/smallpox-and-genetics

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the variola virus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus that causes smallpox has a brick-shaped outer envelope and a dumbbell-shaped core that contains the smallpox genome. The smallpox genome is composed of linear, double-stranded DNA containing more than two hundred genes. […] Smallpox is transmitted from one human to another, either by direct contact or via droplets released into the air during sneezing and coughing fits. […] The DNA genome codes for several hundred polypeptides, including several transcriptases responsible for of the virus within the cells of the host. […] The first step in removing its viral coat probably occurs at this stage, as host cell enzymes dissolve the viral envelope. […] Smallpox fatalities typically occur because of complications such as pneumonia, septicemia, and nephritis (kidney failure).

• #7 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, & Vaccines

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/smallpox-causes-treatment

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by a virus thats no longer found in nature. […] The variola virus causes smallpox. There are two forms of the virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, led to a form of smallpox that killed about 30% of people who were infected. Variola minor caused a less deadly type that killed about 1% of those who got it. […] Two forms of smallpox — hemorrhagic and malignant — were more deadly than the common strain. […] Hemorrhagic smallpox tended to affect adults, including pregnant adults, not children. […] Malignant smallpox tended to affect children. Instead of raised blisters, infected individuals developed flat lesions that emerged on the skin surface. Most people who got this form of smallpox also died of blood poisoning.

• #8 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #9 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #10 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] Smallpox is caused by infection with Variola virus, which belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. […] Variola virus is large and brick-shaped and is approximately 302 to 350 nanometers by 244 to 270 nm, with a single linear double stranded DNA genome 186 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size and containing a hairpin loop at each end. […] The more common, infectious form of the disease was caused by the variola major virus strain, known for its significantly higher mortality rate compared to its counterpart, variola minor. Variola major had a fatality rate of around 30%, while variola minor’s mortality rate was about 1%. […] Variola minor virus, also called alastrim, was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although variola minor had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, it is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to variola major’s 30%.

• #11 Smallpox Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/smallpox.html

  Smallpox is a contagious and sometimes fatal disease caused by two related viruses: variola major and variola minor. […] Variola major is the more common and severe form, with an overall historical fatality rate of about 30%. […] Variola minor is less common and causes a milder form of smallpox that is usually not fatal. Historic death rates were less than 1%. […] The only way to prevent smallpox is by receiving the smallpox vaccine, which was developed from the vaccinia virus, which is related to the smallpox virus but causes a far milder form of disease. […] Historically, the variola major virus, the most common smallpox virus, was associated with death rates of about 30%.

• #12 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #13 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, & Vaccines

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/smallpox-causes-treatment

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by a virus thats no longer found in nature. […] The variola virus causes smallpox. There are two forms of the virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, led to a form of smallpox that killed about 30% of people who were infected. Variola minor caused a less deadly type that killed about 1% of those who got it. […] Two forms of smallpox — hemorrhagic and malignant — were more deadly than the common strain. […] Hemorrhagic smallpox tended to affect adults, including pregnant adults, not children. […] Malignant smallpox tended to affect children. Instead of raised blisters, infected individuals developed flat lesions that emerged on the skin surface. Most people who got this form of smallpox also died of blood poisoning.

• #14 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  The virus starts in the lungs. […] The virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that starts as macules (flat, red lesions). […] Types: Variola major, or smallpox, has a death rate of 30%. […] Variola minor, or alastrim, is a milder form of the virus with a death rate of 1%. […] Classic smallpox is believed to be the most communicable disease; about a third of unvaccinated people who come in contact with it becomes infected. […] The hemorrhagic variety of variola has a much higher death rate than classic smallpox and leads to death more quickly. […] The modified variety of smallpox essentially affects people who have been vaccinated and still have some immune response to the vaccine. […] Because smallpox has been eradicated, the only risk factor today for contracting the virus is working in a laboratory with the virus or in the event of a biological weapons attack.

• #15 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, & Vaccines

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/smallpox-causes-treatment

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by a virus thats no longer found in nature. […] The variola virus causes smallpox. There are two forms of the virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, led to a form of smallpox that killed about 30% of people who were infected. Variola minor caused a less deadly type that killed about 1% of those who got it. […] Two forms of smallpox — hemorrhagic and malignant — were more deadly than the common strain. […] Hemorrhagic smallpox tended to affect adults, including pregnant adults, not children. […] Malignant smallpox tended to affect children. Instead of raised blisters, infected individuals developed flat lesions that emerged on the skin surface. Most people who got this form of smallpox also died of blood poisoning.

• #16 Department of Agriculture | Smallpox

  https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/smallpox.html

  Variola virus is susceptible to various disinfectants including 1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.1N sodium hydroxide, 1% peracetic acid, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide and others. […] No effective treatment other than supportive therapy is known; cidofovir and other antiviral agents are under investigation. […] An effective human vaccine is available and appears to be protective for at least 3 years. Vaccination after exposure can prevent disease or reduce clinical signs and the risk of death; vaccination is most effective if it is given within a few days after exposure. […] Variola minor is a milder disease; the mortality rate is approximately 1% in unvaccinated persons. The overall mortality rate for variola major is 3% in vaccinated individuals and 30% in unvaccinated; mortality is generally higher with the Asian form than African form and in children under a year old. […] The malignant and hemorrhagic forms of variola major develop in approximately 5 to 10% of infected people. These forms are almost always fatal; the mortality rate in the malignant form is 95%.

• #17 Smallpox (Variola Virus) – Topoisomerase 1B – Proteopedia, life in 3D

  https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Smallpox_%28Variola_Virus%29_-_Topoisomerase_1B

  Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The smallpox virus invades host cells by binding to specific receptors on the host cell membrane. […] One characteristic that makes the Variola virus so deadly is that it doesnt require any help from the host cell to begin replication. The reason for this is that the Variola virus codes for all the enzymes needed for its proliferation. […] Type IB topoisomerase is a key target for research against the spread of smallpox because it is integral for the viruses replication process. The replication of smallpox is complicated since it doesnt hijack the hosts genetic machinery to reproduce, this makes the disease highly virulent, and hard to specifically target for elimination by antiviral drugs.

• #18 How Smallpox Spreads | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/causes/index.html

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. […] Scientists have no evidence that smallpox can be spread by insects or animals. […] Smallpox patients are considered infectious from the time the first sores appeared in the mouth or throat (oropharyngeal lesions), throughout the course of the disease, until the last scab falls off the body. […] Before smallpox was eradicated, the disease had a secondary household or close contact attack rate of approximately 60% among unvaccinated individuals.

