Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] Dehydration is primarily diagnosed clinically, with laboratory investigations, including serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and renal function tests, providing supportive information. […] A thorough understanding of dehydration’s causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic criteria can enhance patient care by ensuring early recognition, timely intervention, and the prevention of severe complications.

• #2 Dehydration – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086

  Dehydration occurs when the body uses or loses more fluid than it takes in. Then the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to do its usual work. Not replacing lost fluids leads to dehydration. […] Drinking more fluids usually fixes mild to moderate dehydration. But severe dehydration needs medical treatment right away. […] Call your family healthcare professional if you or a loved one: Has had diarrhea for 24 hours or more. […] Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons. These include not drinking enough water. […] Other dehydration causes include: Diarrhea and vomiting. Diarrhea that comes on suddenly and hard can cause a huge loss of water and minerals the body needs, called electrolytes, in a short time. […] Dehydration can lead to serious complications, including: Heat injury. […] To keep from getting dehydrated, drink fluids and eat foods that hold a lot of water, such as fruits and vegetables.

• #3 Dehydration: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.health.com/dehydration-7376352

  Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. […] In fact, it’s estimated between 17% and 28% of all older adults in the U.S. experience dehydration. […] Dehydration can become serious, with the condition being a common cause of hospital admission. […] If you are dehydrated, you likely feel extremely thirsty and may also be fatigued and have dark urine. […] There’s no one definitive way to test for dehydration. Instead, healthcare providers often use a variety of approaches to diagnose dehydration. […] Here are some of the tests a healthcare provider might use to diagnose dehydration: […] A healthcare provider may order blood tests to check your electrolyte levels, especially your potassium and sodium levels. […] Sometimes a healthcare provider will order blood tests to check your kidney function.

• #4 Dehydration – Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dehydration-adults

  Dehydration happens when your body doesn’t have as much fluid as it needs. That means your body can’t function properly. Common causes include sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. […] You can have mild, moderate, or severe dehydration. If you are an adult, the seriousness of your dehydration depends on how much fluid your body is missing. In children, dehydration is based on how much body weight they’ve lost due to a lack of fluids. […] Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and needs to be treated immediately. […] Dehydration may lead to complications if you dont drink enough fluids or take too much too quickly. […] If it’s not treated, dehydration can be deadly. […] The fastest way to cure mild dehydration is by drinking water, electrolyte drinks, or oral rehydration solutions as soon as you notice signs of dehydration. See a doctor if you have signs of moderate to severe dehydration. […] Serious dehydration can cause changes in your mental function, kidney failure, low blood pressure, and more.

• #5 Lab Values That Indicate Dehydration: A Guide for Practitioners and Patients

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/lab-values-that-indicate-dehydration

  Water is essential to human survival and wellness, playing critical roles in many bodily processes. When inadequate water intake and dehydration occur, various health consequences and potential dysfunction can result. Dehydration can affect all individuals but is especially concerning in vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. […] Accurate diagnosis and prompt management are crucial to help prevent serious complications. Understanding these lab values is vital to managing dehydration effectively. […] Diagnosis of dehydration requires a comprehensive approach, as no single lab test can definitively diagnose this condition. Many of the markers within the CBC, CMP, and urinalysis can be affected by other diseases and are not reliable on their own. […] Therefore, lab values are interpreted alongside presenting physical signs, symptoms, and relevant history to help determine hydration status. Accurate diagnosis using lab tests and symptom evaluation can help ensure effective rehydration strategies.

• #6 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] Dehydration is primarily diagnosed clinically, with laboratory investigations, including serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and renal function tests, providing supportive information. […] A thorough understanding of dehydration’s causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic criteria can enhance patient care by ensuring early recognition, timely intervention, and the prevention of severe complications.

• #7 Dehydration | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/d/dehydration.html

  Dehydration means that you dont have enough water in your body. […] The symptoms of dehydration can look like other health conditions. See your health care provider for a diagnosis. […] Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and health history. The provider may also ask about recent illness or activity. You will also have a physical exam. Your blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate will be checked. You may have blood or urine tests. […] For moderate to severe dehydration, you may need I.V. (intravenous) fluids. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. It needs to be treated right away with I.V. fluids in a hospital. […] Severe dehydration that is not treated can cause kidney damage, brain damage, and death.

• #8 Dehydration: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.health.com/dehydration-7376352

  The level of sodium as well as other markers in your urine can help healthcare providers determine if you are dehydrated. […] When available, healthcare providers can compare your previous weight to your current weight to identify dehydration. […] The healthcare provider will also likely ask you about whether you have been engaging in anything that increases your risk of dehydration, such as staying in the heat or heavily exercising.

