Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-smallpox-vaccination

  One of the deadliest diseases known to humans, smallpox remains the only human disease to have been eradicated. Many believe this achievement to be the most significant milestone in global public health. […] Key components of the worldwide smallpox eradication effort included universal childhood immunization programmes in some countries, mass vaccination in others, and targeted surveillance-containment strategies during the end-game. […] Variolation (in the form of inoculation) was introduced in Europe by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 300 years ago in 1721, after she had observed the practice in the Ottoman Empire, where her husband was stationed as ambassador to Turkey. […] It wasn’t until May 1796 that the world’s first vaccine was demonstrated, using the same principle as variolation but with a less dangerous viral source, cowpox.

• #3 About Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html

  There are vaccines to protect people from smallpox. Currently, smallpox vaccines are not recommended for the general public because smallpox has been eradicated. If there were a smallpox outbreak, health officials would use smallpox vaccines to control it. […] Although smallpox has been eradicated, it is possible that variola virus could be used in a biological attack. If there were a smallpox outbreak, health officials would use smallpox vaccines to control it.

• #4 Smallpox Fact Sheet

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/Smallpox.aspx

  Smallpox is a contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. In the United States, routine vaccination against smallpox ended in 1972. […] Although smallpox was eradicated in 1977, there is the possibility that the illness may reappear due to an intentional bioterrorist activity. […] Anyone exposed to the smallpox virus may get smallpox. Even people who have been vaccinated for smallpox might become ill, because the duration of protection given by the smallpox vaccine is not fully understood. […] The smallpox vaccine is sometimes used to lessen symptoms, and may be helpful if given within four days of exposure to someone with smallpox. […] Routine smallpox vaccination is not recommended for the general public. […] If an outbreak of smallpox occurs, doses of the smallpox vaccine may become available through the national drug stockpile maintained by the Centers for Disease Control. Plans are currently in progress to increase the current stockpile of this vaccine.

• #5 Smallpox – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox

  Smallpox is the only human disease that has been successfully eradicated. […] The eradication of smallpox is therefore a major success story for global health. […] The smallpox vaccine was the first vaccine to be developed. […] Progress against smallpox began with variolation, which refers to deliberately infecting people with weakened or milder versions of the smallpox virus. […] Before the year 1000, people in India and China had already observed that children who survived smallpox infections were protected against any future outbreaks of the disease. […] At the end of the 18th century, British surgeon and physician Edward Jenner pioneered the first-ever vaccination against an infectious disease. […] He hypothesized that variolation using the cowpox virus would protect children against smallpox as well.

• #6 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #7 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are vaccines to protect people from smallpox, however, smallpox vaccines are not recommended for the general public since the last natural case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977 and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (updated July 2023) prescribe specific precautions to be taken when treating patients with known or suspected smallpox. These precautions include standard, droplet, airborne, and contact precautions, under certain circumstances. Patient isolation and similar precautions may also be necessary. […] Currently, the smallpox vaccine is the only approved way to prevent the disease. The vaccine was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population, and therefore routine vaccination of the American public stopped in 1972. However, the U.S. government has recently implemented plans to ensure there is sufficient vaccine available, and procedures in place to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.

• #8 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #9 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  ACAM2000 is a smallpox vaccine developed by Acambis, approved for use in the United States by the U.S. FDA on August 31, 2007. […] Smallpox vaccination has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated. […] Given these risks, as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine-induced illnesses and deaths, routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s. […] […] […] The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation with variola minor virus (a method later known as variolation after the introduction of smallpox vaccine to avoid possible confusion), which likely occurred in India, Africa, and China well before the practice arrived in Europe.

• #10 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are only 2 licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States, ACAM2000® and JYNNEOSTM (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex). ACAM2000® provides active immunization against smallpox disease for persons determined to be at high risk for smallpox infection. JYNNEOSTM can be used for vaccination of people 18 years and older with certain immune deficiencies or conditions, such as HIV or atopic dermatitis against smallpox and mpox. […] Vaccination within 3 days of exposure will completely prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the vast majority of persons. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from the disease or may modify the severity of the disease.

• #11 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Prevention is the best response to the threat of smallpox. Prevention involves Vaccination, Isolation. The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. There are 2 smallpox vaccines licensed in the United States: ACAM2000 is a live vaccinia virus that reproduces in the person who receives it. Vaccination with vaccinia virus causes a mild infection and protects people against smallpox. JYNNEOS is a live but weakened (attenuated) vaccinia virus that does not reproduce in the person who receives it. It is approved for prevention of both smallpox and mpox. ACAM2000 vaccine is given with a special type of needle dipped in reconstituted vaccine. The needle is rapidly jabbed 15 times in an area about 5 mm in diameter and with sufficient force to draw a trace of blood. If vaccination is successful, a blister develops at the vaccination site within about 7 days. The vaccine site is covered with a dressing to prevent spread of the vaccine virus to other body sites or to close contacts. Vaccination with ACAM2000 can be helpful up to 7 days after exposure to smallpox, but it is more effective the sooner it is given. Vaccination for smallpox is recommended only for people at high risk of exposure, mainly certain military personnel and laboratory technicians and health care workers who give or handle the vaccine and related materials. People with symptoms suggesting smallpox need to be isolated to prevent spread of the infection. Contacts of these people need not be isolated because they cannot spread the infection unless they become sick and develop a rash. However, contacts are watched closely and isolated at the first sign of infection.

• #12 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are only 2 licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States, ACAM2000® and JYNNEOSTM (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex). ACAM2000® provides active immunization against smallpox disease for persons determined to be at high risk for smallpox infection. JYNNEOSTM can be used for vaccination of people 18 years and older with certain immune deficiencies or conditions, such as HIV or atopic dermatitis against smallpox and mpox. […] Vaccination within 3 days of exposure will completely prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the vast majority of persons. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from the disease or may modify the severity of the disease.

• #13 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States consist of ACAM2000, a live replication-competent vaccinia virus and JYNNEOS, a live attenuated (replication-deficient) modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. This attenuated (weakened) vaccine does not reproduce in the person who receives it. […] Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), eye inflammation, heart condition, age under 1 year, pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 subcutaneous injections 4 weeks apart. It is licensed by the FDA for people 18 years of age and older. The JYNNEOS vaccine may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be contraindicated, such as those with immunocompromised states or atopic dermatitis.