• #19 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  Variola (the virus that causes smallpox) is a member of the orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes viruses that cause cowpox, monkeypox, orf, and molluscum contagiosum. […] Smallpox is a disease caused by a poxvirus that is transmitted from person to person causes high fever, and characteristic rash, and may kill about one-third of those infected. […] The variola virus is the only known cause of smallpox. […] The disease affects only humans. […] No animal reservoirs or insect vectors (insects that spread disease) exist, and no carrier state (the period when the virus is in the body, but the person is not actively sick) occurs. […] Before smallpox was wiped out, the disease survived through continual person-to-person transmission. […] The virus is only transmitted from human to human; there are no known animal infections.

• #20 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #21 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is a member of the viral family poxvirus, genus orthopoxvirus, and species variola virus. […] Poxviruses are the largest of the human viral pathogens and have a brick-shaped appearance on electron microscopy. Variola virus measures approximately 300 nm to 350 nm long. The poxviruses possess a linear, double-stranded DNA genome, and are unique in that their genetic makeup encodes all the proteins necessary for replication allowing them to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. […] Smallpox is a human disease without animal reservoirs, which became an important factor in its successful eradication. […] Smallpox transmission occurs through airborne respiratory droplet secretions or direct contact with lesions or contaminated fomites. […] After viral entry through the oropharynx or nasopharynx, the virus migrates to regional lymph nodes where it begins replication.

• #22 Smallpox (Variola Virus) – Topoisomerase 1B – Proteopedia, life in 3D

  https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Smallpox_%28Variola_Virus%29_-_Topoisomerase_1B

  Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The smallpox virus invades host cells by binding to specific receptors on the host cell membrane. […] One characteristic that makes the Variola virus so deadly is that it doesnt require any help from the host cell to begin replication. The reason for this is that the Variola virus codes for all the enzymes needed for its proliferation. […] Type IB topoisomerase is a key target for research against the spread of smallpox because it is integral for the viruses replication process. The replication of smallpox is complicated since it doesnt hijack the hosts genetic machinery to reproduce, this makes the disease highly virulent, and hard to specifically target for elimination by antiviral drugs.

• #23 Smallpox: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001356.htm

  Smallpox is a serious disease that is easily passed from person to person (contagious). It is caused by a virus. […] Smallpox spreads from one person to another from saliva droplets. It may also be spread from bed sheets and clothing. It is most contagious during the first week of the infection. It may continue to be contagious until the scabs from the rash fall off. The virus can stay alive between 6 and 24 hours. […] There is a concern that the smallpox virus could be spread as part of a terrorist attack. The virus could be spread in spray (aerosol) form.

• #24 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  Smallpox has now been eradicated but ongoing interest in this disease lies both in the success of the eradication programme, its potential as a biological weapon and its similarity to monkeypox. Smallpox used to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by the variola virus which belongs to the same genus as cowpox, monkeypox, orf and molluscum contagiosum. […] The virus is acquired from inhalation, although it can remain viable in fomites for about a week and may be transmitted directly via saliva, respiratory secretions and vesicular fluid. […] There is no natural animal or insect reservoir. Infection starts in the respiratory tract before disseminating to form infective foci within the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the kidneys and brain.

• #25 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is spread from person to person. […] Smallpox is spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents into the air. […] Smallpox can also be spread by direct contact with blister fluid or contaminated objects. […] Smallpox is a potential bioterrorism agent.

• #26 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #27 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Smallpox | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/it/healtcare-library/con-20309654

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. The virus can spread: […] Directly from person to person. You can catch the smallpox virus by being around someone who has it. An infected person can spread the virus when they cough, sneeze or talk. Coming in contact with skin sores also can cause you to get smallpox. […] Indirectly from an infected person. Rarely, smallpox can spread through the air inside buildings, infecting people in other rooms or on other floors. […] Through contaminated items. Smallpox can also spread through contact with contaminated clothing and bedding. But getting smallpox this way is less likely. […] As a terrorist weapon, potentially. Using smallpox as a weapon is an unlikely threat. But because releasing the virus could spread the disease quickly, governments are preparing for this possibility.

• #28 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is spread from person to person. […] Smallpox is spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents into the air. […] Smallpox can also be spread by direct contact with blister fluid or contaminated objects. […] Smallpox is a potential bioterrorism agent.

• #29 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #30 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is spread from person to person. […] Smallpox is spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents into the air. […] Smallpox can also be spread by direct contact with blister fluid or contaminated objects. […] Smallpox is a potential bioterrorism agent.

• #31 How Smallpox Spreads | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/causes/index.html

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. […] Scientists have no evidence that smallpox can be spread by insects or animals. […] Smallpox patients are considered infectious from the time the first sores appeared in the mouth or throat (oropharyngeal lesions), throughout the course of the disease, until the last scab falls off the body. […] Before smallpox was eradicated, the disease had a secondary household or close contact attack rate of approximately 60% among unvaccinated individuals.

• #32 Smallpox: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001356.htm

  Smallpox is a serious disease that is easily passed from person to person (contagious). It is caused by a virus. […] Smallpox spreads from one person to another from saliva droplets. It may also be spread from bed sheets and clothing. It is most contagious during the first week of the infection. It may continue to be contagious until the scabs from the rash fall off. The virus can stay alive between 6 and 24 hours. […] There is a concern that the smallpox virus could be spread as part of a terrorist attack. The virus could be spread in spray (aerosol) form.

• #33 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #34 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Smallpox | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/it/healtcare-library/con-20309654

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. The virus can spread: […] Directly from person to person. You can catch the smallpox virus by being around someone who has it. An infected person can spread the virus when they cough, sneeze or talk. Coming in contact with skin sores also can cause you to get smallpox. […] Indirectly from an infected person. Rarely, smallpox can spread through the air inside buildings, infecting people in other rooms or on other floors. […] Through contaminated items. Smallpox can also spread through contact with contaminated clothing and bedding. But getting smallpox this way is less likely. […] As a terrorist weapon, potentially. Using smallpox as a weapon is an unlikely threat. But because releasing the virus could spread the disease quickly, governments are preparing for this possibility.

• #35 Smallpox: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001356.htm

  Smallpox is a serious disease that is easily passed from person to person (contagious). It is caused by a virus. […] Smallpox spreads from one person to another from saliva droplets. It may also be spread from bed sheets and clothing. It is most contagious during the first week of the infection. It may continue to be contagious until the scabs from the rash fall off. The virus can stay alive between 6 and 24 hours. […] There is a concern that the smallpox virus could be spread as part of a terrorist attack. The virus could be spread in spray (aerosol) form.