• #9 Dehydration Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/dehydration

  Dehydration can occur anytime you use up more water than you take in, whether through physical activity or some form of illness. […] If you require prompt medical care for dehydration, head to one of Baptist Healths several area urgent care clinics. More severe cases may require hospitalization. […] Your physician can usually diagnose dehydration by documenting symptoms, asking questions about recent activity, and conducting a physical exam. This diagnosis can be confirmed through certain blood and urine tests, which record the levels of: Blood urea nitrogen, Creatine, Urine sodium, Plasma osmolality. […] Plasma osmolality measures your bodys electrolyte-water balance. This is important because electrolytes are water-dissolved salts (sodium) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) that play a role in regulating your bodys neurochemical activity. Dehydration typically causes a loss of electrolytes, which reduces your neurochemical efficiency and can lead to muscle discoordination, cramping, and even blackouts.

• #10 Identify Symptoms of Dehydration: Types, Causes, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/identify-symptoms-of-dehydration-types-causes-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment

  The Dehydration is seen when the body loses more amount of fluid than the intake has been by the individual. […] There are different tests that can help you diagnose the type of dehydration it is and its underlying cause. Some of them are as follows: […] Kidney function test […] Weight measurement (loss greater than 3% indicates dehydration in 7 days) […] Electrolyte test […] Urine test. […] In Ganesh Diagnostic and Imaging Center, we present a list of tests that help you identify the causes and seek prompt treatment.

• #11 Dehydration – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092

  A healthcare professional often can diagnose dehydration from symptoms. For a child, a change in weight might be used in the diagnosis. […] To help confirm the diagnosis and to find out how dehydrated you are, you may have other tests. These might include: […] Blood tests. Blood samples check for several things. These include the levels of electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, and how well the kidneys are working. […] Urinalysis. Tests done on your urine can help show whether you’re dehydrated and how much. They also can check for a bladder infection.

• #12 Dehydration: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9013-dehydration

  Dehydration is a condition in which you lose so much body fluid that your body cant function normally. It occurs when you lose more fluids than you take in. […] If you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. Thats the easiest way to tell that you need more fluids. […] If you see your healthcare provider for possible dehydration, they may diagnose the condition based on your symptoms and a physical exam. Laboratory tests can also diagnose dehydration. […] Healthcare providers categorize dehydration as: Mild: You just have to take in more fluids orally (by mouth). […] Moderate: Moderate dehydration requires an IV (hydration through your vein). […] Severe: See a healthcare provider if your symptoms of dehydration are severe. […] By drinking more fluids, you can typically treat any bout of mild hydration. More moderate to severe cases of dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with IV fluids. […] Always drink water immediately if you feel thirsty. Remember if you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. You may see the signs of dehydration improve in as little as five to 10 minutes.

• #13 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  The most useful individual signs for identifying dehydration in children are prolonged capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern. However, clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are better predictors than individual signs. […] Clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are the most specific and sensitive tools for accurately diagnosing dehydration in children and categorizing its severity. […] Comparing change in body weight from before and after rehydration is the standard method for diagnosing dehydration. […] In one study, four factors predicted dehydration: capillary refill time of more than two seconds, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, and ill general appearance; the presence of two or more of these signs indicated a fluid deficit of at least 5 percent.

• #14 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. […] Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. […] Dehydration remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. […] In general, dehydration is classified as follows: Mild: No hemodynamic changes (approximately 3 to 5% body weight). […] Moderate: Tachycardia (approximately 6 to 8% body weight). […] Severe: Hypotension with impaired perfusion (approximately 10% body weight). […] However, using a combination of symptoms and signs to assess dehydration is a more accurate method than using only 1 sign. […] Laboratory testing is usually reserved for moderately or severely ill children, in whom electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis) are more common, and for children who need IV fluid therapy.

• #15 Dehydration: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153363

  Dehydration can usually be reversed by increasing fluid intake, but severe cases of dehydration require immediate medical attention. […] A doctor can typically diagnose dehydration based on a persons symptoms. […] A blood test may help check kidney function, sodium, potassium, and other electrolyte levels. A urine analysis may also be useful. In a person with dehydration, urine will be darker in color, more concentrated, and contain a certain level of compounds called ketones. […] To diagnose dehydration in infants, doctors usually check for a sunken fontanelle on the top of the skull. They may also ask about changes in the infants drinking or urination patterns.

• #16 Dehydration – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092

  A healthcare professional often can diagnose dehydration from symptoms. For a child, a change in weight might be used in the diagnosis. […] To help confirm the diagnosis and to find out how dehydrated you are, you may have other tests. These might include: […] Blood tests. Blood samples check for several things. These include the levels of electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, and how well the kidneys are working. […] Urinalysis. Tests done on your urine can help show whether you’re dehydrated and how much. They also can check for a bladder infection.

