Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Screening and Management of Bleeding Disorders in Adolescents With Heavy Menstrual Bleeding | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/09/screening-and-management-of-bleeding-disorders-in-adolescents-with-heavy-menstrual-bleeding

  Heavy menstrual bleeding is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that interferes with a woman’s physical, social, emotional, or material quality of life. […] The frequency of bleeding disorders in the general population is approximately 12%, but bleeding disorders are found in approximately 20% of adolescent girls who present for evaluation of heavy menstrual bleeding and in 33% of adolescent girls hospitalized for heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding at menarche and in adolescence may be an important sentinel for an underlying bleeding disorder. […] Evaluation of adolescent girls who present with heavy menstrual bleeding should include assessment for anemia from blood loss, including serum ferritin, the presence of an endocrine disorder leading to anovulation, and evaluation for the presence of a bleeding disorder.

• #2 Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00629-4

  Menstruation is a physiological process that is typically uncomplicated. However, up to one third of women globally will be affected by abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) at some point in their reproductive years. […] AUB is a debilitating symptom that affects up to one third of reproductive-aged women; comprehensive knowledge of menstrual cycle physiology is crucial for understanding and progressing endometrial physiology research. […] There is a high prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in those with AUB, on a global scale, and this is often under-recognized and under-reported. […] The terminology and definitions for diagnosing causes of AUB are now standardized in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Systems 1 and 2, and should be followed for ease of clinical and research synchrony. […] Treatments for AUB are not specific and a third of patients resort to a hysterectomy for resolution of symptoms, highlighting a clinically unmet need for more targeted and personalized treatments.

• #3 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-2–adolescent-gynecology–heavy-menstrual-bleeding-in-adolescents/id/418313

  Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common condition that affects adolescents. In a population-based study of approximately 1000 adolescents and young adults aged 15-20 years, nearly 40 percent reported heavy menses. AUB has been associated with medical and psychosocial consequences, which include iron deficiency (ID) with and without anemia, frequent medical visits, and hospitalization. AUB negatively impacts the quality of life in adolescents in the areas of school, athletic, and vocational performance. Mental health effects are also reported in this already vulnerable population. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is excessive menstrual blood loss, regardless of duration, which interferes with well-being and quality of life as reported by the menstruator. HMB is defined as more than 80 mL of menstrual blood loss in one menstrual cycle.

• #4 Menorrhagia(Archived) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536910/

  Abnormal uterine bleeding, or menorrhagia as previously classified, is a predominant complication among women in the United States that is related to the major impacts of women’s quality of life, productivity, and healthcare cost. Reports are that the annual prevalence rate is 53 per 1000 women. In the outpatient setting, AUB is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits with 20-30% of women presenting with this complaint annually. […] At least 30% of hysterectomies performed in the USA are for heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #5 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p435.html

  Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common condition, with a prevalence of 10% to 30% among women of reproductive age. It negatively affects quality of life and is associated with financial loss, decreased productivity, poor health, and increased use of health care resources. In 2011 the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics convened a working group that produced standardized definitions and classifications for menstrual disorders, which the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists subsequently endorsed. The updated terminology pertains only to nonpregnant women of reproductive age, which is the scope of this review. […] The most effective long-term medical treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding is the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Other long-term medical treatment options include estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives, oral progestins, oral tranexamic acid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and depot medroxyprogesterone. Hysterectomy is the definitive treatment. […] The 20-mcg-per-day formulation of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) is more effective than other medical therapies for reducing heavy menstrual bleeding. Hysterectomy is the most effective treatment for reducing heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #6 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116377/1.3/Menorrhagia__Heavy_Menstrual_Bleeding_

  This topic will focus on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. […] AUB is a common complaint with a prevalence of 2030% and is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits. About 1 in 5 women in the United States experience HMB. The prevalence varies with age and is higher in adolescence and during the 5th decade of life. […] A 2019 study of 306 women conducted in the outpatient internal medicine department of a training and research university hospital found that a prevalence of HMB in women of reproductive age was 37.9%. […] HMB is linked to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.

• #7 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116377/1.3/Menorrhagia__Heavy_Menstrual_Bleeding_

  This topic will focus on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. […] AUB is a common complaint with a prevalence of 2030% and is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits. About 1 in 5 women in the United States experience HMB. The prevalence varies with age and is higher in adolescence and during the 5th decade of life. […] A 2019 study of 306 women conducted in the outpatient internal medicine department of a training and research university hospital found that a prevalence of HMB in women of reproductive age was 37.9%. […] HMB is linked to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.

• #8 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116377/1.3/Menorrhagia__Heavy_Menstrual_Bleeding_

  This topic will focus on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. […] AUB is a common complaint with a prevalence of 2030% and is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits. About 1 in 5 women in the United States experience HMB. The prevalence varies with age and is higher in adolescence and during the 5th decade of life. […] A 2019 study of 306 women conducted in the outpatient internal medicine department of a training and research university hospital found that a prevalence of HMB in women of reproductive age was 37.9%. […] HMB is linked to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.