• #14 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States consist of ACAM2000, a live replication-competent vaccinia virus and JYNNEOS, a live attenuated (replication-deficient) modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. This attenuated (weakened) vaccine does not reproduce in the person who receives it. […] Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), eye inflammation, heart condition, age under 1 year, pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 subcutaneous injections 4 weeks apart. It is licensed by the FDA for people 18 years of age and older. The JYNNEOS vaccine may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be contraindicated, such as those with immunocompromised states or atopic dermatitis.

• #15 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: Weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), Skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), Eye inflammation, Heart condition, Age under 1 year, Pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 injections 4 weeks apart. It is approved for people 18 years of age and older and may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be dangerous, such as those with a weak immune system or atopic dermatitis.

• #16 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Unlike other modern vaccines, smallpox vaccines use a live, unaltered virus thats similar to smallpox (called vaccinia). Instead of getting a shot, a healthcare provider dips a two-pronged needle into the virus and pricks your shoulder. You become infected with vaccinia at the vaccine site. The infection causes a blister to form, which later leaves a scar. […] The JYNNEOST vaccine, which is also used for mpox, uses an attenuated (weakened) virus and a more traditional shot. It has a lower risk of side effects than other smallpox vaccines. Healthcare providers give it in two shots under your skin, four weeks apart.

• #17 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Prevention is the best response to the threat of smallpox. Prevention involves Vaccination, Isolation. The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. There are 2 smallpox vaccines licensed in the United States: ACAM2000 is a live vaccinia virus that reproduces in the person who receives it. Vaccination with vaccinia virus causes a mild infection and protects people against smallpox. JYNNEOS is a live but weakened (attenuated) vaccinia virus that does not reproduce in the person who receives it. It is approved for prevention of both smallpox and mpox. ACAM2000 vaccine is given with a special type of needle dipped in reconstituted vaccine. The needle is rapidly jabbed 15 times in an area about 5 mm in diameter and with sufficient force to draw a trace of blood. If vaccination is successful, a blister develops at the vaccination site within about 7 days. The vaccine site is covered with a dressing to prevent spread of the vaccine virus to other body sites or to close contacts. Vaccination with ACAM2000 can be helpful up to 7 days after exposure to smallpox, but it is more effective the sooner it is given. Vaccination for smallpox is recommended only for people at high risk of exposure, mainly certain military personnel and laboratory technicians and health care workers who give or handle the vaccine and related materials. People with symptoms suggesting smallpox need to be isolated to prevent spread of the infection. Contacts of these people need not be isolated because they cannot spread the infection unless they become sick and develop a rash. However, contacts are watched closely and isolated at the first sign of infection.

• #18 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Prevention is the best response to the threat of smallpox. Prevention involves Vaccination, Isolation. The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. There are 2 smallpox vaccines licensed in the United States: ACAM2000 is a live vaccinia virus that reproduces in the person who receives it. Vaccination with vaccinia virus causes a mild infection and protects people against smallpox. JYNNEOS is a live but weakened (attenuated) vaccinia virus that does not reproduce in the person who receives it. It is approved for prevention of both smallpox and mpox. ACAM2000 vaccine is given with a special type of needle dipped in reconstituted vaccine. The needle is rapidly jabbed 15 times in an area about 5 mm in diameter and with sufficient force to draw a trace of blood. If vaccination is successful, a blister develops at the vaccination site within about 7 days. The vaccine site is covered with a dressing to prevent spread of the vaccine virus to other body sites or to close contacts. Vaccination with ACAM2000 can be helpful up to 7 days after exposure to smallpox, but it is more effective the sooner it is given. Vaccination for smallpox is recommended only for people at high risk of exposure, mainly certain military personnel and laboratory technicians and health care workers who give or handle the vaccine and related materials. People with symptoms suggesting smallpox need to be isolated to prevent spread of the infection. Contacts of these people need not be isolated because they cannot spread the infection unless they become sick and develop a rash. However, contacts are watched closely and isolated at the first sign of infection.

• #19 Smallpox (variola)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/smallpox

  Routine vaccination against smallpox among the general population was stopped soon after the WHO declared smallpox had been eradicated from the world. […] However, the last manufactured batches of smallpox vaccine (Vaccinia virus vaccine) are kept at the CDC, ready for use in the event of a smallpox outbreak. The United States has recently begun a vaccination programme for its military forces (February 2003). […] Immunity is most effective during the first 10 years after vaccination and decreases thereafter. Historically, the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95% of those vaccinated. The level of protection, in people who received the last routine smallpox vaccination over 30 years ago, is unclear. […] Vaccination involves pricking the vaccine into a 5-mm area of the upper arm. The vaccination should be kept covered and should not be scratched, to avoid transmitting vaccinia virus to someone else. Within a few days, a papule appears that turns into a blister. It forms a pustule within a week, scabbing over in 2 weeks and healing with a scar within 3 weeks.

• #20 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Unlike other modern vaccines, smallpox vaccines use a live, unaltered virus thats similar to smallpox (called vaccinia). Instead of getting a shot, a healthcare provider dips a two-pronged needle into the virus and pricks your shoulder. You become infected with vaccinia at the vaccine site. The infection causes a blister to form, which later leaves a scar. […] The JYNNEOST vaccine, which is also used for mpox, uses an attenuated (weakened) virus and a more traditional shot. It has a lower risk of side effects than other smallpox vaccines. Healthcare providers give it in two shots under your skin, four weeks apart.

• #21 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: Weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), Skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), Eye inflammation, Heart condition, Age under 1 year, Pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 injections 4 weeks apart. It is approved for people 18 years of age and older and may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be dangerous, such as those with a weak immune system or atopic dermatitis.

• #22 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  ACAM2000 is a smallpox vaccine developed by Acambis, approved for use in the United States by the U.S. FDA on August 31, 2007. […] Smallpox vaccination has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated. […] Given these risks, as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine-induced illnesses and deaths, routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s. […] […] […] The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation with variola minor virus (a method later known as variolation after the introduction of smallpox vaccine to avoid possible confusion), which likely occurred in India, Africa, and China well before the practice arrived in Europe.

