Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dehydration – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092

  The only way to treat dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best way to replace lost fluids depends on age, how bad the dehydration is and its cause. […] For infants and children who are dehydrated from diarrhea, vomiting or fever, use water with electrolytes such as Pedialyte or Smart Water. […] Most adults with mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting or fever can get better by drinking more water or other liquids. […] Severe dehydration should be treated right away, either by emergency workers who come in an ambulance or in a hospital emergency room. Salts and fluids given through a vein, called intravenously, are absorbed quickly and speed recovery.

• #1 Dehydration: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000982.htm

  Dehydration occurs when your body does not have as much water and fluids as it needs. […] Dehydration can be mild, moderate, or severe, based on how much of your body’s fluid is lost or not replaced. Severe dehydration is a life-threatening emergency. […] To treat dehydration: Try sipping water or sucking on ice cubes. Try drinking water or sports drinks that contain electrolytes. Do not take salt tablets. They can cause serious complications. Ask your provider what you should eat if you have diarrhea. […] For more severe dehydration or heat emergency, you may need to stay in a hospital and receive fluid through a vein (IV). The provider will also treat the cause of the dehydration. […] If you notice signs of dehydration and treat it quickly, you should recover completely. […] Untreated severe dehydration may cause: Death, Permanent brain damage, Seizures.

• #1 Dehydration: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9013-dehydration

  Dehydration is a condition in which you lose so much body fluid that your body can’t function normally. […] You can usually treat mild dehydration by drinking more fluids. But dehydration isn’t always easy to spot. […] If you or a loved one has a moderate to severe case of dehydration, you may need to go to the hospital to get IV fluids. Left untreated, severe dehydration can be fatal. […] Drink water. You could also try increasing your hydration with oral rehydration sachets powders you mix in with your water. […] Hospital care may include: Fluids given intravenously (IV), or through your vein. […] By drinking more fluids, you can typically treat any bout of mild hydration. More moderate to severe cases of dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with IV fluids. […] Always drink water immediately if you feel thirsty. Remember if you feel thirsty, you’re already dehydrated. You may see the signs of dehydration improve in as little as five to 10 minutes.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  The most useful individual signs for identifying dehydration in children are prolonged capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern. However, clinical dehydration scales based on a combination of physical examination findings are better predictors than individual signs. Oral rehydration therapy is the preferred treatment of mild to moderate dehydration caused by diarrhea in children. Appropriate oral rehydration therapy is as effective as intravenous fluid in managing fluid and electrolyte losses and has many advantages. Goals of oral rehydration therapy are restoration of circulating blood volume, restoration of interstitial fluid volume, and maintenance of rehydration. When rehydration is achieved, a normal age-appropriate diet should be initiated. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends oral rehydration therapy (ORT) as the preferred treatment of fluid and electrolyte losses caused by diarrhea in children with mild to moderate dehydration. ORT is as effective as intravenous fluid in rehydration of children with mild to moderate dehydration; there is no difference in failure rate or hospital admission rate between the two treatments. Additionally, ORT has many advantages compared with intravenous fluid therapy. It can be administered at home, reducing the need for outpatient and emergency department visits; requires less emergency department staff time; and leads to shorter emergency department stays.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  Severe dehydration should be treated with intravenous fluids until the patient is stabilized (i.e., circulating blood volume is restored). Treatment should include 20 mL per kg of isotonic crystalloid (normal saline or lactated Ringer solution) over 10 to 15 minutes. No other fluid type is currently recommended for volume resuscitation in children. Treatment should be repeated as necessary, with monitoring of the patient’s pulse strength, capillary refill time, mental status, and urine output. Stabilization often requires up to 60 mL per kg of fluid within an hour. […] A single dose of ondansetron (Zofran) has been shown to facilitate ORT by reducing the incidents and frequency of vomiting and, therefore, reducing the failure of ORT and the need for intravenous fluid therapy.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  Nasogastric rehydration therapy with ORT solution is an alternative to intravenous fluid therapy in patients with poor oral intake. Nasogastric hydration using oral rehydration solution is tolerated as well as ORT. Failure rate of nasogastric tube placement is significantly less than that of intravenous lines, and significant complications of nasogastric tube placement are rare. Nasogastric rehydration therapy is also less expensive than intravenous fluid therapy. […] As soon as children with acute gastroenteritis are rehydrated, a regular age-appropriate diet should be initiated. This does not worsen the symptoms of mild diarrhea, and may decrease its duration. […] For moderate dehydration, 100 mL per kg of ORT solution should be given over four hours in the physician’s office or emergency department. If treatment is successful and ongoing losses are not excessive, the child may be sent home. At home, caregivers should provide maintenance therapy and replace ongoing losses every two hours as described for mild dehydration. ORT is considered to be unsuccessful if vomiting is severe and persistent (i.e., at least 25 percent of the hourly oral requirement) or if ORT cannot keep up with the volume of stool losses.