• #9 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #10 Prevalence and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding among gynecology outpatients by scanning a WeChat QR Code | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229123

  The aim of this study was to assess menstrual blood loss (MBL) and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among the gynecology outpatients at Peking University Peoples Hospital […] HMB is a common abnormal uterine bleeding and is frequently found among Chinese gynecology outpatients. HMB has major impacts on a woman’s quality of life, affecting both physical and emotional health domains. […] Currently, there are no data in China that could help us understand how often women suffer from HMB and how many women know that HMB could severely jeopardize their health. […] AUB is one of the common diseases encountered in gynecology clinics. In the present study, 60.8% of the patients were diagnosed with AUB, with HMB being the most common clinical manifestation (94.0%). […] According to the present study, 63.2% of the patients had no knowledge of HMB.

• #11 Menstrual bleeding patterns: A community-based cross-sectional study among women aged 18-45 years in Southern Brazil | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-11-26

  Population variation in the duration and amount of menstrual bleeding has received little attention in the literature. […] Prevalence of heavy menstrual flow was 35.3% (95% CI 32.1-38.6%). […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is highly prevalent at the community level, and is associated with socio-demographic and anthropometric women’s characteristics, as well as with duration of menstruation, extra-bleeding and presence of clots. […] The main new findings of this study relate to the high prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding in this population and to the increased prevalence in women with little formal education. […] Reported heavy menstrual bleeding is highly prevalent at the community level and is related to older age, low formal education, obesity, higher number of pregnancies, as well as with other features of menstruation, like longer periods, extra-menstrual bleeding, and clots in the flow. On the other hand, hormonal contraception is protective against heavy menses.

• #12 Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding: prevalence and characteristics from young adulthood to midlife, Australia, 2000–2021: a longitudinal cohort survey study | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2025/222/4/women-who-experience-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-prevalence-and-characteristics

  Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding among Australian women from young adulthood to midlife (2248 years) and investigate the characteristics of women who experience this condition; to investigate the relationship of heavy menstrual bleeding and healthrelated quality of life. […] The prevalence of sometimes or often experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding increased from 17.6% at age 22 years (124 of 691 respondents) to 32.1% at 48 years (359 of 1132 respondents); the proportion who reported often experiencing the condition increased from 6.1% (45 participants) to 12.1% (136 participants). […] Heavy menstrual bleeding was reported by large minorities of women of reproductive age, and the proportion increased with age. Many women experience symptoms that have a substantial impact on their physical and mental healthrelated quality of life.

• #13 Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia

  Menorrhagia is a very common complaint: […] The prevalence of menorrhagia increases with age, peaking in women aged 30-49 years. 5% of women aged 30-49 years in the UK consult their GP each year due to excessive uterine bleeding. […] The perception of what constitutes 'heavy’ menstrual bleeding is subjective. The prevalence of menorrhagia ranges from 9-14% in studies that assess menstrual blood loss objectively by measuring it, but is much higher (20-52%) in studies which are based on subjective assessment. […] Menstrual disorders are the second most common gynaecological condition to be referred to hospital, accounting for around 12% of all gynaecological referrals.

• #14 Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia

  Menorrhagia is a very common complaint: […] The prevalence of menorrhagia increases with age, peaking in women aged 30-49 years. 5% of women aged 30-49 years in the UK consult their GP each year due to excessive uterine bleeding. […] The perception of what constitutes 'heavy’ menstrual bleeding is subjective. The prevalence of menorrhagia ranges from 9-14% in studies that assess menstrual blood loss objectively by measuring it, but is much higher (20-52%) in studies which are based on subjective assessment. […] Menstrual disorders are the second most common gynaecological condition to be referred to hospital, accounting for around 12% of all gynaecological referrals.

• #15

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=01938899-202302280-00001&Journal_ID=5188715&Issue_ID=6567565

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem in adolescents. Untreated HMB may result in deleterious medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] HMB is common in adolescence, although studies show a broad range in prevalence. According to a 2006 population-based study in Sweden, up to 37% of 1000 adolescents aged 15 to 20 years experienced HMB. […] Despite the high prevalence, HMB is likely underreported, underdiagnosed, and therefore potentially undertreated, resulting in medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] Medical complications of untreated HMB in adolescents include symptomatic iron deficiency with or without anemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and deficits in attention and concentration. […] Approximately 20% of adolescents with HMB have an underlying bleeding disorder. HMB negatively affects self-esteem, school attendance, and participation in sports, and results in an increase in anemia, iron deficiency, depression, fatigue, and emergency department utilization.

• #16 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  The global prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding has been demonstrated to differ. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding accounted for 57.4 % of all menstrual disorders assessed among adolescents in Nigeria. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is associated with several factors and these don’t necessarily imply causality but increase the risk of a woman experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding. […] It has been documented that HMB affects the quality of life of many women of reproductive age as it interferes with their daily activities in terms of reducing the number of working hours, school attendance, and sexuality. […] Although heavy menstrual bleeding has never been documented to produce significant mortality, it causes significant morbidity due to anaemia. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be high when a woman self-reported using more than 5 fully soaked sanitary pads per day.

• #17 Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia

  Menorrhagia is a very common complaint: […] The prevalence of menorrhagia increases with age, peaking in women aged 30-49 years. 5% of women aged 30-49 years in the UK consult their GP each year due to excessive uterine bleeding. […] The perception of what constitutes 'heavy’ menstrual bleeding is subjective. The prevalence of menorrhagia ranges from 9-14% in studies that assess menstrual blood loss objectively by measuring it, but is much higher (20-52%) in studies which are based on subjective assessment. […] Menstrual disorders are the second most common gynaecological condition to be referred to hospital, accounting for around 12% of all gynaecological referrals.