• #23 Smallpox | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/smallpox/

  If there is a smallpox outbreak, public health officials will work with CDC to determine who else should get the vaccine. […] Historically, the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95% of those vaccinated. In addition, the vaccine was proven to prevent or substantially lessen infection when given within a few days after a person was exposed to the smallpox virus.

• #24 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  Smallpox vaccine […] Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. […] The current formulation of the smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of the infectious vaccinia virus. […] Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world. […] Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter. […] If a person is vaccinated again later, the immunity lasts even longer. […] Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people. […] Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of the disease. […] The smallpox vaccine is also effective in, and therefore administered for, the prevention of mpox.

• #25 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are only 2 licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States, ACAM2000® and JYNNEOSTM (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex). ACAM2000® provides active immunization against smallpox disease for persons determined to be at high risk for smallpox infection. JYNNEOSTM can be used for vaccination of people 18 years and older with certain immune deficiencies or conditions, such as HIV or atopic dermatitis against smallpox and mpox. […] Vaccination within 3 days of exposure will completely prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the vast majority of persons. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from the disease or may modify the severity of the disease.

• #26 Smallpox

  https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/smallpox

  Except for laboratory samples at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the smallpox virus has been eliminated. […] For this reason, government and public health officials are taking precautions for dealing with a smallpox outbreak and have developed detailed nationwide smallpox response plans. […] Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that all bedding, clothing, and other surfaces patients have come into contact with are cleaned with disinfectants like bleach and quaternary ammonia. […] If the vaccine is given within four days after exposure to smallpox, it can lessen the severity of illness or even prevent it. Vaccine and isolation are the strategies for stopping the spread of smallpox. […] For people exposed to smallpox, the vaccine can lessen the severity or even prevent illness if it is given within four days after exposure. Vaccine administered after exposure has been shown to provide significant protection against death from smallpox.

• #27 Smallpox | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/smallpox

  Smallpox is a disease caused by the virus (germ) Variola. The disease has been eradicated (completely stopped) following a successful worldwide vaccination program. […] The best way to prevent smallpox is through vaccination. If given to a person before exposure to smallpox, the vaccine can completely protect them. Vaccination within 3 days after exposure will prevent or greatly lessen the severity of smallpox in most people. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease and may decrease the severity of disease. Vaccination will not protect smallpox patients who already have a rash. […] People with suspected or confirmed smallpox need to be isolated because they are capable of spreading the virus. In addition, people who come into close contact with someone who has smallpox should be vaccinated and closely watched for symptoms of smallpox. At the first sign of any fever after exposure to smallpox, a person needs to be isolated until it is clear that they do not have smallpox. The proper use of vaccine and isolation is the best way to stop the spread of smallpox.

• #28 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines can prevent or lessen the severity of disease. […] Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines (i.e., ACAM2000 and APSV) can prevent or lessen the severity of disease if given within 2 to 3 days of the initial exposure. […] They may decrease symptoms if given within the first week of exposure. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and adherence to proper infection and environmental controls. […] Tecovirimat has been used in the treatment of severe adverse events to vaccinia virus vaccination; however, there are limited efficacy data in humans. […] Tecovirimat’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola.

• #29 Smallpox

  https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/smallpox

  Except for laboratory samples at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the smallpox virus has been eliminated. […] For this reason, government and public health officials are taking precautions for dealing with a smallpox outbreak and have developed detailed nationwide smallpox response plans. […] Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that all bedding, clothing, and other surfaces patients have come into contact with are cleaned with disinfectants like bleach and quaternary ammonia. […] If the vaccine is given within four days after exposure to smallpox, it can lessen the severity of illness or even prevent it. Vaccine and isolation are the strategies for stopping the spread of smallpox. […] For people exposed to smallpox, the vaccine can lessen the severity or even prevent illness if it is given within four days after exposure. Vaccine administered after exposure has been shown to provide significant protection against death from smallpox.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Smallpox-Prevention.aspx

  If a person gets vaccine before any viral exposure, he/she is most likely to be protected from getting smallpox. Vaccination within 3-7 days of viral exposure may also protect a person from smallpox; people who get the disease even after vaccination suffer much less as compared to unvaccinated people. However, once rashes start to appear, vaccination cannot provide any protection.

• #31 What Is Smallpox? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/smallpox/

  The smallpox vaccine can’t help people with advanced infection who are already developing a rash. […] Since the eradication of smallpox, scientists have developed a newer version of the vaccine that uses attenuated (weakened) viral strains. This vaccine is suitable for people who can’t take the original vaccine, such as those who are pregnant, have a weakened immune system, or have had a bone-marrow transplant. […] The new smallpox vaccine hasn’t been tested against the variola virus in people, so its effectiveness is still unproven. […] The CDC has stockpiles of tecovirimat and cidofovir in case of a public-health emergency.

• #32 Smallpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

  Smallpox vaccine […] Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. […] The current formulation of the smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of the infectious vaccinia virus. […] Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world. […] Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter. […] If a person is vaccinated again later, the immunity lasts even longer. […] Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people. […] Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of the disease. […] The smallpox vaccine is also effective in, and therefore administered for, the prevention of mpox.

• #33 Smallpox Vaccine – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/smallpox-vaccine/

  The smallpox vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. […] Smallpox vaccination provides high level immunity for 3-5 years and decreasing immunity thereafter. […] Vaccination within three days after exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in most people. […] People who have been directly exposed to the smallpox virus should get the vaccine, regardless of their health status. […] The smallpox vaccine is currently not recommended for the general public. […] Routine smallpox vaccinations in the U.S. stopped in 1972. […] Vaccination after exposure can prevent the disease or lessen its severity.

• #34 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #35 Smallpox – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20353027

  Smallpox vaccines also provide protection against other similar viral infections such as mpox, also known as monkeypox, and cowpox. […] If you had the smallpox vaccine as a child, you have some level of protection against the smallpox virus. Full or partial immunity after a smallpox vaccine may last up to 10 years, and 20 years with booster shots. If an outbreak happened, people who got vaccinated as children would likely get a new vaccination if they were exposed to the virus.