• #17 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Laboratory testing is crucial in diagnosing dehydration and assessing electrolyte imbalances. Common findings include an elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine ratio greater than 20:1, suggesting prerenal azotemia due to reduced renal perfusion. […] Although no single test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing dehydration, serum osmolality is commonly used, with a value greater than 295 mOsm/kg serving as a reasonable threshold for dehydration due to water loss. […] Effective management of dehydration involves replacing fluid and electrolytes and addressing the underlying causes. Treating the root cause helps prevent recurrence and promotes a more complete and lasting recovery. […] The diagnosis of volume depletion relies on a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s history, physical examination, and laboratory findings.

• #18 Dehydration in Adults: Causes, Effects, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dehydration_in_adults/article_em.htm

  Fever, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and faster breathing are all signs of potential dehydration and other illnesses. […] The color and clarity of urine, the urine-specific gravity (the mass of urine when compared with that of equal amounts of distilled water), and the presence of ketones (carbon compounds a sign the body is dehydrated) in the urine may all help to indicate the degree of dehydration. […] Treatment in the emergency department centers first on restoring fluid (blood) volume and electrolytes, and treating any life-threatening symptoms while also trying to determine the underlying cause(s) of the dehydration. […] If the affected individual’s core body temperature is greater than 104 F (40 C), doctors will cool the entire body. […] Medical treatment for dehydration in adults includes hospitalization and replacement of lost fluids.

• #19 Dehydration: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dehydration

  Dehydration can be mild or severe. You can usually treat mild dehydration on your own. Severe dehydration requires treatment in a hospital or emergency care setting. […] How is dehydration diagnosed? […] Your doctor may use a blood test to check your electrolyte levels, which can help indicate fluid loss. A blood test can also check your creatinine levels. This helps your doctor determine how well your kidneys are functioning, an indicator of the degree of dehydration. […] A urinalysis is an exam that uses a urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria and electrolyte loss. The color of your urine can also indicate dehydration when combined with other symptoms. Dark urine alone cant diagnose dehydration.

• #20 Dehydration Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-workup

  No definitive laboratory test for dehydration is available. Laboratory data are generally not required if the etiology is apparent and mild-to-moderate dehydration is present. […] With severe dehydration, the following laboratory studies are suggested: Serum sodium should be determined because hyponatremia ( 130 mEq/L) and hypernatremia ( 150 mEq/L) require specific treatment regimens. […] Urine specific gravity may be elevated in patients with dehydration but should not be relied on because it is not an accurate diagnostic test for dehydration. […] Further caution should be used in the setting of diabetes insipidus, in which the urine is dilute with low specific gravity, even in patients who are dehydrated. […] Clinical pathway using rapid rehydration for children with gastroenteritis. […] Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children.

• #21 Dehydration: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.health.com/dehydration-7376352

  The level of sodium as well as other markers in your urine can help healthcare providers determine if you are dehydrated. […] When available, healthcare providers can compare your previous weight to your current weight to identify dehydration. […] The healthcare provider will also likely ask you about whether you have been engaging in anything that increases your risk of dehydration, such as staying in the heat or heavily exercising.

• #22 Dehydration Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-workup

  No definitive laboratory test for dehydration is available. Laboratory data are generally not required if the etiology is apparent and mild-to-moderate dehydration is present. […] With severe dehydration, the following laboratory studies are suggested: Serum sodium should be determined because hyponatremia ( 130 mEq/L) and hypernatremia ( 150 mEq/L) require specific treatment regimens. […] Urine specific gravity may be elevated in patients with dehydration but should not be relied on because it is not an accurate diagnostic test for dehydration. […] Further caution should be used in the setting of diabetes insipidus, in which the urine is dilute with low specific gravity, even in patients who are dehydrated. […] Clinical pathway using rapid rehydration for children with gastroenteritis. […] Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children.

• #23 Dehydration: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9013-dehydration

  Dehydration is a condition in which you lose so much body fluid that your body cant function normally. It occurs when you lose more fluids than you take in. […] If you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. Thats the easiest way to tell that you need more fluids. […] If you see your healthcare provider for possible dehydration, they may diagnose the condition based on your symptoms and a physical exam. Laboratory tests can also diagnose dehydration. […] Healthcare providers categorize dehydration as: Mild: You just have to take in more fluids orally (by mouth). […] Moderate: Moderate dehydration requires an IV (hydration through your vein). […] Severe: See a healthcare provider if your symptoms of dehydration are severe. […] By drinking more fluids, you can typically treat any bout of mild hydration. More moderate to severe cases of dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with IV fluids. […] Always drink water immediately if you feel thirsty. Remember if you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. You may see the signs of dehydration improve in as little as five to 10 minutes.