• #36 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Smallpox | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/it/healtcare-library/con-20309654

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. The virus can spread: […] Directly from person to person. You can catch the smallpox virus by being around someone who has it. An infected person can spread the virus when they cough, sneeze or talk. Coming in contact with skin sores also can cause you to get smallpox. […] Indirectly from an infected person. Rarely, smallpox can spread through the air inside buildings, infecting people in other rooms or on other floors. […] Through contaminated items. Smallpox can also spread through contact with contaminated clothing and bedding. But getting smallpox this way is less likely. […] As a terrorist weapon, potentially. Using smallpox as a weapon is an unlikely threat. But because releasing the virus could spread the disease quickly, governments are preparing for this possibility.

• #37 Department of Agriculture | Smallpox

  https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/smallpox.html

  Smallpox results from infection by variola virus (genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae). At least two strains of virus exist: the more virulent strain causes variola major and the less virulent strain causes variola minor. […] The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes the vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox, camelpox and ectromelia viruses; these agents resemble each other in electron micrographs and in many culture systems. […] The smallpox virus must be continuously transmitted from human to human to survive; humans do not become long-term carriers and animal reservoirs do not exist. […] Variola viruses can also be transmitted by individuals who maintain the virus in the throat without clinical signs. […] The potential for long-distance aerosol spread is controversial but has been demonstrated under certain conditions such as in hospitals.

• #38 How Smallpox Spreads | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/causes/index.html

  Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. […] Scientists have no evidence that smallpox can be spread by insects or animals. […] Smallpox patients are considered infectious from the time the first sores appeared in the mouth or throat (oropharyngeal lesions), throughout the course of the disease, until the last scab falls off the body. […] Before smallpox was eradicated, the disease had a secondary household or close contact attack rate of approximately 60% among unvaccinated individuals.

• #39 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #40 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  The virus starts in the lungs. […] The virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that starts as macules (flat, red lesions). […] Types: Variola major, or smallpox, has a death rate of 30%. […] Variola minor, or alastrim, is a milder form of the virus with a death rate of 1%. […] Classic smallpox is believed to be the most communicable disease; about a third of unvaccinated people who come in contact with it becomes infected. […] The hemorrhagic variety of variola has a much higher death rate than classic smallpox and leads to death more quickly. […] The modified variety of smallpox essentially affects people who have been vaccinated and still have some immune response to the vaccine. […] Because smallpox has been eradicated, the only risk factor today for contracting the virus is working in a laboratory with the virus or in the event of a biological weapons attack.

• #41 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #42 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #43 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is a member of the viral family poxvirus, genus orthopoxvirus, and species variola virus. […] Poxviruses are the largest of the human viral pathogens and have a brick-shaped appearance on electron microscopy. Variola virus measures approximately 300 nm to 350 nm long. The poxviruses possess a linear, double-stranded DNA genome, and are unique in that their genetic makeup encodes all the proteins necessary for replication allowing them to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. […] Smallpox is a human disease without animal reservoirs, which became an important factor in its successful eradication. […] Smallpox transmission occurs through airborne respiratory droplet secretions or direct contact with lesions or contaminated fomites. […] After viral entry through the oropharynx or nasopharynx, the virus migrates to regional lymph nodes where it begins replication.

• #44 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #45 Smallpox – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470418/

  Smallpox is a member of the viral family poxvirus, genus orthopoxvirus, and species variola virus. […] Poxviruses are the largest of the human viral pathogens and have a brick-shaped appearance on electron microscopy. Variola virus measures approximately 300 nm to 350 nm long. The poxviruses possess a linear, double-stranded DNA genome, and are unique in that their genetic makeup encodes all the proteins necessary for replication allowing them to replicate in the host cell cytoplasm. […] Smallpox is a human disease without animal reservoirs, which became an important factor in its successful eradication. […] Smallpox transmission occurs through airborne respiratory droplet secretions or direct contact with lesions or contaminated fomites. […] After viral entry through the oropharynx or nasopharynx, the virus migrates to regional lymph nodes where it begins replication.

• #46 Smallpox (Variola Virus) – Topoisomerase 1B – Proteopedia, life in 3D

  https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Smallpox_%28Variola_Virus%29_-_Topoisomerase_1B

  Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The smallpox virus invades host cells by binding to specific receptors on the host cell membrane. […] One characteristic that makes the Variola virus so deadly is that it doesnt require any help from the host cell to begin replication. The reason for this is that the Variola virus codes for all the enzymes needed for its proliferation. […] Type IB topoisomerase is a key target for research against the spread of smallpox because it is integral for the viruses replication process. The replication of smallpox is complicated since it doesnt hijack the hosts genetic machinery to reproduce, this makes the disease highly virulent, and hard to specifically target for elimination by antiviral drugs.

• #47 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #48 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  Smallpox has now been eradicated but ongoing interest in this disease lies both in the success of the eradication programme, its potential as a biological weapon and its similarity to monkeypox. Smallpox used to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by the variola virus which belongs to the same genus as cowpox, monkeypox, orf and molluscum contagiosum. […] The virus is acquired from inhalation, although it can remain viable in fomites for about a week and may be transmitted directly via saliva, respiratory secretions and vesicular fluid. […] There is no natural animal or insect reservoir. Infection starts in the respiratory tract before disseminating to form infective foci within the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the kidneys and brain.

• #49 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #50 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #51 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  The virus starts in the lungs. […] The virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that starts as macules (flat, red lesions). […] Types: Variola major, or smallpox, has a death rate of 30%. […] Variola minor, or alastrim, is a milder form of the virus with a death rate of 1%. […] Classic smallpox is believed to be the most communicable disease; about a third of unvaccinated people who come in contact with it becomes infected. […] The hemorrhagic variety of variola has a much higher death rate than classic smallpox and leads to death more quickly. […] The modified variety of smallpox essentially affects people who have been vaccinated and still have some immune response to the vaccine. […] Because smallpox has been eradicated, the only risk factor today for contracting the virus is working in a laboratory with the virus or in the event of a biological weapons attack.