• #1 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  The primary goal of treatment is to restore the circulating volume. […] The second goal is identifying and addressing the underlying cause to prevent recurrence. […] In patients with normal cardiac and renal function, liberal fluid administration can rapidly restore volume. […] In patients with heart failure or renal disease, cautious fluid replacement is necessary to avoid fluid overload. […] The optimal strategy involves administering small volumes rapidly, reassessing immediately, and repeating as needed to achieve adequate hydration while minimizing risks. […] The rate of sodium correction for hypernatremia should not exceed 6 to 12 mEq/L per 24 hours to prevent cerebral edema. […] A slower sodium correction is preferred for hyponatremia, with a correction rate not exceeding 4 to 8 mEq/L per 24 hours (ideally 4-6 mEq/L per 24 hours). […] The management of dehydration through a coordinated, patient-centered approach can significantly reduce hospitalizations, readmissions, and healthcare costs while preventing complications such as AKI, cognitive impairment, and falls.

• #1 Phases of Oral Rehydration Therapy

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_Ed/CoreV2/Fluids/Fluids13.html

  ORT encompasses two phases of treatment. […] Rehydration phase: Water and electrolytes are administered as oral rehydration solution (ORS) to replace existing losses (the deficit is replaced quickly over 3-4 hours). […] Maintenance phase: This includes both replacement of ongoing fluid and electrolyte losses and adequate dietary intake. […] During both phases, fluid losses from vomiting and diarrhea are replaced in an ongoing manner. […] Severe dehydration is a medical emergency, and requires emergent IV therapy with rapid infusion of 20 mL/kg of isotonic saline. As the patient’s condition improves, therapy can be later changed to ORT.

• #1 Management of dehydration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_dehydration

  The approximate amount of oral rehydration solution (ORS) to be given over four hours can be obtained by multiplying 75 milliliters of solution by the child’s weight in kilograms. […] Vomiting often occurs during the first hour or two of treatment with ORS, especially if a child drinks the solution too quickly, but this seldom prevents successful rehydration since most of the fluid is still absorbed.

• #1 5.4 Some dehydration | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CHOL/english/5-4-some-dehydration-32409711.html

  If signs of some dehydration are still present, repeat the oral rehydration protocol over 4 hours. […] Difficulties in oral rehydration are due to the large volume of ORS to be consumed. Adherence can be poor if the patient is not encouraged by the medical staff. Successful completion of oral rehydration should not be left solely to the patient or attendant. […] Vomiting, if not repetitive, is not a contraindication to oral rehydration, but it complicates it.

• #1 Oral Rehydration For Adults – Treatment : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/oral-rehydration-for-adults-treatment/

  Oral rehydration therapy/treatment (ORT) has been shown to be as effective as IV fluids in moderately dehydrated children in ED (Spandorfer, 2005) […] ORS has been shown to reduced mortality and other dehydration related illness/complications: reduced serum osmolality to normal levels for independent, community-dwelling, elderly individuals with pre-dehydration (Ushigome et al., 2016). […] WHO recommends: osmolarity ORS containing 75 mEq/l sodium, 75 mmol/l glucose (for a total osmolarity of 245 mOsm/l) […] If recent or active vomiting, antiemetic (e.g. Ondansetron) should be given prior to ORS (Hendrikson et al., 2018) […] Administer ORS immediately to dehydrated patients who can sit up and drink independently. (if ORS not available, provide broth or water, avoiding sugary or sports drinks that can worsen diarrhea) […] Other guidelines indicate goal is 3-4L oral fluids over 24 hours which may reflect less severe disease (equals 150 mls /hour). (POAC clinical guideline).

• #1 Management of dehydration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_dehydration

  A person begins drinking oral rehydration solution (ORS) to prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss. […] Management of dehydration (or rehydration) seeks to reverse dehydration by replenishing the lost water and electrolytes. Water and electrolytes can be given through a number of routes, including oral, intravenous, and rectal. […] When diarrhea occurs, hydration should increase to prevent dehydration. […] The WHO recommends using the oral rehydration solution (ORS) if available, but homemade solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can also be given. […] In severe dehydration, the person may be lethargic or unconscious, drinks poorly, or may not be able to drink. […] For patients not malnourished, rehydration should be performed relatively rapidly by means of intravenous (IV) solution.

• #1 Dehydration Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-treatment

  Laboratory evaluation and intravenous rehydration are required. The underlying cause of the dehydration must be determined and appropriately treated. […] Phase 1 focuses on emergency management, the restoration of hemodynamic integrity. Severe dehydration is characterized by a state of hypovolemic shock requiring rapid treatment. […] An alternative approach to the deficit therapy approach is rapid replacement therapy. […] Phase 1 management of hyponatremic dehydration is identical to that of isonatremic dehydration. […] Rapid volume expansion with 20 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride solution or lactated Ringer solution should be administered and repeated until perfusion is restored. […] The most cautious approach is to plan a slow correction of the fluid deficit over 48 hours. Following adequate intravascular volume expansion, rehydration fluids should be initiated with 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride.