• #24 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. […] Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. […] Dehydration remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. […] In general, dehydration is classified as follows: Mild: No hemodynamic changes (approximately 3 to 5% body weight). […] Moderate: Tachycardia (approximately 6 to 8% body weight). […] Severe: Hypotension with impaired perfusion (approximately 10% body weight). […] However, using a combination of symptoms and signs to assess dehydration is a more accurate method than using only 1 sign. […] Laboratory testing is usually reserved for moderately or severely ill children, in whom electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis) are more common, and for children who need IV fluid therapy.

• #25 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  The most useful individual signs for identifying dehydration in children are prolonged capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern. However, clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are better predictors than individual signs. […] Clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are the most specific and sensitive tools for accurately diagnosing dehydration in children and categorizing its severity. […] Comparing change in body weight from before and after rehydration is the standard method for diagnosing dehydration. […] In one study, four factors predicted dehydration: capillary refill time of more than two seconds, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, and ill general appearance; the presence of two or more of these signs indicated a fluid deficit of at least 5 percent.

• #26 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  The most useful individual signs for identifying dehydration in children are prolonged capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern. However, clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are better predictors than individual signs. […] Clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are the most specific and sensitive tools for accurately diagnosing dehydration in children and categorizing its severity. […] Comparing change in body weight from before and after rehydration is the standard method for diagnosing dehydration. […] In one study, four factors predicted dehydration: capillary refill time of more than two seconds, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, and ill general appearance; the presence of two or more of these signs indicated a fluid deficit of at least 5 percent.

• #27 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  The most useful individual signs for identifying dehydration in children are prolonged capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern. However, clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are better predictors than individual signs. […] Clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are the most specific and sensitive tools for accurately diagnosing dehydration in children and categorizing its severity. […] Comparing change in body weight from before and after rehydration is the standard method for diagnosing dehydration. […] In one study, four factors predicted dehydration: capillary refill time of more than two seconds, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, and ill general appearance; the presence of two or more of these signs indicated a fluid deficit of at least 5 percent.

• #28 Dehydration Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/dehydration

  The diagnosis of dehydration is usually made based on presenting symptoms and clinical examination. Your doctor may check your vitals, such as pulse, blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate, etc., to determine if the blood volume is less than sufficient. A weak pulse and low blood pressure may be a sign of moderate to severe dehydration. A general clinical examination may be performed to notice dry mouth, dry skin, and other neurological symptoms. If necessary, your doctor may ask for an electrolyte test and urinalysis. A blood sample is drawn for an electrolyte test to measure the amount of necessary electrolytes, e.g., sodium, potassium, etc., in blood. Urinalysis can help in determining the severity of dehydration. […] Other diseases that may present with similar symptoms as dehydration include diabetic ketoacidosis, pathologic hypernatremia, anemia, hypo or hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, anaphylactic shock, cardiovascular shock, sepsis, etc.

• #29 Dehydration Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-differential

  It is important for clinicians to recognize and appropriately treat the following: […] The underlying cause for dehydration (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA], diabetes insipidus, pyloric stenosis) […] An inadequate volume administration (too slow, not enough) for the child with severe dehydration […] Cardiogenic shock (gallop rhythm, hepatomegaly): Note that rapid fluid resuscitation may further impair cardiac output. Reassessment following fluid administration may reveal any untoward physiologic result. […] Other causes of shock (eg, sepsis, anaphylaxis) […] Dehydration in Children […] Diabetes Insipidus […] Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) […] Clinical and laboratory assessment of dehydration severity in children with acute gastroenteritis. […] Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children. […] How valid are clinical signs of dehydration in infants?

• #30 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. […] Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. […] Dehydration remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. […] In general, dehydration is classified as follows: Mild: No hemodynamic changes (approximately 3 to 5% body weight). […] Moderate: Tachycardia (approximately 6 to 8% body weight). […] Severe: Hypotension with impaired perfusion (approximately 10% body weight). […] However, using a combination of symptoms and signs to assess dehydration is a more accurate method than using only 1 sign. […] Laboratory testing is usually reserved for moderately or severely ill children, in whom electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis) are more common, and for children who need IV fluid therapy.

• #31 Dehydration in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is loss of water from the body, usually caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or both. […] Dehydration occurs when there is significant loss of body water and, to varying amounts, electrolytes. […] Diagnosis of Dehydration in Children […] Doctors examine children and note whether they have lost body weight. A loss in body weight over only a few days is very likely caused by dehydration. […] For moderately or severely dehydrated children, doctors usually do blood and urine tests to determine the levels of electrolytes in their body, the degree of dehydration, and the amount of fluid replacement required.