• #36 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #37 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Until an outbreak in the population occurs, preexposure vaccination remains recommended only for people at high risk of exposure to the virus (eg, laboratory technicians). […] Postexposure vaccination with a replication-competent vaccine can prevent or significantly limit the severity of illness and is indicated for family members and close personal contacts of smallpox patients. Early administration is most effective, but some benefit is realized up to 7 days postexposure.

• #38 Smallpox Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/smallpox/

  Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. It has vaccinia virus in it, which is like the smallpox virus but safer. If you get the shot before you’ve been exposed to smallpox, it will likely protect you for at least 3 to 5 years. And having a second shot later can protect you for an even longer period of time. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. Everyone who might have been exposed to the virus was then vaccinated. This practice, called ring vaccination, played a key role in wiping out smallpox. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur. All children and most adults in the U.S. today have a chance of getting infected if they are exposed to the smallpox virus. […] The smallpox vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who handle the vaccinia virus, for members of smallpox response teams, and for certain people in the military.

• #39 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Smallpox is a notifiable condition1. […] Prevention of smallpox […] – Exclude people with smallpox from childcare, preschool, school and work from the start of the illness until all scabs have disappeared and they have been advised by the Chief Quarantine Officer in SA Health that they may return. […] – A vaccine is available. Vaccination against smallpox is not routinely recommended in Australia and is not on the National Immunisation Program schedule. Vaccination is recommended for laboratory staff who routinely work with vaccinia poxviruses (unless contraindicated). […] – There is a small risk that smallpox could be released intentionally as a bioweapon and health departments around the world are planning for this possibility, including South Australia. […] – Promptly isolate suspected and confirmed cases of smallpox until no longer infectious.

• #40 Smallpox | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/smallpox/

  After smallpox was eliminated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public was stopped because it was no longer needed. Routine smallpox vaccination among the American public was stopped in 1972. However, because of concern that variola virus might be used as an agent of bioterrorism, the U.S. government has stockpiled enough smallpox vaccine to vaccinate everyone who would need it if a smallpox outbreak were to occur. […] When there is NO smallpox outbreak, the only persons who should receive smallpox vaccine are: Laboratory workers who work with the virus that causes smallpox or other viruses that are similar to it. […] When there IS a smallpox outbreak, persons should get the smallpox vaccine if: They are directly exposed to the smallpox virus (e.g., had prolonged face-to-face contact with someone who has smallpox).

• #41 Smallpox Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/smallpox/

  Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. It has vaccinia virus in it, which is like the smallpox virus but safer. If you get the shot before you’ve been exposed to smallpox, it will likely protect you for at least 3 to 5 years. And having a second shot later can protect you for an even longer period of time. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. Everyone who might have been exposed to the virus was then vaccinated. This practice, called ring vaccination, played a key role in wiping out smallpox. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur. All children and most adults in the U.S. today have a chance of getting infected if they are exposed to the smallpox virus. […] The smallpox vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who handle the vaccinia virus, for members of smallpox response teams, and for certain people in the military.

• #42 Controlling Spread of Smallpox | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/smallpox/controlling

  All persons caring for smallpox patients should be vaccinated for smallpox. […] Contacts of cases should be given smallpox vaccine as soon as possible, ideally within five days of exposure. This may prevent or reduce the severity of disease. […] The best way to prevent smallpox is to vaccinate all those potentially exposed and susceptible.

• #43 Smallpox: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

  Beginning in the 1960s, the World Health Organization (WHO) led efforts to stop the spread of smallpox worldwide. By vaccinating and controlling outbreaks, they rid the world of smallpox. It was eradicated in 1980. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977. […] Providers no longer regularly vaccinate against smallpox. Select groups of people like some researchers and certain military personnel are still vaccinated against smallpox. The U.S. government keeps stockpiles of smallpox vaccines, in case theres another outbreak. […] In the U.S., providers stopped giving routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. The last outbreak of smallpox in the U.S. was in 1949. […] Some studies suggest that the smallpox vaccine can provide protection for decades. For those who need a smallpox vaccination for their job, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a booster every three years.

• #44 Smallpox Vaccine – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/smallpox-vaccine/

  The smallpox vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. […] Smallpox vaccination provides high level immunity for 3-5 years and decreasing immunity thereafter. […] Vaccination within three days after exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in most people. […] People who have been directly exposed to the smallpox virus should get the vaccine, regardless of their health status. […] The smallpox vaccine is currently not recommended for the general public. […] Routine smallpox vaccinations in the U.S. stopped in 1972. […] Vaccination after exposure can prevent the disease or lessen its severity.

• #45 Smallpox – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20353027

  If a smallpox outbreak happened, people with smallpox would be isolated to try to stop the spread of the virus. Anyone who had contact with someone who had smallpox would need a smallpox vaccine. A vaccine can protect you from getting sick or cause you to get less sick if you get smallpox. The vaccine should be given before or one week after exposure to the virus. […] Two vaccines are available: […] The ACAM2000 vaccine uses a live virus that’s like smallpox, but less harmful. It can sometimes cause serious side effects, such as infections in the heart or brain. That’s why the vaccine is not given to everyone. Unless there is a smallpox outbreak, the risks of the vaccine outweigh the benefits for most people. […] A second vaccine (Jynneos) uses a very weakened strain of virus and is safer than ACAM2000. It can be used in people who can’t take ACAM2000 due to compromised immune systems or skin disorders.

• #46 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: Weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), Skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), Eye inflammation, Heart condition, Age under 1 year, Pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 injections 4 weeks apart. It is approved for people 18 years of age and older and may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be dangerous, such as those with a weak immune system or atopic dermatitis.

• #47 Smallpox – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Licensed smallpox vaccines in the United States consist of ACAM2000, a live replication-competent vaccinia virus and JYNNEOS, a live attenuated (replication-deficient) modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. This attenuated (weakened) vaccine does not reproduce in the person who receives it. […] Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), eye inflammation, heart condition, age under 1 year, pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 subcutaneous injections 4 weeks apart. It is licensed by the FDA for people 18 years of age and older. The JYNNEOS vaccine may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be contraindicated, such as those with immunocompromised states or atopic dermatitis.