• #1 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Potassium replacement (usually by adding 20 mEq potassium chloride per liter [20 mmol/L] of replacement fluid) should not begin until urine output is established. […] The traditional approach to calculating the composition of maintenance fluids was also based on the Holliday-Segar formula. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all patients 28 days to 18 years of age receive isotonic solutions with appropriate potassium chloride and dextrose as maintenance IV fluids.

• #1 Dehydration: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/dehydration?srsltid=AfmBOoqra81S_ZUZOXJD4IsmRgnWQHEoTBvToHbwsJwUEXqh-Mn7wFnL

  Children and infants are higher risk because they tend to lose more fluid at a faster rate than adults do. […] If you think your child or infant has dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhea or both, contact a healthcare provider if: […] Diarrhea or vomiting lasts for more than a few days. […] They are not able to keep fluids down. […] The child has not urinated for more than 6 hours. […] The infant has not had a wet diaper for 3 or more hours. […] The diarrhea is bloody or black. […] The child is unusually sleepy or irritable. […] The child has sharp or persistent abdominal pain. […] The child cries without tears or has a dry mouth. […] The child’s abdomen, eyes or cheeks (or, in a very young infant, the soft spot on the head) appears sunken. […] The child’s skin remains tented if pinched and released. […] If your urine is dark, yellowish brown, and smells strong, you should drink water immediately. […] If your urine is pale and orderless, that means you’re drinking enough.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Treating-Dehydration-with-Electrolyte-Solution.aspx

  The most important treatment for young children with vomiting or diarrhea is to keep them adequately hydrated. This means giving them plenty of breast milk, formula, electrolyte solution or other fluids. […] For severe dehydration, hospitalization is sometimes necessary so that your child can be rehydrated with intravenous (IV) fluids. With milder cases of dehydration, all that may be needed is to give your child an electrolyte replacement solution according to your pediatrician’s directions. […] Many breastfed babies can continue to stay hydrated with frequent breastfeeding alone. […] Your child will need some normal nutrition to start to regain lost strength. […] Look for increased activity, better appetite, more frequent urination, and the disappearance of any of the signs of dehydration. When you see these, you will know your child is getting better.

• #1 Understanding clinical dehydration and its treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18519109/

  Dehydration in clinical practice, as opposed to a physiological definition, refers to the loss of body water, with or without salt, at a rate greater than the body can replace it. […] There are 2 types of dehydration, namely water loss dehydration (hyperosmolar, due either to increased sodium or glucose) and salt and water loss dehydration (hyponatremia). […] Long-term care facilities are reluctant to have practitioners make a diagnosis, in part because dehydration is a sentinel event thought to reflect poor care. […] Facilities should have an interdisciplinary educational focus on the prevention of dehydration in view of the poor outcomes associated with its development. […] With the availability of recombinant hyaluronidase, subcutaneous infusion of fluids (hypodermoclysis) provides a better opportunity to treat mild to moderate dehydration in the nursing home and at home.

• #1 Side Effects: Dehydration | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/patients-family/diagnosis-treatment/emotional-physical-effects/dehydration.dir.html/1000

  Dehydration is a common side effect of cancer treatment. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment can cause dehydration due to other side effects, like fevers, vomiting, diarrhea or excessive urination. […] Staying hydrated makes treatment side effects less severe and lowers your chances of missing or delaying cancer treatments. It also means fewer trips to the emergency room for hydration through an IV. […] If you experience symptoms of dehydration, contact your care team immediately to prevent serious complications. If you’re able, increase your fluid intake a little bit at a time and keep track of what you’re drinking. […] Once you’re dehydrated, IV hydration may be needed, especially during cancer treatment. […] Each of us has different fluid needs as our bodies change. For cancer patients, fluid needs depend on many factors, such as the type of cancer treatment you’re undergoing, and whether you are dealing with a fever, diarrhea, vomiting or other gastrointestinal side effects. […] It’s important to have a dietitian calculate your fluid needs for you. […] Tracking your fluid intake with a log is a great way to make sure you are meeting your individual needs so you can reduce your risk of dehydration.

• #1 Dehydration – signs, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dehydration

  Dehydration occurs when you don’t have enough fluid in your body. […] Severe dehydration needs immediate medical treatment. In hospital, you will get fluids through an intravenous (IV) drip. […] Oral rehydration solutions can help if you are dehydrated. You can find these in your pharmacy and supermarket. You can speak to your doctor or pharmacist about which solutions are best for you or your child. […] Being severely dehydrated can cause serious problems. It can impact your organs, such as your kidneys and your heart. […] To prevent dehydration, make sure you drink enough water each day.