• #32 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  Unlike in adults, calculation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio is not useful in children. […] In combination with a clinical dehydration scale, a serum bicarbonate level of less than 17 mEq per L (17 mmol per L) may improve sensitivity of identifying children with moderate to severe hypovolemia. […] A single dose of ondansetron (Zofran) has been shown to facilitate ORT by reducing the incidents and frequency of vomiting and, therefore, reducing the failure of ORT and the need for intravenous fluid therapy.

• #33 Dehydration

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Dehydration/

  Dehydration occurs when there isnt enough fluid in the body to keep it working properly. The body needs water to help maintain body temperature, make bodily fluids and for day-to-day functioning. […] Young children and babies are at greater risk of becoming dehydrated than adults. Keeping your child hydrated is important at all times, but especially when they are unwell. […] If your child is very thirsty, they are probably already dehydrated. The effects of severe dehydration can be serious. […] If your child shows signs of severe dehydration, see your GP or go to your closest hospital emergency department. […] If your child is under six months of age or has a chronic (long-term) illness, see your GP if you think your child is dehydrated. […] If your child shows signs of severe dehydration or you are concerned for any reason, see your GP or go to your closest hospital emergency department.

• #34 Dehydration Prevention and Diagnosis: A Study in Long-Term Geriatric and Palliative Care

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-070.php

  Diagnosing dehydration in frail older persons is challenging. […] In residents of long-term geriatric and palliative care to appraise which clinical signs and laboratory data are associated with dehydration. […] Study Part I is a cross-sectional point of care assessment of data which might distinguish dehydrated from euhydrated subjects. […] On longitudinal survey (Study Part II), useful in the diagnosing of dehydration were patient history corroborated with clinical and laboratory parameters designed 'potential markers of dehydration’. […] Diagnosing dehydration in residents of long-term geriatric and palliative care is challenging. […] For now, skilled use by an experienced clinician of the patient history, physical examination, and certain laboratory values are the best means for diagnosing dehydration.

• #35 Dehydration | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116167/all/Dehydration

  The elderly are at increased risk as kidney function, urine concentration, thirst sensation, aldosterone secretion, release of vasopressin, and renin activity all significantly decline with age. […] Children 5 years of age at highest risk (2). […] Patient and/or parent education on early signs of dehydration.

• #36 New horizons in the diagnosis and management of dehydration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10581537/

  Clinical examination is of limited diagnostic value when diagnosing dehydration in older people. […] The most recent Cochrane review in this area (Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current-loss dehydration in older people, 2015) reaches a similar conclusion to the DRIE study. […] A limitation of the DRIE study and the Cochrane review, both of which are specific to older people, are that they do not evaluate whether different combinations of symptoms and signs improve diagnostic accuracy, or whether looking at an individual from a holistic point of view is clinically useful. […] Saliva osmolality has recently been explored as a potentially useful diagnostic test for dehydration in older people. […] In contrast to other clinical tests, the saliva osmolality was able to identify both hypertonic and isotonic forms of dehydration with moderate levels of accuracy. […] While individual clinical signs and bedside tests are limited in diagnostic value, a holistic clinical evaluation should still be recommended. Serum osmolality has a role in the diagnosis in hypertonic dehydration with further studies required to evaluate point of care testing.

• #37

  https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/dehydration-referral-diagnosis-medical-admittance-department

  In our study, more than 7% of all patients admitted to the GMA department were admitted on suspicion of dehydration. […] We found that approximately two thirds of patients admitted on suspicion of dehydration were in fact dehydrated according to the definition used. […] To our surprise, documentation of clinical signs of hydration/dehydration were only recorded in the medical records in 14% of patients admitted on suspicion of dehydration. […] Plasma levels of creatinine and urea were significantly higher for patients with dehydration than for those with no dehydration. […] Our study demonstrates a significant mortality related to a hospital referral with a diagnosis of suspected dehydration. […] The six-month mortality rate reached 27%, which is comparable to another study, in which 30-day and 31-365-day mortality was 17.4% and 30.6%, respectively.

• #38 New horizons in the diagnosis and management of dehydration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10581537/

  Hydration is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and yet it is an under-researched topic, particularly in older people, leading to many areas of uncertainty. There are two types of dehydration; hypertonic, which is a water deficit, and isotonic, which is a deficit of both water and salt. Individual clinical signs and bedside tests are poor diagnostic tools, making dehydration difficult to identify. However, the diagnostic value of a holistic clinical approach is not known. The gold-standard clinical test for dehydration is serum osmolality, but this cannot diagnose isotonic dehydration and may delay diagnosis in acute situations. Salivary osmolality point-of-care testing is a promising and rapid new diagnostic test capable of detecting both hypertonic and isotonic dehydration in older people, but further evidence to support its clinical utility is needed.