• #52 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #53 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The pathogenesis of smallpox has been studied in three ways: (1) by using material from human patients; (2) by conducting experiments with variola virus infection of nonhuman primates; and (3) by conducting experiments with model infections in mice, rabbits, and monkeys using related orthopoxviruses. […] The usual entry of variola virus is through the respiratory tract with infection of the oropharyngeal (mouth) or respiratory (trachea and lung) mucosa. […] Smallpox pathogenesis is a poorly understood series of events in which the virus first disseminates locally, then through the lymphatic system, and finally to the skin without affecting vital organs. […] The primary event that triggers the production of focal lesions in orthopoxvirus infections is the localization of virus particles in the small dermal blood vessels.

• #54 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #55 Smallpox Virus (Variola) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Incubation

  https://www.medicinenet.com/smallpox/article.htm

  Smallpox is an infectious disease of the past that health care professionals eliminated worldwide by vaccination. The variola virus causes the disease, which only spreads from person to person. […] A poxvirus called variola (Poxviridae family of viruses, genus Orthopoxvirus) causes smallpox. Variola is a relatively large brick-shaped virus that contains double-stranded DNA. […] Death occurs because of overwhelming toxemia, thought to be due to immune complexes trying to react to the large number of viral particles. Variola infection only occurs in humans, which was helpful in eradicating the disease. […] There are two strains called variola major and variola minor (also known as alastrim). As implied by the names, variola major is more likely to cause serious disease and death than variola minor.

• #56 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #57 Smallpox – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox

  Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by the variola virus, and was a major cause of mortality in the past, with historic records of outbreaks across the world. Its historic death tolls were so large that it is often likened to the bubonic plague. […] The specific way a smallpox infection would lead to a patient’s death remains unclear. The Oxford Textbook of Medicine notes that people infected may develop symptoms of prostration (total exhaustion), toxemia (toxins in the blood), and hypotension (low blood pressure), which all contribute, but the mechanism by which smallpox causes such symptoms are not clear. […] The origin of the variola virus and the time since when it infected humans are uncertain. […] The first ancient genome, extracted from a 400-year-old Lithuanian child, suggested that the major divergence between modern variola virus strains occurred within the last two centuries.

• #58 Smallpox Virus (Variola) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Incubation

  https://www.medicinenet.com/smallpox/article.htm

  Smallpox is an infectious disease of the past that health care professionals eliminated worldwide by vaccination. The variola virus causes the disease, which only spreads from person to person. […] A poxvirus called variola (Poxviridae family of viruses, genus Orthopoxvirus) causes smallpox. Variola is a relatively large brick-shaped virus that contains double-stranded DNA. […] Death occurs because of overwhelming toxemia, thought to be due to immune complexes trying to react to the large number of viral particles. Variola infection only occurs in humans, which was helpful in eradicating the disease. […] There are two strains called variola major and variola minor (also known as alastrim). As implied by the names, variola major is more likely to cause serious disease and death than variola minor.

• #59 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #60 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #61 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  The antiviral drug tecovirimat was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018. […] Treatment of smallpox is generally supportive, with antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. […] Vaccination is highly protective, but rare complications from replication-competent virus vaccine (about 1:10,000) can be serious.

• #62 Smallpox and genetics | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/smallpox-and-genetics

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the variola virus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus that causes smallpox has a brick-shaped outer envelope and a dumbbell-shaped core that contains the smallpox genome. The smallpox genome is composed of linear, double-stranded DNA containing more than two hundred genes. […] Smallpox is transmitted from one human to another, either by direct contact or via droplets released into the air during sneezing and coughing fits. […] The DNA genome codes for several hundred polypeptides, including several transcriptases responsible for of the virus within the cells of the host. […] The first step in removing its viral coat probably occurs at this stage, as host cell enzymes dissolve the viral envelope. […] Smallpox fatalities typically occur because of complications such as pneumonia, septicemia, and nephritis (kidney failure).

• #63 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #64 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  The highest mortality is seen in children aged less than 1 year, in the elderly, in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients. […] In the current climate of global unrest and terrorist threats, smallpox has been highlighted as a potential biological weapon. As it has been eradicated, the most likely outbreak is from such an attack. The threat lies in the fact that it has an airborne route of spread, it is a severe illness with a high fatality rate and those who do survive are left with disfiguring scars and a risk of blindness.

• #65 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #66 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  The highest mortality is seen in children aged less than 1 year, in the elderly, in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients. […] In the current climate of global unrest and terrorist threats, smallpox has been highlighted as a potential biological weapon. As it has been eradicated, the most likely outbreak is from such an attack. The threat lies in the fact that it has an airborne route of spread, it is a severe illness with a high fatality rate and those who do survive are left with disfiguring scars and a risk of blindness.

• #67 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Discontinuation of the smallpox vaccination program in the early 1970s has reduced immunity to the variola virus in the general population. […] Because of declining immune response activity with age, the elderly population is considered to be particularly susceptible to smallpox infection, and this group is also thought to mount a less effective immune response to vaccination against smallpox than younger individuals.

• #68 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  The highest mortality is seen in children aged less than 1 year, in the elderly, in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients. […] In the current climate of global unrest and terrorist threats, smallpox has been highlighted as a potential biological weapon. As it has been eradicated, the most likely outbreak is from such an attack. The threat lies in the fact that it has an airborne route of spread, it is a severe illness with a high fatality rate and those who do survive are left with disfiguring scars and a risk of blindness.

• #69 Small Pox: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors & Diagnosis

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/small-pox/

  The variola virus, which only affects humans, is responsible for smallpox. […] The variola virus causes smallpox. The virus comes in two different forms. Variola major, a more virulent variant driving smallpox disease, leads to fatality in over 30% of those who caught it. A less lethal variant of Variola minor harmed 1% of people who contracted it. […] Adults, especially pregnant women, were more frequently affected by hemorrhagic smallpox than children. […] Children more often than adults often develop malignant smallpox. […] Smallpox has been declared eradicated. However, a person is in danger of contracting smallpox if they come into touch with the variola virus or an infectious smallpox carrier. […] It is also thought that the variola virus may be utilized as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #70 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  The highest mortality is seen in children aged less than 1 year, in the elderly, in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients. […] In the current climate of global unrest and terrorist threats, smallpox has been highlighted as a potential biological weapon. As it has been eradicated, the most likely outbreak is from such an attack. The threat lies in the fact that it has an airborne route of spread, it is a severe illness with a high fatality rate and those who do survive are left with disfiguring scars and a risk of blindness.

• #71 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Discontinuation of the smallpox vaccination program in the early 1970s has reduced immunity to the variola virus in the general population. […] Because of declining immune response activity with age, the elderly population is considered to be particularly susceptible to smallpox infection, and this group is also thought to mount a less effective immune response to vaccination against smallpox than younger individuals.