• #1 Dehydration

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dehydration/

  Dehydration can happen more easily if you: […] You should drink fluids if you have symptoms of dehydration. […] A pharmacist can recommend oral rehydration solutions. These are powders that you mix with water and then drink. […] These can be signs of serious dehydration that need urgent treatment. […] Once dehydration has been treated, it’s important that your child’s fluid levels are maintained. […] Drinking fluids regularly can reduce the risk of dehydration. Water or diluted squash are good choices. […] Children under the age of 5 should get plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

• #1 Dehydration – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086

  Dehydration occurs when the body uses or loses more fluid than it takes in. Then the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to do its usual work. Not replacing lost fluids leads to dehydration. […] Drinking more fluids usually fixes mild to moderate dehydration. But severe dehydration needs medical treatment right away. […] Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons. These include not drinking enough water. This can happen when you’re sick or too busy to remember to drink enough. […] Other dehydration causes include: Diarrhea and vomiting. Diarrhea that comes on suddenly and hard can cause a huge loss of water and minerals the body needs, called electrolytes, in a short time. Vomiting with diarrhea causes the loss of even more fluids and minerals. […] To keep from getting dehydrated, drink fluids and eat foods that hold a lot of water, such as fruits and vegetables. Don’t drink fluids that have caffeine or a lot of sugar, such as sodas and some energy drinks. They can be dehydrating. […] Children who are vomiting or have diarrhea need extra water at the first signs of illness. Or they need a drink that replaces water, sugar and electrolytes, called an oral rehydration solution. Don’t wait until dehydration occurs.

• #1 Dehydration: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153363

  Dehydration can usually be reversed by increasing fluid intake, but severe cases of dehydration require immediate medical attention. […] People with dehydration should consume certain fluids to restore their fluid levels. Other types of drinks could worsen dehydration. […] In cases of severe dehydration, people may require intravenous fluids in the hospital to rehydrate. […] It is important to treat underlying conditions that may be causing the dehydration. This may include over-the-counter medication, such as antidiarrheal or antinausea medications. […] Hydrating too quickly can be counterproductive and lead to complications such as pulmonary edema, which is excess fluid in the lungs, or peripheral edema, which is too much swelling in the lower legs, feet and hands. […] Take regular sips of fluids to rehydrate rather than drinking large volumes in one go.

• #1 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Understanding the underlying causes, recognizing early warning signs, and implementing timely interventions are essential for preventing severe complications and improving patient outcomes. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] This activity provides an in-depth review of adult dehydration, covering its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and both medical and supportive treatment strategies.

• #2 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration in adults is a critical clinical condition resulting from an imbalance between fluid intake and losses, leading to electrolyte disturbances and potential multiple organ dysfunction. […] Understanding the underlying causes, recognizing early warning signs, and implementing timely interventions are essential for preventing severe complications and improving patient outcomes. […] Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, with treatment focusing on fluid replacement and addressing the underlying causes. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential for preventing complications and improving outcomes. […] This activity provides an in-depth review of adult dehydration, covering its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and both medical and supportive treatment strategies.

• #2 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  Dehydration is often precipitated by low fluid intake, increased fluid loss, or a combination of both of these factors. […] Treatment focuses on correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances through oral or intravenous (IV) rehydration while closely monitoring serum electrolytes and renal function. […] Fortunately, dehydration is both preventable and treatable. […] Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the preferred treatment for mild-to-moderate dehydration. […] When a patient presents with severe dehydration or cannot tolerate ORT, IV fluid therapy is necessary to rapidly restore fluid balance and correct electrolyte disturbances. […] Effective management of dehydration involves replacing fluid and electrolytes and addressing the underlying causes. […] Regular monitoring and prevention of dehydration are essential to avoid complications and promote optimal health in patients.

• #2 Dehydration Treatment – Oral Rehydration Therapy and Fluid Replacement

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dehydration-in-adults-treatment

  You can become dehydrated for many different reasons. […] Theres really only one way to treat dehydration — replace the fluids and electrolytes your body has lost. […] For a mild case, it should be enough just to drink plenty of fluids. […] If your dehydration is serious, you may need to see a doctor to get treated with intravenous (IV) fluids. […] If your baby or child becomes dehydrated (usually because of a fever, vomiting or diarrhea), treatment with an oral rehydration solution is your best bet. […] Dehydration can be serious in a baby or young child. […] Usually, dehydration is easy to treat at home if you get out of the heat and drink plenty of liquids.

• #2 Dehydration

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dehydration/

  Dehydration can happen more easily if you: […] You should drink fluids if you have symptoms of dehydration. […] A pharmacist can recommend oral rehydration solutions. These are powders that you mix with water and then drink. […] These can be signs of serious dehydration that need urgent treatment. […] Once dehydration has been treated, it’s important that your child’s fluid levels are maintained. […] Drinking fluids regularly can reduce the risk of dehydration. Water or diluted squash are good choices. […] Children under the age of 5 should get plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1001/p692.html

  Nasogastric rehydration therapy with ORT solution is an alternative to intravenous fluid therapy in patients with poor oral intake. Nasogastric hydration using oral rehydration solution is tolerated as well as ORT. Failure rate of nasogastric tube placement is significantly less than that of intravenous lines, and significant complications of nasogastric tube placement are rare. Nasogastric rehydration therapy is also less expensive than intravenous fluid therapy. […] As soon as children with acute gastroenteritis are rehydrated, a regular age-appropriate diet should be initiated. This does not worsen the symptoms of mild diarrhea, and may decrease its duration. […] For moderate dehydration, 100 mL per kg of ORT solution should be given over four hours in the physician’s office or emergency department. If treatment is successful and ongoing losses are not excessive, the child may be sent home. At home, caregivers should provide maintenance therapy and replace ongoing losses every two hours as described for mild dehydration. ORT is considered to be unsuccessful if vomiting is severe and persistent (i.e., at least 25 percent of the hourly oral requirement) or if ORT cannot keep up with the volume of stool losses.