• #39 New horizons in the diagnosis and management of dehydration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10581537/

  Clinical examination is of limited diagnostic value when diagnosing dehydration in older people. […] The most recent Cochrane review in this area (Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current-loss dehydration in older people, 2015) reaches a similar conclusion to the DRIE study. […] A limitation of the DRIE study and the Cochrane review, both of which are specific to older people, are that they do not evaluate whether different combinations of symptoms and signs improve diagnostic accuracy, or whether looking at an individual from a holistic point of view is clinically useful. […] Saliva osmolality has recently been explored as a potentially useful diagnostic test for dehydration in older people. […] In contrast to other clinical tests, the saliva osmolality was able to identify both hypertonic and isotonic forms of dehydration with moderate levels of accuracy. […] While individual clinical signs and bedside tests are limited in diagnostic value, a holistic clinical evaluation should still be recommended. Serum osmolality has a role in the diagnosis in hypertonic dehydration with further studies required to evaluate point of care testing.

• #40 A Portable System to Monitor Saliva Conductivity for Dehydration Diagnosis and Kidney Healthcare | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51463-8

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major issue in long-term healthcare. It is caused by recurrent kidney injury, which is possible induced by dehydration and heat stress. Therefore, it is important to access the dehydration diagnosis on fields. Conventional instruments for assessing dehydration from blood and urine samples are expensive and time-consuming. These disadvantages limit their applications in high-risk groups susceptible to kidney disease. To address this unmet need, this study presents a portable miniaturized device for dehydration diagnosis with clinical saliva samples. […] To validate the use for field applications, saliva samples were measured by the developed device and the measured results were compared with standard markers of serum osmolality (N=30). These data indicate that the measured saliva conductivity is consistent with serum osmolality.

• #41 A Portable System to Monitor Saliva Conductivity for Dehydration Diagnosis and Kidney Healthcare | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51463-8

  Based on this work, the proposed device and measurement offer a useful method to diagnosis dehydrations and indicate possible potential for CKD. […] Therefore, developing a simple and portable device for detecting dehydration is crucial. […] In this paper, we propose a robust device to quantitively detect hydration status by analyzing saliva conductivity (an osmolality equivalent) with clinical samples. […] This clinical validation demonstrates potentials of the developed device in field applications. […] The developed device and portable system must be validated to correlate strongly with blood osmolality or urine gravity, which are commonly known as the hydration index, to quantify changes in a clinical setting. […] This clinical test demonstrates that serum osmolality exhibited a consistency with that of saliva conductivity (r=0.85).

• #42 A Portable System to Monitor Saliva Conductivity for Dehydration Diagnosis and Kidney Healthcare | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51463-8

  Based on this work, the proposed device and measurement offer a useful method to diagnosis dehydrations and indicate possible potential for CKD. […] Therefore, developing a simple and portable device for detecting dehydration is crucial. […] In this paper, we propose a robust device to quantitively detect hydration status by analyzing saliva conductivity (an osmolality equivalent) with clinical samples. […] This clinical validation demonstrates potentials of the developed device in field applications. […] The developed device and portable system must be validated to correlate strongly with blood osmolality or urine gravity, which are commonly known as the hydration index, to quantify changes in a clinical setting. […] This clinical test demonstrates that serum osmolality exhibited a consistency with that of saliva conductivity (r=0.85).

• #43 New horizons in the diagnosis and management of dehydration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10581537/

  Hydration is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and yet it is an under-researched topic, particularly in older people, leading to many areas of uncertainty. There are two types of dehydration; hypertonic, which is a water deficit, and isotonic, which is a deficit of both water and salt. Individual clinical signs and bedside tests are poor diagnostic tools, making dehydration difficult to identify. However, the diagnostic value of a holistic clinical approach is not known. The gold-standard clinical test for dehydration is serum osmolality, but this cannot diagnose isotonic dehydration and may delay diagnosis in acute situations. Salivary osmolality point-of-care testing is a promising and rapid new diagnostic test capable of detecting both hypertonic and isotonic dehydration in older people, but further evidence to support its clinical utility is needed.

• #44 Dehydration Prevention and Diagnosis: A Study in Long-Term Geriatric and Palliative Care

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-070.php

  Candidate markers of dehydration were similarly represented in the group of likely euvolemic and the group of likely dehydrated subjects. No single point-of-care clinical feature or laboratory test correlated with the clinicians’ intuition of dehydration. […] The challenge to prevent dehydration and, when it occurs, the difficulty in early diagnosis is widely recognized. […] Older persons should be considered at risk of low-intake dehydration and be encouraged to consume adequate amounts of fluids. […] The present study supports the need for improved awareness to the problem: knowing the patients who are chronically predisposed to dehydration, being alert to causes of acute volume loss, to symptoms and signs that may be caused by dehydration though unspecific, knowing the contribution and limitations of laboratory tests to the diagnosis of dehydration.