• #48 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Vaccination with ACAM2000 is dangerous and not recommended for some people, especially those with the following risk factors: Weakened immune system (such as those who have AIDS or who take medications that suppress the immune system), Skin disorders (particularly atopic dermatitis [eczema]), Eye inflammation, Heart condition, Age under 1 year, Pregnancy. […] JYNNEOS is administered as 2 injections 4 weeks apart. It is approved for people 18 years of age and older and may have a particular role in vaccinating people for whom ACAM2000 may be dangerous, such as those with a weak immune system or atopic dermatitis.

• #49 Controlling Spread of Smallpox | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/smallpox/controlling

  All persons caring for smallpox patients should be vaccinated for smallpox. […] Contacts of cases should be given smallpox vaccine as soon as possible, ideally within five days of exposure. This may prevent or reduce the severity of disease. […] The best way to prevent smallpox is to vaccinate all those potentially exposed and susceptible.

• #50

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/smallpox.aspx

  This guideline describes the public health response to a case of smallpox. This guideline is intended to be used together with the national Plan for Smallpox Outbreak, Preparedness, Response and Management (Smallpox Plan) and jurisdictional smallpox response plans. […] The aim is to isolate the infectious case and create a barrier of immune persons around the case (ring vaccination). Post exposure vaccination may prevent or modify disease. […] This surveillance and containment strategy may be supplemented with large-scale vaccination, based on risk assessments. Targeted mass vaccination in addition to the strategies listed above is important if there were a large number of index cases or delay in commencement of containment. Mass vaccination, of both affected and unaffected communities, may be undertaken.

• #51 Smallpox Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/smallpox/

  Also, there is a smallpox vaccination. It has vaccinia virus in it, which is like the smallpox virus but safer. If you get the shot before you’ve been exposed to smallpox, it will likely protect you for at least 3 to 5 years. And having a second shot later can protect you for an even longer period of time. […] In the past, when a smallpox infection was diagnosed, infected people were kept away from others to prevent the spread of infection. Everyone who might have been exposed to the virus was then vaccinated. This practice, called ring vaccination, played a key role in wiping out smallpox. […] Because there are risks of a serious reaction from the vaccine, routine smallpox immunization doesn’t occur. All children and most adults in the U.S. today have a chance of getting infected if they are exposed to the smallpox virus. […] The smallpox vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who handle the vaccinia virus, for members of smallpox response teams, and for certain people in the military.

• #52 The Triumph of Science: The Incredible Story of Smallpox Eradication – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/the-triumph-of-science-the-incredible-story-of-smallpox-eradication/

  Smallpox was declared eradicated on May 8, 1980. […] Smallpox is also the first disease for which a vaccine was developed and vaccination played a significant role in eradicating the disease. […] In 1796, English physician Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids who previously had cowpox were resistant to smallpox. […] This major discovery led to the development of the first vaccine against smallpox derived from cowpox. […] Vaccine research developments, advances in surveillance, and mass vaccination programs across the globe contributed to the success of the program. […] These contacts and those near them were vaccinated in what is known as ring vaccination, a process used to prioritize resources and prevent further spread of the disease by forming a protective ring of immunity around infected individuals.

• #53

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/smallpox.aspx

  Vaccination should be carried out as soon as possible, preferably within 3-4 days and at most within 7 days following exposure to a confirmed case. The degree of protection from vaccination diminishes as the interval between exposure and vaccination increases. […] In the event of an outbreak, the containment strategy will centre on the isolation of cases and vaccination of contacts. In a public health emergency involving smallpox, vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccine (i.e. ACAM2000 and APSV) will be the primary response strategy for stopping the chain of transmission and achieving epidemic control. […] Vaccine non-responders, primary contacts who receive late vaccination (more than 4 days after their first exposure to infection), and primary contacts who refuse vaccine or are unable to be vaccinated may be given additional prophylaxis against smallpox in an effort to attenuate disease. This may be given concurrently with (re)vaccination.

• #54

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/smallpox.aspx

  This guideline describes the public health response to a case of smallpox. This guideline is intended to be used together with the national Plan for Smallpox Outbreak, Preparedness, Response and Management (Smallpox Plan) and jurisdictional smallpox response plans. […] The aim is to isolate the infectious case and create a barrier of immune persons around the case (ring vaccination). Post exposure vaccination may prevent or modify disease. […] This surveillance and containment strategy may be supplemented with large-scale vaccination, based on risk assessments. Targeted mass vaccination in addition to the strategies listed above is important if there were a large number of index cases or delay in commencement of containment. Mass vaccination, of both affected and unaffected communities, may be undertaken.

• #55 Smallpox Questions and Answers: The Disease and the Vaccine

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7004/

  The smallpox vaccine is the only way to prevent smallpox. The vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia, which is another pox-type virus related to smallpox. The vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. It was successfully used to eradicate smallpox from the human population. […] Routine vaccination of the American public against smallpox stopped in 1972 after the disease was eradicated in the United States. Until recently, the U. S. government provided the smallpox vaccine only to a few hundred scientists and medical professionals who work with smallpox and similar viruses in a research setting. After the events of September and October, 2001, however, we have taken extensive actions to improve our level of preparedness against terrorism. For smallpox, this included updating a response plan and ordering enough smallpox vaccine to immunize the American public in the event of a smallpox outbreak. The plans are in place, and there is sufficient vaccine available to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.

• #56 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are vaccines to protect people from smallpox, however, smallpox vaccines are not recommended for the general public since the last natural case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977 and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (updated July 2023) prescribe specific precautions to be taken when treating patients with known or suspected smallpox. These precautions include standard, droplet, airborne, and contact precautions, under certain circumstances. Patient isolation and similar precautions may also be necessary. […] Currently, the smallpox vaccine is the only approved way to prevent the disease. The vaccine was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population, and therefore routine vaccination of the American public stopped in 1972. However, the U.S. government has recently implemented plans to ensure there is sufficient vaccine available, and procedures in place to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.

• #57 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Smallpox is a notifiable condition1. […] Prevention of smallpox […] – Exclude people with smallpox from childcare, preschool, school and work from the start of the illness until all scabs have disappeared and they have been advised by the Chief Quarantine Officer in SA Health that they may return. […] – A vaccine is available. Vaccination against smallpox is not routinely recommended in Australia and is not on the National Immunisation Program schedule. Vaccination is recommended for laboratory staff who routinely work with vaccinia poxviruses (unless contraindicated). […] – There is a small risk that smallpox could be released intentionally as a bioweapon and health departments around the world are planning for this possibility, including South Australia. […] – Promptly isolate suspected and confirmed cases of smallpox until no longer infectious.