• #2 Dehydration Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-treatment

  Antidiarrheal agents are not recommended because of a high incidence of side effects including lethargy, respiratory depression, and coma. […] In a study of 170 children aged 3 months to 5 years with acute diarrhea with vomiting and some dehydration, those who received treatment with a single dose of oral ondansetron and standard dehydration protocols showed faster rehydration, fewer vomiting episodes, and better caregiver satisfaction than those who were administered placebo and standard management of dehydration. […] ORT may be continued at home if clear instructions are provided for the family and if the family members can be relied upon to carry out the hydration regimen.

• #2 Dehydration Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-treatment

  Hydration and nutrition are the interventions with the greatest impact on the course of acute diarrhea. The use of clinical dehydration scales/scores for the evaluation of the severity of dehydration and early initiation of rehydration may positively impact outcomes. […] Severe dehydration warrants hospital admission for rehydration with isotonic saline, as do hypernatremic or hyponatremic states. […] Inability to tolerate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) may necessitate hospital admission for nasogastric or intravenous fluid therapy. […] Mild or moderate dehydration can usually be treated very effectively with ORT. […] If vomiting persists, infusion of oral rehydration solution via a nasogastric tube may be temporarily used to achieve rehydration. Intravenous fluid administration (20-30 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride 0.9% solution over 1-2 h) may also be used until oral rehydration is tolerated.

• #2 Dehydration – signs, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dehydration

  Dehydration occurs when you don’t have enough fluid in your body. […] Severe dehydration needs immediate medical treatment. In hospital, you will get fluids through an intravenous (IV) drip. […] Oral rehydration solutions can help if you are dehydrated. You can find these in your pharmacy and supermarket. You can speak to your doctor or pharmacist about which solutions are best for you or your child. […] Being severely dehydrated can cause serious problems. It can impact your organs, such as your kidneys and your heart. […] To prevent dehydration, make sure you drink enough water each day.

• #2 Dehydration Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-treatment

  Laboratory evaluation and intravenous rehydration are required. The underlying cause of the dehydration must be determined and appropriately treated. […] Phase 1 focuses on emergency management, the restoration of hemodynamic integrity. Severe dehydration is characterized by a state of hypovolemic shock requiring rapid treatment. […] An alternative approach to the deficit therapy approach is rapid replacement therapy. […] Phase 1 management of hyponatremic dehydration is identical to that of isonatremic dehydration. […] Rapid volume expansion with 20 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride solution or lactated Ringer solution should be administered and repeated until perfusion is restored. […] The most cautious approach is to plan a slow correction of the fluid deficit over 48 hours. Following adequate intravascular volume expansion, rehydration fluids should be initiated with 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride.

• #2 Management of dehydration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_dehydration

  A person begins drinking oral rehydration solution (ORS) to prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss. […] Management of dehydration (or rehydration) seeks to reverse dehydration by replenishing the lost water and electrolytes. Water and electrolytes can be given through a number of routes, including oral, intravenous, and rectal. […] When diarrhea occurs, hydration should increase to prevent dehydration. […] The WHO recommends using the oral rehydration solution (ORS) if available, but homemade solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can also be given. […] In severe dehydration, the person may be lethargic or unconscious, drinks poorly, or may not be able to drink. […] For patients not malnourished, rehydration should be performed relatively rapidly by means of intravenous (IV) solution.

• #2 5.4 Some dehydration | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CHOL/english/5-4-some-dehydration-32409711.html

  Patients with some dehydration are not as critically ill as those with severe dehydration, but are at high risk of becoming so. Thus, these patients should be admitted and have their rehydration and clinical evolution supervised. […] The volume of oral rehydration solution (ORS) to be given is 75 ml/kg over 4 hours. […] During the rehydration phase, the losses from on-going diarrhoea must be compensated. […] ORS must be provided to the patient in the correct quantity like any other medication during hospitalisation. Rehydrating a patient is not simply prescribing ORS and returning to evaluate after 4 hours. […] After the prescribed amount of ORS has been given, reassess the patients hydration status. If there are no signs of dehydration, the patient can then move onto the maintenance phase.

• #2 How to Treat Dehydration from Stomach Bugs in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/video/how-treat-dehydration-stomach-bugs-children

  Kids can get dehydrated when theyre sick and they dont want to drink. […] Oral rehydration therapy, a very effective method for treating and preventing dehydration at home. […] The most important part of oral rehydration therapy is to give small amounts of fluid approximately every 5 minutes over two to four hours. […] Give fluid every 5 minutes for at least 2 hours. […] Call the doctor if your child cant keep fluid down, even with ORT, is acting very tired, isnt interested in playing, isnt urinating much, or if their mouth seems very dry and their eyes look sunken.