• #72 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious, very deadly disease caused by the variola virus. The smallpox virus can exist only in people—not in animals. […] The smallpox virus spreads directly from person to person and is acquired by breathing air contaminated with droplets of moisture breathed or coughed out by an infected person. […] Because the vaccines protective effects gradually wear off, nearly all people—even those previously vaccinated—are believed to be susceptible to smallpox to various degrees. […] The diagnosis of smallpox can be confirmed by identifying the smallpox virus in a sample that is taken from the blisters or pustules and is tested for the genetic material (DNA) of smallpox. […] The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. […] Antiviral drugs have not been tested in smallpox because they did not exist when the disease was present. However, if smallpox were to return, doctors think that tecovirimat, cidofovir, or brincidofovir might be helpful.

• #73 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Discontinuation of the smallpox vaccination program in the early 1970s has reduced immunity to the variola virus in the general population. […] Because of declining immune response activity with age, the elderly population is considered to be particularly susceptible to smallpox infection, and this group is also thought to mount a less effective immune response to vaccination against smallpox than younger individuals.

• #74 Smallpox Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/smallpox

  Smallpox is a serious disease that is easily passed from person to person (contagious). It is caused by a virus. […] Smallpox spreads from one person to another from saliva droplets. It may also be spread from bed sheets and clothing. It is most contagious during the first week of the infection. It may continue to be contagious until the scabs from the rash fall off. The virus can stay alive between 6 and 24 hours. […] There are two forms of smallpox: Variola major is a serious illness that can be life threatening in people who have not been vaccinated. It was responsible for a large number of deaths. […] It is unknown how long past vaccinations stay effective. People who received the vaccine many years ago may no longer be fully protected against the virus. […] There is a concern that the smallpox virus could be spread as part of a terrorist attack. The virus could be spread in spray (aerosol) form.

• #75 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Smallpox, one of the biggest killers in history, is caused by a virus called variola. Variola causes a distinctive rash and is often lethal. […] People generally become infected with the smallpox virus by breathing in virus droplets following exposure to infected individuals or by direct contact with infected fluids or contaminated objects. An unusual property of the smallpox virus is that it only infects humans and not animals and insects (this property was instrumental in the eradication of smallpox). […] About 30% of infected people die from smallpox infection. […] By some estimates, smallpox has been responsible for more deaths over the centuries than all other infectious diseases combined. […] The smallpox virus is classified as a highest risk Category A bioterrorism agent for several reasons.

• #76 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the smallpox virus, an orthopoxvirus. Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] Because humans are the only natural host of the smallpox virus and because the virus cannot survive 2 days in the environment, WHO has declared natural infection eradicated. […] Concerns about bioterrorism using smallpox virus from retained research stores or even from synthetically created virus raise the possibility of a recurrence. […] The attack rate is as high as 85% in unvaccinated people, and infection may lead to as many as 4 to 10 secondary cases from each primary case. […] The virus invades the oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa and multiplies in regional lymph nodes, causing subsequent viremia. […] Case fatality rate is about 30%. […] About 5 to 10% of people with variola major develop either a hemorrhagic or a malignant (flat) variant.

• #77 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is spread from person to person. […] Smallpox is spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents into the air. […] Smallpox can also be spread by direct contact with blister fluid or contaminated objects. […] Smallpox is a potential bioterrorism agent.

• #78 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #79 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Smallpox, one of the biggest killers in history, is caused by a virus called variola. Variola causes a distinctive rash and is often lethal. […] People generally become infected with the smallpox virus by breathing in virus droplets following exposure to infected individuals or by direct contact with infected fluids or contaminated objects. An unusual property of the smallpox virus is that it only infects humans and not animals and insects (this property was instrumental in the eradication of smallpox). […] About 30% of infected people die from smallpox infection. […] By some estimates, smallpox has been responsible for more deaths over the centuries than all other infectious diseases combined. […] The smallpox virus is classified as a highest risk Category A bioterrorism agent for several reasons.

• #80 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  Smallpox is highly contagious and mainly spreads from person to person by inhalation. […] The most contagious period is once the rash develops, and this can last from seven to 10 days following the onset of the rash. […] Smallpox is one of the most communicable of all infectious diseases. […] Of those who are unvaccinated, smallpox has a 30% mortality rate. […] Variola represents a significant threat as a biological warfare agent. […] Variola is highly infectious and is associated with a high death rate and secondary spread.

• #81 Smallpox: Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/smallpox/article_em.htm

  Smallpox is highly contagious and mainly spreads from person to person by inhalation. […] The most contagious period is once the rash develops, and this can last from seven to 10 days following the onset of the rash. […] Smallpox is one of the most communicable of all infectious diseases. […] Of those who are unvaccinated, smallpox has a 30% mortality rate. […] Variola represents a significant threat as a biological warfare agent. […] Variola is highly infectious and is associated with a high death rate and secondary spread.

• #82 Smallpox Virus | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/smallpox-virus

  Discontinuation of the smallpox vaccination program in the early 1970s has reduced immunity to the variola virus in the general population. […] Because of declining immune response activity with age, the elderly population is considered to be particularly susceptible to smallpox infection, and this group is also thought to mount a less effective immune response to vaccination against smallpox than younger individuals.

• #83 Related conditions – Smallpox – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/Infection/Related-conditions/Smallpox

  Smallpox was an infection that was caused by the virus called variola virus. […] The smallpox virus is passed from one person to another through inhalation of air droplets or aerosols. […] As a weapon of biological warfare, it is most likely that the smallpox virus would be spread through the ventilation systems of buildings.

• #84 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm

  The highest mortality is seen in children aged less than 1 year, in the elderly, in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients. […] In the current climate of global unrest and terrorist threats, smallpox has been highlighted as a potential biological weapon. As it has been eradicated, the most likely outbreak is from such an attack. The threat lies in the fact that it has an airborne route of spread, it is a severe illness with a high fatality rate and those who do survive are left with disfiguring scars and a risk of blindness.

• #85

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/smallpox

  Smallpox is an ancient disease caused by the variola virus. […] The virus which causes smallpox is contagious and spreads through person-to-person contact and saliva droplets in an infected person’s breath. […] When smallpox was officially certified as eradicated, in December 1979, an agreement was reached under which all remaining stocks of the virus would either be destroyed or passed to one of two secure laboratories one in the United States and one in the Russian Federation. […] Some governments believe there is a risk that the virus which causes smallpox exists in places other than these laboratories and could be deliberately released to cause harm. […] There is no cure for smallpox, but vaccination can be used very effectively to prevent infection from developing if given during a period of up to four days after a person has been exposed to the virus.