• #58 Smallpox – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/pox-viruses/smallpox

  Prevention is the best response to the threat of smallpox. Prevention involves Vaccination, Isolation. The smallpox vaccine is not made from the smallpox virus. Instead, the vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is related to the viruses that cause mpox and smallpox. There are 2 smallpox vaccines licensed in the United States: ACAM2000 is a live vaccinia virus that reproduces in the person who receives it. Vaccination with vaccinia virus causes a mild infection and protects people against smallpox. JYNNEOS is a live but weakened (attenuated) vaccinia virus that does not reproduce in the person who receives it. It is approved for prevention of both smallpox and mpox. ACAM2000 vaccine is given with a special type of needle dipped in reconstituted vaccine. The needle is rapidly jabbed 15 times in an area about 5 mm in diameter and with sufficient force to draw a trace of blood. If vaccination is successful, a blister develops at the vaccination site within about 7 days. The vaccine site is covered with a dressing to prevent spread of the vaccine virus to other body sites or to close contacts. Vaccination with ACAM2000 can be helpful up to 7 days after exposure to smallpox, but it is more effective the sooner it is given. Vaccination for smallpox is recommended only for people at high risk of exposure, mainly certain military personnel and laboratory technicians and health care workers who give or handle the vaccine and related materials. People with symptoms suggesting smallpox need to be isolated to prevent spread of the infection. Contacts of these people need not be isolated because they cannot spread the infection unless they become sick and develop a rash. However, contacts are watched closely and isolated at the first sign of infection.

• #59 Smallpox | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/smallpox

  Smallpox is a disease caused by the virus (germ) Variola. The disease has been eradicated (completely stopped) following a successful worldwide vaccination program. […] The best way to prevent smallpox is through vaccination. If given to a person before exposure to smallpox, the vaccine can completely protect them. Vaccination within 3 days after exposure will prevent or greatly lessen the severity of smallpox in most people. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease and may decrease the severity of disease. Vaccination will not protect smallpox patients who already have a rash. […] People with suspected or confirmed smallpox need to be isolated because they are capable of spreading the virus. In addition, people who come into close contact with someone who has smallpox should be vaccinated and closely watched for symptoms of smallpox. At the first sign of any fever after exposure to smallpox, a person needs to be isolated until it is clear that they do not have smallpox. The proper use of vaccine and isolation is the best way to stop the spread of smallpox.

• #60 Smallpox | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/smallpox

  Smallpox is a disease caused by the virus (germ) Variola. The disease has been eradicated (completely stopped) following a successful worldwide vaccination program. […] The best way to prevent smallpox is through vaccination. If given to a person before exposure to smallpox, the vaccine can completely protect them. Vaccination within 3 days after exposure will prevent or greatly lessen the severity of smallpox in most people. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease and may decrease the severity of disease. Vaccination will not protect smallpox patients who already have a rash. […] People with suspected or confirmed smallpox need to be isolated because they are capable of spreading the virus. In addition, people who come into close contact with someone who has smallpox should be vaccinated and closely watched for symptoms of smallpox. At the first sign of any fever after exposure to smallpox, a person needs to be isolated until it is clear that they do not have smallpox. The proper use of vaccine and isolation is the best way to stop the spread of smallpox.

• #61 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines can prevent or lessen the severity of disease. […] Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines (i.e., ACAM2000 and APSV) can prevent or lessen the severity of disease if given within 2 to 3 days of the initial exposure. […] They may decrease symptoms if given within the first week of exposure. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and adherence to proper infection and environmental controls. […] Tecovirimat has been used in the treatment of severe adverse events to vaccinia virus vaccination; however, there are limited efficacy data in humans. […] Tecovirimat’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola.

• #62 Smallpox Preparedness and Response | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/smallpox-preparedness-and-response

  Smallpox can be prevented by vaccination with smallpox vaccine. The vaccine does not contain the smallpox virus and cannot give you smallpox. […] Vaccination against smallpox before contact with the Variola virus can protect you from getting sick. Vaccination within 7 days of being exposed to Variola virus may provide protection from disease and, if you still get smallpox, may reduce the severity of disease. […] The FDA plays a critical role in protecting the United States from chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN), and emerging infectious disease threats. […] Facilitating the development and availability of medical countermeasures (MCMs) that can be used to diagnose, prevent, or treat smallpox. […] There are two FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of smallpox. […] TPOXX (tecovirimat) is indicated for the treatment of smallpox. […] Tembexa (brincidofovir) is indicated for the treatment of smallpox.

• #63 Smallpox Preparedness and Response | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/smallpox-preparedness-and-response

  Smallpox can be prevented by vaccination with smallpox vaccine. The vaccine does not contain the smallpox virus and cannot give you smallpox. […] Vaccination against smallpox before contact with the Variola virus can protect you from getting sick. Vaccination within 7 days of being exposed to Variola virus may provide protection from disease and, if you still get smallpox, may reduce the severity of disease. […] The FDA plays a critical role in protecting the United States from chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN), and emerging infectious disease threats. […] Facilitating the development and availability of medical countermeasures (MCMs) that can be used to diagnose, prevent, or treat smallpox. […] There are two FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of smallpox. […] TPOXX (tecovirimat) is indicated for the treatment of smallpox. […] Tembexa (brincidofovir) is indicated for the treatment of smallpox.

• #64 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines can prevent or lessen the severity of disease. […] Vaccination with replication-competent smallpox vaccines (i.e., ACAM2000 and APSV) can prevent or lessen the severity of disease if given within 2 to 3 days of the initial exposure. […] They may decrease symptoms if given within the first week of exposure. […] Treating smallpox patients in a healthcare setting requires isolation and adherence to proper infection and environmental controls. […] Tecovirimat has been used in the treatment of severe adverse events to vaccinia virus vaccination; however, there are limited efficacy data in humans. […] Tecovirimat’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola.