• #2 IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Types & Uses

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21635-iv-fluids

  IV fluids are specially formulated liquids that are injected into a vein to prevent or treat dehydration. Theyre used in people of all ages who are sick, injured, dehydrated from exercise or heat, or undergoing surgery. Intravenous rehydration is a simple, safe and common procedure with a low risk of complications. […] IV fluids are liquids injected into a persons veins through an IV (intravenous) tube. They prevent or treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] A person needs IV fluids when they become dangerously dehydrated. […] IV rehydration is a common, simple and safe procedure that can make you feel better quickly and help save your life if youre seriously ill. […] IV fluids are specially formulated liquids that are injected into a vein to prevent or treat dehydration. Intravenous rehydration is a simple and safe procedure used in people who are sick, injured, dehydrated from exercise or heat, or undergoing surgery.

• #2 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. […] Treatment is with oral or IV replacement of fluid and electrolytes. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization (WHO) both recommend oral rehydration therapy for mild and moderate dehydration. […] Children with severe dehydration (eg, evidence of circulatory compromise) should receive fluids IV. […] Patients with signs of hypoperfusion should receive fluid resuscitation with 10- to 20-mL/kg boluses of isotonic fluid (eg, 0.9% saline or Ringer’s lactate). […] The goal is to restore adequate circulating volume to restore blood pressure and perfusion. […] Sodium deficits are usually approximately 60 mEq/L (60 mmol/L) of fluid deficit, and potassium deficits are usually approximately 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L) of fluid deficit.

• #2 Adult Dehydration – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/

  The primary goal of treatment is to restore the circulating volume. […] The second goal is identifying and addressing the underlying cause to prevent recurrence. […] In patients with normal cardiac and renal function, liberal fluid administration can rapidly restore volume. […] In patients with heart failure or renal disease, cautious fluid replacement is necessary to avoid fluid overload. […] The optimal strategy involves administering small volumes rapidly, reassessing immediately, and repeating as needed to achieve adequate hydration while minimizing risks. […] The rate of sodium correction for hypernatremia should not exceed 6 to 12 mEq/L per 24 hours to prevent cerebral edema. […] A slower sodium correction is preferred for hyponatremia, with a correction rate not exceeding 4 to 8 mEq/L per 24 hours (ideally 4-6 mEq/L per 24 hours). […] The management of dehydration through a coordinated, patient-centered approach can significantly reduce hospitalizations, readmissions, and healthcare costs while preventing complications such as AKI, cognitive impairment, and falls.

• #2 Dehydration (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dehydration.html

  Dehydration is when there is not enough water in the body. […] Treatment for dehydration depends on how severe it is. Kids with mild dehydration can get extra liquids at home. Kids with more severe dehydration may need treatment in the ER or hospital. […] Mild dehydration is treated with oral (by mouth) rehydration. This usually includes giving oral rehydration solution (such as Pedialyte, Enfalyte, or a store brand). It has the right amounts of water, sugar, and salt to help with dehydration. […] If your child has mild dehydration and your doctor says its OK to start treatment at home: Give your child small sips of oral rehydration solution as often as possible. […] Don’t give babies plain water instead of oral rehydration solution. It doesn’t have the right nutrients for babies with dehydration. […] Go to the ER if your child is very sleepy or isnt responding to you.

• #2 Pediatric Dehydration Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Mild Volume Depletion, Moderate Volume Depletion

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801012-treatment

  Address emergent airway, breathing, and circulatory problems first. Obtain intravenous access, and give a 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid bolus (Ringer lactate or normal saline) to children with severe volume depletion. This should not delay transport to the appropriate facility. Reassessment of perfusion, cardiac function, mentation should take place after each intervention. At times, cardiac failure can mimic volume depletion leading to further deterioration of clinical findings after fluid administration. […] Patients with minimal to mild volume depletion should be encouraged to continue an age-appropriate diet and adequate intake of oral fluids. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) should be used. Children should be given sips of ORS (5 mL or 1 teaspoon) every 2 minutes. […] The literature supports use of oral rehydration for the moderately dehydrated child. Similar outcomes have been achieved in randomized studies comparing ORS with intravenous fluid therapy with fewer complications and higher parent satisfaction in the ORS groups.

• #2 Cancer treatment side effect: Dehydration | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/cancer-treatment-side-effect–dehydration.h00-159305412.html

  Dehydration is a common side effect of cancer treatment. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment can cause dehydration due to other side effects, like fevers, vomiting, diarrhea or excessive urination. […] Staying hydrated makes treatment side effects less severe and lowers your chances of missing or delaying cancer treatments. It also means fewer trips to the emergency room for hydration through an IV. […] Since dehydration can stop normal body functions and be quite dangerous, staying hydrated during treatment is important for protecting your organs from long-term damage. […] Once you’re dehydrated, IV hydration may be needed, especially during cancer treatment. […] If you can drink fluids orally, it’s highly recommended that you do so throughout the day. This is easier than having to receive hydration through an IV.