• #86 Smallpox Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/smallpox/

  Smallpox is a contagious infection caused by the variola virus. […] Before there was a vaccine, smallpox used to cause death all around the world. […] Smallpox virus is known to exist in labs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. and at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Russia. […] Smallpox is contagious. It can be passed from one person to another through coughing, sneezing, or breathing, or by contact with the scabs or the fluid from blisters. […] The incubation period for smallpox is about 12 days. […] If a doctor suspected a case of smallpox, blood and skin tests would be needed to confirm the diagnosis. […] There is no known cure for smallpox. […] Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur.

• #87 Smallpox Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/smallpox/

  Smallpox is a contagious infection caused by the variola virus. […] Before there was a vaccine, smallpox used to cause death all around the world. […] Smallpox virus is known to exist in labs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. and at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Russia. […] Smallpox is contagious. It can be passed from one person to another through coughing, sneezing, or breathing, or by contact with the scabs or the fluid from blisters. […] The incubation period for smallpox is about 12 days. […] If a doctor suspected a case of smallpox, blood and skin tests would be needed to confirm the diagnosis. […] There is no known cure for smallpox. […] Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur.

• #88

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/smallpox

  Smallpox is an ancient disease caused by the variola virus. […] The virus which causes smallpox is contagious and spreads through person-to-person contact and saliva droplets in an infected person’s breath. […] When smallpox was officially certified as eradicated, in December 1979, an agreement was reached under which all remaining stocks of the virus would either be destroyed or passed to one of two secure laboratories one in the United States and one in the Russian Federation. […] Some governments believe there is a risk that the virus which causes smallpox exists in places other than these laboratories and could be deliberately released to cause harm. […] There is no cure for smallpox, but vaccination can be used very effectively to prevent infection from developing if given during a period of up to four days after a person has been exposed to the virus.

• #89

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/smallpox

  Smallpox is an ancient disease caused by the variola virus. […] The virus which causes smallpox is contagious and spreads through person-to-person contact and saliva droplets in an infected person’s breath. […] When smallpox was officially certified as eradicated, in December 1979, an agreement was reached under which all remaining stocks of the virus would either be destroyed or passed to one of two secure laboratories one in the United States and one in the Russian Federation. […] Some governments believe there is a risk that the virus which causes smallpox exists in places other than these laboratories and could be deliberately released to cause harm. […] There is no cure for smallpox, but vaccination can be used very effectively to prevent infection from developing if given during a period of up to four days after a person has been exposed to the virus.

• #90 Is Smallpox Still A Threat? – Texas A&M Stories

  https://today.tamu.edu/2024/04/12/is-smallpox-still-a-threat/

  Smallpox, a disease that killed an estimated 500 million people in the 20th century alone, is the only human disease to be eradicated. However, a new report, Future State of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures, from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) argues that the U.S. and the global community should prepare for smallpox to make a return. […] According to the report, smallpox could return through an accidental “leak,” or even through an act of terrorism. […] Currently, only two laboratories — the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Laboratory for Applied Microbiology at Koltsovo in Russia — have official collections of the virus that causes smallpox, making the chance of an accidental “leak” low. However, there are enough publicly available genetic sequences of the smallpox virus to make it possible for the smallpox virus to be re-created, especially with the advance of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence.

• #91 Is Smallpox Still A Threat? – Texas A&M Stories

  https://today.tamu.edu/2024/04/12/is-smallpox-still-a-threat/

  Smallpox, a disease that killed an estimated 500 million people in the 20th century alone, is the only human disease to be eradicated. However, a new report, Future State of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures, from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) argues that the U.S. and the global community should prepare for smallpox to make a return. […] According to the report, smallpox could return through an accidental “leak,” or even through an act of terrorism. […] Currently, only two laboratories — the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Laboratory for Applied Microbiology at Koltsovo in Russia — have official collections of the virus that causes smallpox, making the chance of an accidental “leak” low. However, there are enough publicly available genetic sequences of the smallpox virus to make it possible for the smallpox virus to be re-created, especially with the advance of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence.

• #92 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Smallpox is a highly contagious, very deadly disease caused by the variola virus. The smallpox virus can exist only in people—not in animals. […] The smallpox virus spreads directly from person to person and is acquired by breathing air contaminated with droplets of moisture breathed or coughed out by an infected person. […] Because the vaccines protective effects gradually wear off, nearly all people—even those previously vaccinated—are believed to be susceptible to smallpox to various degrees. […] The diagnosis of smallpox can be confirmed by identifying the smallpox virus in a sample that is taken from the blisters or pustules and is tested for the genetic material (DNA) of smallpox. […] The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. […] Antiviral drugs have not been tested in smallpox because they did not exist when the disease was present. However, if smallpox were to return, doctors think that tecovirimat, cidofovir, or brincidofovir might be helpful.

• #93 A narrative review of pox: smallpox vs monkeypox | The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejim.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43162-022-00174-0

  The first medication with an indication for the treatment of smallpox, tecovirimat, was authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2018. […] The FDA authorized brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox in June 2021. […] Cidofovir has been demonstrated in laboratory studies to be effective against the virus that causes smallpox. […] There are no recognized, efficient treatments for monkeypox infection at this time. […] The infected individual should remain isolated, wear a surgical mask, and keep lesions covered as much as is practicable until all lesion crusts have naturally fallen off and a new skin layer has developed. […] This review provides readers with information on the current situation surrounding smallpox and monkeypox and presents the state of the art in terms of the impact on public health, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management, therapy, and prevention.

• #94 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #95 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] Because of potential bioterrorism, interest in smallpox pathogenesis has increased. Protein analysis indicates that the variola virus G1R protein binds to cellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby inhibiting its function in cell signalling. […] The G1R protein is highly conserved among pathogenic orthopoxviruses and is absent from the less-pathogenic vaccinia strains, thus suggesting that it may serve as a molecular therapeutic target. […] Smallpox is a high-priority (category A) agent for bioterrorism.

• #96 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #97 What Is Smallpox? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/smallpox/

  Smallpox is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. […] Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which, along with the vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, and cowpox virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] There are two species of variola virus Variola major and Variola minor. The first can lead to life-threatening illness, while the second rarely results in death. […] Humans are the only known carriers of the variola virus. Other Orthopoxvirus viruses are normally transmitted to humans from infected animals. […] Smallpox is most contagious after the rash develops. […] What is smallpox caused by? Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. This virus belongs to the same genus (Orthopoxvirus) as the one that causes monkeypox.