• #18 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116377/1.3/Menorrhagia__Heavy_Menstrual_Bleeding_

  This topic will focus on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. […] AUB is a common complaint with a prevalence of 2030% and is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits. About 1 in 5 women in the United States experience HMB. The prevalence varies with age and is higher in adolescence and during the 5th decade of life. […] A 2019 study of 306 women conducted in the outpatient internal medicine department of a training and research university hospital found that a prevalence of HMB in women of reproductive age was 37.9%. […] HMB is linked to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.

• #19 Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia

  Menorrhagia is a very common complaint: […] The prevalence of menorrhagia increases with age, peaking in women aged 30-49 years. 5% of women aged 30-49 years in the UK consult their GP each year due to excessive uterine bleeding. […] The perception of what constitutes 'heavy’ menstrual bleeding is subjective. The prevalence of menorrhagia ranges from 9-14% in studies that assess menstrual blood loss objectively by measuring it, but is much higher (20-52%) in studies which are based on subjective assessment. […] Menstrual disorders are the second most common gynaecological condition to be referred to hospital, accounting for around 12% of all gynaecological referrals.

• #20 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gynaecology/menorrhagia/epidemiology

  In the UK: menorrhagia is responsible for 12% of all gynaecological referrals annually (1) […] approximately 22% of healthy premenopausal women aged over 35 years are affected (1) […] around 1 in 20 women aged 30 to 49 will consult their GP because of heavy menstrual bleeding (2). […] excessive bleeding that interferes with a womans physical, social, emotional, and/or material quality of life, is termed heavy menstrual bleeding’ (3) […] during the early 1990s, around 60% of women presenting with heavy menstrual bleeding would undergo a hysterectomy (often as first line treatment) in order to resolve the problem (3).

• #21 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116377/1.3/Menorrhagia__Heavy_Menstrual_Bleeding_

  This topic will focus on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. […] AUB is a common complaint with a prevalence of 2030% and is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits. About 1 in 5 women in the United States experience HMB. The prevalence varies with age and is higher in adolescence and during the 5th decade of life. […] A 2019 study of 306 women conducted in the outpatient internal medicine department of a training and research university hospital found that a prevalence of HMB in women of reproductive age was 37.9%. […] HMB is linked to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs.

• #22 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #23 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #24 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #25 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #26 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #27 Heavy menstrual bleeding among women aged 18–50 years living in Beijing, China: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on daily life | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0726-1

  Among Chinese population, research on HMB has been very limited. […] The results of our study showed that the prevalence of experienced HMB among Chinese women aged 18-50 years living in Beijing was 18.2%. […] Risk factors that were significantly and independently associated with the presence of HMB were uterine fibroids, alcohol drinking, and younger age; additionally, multiple abortions (≥3) was associated with a more than two-fold increase in the risk of HMB compared with no prior abortion. […] Women experiencing HMB felt more practical discomforts than those without HMB in terms of bleeding through pads and changing pads during the night. […] Women experiencing HMB suffered from greater menstrual interference with daily lives while the percentage of health care seeking was unacceptably low.

• #28 Heavy menstrual bleeding among women aged 18–50 years living in Beijing, China: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on daily life | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0726-1

  Among Chinese population, research on HMB has been very limited. […] The results of our study showed that the prevalence of experienced HMB among Chinese women aged 18-50 years living in Beijing was 18.2%. […] Risk factors that were significantly and independently associated with the presence of HMB were uterine fibroids, alcohol drinking, and younger age; additionally, multiple abortions (≥3) was associated with a more than two-fold increase in the risk of HMB compared with no prior abortion. […] Women experiencing HMB felt more practical discomforts than those without HMB in terms of bleeding through pads and changing pads during the night. […] Women experiencing HMB suffered from greater menstrual interference with daily lives while the percentage of health care seeking was unacceptably low.

• #29 Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding: prevalence and characteristics from young adulthood to midlife, Australia, 2000–2021: a longitudinal cohort survey study | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2025/222/4/women-who-experience-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-prevalence-and-characteristics

  The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding among women of reproductive age in Australia, and its change across the reproductive lifespan, are uncertain. […] Serial surveys of a cohort of Australian women found that at age 22 years 17.6% reported heavy bleeding during the preceding twelve months, rising to 39.3% of women aged 48 years who menstruated. Higher body mass index, iron deficiency, and endometriosis were associated with heavy bleeding. Healthrelated quality of life was poorer for women who experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The impact of heavy menstrual bleeding on the physical and mental wellbeing of women is increasingly recognised. The estimated prevalence ranges between 4% and 52%, the broad variation in estimates explained by differences in the methods and instruments used to assess heavy bleeding, the cultural and social context of the studies, whether women not currently menstruating were excluded, and the ages of the study participants.

• #30 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17734-menorrhagia-heavy-menstrual-bleeding

  Menorrhagia or heavy menstrual bleeding is a common disorder among people who menstruate. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is common, affecting anywhere from 27% to 54% of people who menstruate. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding can be serious if you lose so much blood that you show signs of anemia. Anemia can be life-threatening without treatment. […] Anyone can get menorrhagia, but it tends to be more common in people who are approaching menopause. You may be more at risk for heavy periods if you have any type of hormonal imbalance or obesity (a body mass index, or BMI, or 30 or more). […] You cant prevent all causes of heavy period bleeding. But talking with your healthcare provider to get a diagnosis and treatment can help you manage your bleeding so that it doesnt interfere with your quality of life.