• #45

  https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/dehydration-referral-diagnosis-medical-admittance-department

  In our study, more than 7% of all patients admitted to the GMA department were admitted on suspicion of dehydration. […] We found that approximately two thirds of patients admitted on suspicion of dehydration were in fact dehydrated according to the definition used. […] To our surprise, documentation of clinical signs of hydration/dehydration were only recorded in the medical records in 14% of patients admitted on suspicion of dehydration. […] Plasma levels of creatinine and urea were significantly higher for patients with dehydration than for those with no dehydration. […] Our study demonstrates a significant mortality related to a hospital referral with a diagnosis of suspected dehydration. […] The six-month mortality rate reached 27%, which is comparable to another study, in which 30-day and 31-365-day mortality was 17.4% and 30.6%, respectively.

• #46 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] Dehydration is primarily diagnosed clinically, with laboratory investigations, including serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and renal function tests, providing supportive information. […] A thorough understanding of dehydration’s causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic criteria can enhance patient care by ensuring early recognition, timely intervention, and the prevention of severe complications.

• #47 Dehydration: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000982.htm

  Dehydration occurs when your body does not have as much water and fluids as it needs. […] Dehydration can be mild, moderate, or severe, based on how much of your body’s fluid is lost or not replaced. Severe dehydration is a life-threatening emergency. […] Your health care provider will look for these signs of dehydration: Low blood pressure. […] Your provider may do lab tests such as: Blood tests to check kidney function […] To treat dehydration: Try sipping water or sucking on ice cubes. […] If you notice signs of dehydration and treat it quickly, you should recover completely. […] Untreated severe dehydration may cause: Death […] You should call 911 or the local emergency number if: The person loses consciousness at any time. […] To prevent dehydration: Drink plenty of fluids every day, even when you are well.

• #48 Dehydration | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/d/dehydration.html

  Dehydration means that you dont have enough water in your body. […] The symptoms of dehydration can look like other health conditions. See your health care provider for a diagnosis. […] Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and health history. The provider may also ask about recent illness or activity. You will also have a physical exam. Your blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate will be checked. You may have blood or urine tests. […] For moderate to severe dehydration, you may need I.V. (intravenous) fluids. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. It needs to be treated right away with I.V. fluids in a hospital. […] Severe dehydration that is not treated can cause kidney damage, brain damage, and death.

• #49 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] Dehydration is primarily diagnosed clinically, with laboratory investigations, including serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and renal function tests, providing supportive information. […] A thorough understanding of dehydration’s causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic criteria can enhance patient care by ensuring early recognition, timely intervention, and the prevention of severe complications.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/co-clinicalnutrition/fulltext/2016/11000/diagnosing_dehydration__blend_evidence_with.6.aspx

  The purpose of the review is to provide recommendations to improve clinical decision-making based on the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used hydration biomarkers and clinical assessment methods. […] There is widespread consensus regarding treatment, but not the diagnosis of dehydration. Even though it is generally accepted that a proper clinical diagnosis of dehydration can only be made biochemically rather than relying upon clinical signs and symptoms, no gold standard biochemical hydration index exists. Other than clinical biomarkers in blood (i.e., osmolality and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine) and in urine (i.e., osmolality and specific gravity), blood pressure assessment and clinical symptoms in the eye (i.e., tear production and palpitating pressure) and the mouth (i.e., thirst and mucous wetness) can provide important information for diagnosing dehydration. […] We conclude that clinical observations based on a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory values, and clinician experience remain the best approach to the diagnosis of dehydration.

• #51 New horizons in the diagnosis and management of dehydration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10581537/

  Clinical examination is of limited diagnostic value when diagnosing dehydration in older people. […] The most recent Cochrane review in this area (Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current-loss dehydration in older people, 2015) reaches a similar conclusion to the DRIE study. […] A limitation of the DRIE study and the Cochrane review, both of which are specific to older people, are that they do not evaluate whether different combinations of symptoms and signs improve diagnostic accuracy, or whether looking at an individual from a holistic point of view is clinically useful. […] Saliva osmolality has recently been explored as a potentially useful diagnostic test for dehydration in older people. […] In contrast to other clinical tests, the saliva osmolality was able to identify both hypertonic and isotonic forms of dehydration with moderate levels of accuracy. […] While individual clinical signs and bedside tests are limited in diagnostic value, a holistic clinical evaluation should still be recommended. Serum osmolality has a role in the diagnosis in hypertonic dehydration with further studies required to evaluate point of care testing.