• #65 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Efficacy of tecovirimat treatment has also been demonstrated within multiple animal model studies measuring survival in animals infected with either variola virus or other closely related orthopoxviruses. […] Furthermore, treatment with tecovirimat minimized signs of morbidity as well as protected from mortality within prairie dogs challenged with monkeypox virus. […] The safety of tecovirimat was evaluated in 359 healthy human volunteers. […] Brincidofovir’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola. […] Efficacy of brincidofovir treatment has also been demonstrated within multiple animal model studies measuring survival in animals infected with either variola virus or other closely related orthopoxviruses.

• #66 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Efficacy of tecovirimat treatment has also been demonstrated within multiple animal model studies measuring survival in animals infected with either variola virus or other closely related orthopoxviruses. […] Furthermore, treatment with tecovirimat minimized signs of morbidity as well as protected from mortality within prairie dogs challenged with monkeypox virus. […] The safety of tecovirimat was evaluated in 359 healthy human volunteers. […] Brincidofovir’s effectiveness against smallpox was established with in vitro studies using related orthopoxviruses as well as variola. […] Efficacy of brincidofovir treatment has also been demonstrated within multiple animal model studies measuring survival in animals infected with either variola virus or other closely related orthopoxviruses.

• #67 Clinical Treatment of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Cidofovir has also been shown to stop the growth of the virus that causes smallpox and to be effective in treating animals that had diseases similar to smallpox. […] Cidofovir is not FDA-approved for the treatment of any orthopoxvirus infections, including smallpox or mpox, but is commercially available. […] Clinicians could choose to use cidofovir to treat patients with orthopoxvirus infection based on individual risk-benefit assessment under practice of medicine. […] During a declared public health emergency involving smallpox, CDC and the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) will provide more detailed guidance regarding the availability and use of smallpox medical countermeasures from the Strategic National Stockpile under their appropriate regulatory mechanism(s).

• #68 Antiviral prophylaxis of smallpox – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15163655/

  Proof-of-concept studies suggest that current defences against smallpox could be strengthened by supplementing vaccination with antiviral drug prophylaxis, based on aerosolized or orally available forms of the long-acting medication cidofovir. […] Delivery of aerosolized cidofovir to mice results in its prolonged retention in respiratory tissues and protection against lethal intranasal or aerosol poxviral challenge. […] These results suggest that a single aerosol dose of cidofovir (or an alkoxyalkanol-ether derivative) could provide prolonged protection against initiation of smallpox infection, whereas oral treatment could prevent both initiation of infection and internal dissemination of virus. […] Both approaches may avoid the nephrotoxicity that occasionally results from intravenous cidofovir therapy.

• #69 Antiviral prophylaxis of smallpox – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15163655/

  Proof-of-concept studies suggest that current defences against smallpox could be strengthened by supplementing vaccination with antiviral drug prophylaxis, based on aerosolized or orally available forms of the long-acting medication cidofovir. […] Delivery of aerosolized cidofovir to mice results in its prolonged retention in respiratory tissues and protection against lethal intranasal or aerosol poxviral challenge. […] These results suggest that a single aerosol dose of cidofovir (or an alkoxyalkanol-ether derivative) could provide prolonged protection against initiation of smallpox infection, whereas oral treatment could prevent both initiation of infection and internal dissemination of virus. […] Both approaches may avoid the nephrotoxicity that occasionally results from intravenous cidofovir therapy.

• #70 Smallpox vaccination reactions, prophylaxis, and therapy of complications – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/238178/

  Smallpox vaccination in the United States is a routine public health measure which has been under intensive review during the last decade. […] Vaccinia hyperimmune globulin (VIG) in prophylactic dosage may be given to a pregnant woman who is traveling to a smallpox infected or endemic area in order to prevent fetal vaccinia. […] Prophylaxis, prompt recognition, and proper therapy may reduce the fatality rates of these complications. […] Revaccination of an individual who has had post-vaccinial encephalitis or vaccinia necrosum is contraindicated unless the risk of contracting smallpox outweighs the risk of the above two diseases. […] Revaccination of children who have had eczema vaccinatum is not contraindicated.

• #71 Smallpox (variola)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/smallpox

  Unless recently exposed to smallpox, the following people should avoid vaccination as they are at greater risk of severe adverse effects. […] Severe adverse reactions require treatment with Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG). A new intravenous form is likely to replace an intramuscular form used during the 1960s.

• #72 Smallpox – Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/smallpox/control

  There are vaccines to protect people from smallpox, however, smallpox vaccines are not recommended for the general public since the last natural case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977 and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (updated July 2023) prescribe specific precautions to be taken when treating patients with known or suspected smallpox. These precautions include standard, droplet, airborne, and contact precautions, under certain circumstances. Patient isolation and similar precautions may also be necessary. […] Currently, the smallpox vaccine is the only approved way to prevent the disease. The vaccine was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population, and therefore routine vaccination of the American public stopped in 1972. However, the U.S. government has recently implemented plans to ensure there is sufficient vaccine available, and procedures in place to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.

• #73

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox

  Health workers should follow infection prevention and control measures to protect themselves while caring for patients with mpox by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (i.e. gloves, gown, eye protection and respirator) and adhering to protocol for safely swabbing lesions for diagnostic testing and handling sharp objects such as needles.

• #74 Smallpox

  https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/smallpox

  Except for laboratory samples at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the smallpox virus has been eliminated. […] For this reason, government and public health officials are taking precautions for dealing with a smallpox outbreak and have developed detailed nationwide smallpox response plans. […] Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that all bedding, clothing, and other surfaces patients have come into contact with are cleaned with disinfectants like bleach and quaternary ammonia. […] If the vaccine is given within four days after exposure to smallpox, it can lessen the severity of illness or even prevent it. Vaccine and isolation are the strategies for stopping the spread of smallpox. […] For people exposed to smallpox, the vaccine can lessen the severity or even prevent illness if it is given within four days after exposure. Vaccine administered after exposure has been shown to provide significant protection against death from smallpox.

• #75 Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/smallpox/smallpox+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Smallpox – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Smallpox is a notifiable condition1. […] Prevention of smallpox […] – Exclude people with smallpox from childcare, preschool, school and work from the start of the illness until all scabs have disappeared and they have been advised by the Chief Quarantine Officer in SA Health that they may return. […] – A vaccine is available. Vaccination against smallpox is not routinely recommended in Australia and is not on the National Immunisation Program schedule. Vaccination is recommended for laboratory staff who routinely work with vaccinia poxviruses (unless contraindicated). […] – There is a small risk that smallpox could be released intentionally as a bioweapon and health departments around the world are planning for this possibility, including South Australia. […] – Promptly isolate suspected and confirmed cases of smallpox until no longer infectious.