• #31 Screening and Management of Bleeding Disorders in Adolescents With Heavy Menstrual Bleeding | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/09/screening-and-management-of-bleeding-disorders-in-adolescents-with-heavy-menstrual-bleeding

  Heavy menstrual bleeding is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that interferes with a woman’s physical, social, emotional, or material quality of life. […] The frequency of bleeding disorders in the general population is approximately 12%, but bleeding disorders are found in approximately 20% of adolescent girls who present for evaluation of heavy menstrual bleeding and in 33% of adolescent girls hospitalized for heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding at menarche and in adolescence may be an important sentinel for an underlying bleeding disorder. […] Evaluation of adolescent girls who present with heavy menstrual bleeding should include assessment for anemia from blood loss, including serum ferritin, the presence of an endocrine disorder leading to anovulation, and evaluation for the presence of a bleeding disorder.

• #32 (PDF) Epidemiology of abnormal uterine bleeding

  https://www.academia.edu/28195863/Epidemiology_of_abnormal_uterine_bleeding

  Menstrual dysfunction is a common cause of referral to the gynaecology clinic, and the problem has a considerable impact on the health status and the quality of life of women. […] The spectrum of abnormal uterine bleeding comprises of menorrhagia (heavy periods; blood loss 80 mL), metrorrhagia (prolonged, irregular periods), polymenorrhoea (frequent periods), oligomenorrhoea (scanty and infrequent periods), amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods), intermenstrual bleeding and postcoital bleeding. […] In a survey carried out in Nepal (96 school girls with an age range of 11-17 years), menorrhagia was identified in 6.2% of girls. […] The most common inherited disorder in women with symptoms of menorrhagia is von Willebrand disease. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common reason for women of all ages to consult their gynecologist and is one of the most common debilitating menstrual problems ending up in hysterectomy in developing countries.

• #33 Primary Hemostasis Disorders as a Cause of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Women of Reproductive Age

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/17/5702

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common clinical condition affecting adolescent and adult women and compromising their quality of life. […] The goal of this study was to create an informative, comprehensive review of the primary hemostasis disorders that have been linked to HMB. This study provides a summary of the basic published information regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment of HMB in those diseases and serves as a reference guide for further reading. […] It is estimated that 10–62% of adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) may have an underlying inherited bleeding disorder—coagulopathy. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is the subcategory of AUB characterized by increased menstrual bleeding and/or prolonged bleeding (over 7 days).

• #34 Menorrhagia(Archived) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536910/

  Abnormal uterine bleeding, or menorrhagia as previously classified, is a predominant complication among women in the United States that is related to the major impacts of women’s quality of life, productivity, and healthcare cost. Reports are that the annual prevalence rate is 53 per 1000 women. In the outpatient setting, AUB is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits with 20-30% of women presenting with this complaint annually. […] At least 30% of hysterectomies performed in the USA are for heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #35 Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia

  Menorrhagia is a very common complaint: […] The prevalence of menorrhagia increases with age, peaking in women aged 30-49 years. 5% of women aged 30-49 years in the UK consult their GP each year due to excessive uterine bleeding. […] The perception of what constitutes 'heavy’ menstrual bleeding is subjective. The prevalence of menorrhagia ranges from 9-14% in studies that assess menstrual blood loss objectively by measuring it, but is much higher (20-52%) in studies which are based on subjective assessment. […] Menstrual disorders are the second most common gynaecological condition to be referred to hospital, accounting for around 12% of all gynaecological referrals.

• #36 Menorrhagia(Archived) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536910/

  Abnormal uterine bleeding, or menorrhagia as previously classified, is a predominant complication among women in the United States that is related to the major impacts of women’s quality of life, productivity, and healthcare cost. Reports are that the annual prevalence rate is 53 per 1000 women. In the outpatient setting, AUB is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits with 20-30% of women presenting with this complaint annually. […] At least 30% of hysterectomies performed in the USA are for heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #37 Epidemiology of abnormal uterine bleeding – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gynaecology/abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub/epidemiology-of-abnormal-uterine-bleeding

  Abnormal uterine bleeding and its subgroup, heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) are common conditions present in 14-25% of women in the reproductive age group (1). […] HMB is the predominant complaint in patients with AUB. […] one in 20 women aged between 30 and 49 years will consult their GP each year with HMB (2). […] Around 800,000 women in the UK seek help annually for AUB. […] it is the fourth most common reason for referral to UK gynaecological services (1).

• #38 Hospital Emergency Room Visits for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/10395/

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a well-recognized health issue among women of reproductive age. […] The characteristics and demographics of women in the community with HMB who present at the emergency department (ED) are not well described. […] This research aimed to describe the cohort of women who seek treatment at the ED. […] Using national estimation weights, this translates to approximately 509,833 ED visits in the United States for HMB. […] The majority of the cohort, 39.59%, came from the lowest median household income quartile by ZIP code (under $42,999). […] Four logistic regression models examining the whole cohort and three comorbidities (anemia, hypertension, and diabetes) found age to be a significant predictor of hospitalization. […] Low income was also a significant predictor of hospitalization.