• #2 Cancer treatment side effect: Dehydration | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/cancer-treatment-side-effect–dehydration.h00-159305412.html

  For cancer patients, fluid needs depend on many factors, such as the type of cancer treatment you’re undergoing, and whether you are dealing with a fever, diarrhea, vomiting or other gastrointestinal side effects. […] It’s important to have a dietitian calculate your fluid needs for you. […] Tracking your fluid intake with a log is a great way to make sure you are meeting your individual needs so you can reduce your risk of dehydration. […] Water is best when it comes to hydrating. […] To avoid overhydration, space out your fluid intake throughout the day. Try not to drink a lot of fluids in a short time.

• #2 Dehydration: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dehydration

  Avoid soda, alcohol, overly sweet drinks, or caffeine. These drinks can worsen dehydration. […] Untreated dehydration can lead to life threatening complications, such as heat cramps, seizures due to electrolyte loss, low circulating blood volume leading to low blood pressure, kidney failure, and coma. […] You can help prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of water throughout the day and taking electrolytes if you start noticing early symptoms of fluid loss.

• #2 Dehydration

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Dehydration/

  If your child shows signs of severe dehydration or you are concerned for any reason, see your GP or go to your closest hospital emergency department. […] If your child is unwell, they may need medical treatment to help replace lost fluids. This can involve using a feeding tube that goes into the stomach via the nose, or fluids given directly into a vein through a drip (intravenous or IV therapy). […] Making sure your child drinks enough water each day can help prevent dehydration. Providing extra drinks of water in hot weather, during and after exercise and during illness is particularly important. […] Mild dehydration can be treated at home by giving oral rehydration fluids or water. Do not give drinks that are high in sugar. […] Sports drinks are not recommended for hydration, as there is often a high sugar content. Drinks that are high in sugar can make dehydration worse. During sports, children can drink water or oral rehydration solutions.

• #2 Dehydration: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9013-dehydration

  Dehydration is a condition in which you lose so much body fluid that your body can’t function normally. […] You can usually treat mild dehydration by drinking more fluids. But dehydration isn’t always easy to spot. […] If you or a loved one has a moderate to severe case of dehydration, you may need to go to the hospital to get IV fluids. Left untreated, severe dehydration can be fatal. […] Drink water. You could also try increasing your hydration with oral rehydration sachets powders you mix in with your water. […] Hospital care may include: Fluids given intravenously (IV), or through your vein. […] By drinking more fluids, you can typically treat any bout of mild hydration. More moderate to severe cases of dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with IV fluids. […] Always drink water immediately if you feel thirsty. Remember if you feel thirsty, you’re already dehydrated. You may see the signs of dehydration improve in as little as five to 10 minutes.

• #3 Dehydration Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-treatment

  Hydration and nutrition are the interventions with the greatest impact on the course of acute diarrhea. The use of clinical dehydration scales/scores for the evaluation of the severity of dehydration and early initiation of rehydration may positively impact outcomes. […] Severe dehydration warrants hospital admission for rehydration with isotonic saline, as do hypernatremic or hyponatremic states. […] Inability to tolerate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) may necessitate hospital admission for nasogastric or intravenous fluid therapy. […] Mild or moderate dehydration can usually be treated very effectively with ORT. […] If vomiting persists, infusion of oral rehydration solution via a nasogastric tube may be temporarily used to achieve rehydration. Intravenous fluid administration (20-30 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride 0.9% solution over 1-2 h) may also be used until oral rehydration is tolerated.

• #3 Dehydration

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Dehydration/

  Dehydration occurs when there isnt enough fluid in the body to keep it working properly. The body needs water to help maintain body temperature, make bodily fluids and for day-to-day functioning. […] Young children and babies are at greater risk of becoming dehydrated than adults. Keeping your child hydrated is important at all times, but especially when they are unwell. […] If your child shows signs of severe dehydration, see your GP or go to your closest hospital emergency department. […] The best treatment for mild dehydration is to give your child more fluid to drink, such as water or oral rehydration solutions. Gastrolyte, HYDRAlyte, Pedialyte and Repalyte are different types of oral rehydration solutions (fluids) that can be used to replace fluids and body salts. […] If your child is under six months of age or has a chronic (long-term) illness, see your GP if you think your child is dehydrated.

• #3 IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Types & Uses

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21635-iv-fluids

  IV fluids are specially formulated liquids that are injected into a vein to prevent or treat dehydration. Theyre used in people of all ages who are sick, injured, dehydrated from exercise or heat, or undergoing surgery. Intravenous rehydration is a simple, safe and common procedure with a low risk of complications. […] IV fluids are liquids injected into a persons veins through an IV (intravenous) tube. They prevent or treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] A person needs IV fluids when they become dangerously dehydrated. […] IV rehydration is a common, simple and safe procedure that can make you feel better quickly and help save your life if youre seriously ill. […] IV fluids are specially formulated liquids that are injected into a vein to prevent or treat dehydration. Intravenous rehydration is a simple and safe procedure used in people who are sick, injured, dehydrated from exercise or heat, or undergoing surgery.