• #76 Smallpox (Human) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0056

  Vaccination against smallpox can be used very effectively to prevent infection and disease (WHO, 2019). […] A global smallpox vaccine stockpile is maintained by the WHO to complement stocks held by a number of countries (WHO, 2017). […] Preparedness for smallpox also entails education of health personnel in the differential diagnosis of smallpox, strengthening laboratory capacities for diagnostics, expansion of expertise in the area of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity, and strengthening of national-level biosafety regulations in all countries (WHO, 2019).

• #77 Smallpox (Human) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0056

  Vaccination against smallpox can be used very effectively to prevent infection and disease (WHO, 2019). […] A global smallpox vaccine stockpile is maintained by the WHO to complement stocks held by a number of countries (WHO, 2017). […] Preparedness for smallpox also entails education of health personnel in the differential diagnosis of smallpox, strengthening laboratory capacities for diagnostics, expansion of expertise in the area of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity, and strengthening of national-level biosafety regulations in all countries (WHO, 2019).

• #78 Smallpox | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/smallpox

  Routine vaccination against smallpox in the United States ended in 1972, because the risk associated with the vaccine was greater than the risk of getting the disease. […] However, in 2003, some members of the military, public health and healthcare workforce were vaccinated against smallpox as part of bioterrorism preparedness. […] If the vaccine is given to a person within four days of exposure to smallpox, it may lessen the severity of–or possibly prevent–illness. […] Vaccine against smallpox contains a live virus called vaccinia; it does not contain the smallpox virus. […] The vaccine is stored and distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the Strategic National Stockpile of pharmaceutical supplies. […] In the event smallpox is used as a weapon, the distribution of vaccine would be coordinated by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state and local health departments.

• #79 Smallpox

  https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/smallpox

  Except for laboratory samples at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the smallpox virus has been eliminated. […] For this reason, government and public health officials are taking precautions for dealing with a smallpox outbreak and have developed detailed nationwide smallpox response plans. […] Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that all bedding, clothing, and other surfaces patients have come into contact with are cleaned with disinfectants like bleach and quaternary ammonia. […] If the vaccine is given within four days after exposure to smallpox, it can lessen the severity of illness or even prevent it. Vaccine and isolation are the strategies for stopping the spread of smallpox. […] For people exposed to smallpox, the vaccine can lessen the severity or even prevent illness if it is given within four days after exposure. Vaccine administered after exposure has been shown to provide significant protection against death from smallpox.

• #80 Biological Emergencies: Smallpox – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/emergency-preparedness/emergencies-biological-smallpox.page

  The vaccine is given using a two-pronged needle that is dipped in a vaccine solution and used to prick a small area on the skin for a few seconds. […] If the vaccination is successful, a red and itchy bump will form on the vaccine site in three to four days. […] The blister and the scab that develop are normal reactions to the vaccine virus. […] Some people may experience serious side effects from the smallpox vaccine but they are rare in people who do not have certain health problems or conditions. […] There are health problems that may put you or your close physical contacts at higher risk for a severe side effect from the smallpox vaccine. […] The virus in the smallpox vaccine is present at the site of the vaccination until it is completely healed and the scab falls off (about three weeks). […] Smallpox is a disease of humans. However, the vaccinia virus in the vaccine can infect animals. […] The Health Department has developed a smallpox response plan with other city, state and federal agencies in the event that smallpox is detected anywhere in the world, including in New York City.

• #81 Smallpox (Human) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0056

  Vaccination against smallpox can be used very effectively to prevent infection and disease (WHO, 2019). […] A global smallpox vaccine stockpile is maintained by the WHO to complement stocks held by a number of countries (WHO, 2017). […] Preparedness for smallpox also entails education of health personnel in the differential diagnosis of smallpox, strengthening laboratory capacities for diagnostics, expansion of expertise in the area of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity, and strengthening of national-level biosafety regulations in all countries (WHO, 2019).

• #82 Smallpox Questions and Answers: The Disease and the Vaccine

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/7004/

  Smallpox can be prevented through use of the smallpox vaccine, even if the vaccine is given within three days after exposure to smallpox. There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but research to evaluate new antiviral agents is ongoing. […] Vaccination within 3 days of exposure will completely prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the vast majority of persons. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease.

• #83 What Is Smallpox? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/infectious-diseases/smallpox/

  Healthcare workers no longer routinely administer smallpox vaccines to the general public. The CDC recommends smallpox vaccination only for laboratory researchers who study the variola virus or its close relatives. […] Still, the CDC has stockpiles of smallpox vaccine enough to give one to every person in the United States if necessary. […] The original smallpox vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is in the same Orthopoxvirus genus as the variola virus but causes a less severe illness. Exposure to the vaccinia virus prompts the immune system to produce antibodies that are also effective against the variola virus. […] The smallpox vaccine prevents infection in 95 percent of those who receive it, and is also able to prevent or lessen infection when given within a few days of exposure to variola virus.

• #84 Smallpox

  https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/smallpox

  The vaccine against smallpox is made with a live virus related to the smallpox virus called vaccinia virus. […] The CDC maintains an emergency supply of vaccine. […] Increased surveillance by local health departments is incredibly important in our efforts to detect bioterrorism, investigate potential cases and ensure that patients will be cared for properly with minimal risk to other individuals.

• #85 Assessing the Safety and Effectiveness of a Smallpox Vaccine in Preventing

  https://bioengineer.org/assessing-the-safety-and-effectiveness-of-a-smallpox-vaccine-in-preventing-mpox/

  Wide-scale vaccination campaigns could markedly reduce transmission rates, alleviate the strain on healthcare infrastructure, and ultimately inch closer to possible eradication. […] Nonetheless, the research team acknowledges the necessity of further investigations to refine dosing regimens, evaluate vaccine performance in immunocompromised and naive populations, and explore innovative vaccine platforms that may complement or supersede current modalities. […] Such extended studies are imperative to maximize long-term vaccine impact and adapt to evolving viral landscapes.

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