• #98 What Is Smallpox? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/smallpox/

  Smallpox is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. […] Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which, along with the vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, and cowpox virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] There are two species of variola virus Variola major and Variola minor. The first can lead to life-threatening illness, while the second rarely results in death. […] Humans are the only known carriers of the variola virus. Other Orthopoxvirus viruses are normally transmitted to humans from infected animals. […] Smallpox is most contagious after the rash develops. […] What is smallpox caused by? Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. This virus belongs to the same genus (Orthopoxvirus) as the one that causes monkeypox.

• #99 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #100 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #101 Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/830328-overview

  Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. […] The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. […] Smallpox only naturally infects humans and does not exist in a carrier state. […] The smallpox virus is transmitted mainly through the airborne route and adheres via droplet spread of viral particles onto the mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal and respiratory tract. […] The mortality rate in patients with untreated smallpox is 30% or higher. […] Variola major infection carries an overall fatality rate of approximately 30% (range, 15-50%) in an unvaccinated population and 3% in a vaccinated population. […] Variola minor infection is a less common type of smallpox and a much less severe disease, with a death rate of 1% or less.

• #102 Cowpox | Cause, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cowpox

  cowpox, uncommon mildly eruptive disease of animals, first observed in cows and occurring particularly in cats, that when transmitted to otherwise healthy humans produces immunity to smallpox. The cowpox virus is closely related to variola, the causative virus of smallpox. […] The preventive effect of vaccination, or intentional inoculation with the vaccinia virus, was demonstrated by English surgeon Edward Jenner in 1796, following the observation that milkmaids who had been infected by cowpox during milking subsequently were immune to smallpox. […] The vaccinia virus used in modern vaccines, though descended from cowpox, differs genetically from the existing cowpox virus. This difference may be a result of documented contamination of earlier vaccine cultures with variola virus, creating a hybrid that still confers immunity to smallpox infection.

• #103 Clinical Features of Smallpox – Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230904/

  The lack of a homy, keratinized cell layer permits the lesions on the mucous membranes to ulcerate soon after their formation, releasing large amounts of highly infectious virus into the saliva. […] Death is usually the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse; these are exacerbated by clotting defects in the rare hemorrhagic type of smallpox. […] The human immune response to viruses is a complicated process about which much has yet to be discovered. […] The best information on the relative importance of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to orthopoxvirus infections in humans comes from studies of human subjects in immune-deficient states who are subsequently vaccinated with vaccinia virus. […] All orthopoxviruses induce cross-protective immunity in susceptible laboratory animals. […] The process of inoculating smallpox material is called variolation to distinguish it from vaccination, which uses cowpox or vaccinia virus. […] At some unknown point in time, vaccinia virus became substituted for cowpox virus, probably because it produced generally milder lesions and lower fever.

• #104 What is mpox? A microbiologist explains what’s known about this smallpox cousin

  https://theconversation.com/what-is-mpox-a-microbiologist-explains-whats-known-about-this-smallpox-cousin-236857

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to a subset of the Poxviridae family of viruses called Orthopoxvirus. This subset includes the smallpox, vaccinia and cowpox viruses. […] Because mpox is closely related to smallpox, the smallpox vaccine can provide protection against infection from both viruses. […] Because smallpox is closely related to mpox, the smallpox vaccine can protect against both diseases.

• #105 What is mpox? A microbiologist explains what’s known about this smallpox cousin

  https://theconversation.com/what-is-mpox-a-microbiologist-explains-whats-known-about-this-smallpox-cousin-236857

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to a subset of the Poxviridae family of viruses called Orthopoxvirus. This subset includes the smallpox, vaccinia and cowpox viruses. […] Because mpox is closely related to smallpox, the smallpox vaccine can provide protection against infection from both viruses. […] Because smallpox is closely related to mpox, the smallpox vaccine can protect against both diseases.

• #106 Smallpox and Mpox | Know Your Vaccines

  https://www.knowyourvaccines.org/smallpox-mpox

  Smallpox is a serious, life-threatening disease caused by variola virus. […] Because no one has gotten smallpox in more than 40 years, vaccination against it is no longer routine, but the US maintains a stockpile of smallpox vaccines in case of bioterrorism. […] Mpox (previously caused monkeypox) is caused by a virus that is closely related to smallpox. […] Because smallpox and Mpox are so closely related, smallpox vaccination can provide protection against Mpox. […] The first vaccine in history was given to protect against smallpox. […] In addition, smallpox was the first disease to be eradicated (only one other disease has been eradicated, which is called rinderpest, or cattle plague).

• #107 From smallpox to mpox: the surprise cost of eradicating a virusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/smallpox-mpox-surprise-cost-eradicating-virus

  The demise of smallpox and rise of mpox are inextricably linked, highlighting the importance of surveillance after eradication. […] Two years later, the disease was officially declared eradicated – the only human disease ever to have achieved this status, and a massive victory for public health and vaccines. […] But this isn’t the end of the smallpox story. As the variola virus that causes it was being purged from the face of the earth, another virus was emerging in remote forested regions of Central West Africa, and the vacuum left by smallpox may have created conditions for it to flourish. […] Caused by a close relative of variola, and with similar – albeit less deadly – symptoms, an early observation was that monkeypox (now known as mpox) predominantly struck individuals who hadn’t been vaccinated against smallpox – prompting experts to speculate that it might become a bigger problem once mass smallpox vaccination ended.

• #108 A narrative review of pox: smallpox vs monkeypox | The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejim.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43162-022-00174-0

  The famed variola (smallpox) virus and the monkeypox virus (MPXV) are closely related, and MPXV causes a milder form of febrile rash disease in people. […] The orthopoxvirus family’s variola virus, which causes smallpox, is an acute infectious illness. […] Smallpox-causing variola virus is the most well-known member. […] The monkeypox virus was first found in the year 1958. […] The vaccinia vaccine formerly provided coincidental immunity against the monkeypox virus, but the eradication of smallpox and the consequent absence of immunization campaigns allowed monkeypox to become clinically relevant. […] The current outbreak of monkeypox has been related to the eradication of smallpox and the end of routine immunization. […] Getting vaccinated against smallpox resulted in some cross-protection against monkeypox.