• #3 Pediatric Dehydration Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Mild Volume Depletion, Moderate Volume Depletion

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801012-treatment

  Patients with severe volume depletion should receive intravenous isotonic fluid boluses (20-60 mL/kg). […] The emergency medicine literature now supports the use of a single dose of oral ondansetron in combination with oral rehydration for patients with dehydration, nausea, and vomiting. […] Infants and children who present to the ED with mild to moderate dehydration may respond to fluid boluses and may be discharged home with close follow-up with their primary care provider. Patients who are severely volume depleted or who are unable to tolerate oral fluids must be admitted, with a pediatric consultation.

• #3 Dehydration – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092

  The only way to treat dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best way to replace lost fluids depends on age, how bad the dehydration is and its cause. […] For infants and children who are dehydrated from diarrhea, vomiting or fever, use water with electrolytes such as Pedialyte or Smart Water. […] Most adults with mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting or fever can get better by drinking more water or other liquids. […] Severe dehydration should be treated right away, either by emergency workers who come in an ambulance or in a hospital emergency room. Salts and fluids given through a vein, called intravenously, are absorbed quickly and speed recovery.

• #3 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. […] Treatment is with oral or IV replacement of fluid and electrolytes. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization (WHO) both recommend oral rehydration therapy for mild and moderate dehydration. […] Children with severe dehydration (eg, evidence of circulatory compromise) should receive fluids IV. […] Patients with signs of hypoperfusion should receive fluid resuscitation with 10- to 20-mL/kg boluses of isotonic fluid (eg, 0.9% saline or Ringer’s lactate). […] The goal is to restore adequate circulating volume to restore blood pressure and perfusion. […] Sodium deficits are usually approximately 60 mEq/L (60 mmol/L) of fluid deficit, and potassium deficits are usually approximately 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L) of fluid deficit.

• #3 Dehydration in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/dehydration-and-fluid-therapy-in-children/dehydration-in-children

  Potassium replacement (usually by adding 20 mEq potassium chloride per liter [20 mmol/L] of replacement fluid) should not begin until urine output is established. […] The traditional approach to calculating the composition of maintenance fluids was also based on the Holliday-Segar formula. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all patients 28 days to 18 years of age receive isotonic solutions with appropriate potassium chloride and dextrose as maintenance IV fluids.

• #3 Treatment of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-hypovolemia-dehydration-in-children-in-resource-abundant-settings

  Treatment of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children in resource-abundant settings […] Fluid therapy maintains the normal volume and composition of body fluids and, if needed, corrects any existing abnormalities. In children, the most common abnormality requiring fluid therapy is hypovolemia or dehydration, often related to vomiting and diarrhea from gastroenteritis. Clinically, it is useful to divide fluid therapy into repletion therapy and maintenance therapy. […] Repletion therapy replaces any current existing water and electrolyte deficits, replaces any ongoing abnormal losses, and returns the patient to a normal volume and electrolyte status. […] Maintenance therapy replaces the expected ongoing losses of water and electrolytes from normal physiologic processes and maintains normal volume and electrolyte status.

• #3 Dehydration | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/d/dehydration.html

  Dehydration means that you dont have enough water in your body. […] Treatment will depend on your symptoms, your age, and your general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. […] For moderate to severe dehydration, you may need I.V. (intravenous) fluids. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. It needs to be treated right away with I.V. fluids in a hospital. […] For mild dehydration, you can drink fluids. You may need to restore not just water, but also electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium. Sports and oral rehydration drinks can replace water and electrolytes. […] For moderate to severe dehydration, you may need I.V. (intravenous) fluids. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. It needs to be treated right away with I.V. fluids in a hospital. […] Symptoms can include thirst, dry mouth, and less urine. […] Mild dehydration can cause problems with blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. […] Severe dehydration can also cause weakness or confusion. In extreme cases, it can lead to kidney damage, brain damage and even death.

• #3 Dehydration – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/dehydration

  Dehydration is a deficiency of water in the body. […] Treatment is restoring lost water and mineral salts (such as sodium and potassium) that are dissolved in the blood (electrolytes), usually by drinking but sometimes with intravenous fluids. […] For treating mild dehydration, drinking plenty of water may be all that is needed. With moderate and severe dehydration, lost electrolytes (especially sodium and potassium) must also be replaced. […] Oral rehydration solutions that contain appropriate amounts of electrolytes are available without a prescription. These solutions work well to treat dehydration, especially that caused by vomiting or diarrhea in children. […] More severe dehydration requires treatment with intravenous solutions containing sodium chloride (salt). Doctors give the intravenous solution rapidly at first and then more slowly as the person’s physical condition improves. […] Treatment is also directed at the cause of dehydration. For example, when people have nausea and vomiting or diarrhea, medications to control or stop the vomiting or diarrhea may be used.

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