• #39 Hospital Emergency Room Visits for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/10395/

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a well-recognized health issue among women of reproductive age. […] The characteristics and demographics of women in the community with HMB who present at the emergency department (ED) are not well described. […] This research aimed to describe the cohort of women who seek treatment at the ED. […] Using national estimation weights, this translates to approximately 509,833 ED visits in the United States for HMB. […] The majority of the cohort, 39.59%, came from the lowest median household income quartile by ZIP code (under $42,999). […] Four logistic regression models examining the whole cohort and three comorbidities (anemia, hypertension, and diabetes) found age to be a significant predictor of hospitalization. […] Low income was also a significant predictor of hospitalization.

• #40 Patient education: Heavy periods (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heavy-periods-beyond-the-basics

  Most menstrual cycles (periods) occur every 24 to 38 days (as measured from the first day of one bleeding episode to the first day of the next); the average is every 28 days. In a normal menstrual cycle, a person loses an average of 2 to 3 tablespoons (35 to 40 milliliters) of blood over four to eight days. However, some people lose a lot more blood or bleed for a longer duration (prolonged periods). Doctors define „heavy” periods as bleeding so much that it affects your physical health, emotional health, or quality of life. […] Heavy periods (which doctors sometimes call „menorrhagia”) can lead to low iron stores and iron deficiency anemia (low red blood cell count caused by ongoing excessive blood loss), which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. […] Several treatments for heavy bleeding are available.

• #41 Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00629-4

  Menstruation is a physiological process that is typically uncomplicated. However, up to one third of women globally will be affected by abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) at some point in their reproductive years. […] AUB is a debilitating symptom that affects up to one third of reproductive-aged women; comprehensive knowledge of menstrual cycle physiology is crucial for understanding and progressing endometrial physiology research. […] There is a high prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in those with AUB, on a global scale, and this is often under-recognized and under-reported. […] The terminology and definitions for diagnosing causes of AUB are now standardized in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Systems 1 and 2, and should be followed for ease of clinical and research synchrony. […] Treatments for AUB are not specific and a third of patients resort to a hysterectomy for resolution of symptoms, highlighting a clinically unmet need for more targeted and personalized treatments.

• #42

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=01938899-202302280-00001&Journal_ID=5188715&Issue_ID=6567565

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem in adolescents. Untreated HMB may result in deleterious medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] HMB is common in adolescence, although studies show a broad range in prevalence. According to a 2006 population-based study in Sweden, up to 37% of 1000 adolescents aged 15 to 20 years experienced HMB. […] Despite the high prevalence, HMB is likely underreported, underdiagnosed, and therefore potentially undertreated, resulting in medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] Medical complications of untreated HMB in adolescents include symptomatic iron deficiency with or without anemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and deficits in attention and concentration. […] Approximately 20% of adolescents with HMB have an underlying bleeding disorder. HMB negatively affects self-esteem, school attendance, and participation in sports, and results in an increase in anemia, iron deficiency, depression, fatigue, and emergency department utilization.

• #43 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  The global prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding has been demonstrated to differ. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding accounted for 57.4 % of all menstrual disorders assessed among adolescents in Nigeria. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is associated with several factors and these don’t necessarily imply causality but increase the risk of a woman experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding. […] It has been documented that HMB affects the quality of life of many women of reproductive age as it interferes with their daily activities in terms of reducing the number of working hours, school attendance, and sexuality. […] Although heavy menstrual bleeding has never been documented to produce significant mortality, it causes significant morbidity due to anaemia. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be high when a woman self-reported using more than 5 fully soaked sanitary pads per day.

• #44 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  The global prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding has been demonstrated to differ. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding accounted for 57.4 % of all menstrual disorders assessed among adolescents in Nigeria. […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is associated with several factors and these don’t necessarily imply causality but increase the risk of a woman experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding. […] It has been documented that HMB affects the quality of life of many women of reproductive age as it interferes with their daily activities in terms of reducing the number of working hours, school attendance, and sexuality. […] Although heavy menstrual bleeding has never been documented to produce significant mortality, it causes significant morbidity due to anaemia. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be high when a woman self-reported using more than 5 fully soaked sanitary pads per day.

• #45 Heavy menstrual bleeding among women aged 18–50 years living in Beijing, China: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on daily life | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-019-0726-1

  Among Chinese population, research on HMB has been very limited. […] The results of our study showed that the prevalence of experienced HMB among Chinese women aged 18-50 years living in Beijing was 18.2%. […] Risk factors that were significantly and independently associated with the presence of HMB were uterine fibroids, alcohol drinking, and younger age; additionally, multiple abortions (≥3) was associated with a more than two-fold increase in the risk of HMB compared with no prior abortion. […] Women experiencing HMB felt more practical discomforts than those without HMB in terms of bleeding through pads and changing pads during the night. […] Women experiencing HMB suffered from greater menstrual interference with daily lives while the percentage of health care seeking was unacceptably low.