• #109 From smallpox to mpox: the surprise cost of eradicating a virusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/smallpox-mpox-surprise-cost-eradicating-virus

  The smallpox vaccines that were in use at the time also weren’t entirely risk-free, with between 14 and 52 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time experiencing potentially life-threatening reactions that required immediate medical attention. […] But they were extremely effective, protecting against smallpox infection in around 95% of those vaccinated. […] Once there was no more smallpox, the risk of death from vaccine was greater than the risk of death from smallpox, and so vaccination stopped. […] Researchers who had studied this new virus were aware of its similarities to variola virus, and worried that the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination might leave populations more susceptible to this and other orthopoxviruses. […] There has always been a fear that mpox would replace the epidemiological niche left by smallpox as vaccination decreased.

• #110 From smallpox to mpox: the surprise cost of eradicating a virusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/smallpox-mpox-surprise-cost-eradicating-virus

  Even so, WHO took these concerns seriously enough to support an active surveillance programme for human mpox between 1981 and 1986, and the data was used to model the epidemic potential of the disease. […] What these modelling studies couldn’t predict, however, was how the world and the mpox virus might change in subsequent decades. […] Malnourishment, poor access to medical care and conditions such as HIV that weaken the immune system have further also increased people’s vulnerability to infection. […] Even those who received the smallpox vaccine before mass vaccination ended are unlikely to be well protected today. […] A major lesson from the cessation of smallpox vaccination and the rise of mpox is the need for continued surveillance, even once the immediate threat appears to have passed. […] The key is that when you eradicate a pathogen and you no longer are vaccinating against it, you no longer have any kind of natural or vaccine-induced immunity to it.

• #111 From smallpox to mpox: the surprise cost of eradicating a virusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/smallpox-mpox-surprise-cost-eradicating-virus

  Even so, WHO took these concerns seriously enough to support an active surveillance programme for human mpox between 1981 and 1986, and the data was used to model the epidemic potential of the disease. […] What these modelling studies couldn’t predict, however, was how the world and the mpox virus might change in subsequent decades. […] Malnourishment, poor access to medical care and conditions such as HIV that weaken the immune system have further also increased people’s vulnerability to infection. […] Even those who received the smallpox vaccine before mass vaccination ended are unlikely to be well protected today. […] A major lesson from the cessation of smallpox vaccination and the rise of mpox is the need for continued surveillance, even once the immediate threat appears to have passed. […] The key is that when you eradicate a pathogen and you no longer are vaccinating against it, you no longer have any kind of natural or vaccine-induced immunity to it.

• #112 Smallpox: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/smallpox-vaccine

  When Cortez’s army brought smallpox from Europe to the Western Hemisphere, about 4 million Aztecs died from the disease. […] Indeed, smallpox has probably killed more people in the history of the world than all other infectious diseases combined! About 300 million people have died from smallpox. […] Smallpox is a virus. […] About 30 of every 100 people infected with smallpox will die from the disease. […] The smallpox vaccine is made using a poxvirus that infects cows (cowpox). […] Because cowpox and human smallpox are similar, infection with cowpox can protect people against smallpox. […] Smallpox was the first human infection to be successfully eradicated. […] The last case of natural smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the World Health Organization declared it to be eradicated in 1980. […] Therefore, smallpox vaccine protected against disease caused by smallpox, even 50 years after vaccination. […] Currently, the risks of the vaccine clearly outweigh its benefits.

• #113 Smallpox: History, cause, vaccine, and does it still exist?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/smallpox

  Smallpox was a severe infectious disease that affected humans for thousands of years before its eradication in the late 20th century. […] The variola virus caused smallpox. This virus is a member of the orthopoxvirus family, which also includes cowpox and monkeypox. […] Smallpox was an epidemic, which means that it was a disease that spread quickly over a large geographical area. It was one of the most devastating diseases known to humans. […] Smallpox is the only infectious disease that humans have managed to eradicate. […] People were able to eradicate smallpox due to the creation of the worlds first successful vaccine. […] The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in 1977, and the WHO declared the disease eradicated in 1980. […] Smallpox was a severe infectious disease resulting from the variola virus. […] The last recorded case of a person getting smallpox naturally was in 1977, in Somalia. The WHO declared the disease eradicated in 1980, after many years of efforts to vaccinate the global population.

• #114 ACAM2000 (Smallpox Vaccine) Questions and Answers | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/acam2000-smallpox-vaccine-questions-and-answers

  FDA licensed Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live, with the proprietary name ACAM2000, for active immunization against smallpox disease for persons determined to be at high risk for smallpox infection. […] Smallpox is a serious, highly contagious and often fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. […] Following a global eradication campaign, which included vaccination, the World Health Organization certified the eradication of naturally occurring smallpox disease in 1980. […] However, smallpox has the potential to be deliberately used as a weapon by terrorists. […] The vaccine stimulates a person’s immune system to develop antibodies and cells in the blood and elsewhere that can then help the body fight off a real smallpox infection if exposure to smallpox ever occurs.

• #115 From smallpox to mpox: the surprise cost of eradicating a virusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/smallpox-mpox-surprise-cost-eradicating-virus

  Even so, WHO took these concerns seriously enough to support an active surveillance programme for human mpox between 1981 and 1986, and the data was used to model the epidemic potential of the disease. […] What these modelling studies couldn’t predict, however, was how the world and the mpox virus might change in subsequent decades. […] Malnourishment, poor access to medical care and conditions such as HIV that weaken the immune system have further also increased people’s vulnerability to infection. […] Even those who received the smallpox vaccine before mass vaccination ended are unlikely to be well protected today. […] A major lesson from the cessation of smallpox vaccination and the rise of mpox is the need for continued surveillance, even once the immediate threat appears to have passed. […] The key is that when you eradicate a pathogen and you no longer are vaccinating against it, you no longer have any kind of natural or vaccine-induced immunity to it.

• #116 The Triumph of Science: The Incredible Story of Smallpox Eradication – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/the-triumph-of-science-the-incredible-story-of-smallpox-eradication/

  Smallpox was a serious disease caused by the variola virus. […] Smallpox is the first and only infectious disease that has been eradicated in humans, which means it no longer exists naturally anywhere in the world. […] Prior to eradication, smallpox was a serious disease caused by the variola virus. […] Smallpox spread from person to person through direct and prolonged contact. […] Smallpox eradication program WHO began planning efforts to eradicate smallpox in 1959, but the campaign fell short due to a lack of resources, funding, and global commitment. […] International collaboration on the strategic use of smallpox vaccine resulted in the global eradication of this feared infectious disease. […] Smallpox vaccination can protect recipients from getting sick or reduce the severity of illness if received prior to, or within a week of, exposure. […] Smallpox eradication is hailed as one of the greatest public health achievements of all time.

Zobacz więcej