• #52 Lab Values That Indicate Dehydration: A Guide for Practitioners and Patients

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/lab-values-that-indicate-dehydration

  Water is essential to human survival and wellness, playing critical roles in many bodily processes. When inadequate water intake and dehydration occur, various health consequences and potential dysfunction can result. Dehydration can affect all individuals but is especially concerning in vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. […] Accurate diagnosis and prompt management are crucial to help prevent serious complications. Understanding these lab values is vital to managing dehydration effectively. […] Diagnosis of dehydration requires a comprehensive approach, as no single lab test can definitively diagnose this condition. Many of the markers within the CBC, CMP, and urinalysis can be affected by other diseases and are not reliable on their own. […] Therefore, lab values are interpreted alongside presenting physical signs, symptoms, and relevant history to help determine hydration status. Accurate diagnosis using lab tests and symptom evaluation can help ensure effective rehydration strategies.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/co-clinicalnutrition/fulltext/2016/11000/diagnosing_dehydration__blend_evidence_with.6.aspx

  The purpose of the review is to provide recommendations to improve clinical decision-making based on the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used hydration biomarkers and clinical assessment methods. […] There is widespread consensus regarding treatment, but not the diagnosis of dehydration. Even though it is generally accepted that a proper clinical diagnosis of dehydration can only be made biochemically rather than relying upon clinical signs and symptoms, no gold standard biochemical hydration index exists. Other than clinical biomarkers in blood (i.e., osmolality and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine) and in urine (i.e., osmolality and specific gravity), blood pressure assessment and clinical symptoms in the eye (i.e., tear production and palpitating pressure) and the mouth (i.e., thirst and mucous wetness) can provide important information for diagnosing dehydration. […] We conclude that clinical observations based on a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory values, and clinician experience remain the best approach to the diagnosis of dehydration.

• #54 Dehydration – Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dehydration-adults

  Dehydration happens when your body doesn’t have as much fluid as it needs. That means your body can’t function properly. Common causes include sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. […] You can have mild, moderate, or severe dehydration. If you are an adult, the seriousness of your dehydration depends on how much fluid your body is missing. In children, dehydration is based on how much body weight they’ve lost due to a lack of fluids. […] Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and needs to be treated immediately. […] Dehydration may lead to complications if you dont drink enough fluids or take too much too quickly. […] If it’s not treated, dehydration can be deadly. […] The fastest way to cure mild dehydration is by drinking water, electrolyte drinks, or oral rehydration solutions as soon as you notice signs of dehydration. See a doctor if you have signs of moderate to severe dehydration. […] Serious dehydration can cause changes in your mental function, kidney failure, low blood pressure, and more.

• #55 Dehydration: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9013-dehydration

  Dehydration is a condition in which you lose so much body fluid that your body cant function normally. It occurs when you lose more fluids than you take in. […] If you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. Thats the easiest way to tell that you need more fluids. […] If you see your healthcare provider for possible dehydration, they may diagnose the condition based on your symptoms and a physical exam. Laboratory tests can also diagnose dehydration. […] Healthcare providers categorize dehydration as: Mild: You just have to take in more fluids orally (by mouth). […] Moderate: Moderate dehydration requires an IV (hydration through your vein). […] Severe: See a healthcare provider if your symptoms of dehydration are severe. […] By drinking more fluids, you can typically treat any bout of mild hydration. More moderate to severe cases of dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with IV fluids. […] Always drink water immediately if you feel thirsty. Remember if you feel thirsty, youre already dehydrated. You may see the signs of dehydration improve in as little as five to 10 minutes.

• #56 Severe Dehydration: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-dehydration

  Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. Its important to know how to recognize this advanced state of dehydration and know what to do. […] You may need intravenous fluids in an emergency room and other treatments to avoid organ damage and other health complications if you experience severe dehydration. […] Children, older adults, and those who are pregnant are especially susceptible to serious health problems related to severe dehydration. […] The body is in a state of dehydration when fluid levels drop to a point at which organs and bodily functions, such as circulation and respiration, cant function normally. It occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in. […] If you dont notice the early signs of dehydration or you dont rehydrate soon enough, you can move from being mildly to severely dehydrated.

• #57 Dehydration | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116167/all/Dehydration

  The elderly are at increased risk as kidney function, urine concentration, thirst sensation, aldosterone secretion, release of vasopressin, and renin activity all significantly decline with age. […] Children 5 years of age at highest risk (2). […] Patient and/or parent education on early signs of dehydration.

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