• #46 Prevalence and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding among gynecology outpatients by scanning a WeChat QR Code | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229123

  The aim of this study was to assess menstrual blood loss (MBL) and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among the gynecology outpatients at Peking University Peoples Hospital […] HMB is a common abnormal uterine bleeding and is frequently found among Chinese gynecology outpatients. HMB has major impacts on a woman’s quality of life, affecting both physical and emotional health domains. […] Currently, there are no data in China that could help us understand how often women suffer from HMB and how many women know that HMB could severely jeopardize their health. […] AUB is one of the common diseases encountered in gynecology clinics. In the present study, 60.8% of the patients were diagnosed with AUB, with HMB being the most common clinical manifestation (94.0%). […] According to the present study, 63.2% of the patients had no knowledge of HMB.

• #47 Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding: prevalence and characteristics from young adulthood to midlife, Australia, 2000–2021: a longitudinal cohort survey study | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2025/222/4/women-who-experience-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-prevalence-and-characteristics

  The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding among women of reproductive age in Australia, and its change across the reproductive lifespan, are uncertain. […] Serial surveys of a cohort of Australian women found that at age 22 years 17.6% reported heavy bleeding during the preceding twelve months, rising to 39.3% of women aged 48 years who menstruated. Higher body mass index, iron deficiency, and endometriosis were associated with heavy bleeding. Healthrelated quality of life was poorer for women who experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The impact of heavy menstrual bleeding on the physical and mental wellbeing of women is increasingly recognised. The estimated prevalence ranges between 4% and 52%, the broad variation in estimates explained by differences in the methods and instruments used to assess heavy bleeding, the cultural and social context of the studies, whether women not currently menstruating were excluded, and the ages of the study participants.

• #48 Hospital Emergency Room Visits for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/10395/

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a well-recognized health issue among women of reproductive age. […] The characteristics and demographics of women in the community with HMB who present at the emergency department (ED) are not well described. […] This research aimed to describe the cohort of women who seek treatment at the ED. […] Using national estimation weights, this translates to approximately 509,833 ED visits in the United States for HMB. […] The majority of the cohort, 39.59%, came from the lowest median household income quartile by ZIP code (under $42,999). […] Four logistic regression models examining the whole cohort and three comorbidities (anemia, hypertension, and diabetes) found age to be a significant predictor of hospitalization. […] Low income was also a significant predictor of hospitalization.

• #49 Patient education: Heavy periods (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heavy-periods-beyond-the-basics

  The most common causes of excessive menstrual bleeding are: […] Not ovulating every month (called „anovulation”) […] Having abnormal tissue in the uterus, such as polyps, fibroids, or adenomyosis […] Having a condition that increases bleeding throughout the body (for example, a bleeding disorder) […] Certain medications, like „blood thinners” or the copper intrauterine device (IUD). […] People with heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding typically have one or more of the following: […] Soak through a pad or tampon every one to three hours on the heaviest days of the period […] Have bleeding for more than seven days […] Need to use both pads and tampons at the same time due to heavy bleeding […] Need to change pads or tampons during the night […] Pass blood clots larger than 1 inch (approximately 2.5 centimeters)

• #50

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=01938899-202302280-00001&Journal_ID=5188715&Issue_ID=6567565

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem in adolescents. Untreated HMB may result in deleterious medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] HMB is common in adolescence, although studies show a broad range in prevalence. According to a 2006 population-based study in Sweden, up to 37% of 1000 adolescents aged 15 to 20 years experienced HMB. […] Despite the high prevalence, HMB is likely underreported, underdiagnosed, and therefore potentially undertreated, resulting in medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] Medical complications of untreated HMB in adolescents include symptomatic iron deficiency with or without anemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and deficits in attention and concentration. […] Approximately 20% of adolescents with HMB have an underlying bleeding disorder. HMB negatively affects self-esteem, school attendance, and participation in sports, and results in an increase in anemia, iron deficiency, depression, fatigue, and emergency department utilization.

• #51 Menorrhagia(Archived) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536910/

  Abnormal uterine bleeding, or menorrhagia as previously classified, is a predominant complication among women in the United States that is related to the major impacts of women’s quality of life, productivity, and healthcare cost. Reports are that the annual prevalence rate is 53 per 1000 women. In the outpatient setting, AUB is one of the leading causes of outpatient gynecological visits with 20-30% of women presenting with this complaint annually. […] At least 30% of hysterectomies performed in the USA are for heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #52 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women of reproductive age experience a lower quality of life and considerable morbidity as a result of heavy menstrual bleeding. […] In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the most common factors associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding was found to be 24.1%. […] The following factors were found to be significantly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding; age range of 20-44 years (OR: 0.16;95% CI: 0.02-1.01), hormonal contraceptives (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15-8.69), having no clots on menstrual blood (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.58-0.651), low haemoglobin level (OR: 5.61; 95% CI: 1.44-21.90), and uterine fibroid (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73). […] Despite the extreme measurements of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in this study, its prevalence remained high.

• #53 Prevalence and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding among gynecology outpatients by scanning a WeChat QR Code | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229123

  The aim of this study was to assess menstrual blood loss (MBL) and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among the gynecology outpatients at Peking University Peoples Hospital […] HMB is a common abnormal uterine bleeding and is frequently found among Chinese gynecology outpatients. HMB has major impacts on a woman’s quality of life, affecting both physical and emotional health domains. […] Currently, there are no data in China that could help us understand how often women suffer from HMB and how many women know that HMB could severely jeopardize their health. […] AUB is one of the common diseases encountered in gynecology clinics. In the present study, 60.8% of the patients were diagnosed with AUB, with HMB being the most common clinical manifestation (94.0%). […] According to the present study, 63.2% of the patients had no knowledge of HMB.

• #54 Prevalence and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding among gynecology outpatients by scanning a WeChat QR Code | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229123

  This study showed that there is a low level of awareness and understanding of HMB amongst our patients. […] Even though it is true that a large proportion of the participants in the study were seeking medical work-up for AUB, there was still a very low level of awareness and understanding of HMB, a common manifestation of AUB, amongst these women. […] HMB is frequently found among women consulting to a gynecological clinic, and is a common manifestation of AUB. Among the subgroup of patients who underwent routine laboratory tests, HMB affects a woman’s physical and emotional quality of life. There is a low level of awareness and understanding of HMB amongst women.

• #55

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=01938899-202302280-00001&Journal_ID=5188715&Issue_ID=6567565

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem in adolescents. Untreated HMB may result in deleterious medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] HMB is common in adolescence, although studies show a broad range in prevalence. According to a 2006 population-based study in Sweden, up to 37% of 1000 adolescents aged 15 to 20 years experienced HMB. […] Despite the high prevalence, HMB is likely underreported, underdiagnosed, and therefore potentially undertreated, resulting in medical, psychological, and social consequences. […] Medical complications of untreated HMB in adolescents include symptomatic iron deficiency with or without anemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and deficits in attention and concentration. […] Approximately 20% of adolescents with HMB have an underlying bleeding disorder. HMB negatively affects self-esteem, school attendance, and participation in sports, and results in an increase in anemia, iron deficiency, depression, fatigue, and emergency department utilization.

• #56 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding | Pharmaceuticals | Bayer

  https://www.bayer.com/en/pharma/heavy-menstrual-bleeding

  Many women are unaware that heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a medical condition and affecting woman’s quality of life. […] Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) is a medical condition in which excessive menstrual bleeding interferes with a woman’s quality of life. The condition can occur alone or in combination with other symptoms. […] On average, HMB affects one in three women at some point in their life and for the majority of women, there is no identifiable cause of HMB. […] Despite its effect and high incidence, many women are unaware that HMB is a medical condition. Almost 59% of the women affected believe that their condition is a normal part of having a period. It’s difficult for women to determine what exactly a heavy period is because menstruation is different from woman to woman.

• #57 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding | Pharmaceuticals | Bayer

  https://www.bayer.com/en/pharma/heavy-menstrual-bleeding

  Many women are unaware that heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a medical condition and affecting woman’s quality of life. […] Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) is a medical condition in which excessive menstrual bleeding interferes with a woman’s quality of life. The condition can occur alone or in combination with other symptoms. […] On average, HMB affects one in three women at some point in their life and for the majority of women, there is no identifiable cause of HMB. […] Despite its effect and high incidence, many women are unaware that HMB is a medical condition. Almost 59% of the women affected believe that their condition is a normal part of having a period. It’s difficult for women to determine what exactly a heavy period is because menstruation is different from woman to woman.

• #58 Surveillance of female patients with inherited bleeding disorders in United States Haemophilia Treatment Centres

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/156447

  Inherited bleeding disorders are especially problematic for affected girls and women due to the monthly occurrence of menstrual periods and the effects on reproductive health. […] Although heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is the most common manifestation, females with inherited bleeding disorders (FBD) experience other bleeding symptoms throughout the lifespan that can lead to increased morbidity and impairment of daily activities. […] HMB was the most common bleeding symptom (198/253; 78.3%); however, 157 (49.2%) participants reported greater than four symptoms. […] The female UDC is the first prospective, longitudinal surveillance in the US focusing on FBD and has the potential to further identify complications and reduce adverse outcomes in this population.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-024-01426-4

  During the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, over 34,000 reports of heavy menstrual bleeding following the administration of COVID-19 vaccines originating in the Economic European Area were submitted to EudraVigilance, the European Union database of suspected adverse drug reactions. […] We investigated the impact of media attention on the reporting trends of heavy menstrual bleeding to EudraVigilance. […] The analysis suggests that the spikes in reporting of heavy menstrual bleeding were to some extent influenced by media coverage in some countries. […] Consumer reporting to the European Union spontaneous data collection system, EudraVigilance, was of high value for regulatory safety reviews, albeit the reporting behaviours were not free of the influence of the media. […] The European Union (EU) regulatory network reviewed the spontaneous reports of menstrual disorders with COVID-19 vaccines received in EV. Reports of amenorrhoea and heavy menstrual bleeding were reviewed as part of the post-authorisation surveillance of COVID-19 vaccines; regular updates on these assessments were communicated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to the public via regular vaccine safety updates and press briefings.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-024-01426-4

  An increased number of spontaneous reports alone cannot determine whether there is an actual increased rate of an event. […] In February 2022, prompted by an observational study from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, a signal procedure dedicated to assessing all data available on heavy menstrual bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination with messenger (mRNA)-based vaccines was initiated by the EMAs Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC). […] Following the finalisation of the signal procedure on 27 October, 2022, PRAC concluded that there is a reasonable possibility that heavy menstrual bleeding is causally associated with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines and therefore recommended that it should be included as a listed side effect for both Comirnaty and Spikevax. […] This analysis aimed to (1) describe the reporting trend of cases of heavy menstrual bleeding in the EEA following administration of COVID-19 vaccines and (2) investigate a potential association between EV case reporting and media attention.

• #61 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525932/heavy-menstrual-bleeding-hmb-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOoo3gXiYSedhwpItFJe0aqRymBmeCSvAVi3rHRt8hsAzoZvE0zSP

  This „Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032” report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) epidemiology report gives a thorough understanding of the Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. […] The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) epidemiology division provides insights about historical and current patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) epidemiology segment covers the epidemiology data in the US, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the UK), and Japan from 2019 to 2032.

• #62 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525932/heavy-menstrual-bleeding-hmb-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOoo3gXiYSedhwpItFJe0aqRymBmeCSvAVi3rHRt8hsAzoZvE0zSP

  The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken. […] The report provides insight into the historical and forecasted patient pool of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB). […] The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) Epidemiology Model developed by the publisher is easy to navigate, interactive with dashboards, and epidemiology based with transparent and consistent methodologies.

• #63 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525932/heavy-menstrual-bleeding-hmb-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOoo3gXiYSedhwpItFJe0aqRymBmeCSvAVi3rHRt8hsAzoZvE0zSP

  The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken. […] The report provides insight into the historical and forecasted patient pool of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB). […] The Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) Epidemiology Model developed by the publisher is easy to navigate, interactive with dashboards, and epidemiology based with transparent and consistent methodologies.

• #64 Accelerating Innovations to Address Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/challenge/accelerating-innovations-address-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-women-low-resource-settings

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects millions of women globally. Clinically, HMB is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that negatively affects a woman’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. […] Assessing disease burden, patterns, and impact on gynecological health and quality of life in women in low-resource settings. […] Research priorities in HMB include understanding the underlying biological mechanisms, particularly related to endometrial dysfunction-related HMB, developing and introducing cost-effective and easy to scale-up diagnostics to identify causes of HMB and guide treatment, and identifying ways to increase acceptability and access to treatments such as the hormonal intrauterine device for women in low-resource settings.

• #65 Accelerating Innovations to Address Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/challenge/accelerating-innovations-address-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-women-low-resource-settings

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects millions of women globally. Clinically, HMB is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that negatively affects a woman’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. […] Assessing disease burden, patterns, and impact on gynecological health and quality of life in women in low-resource settings. […] Research priorities in HMB include understanding the underlying biological mechanisms, particularly related to endometrial dysfunction-related HMB, developing and introducing cost-effective and easy to scale-up diagnostics to identify causes of HMB and guide treatment, and identifying ways to increase acceptability and access to treatments such as the hormonal intrauterine device for women in low-resource settings.

• #66 Accelerating Innovations to Address Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/challenge/accelerating-innovations-address-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-women-low-resource-settings

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects millions of women globally. Clinically, HMB is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that negatively affects a woman’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. […] Assessing disease burden, patterns, and impact on gynecological health and quality of life in women in low-resource settings. […] Research priorities in HMB include understanding the underlying biological mechanisms, particularly related to endometrial dysfunction-related HMB, developing and introducing cost-effective and easy to scale-up diagnostics to identify causes of HMB and guide treatment, and identifying ways to increase acceptability and access to treatments such as the hormonal intrauterine device for women in low-resource settings.

• #67 Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre In Northern Eastern, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10388676/

  Women who do not use hormonal contraceptives, have no clots on menstrual blood, have severe anemia, or have uterine fibroids are more likely to self-report having heavy menstrual bleeding. […] The present study yielded essential pieces of clinical reference information. Despite the stringent assessments of HMB in this study, there is a high prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding in our region, 24.1%. Haemoglobin level less than 8g/dL, uterine fibroid, no clots on menstrual blood and use of hormonal contraceptives were associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Thus from this Study’s findings, we do recommend that health education programs should be established that help raise awareness of the consequences of heavy menstrual bleeding such as iron deficiency and anaemia, encourage women to seek assistance and thus improve their quality of life.

• #68

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=01938899-202302280-00001&Journal_ID=5188715&Issue_ID=6567565

  Thoughtful screening by using menstruation as a „vital sign” can help prevent complications, provide education to patients and families, and identify adolescents who would benefit from a health care team that includes pediatric and adolescent gynecology or adolescent medicine, hematology, and mental health specialists.

• #69 Expert opinion: Heavy periods can kill and should be treated as a global health priority – WOMAN-2 Trial

  https://woman2.lshtm.ac.uk/blog/2023/05/15/expert-opinion-heavy-periods-can-kill-and-should-be-treated-as-a-global-health-priority/

  Heavy menstrual bleeding is killing women, but it is not being treated as a global health priority. […] Ian Roberts, Professor of Epidemiology and Co-Director of the Clinical Trials Unit at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, highlights the need to treat heavy menstrual bleeding as a global health priority in a comment piece for SciDev. […] The article explains how heavy periods can cause anaemia which in turn increases the risk of severe bleeding after childbirth.

• #70 Expert opinion: Heavy periods can kill and should be treated as a global health priority – WOMAN-2 Trial

  https://woman2.lshtm.ac.uk/blog/2023/05/15/expert-opinion-heavy-periods-can-kill-and-should-be-treated-as-a-global-health-priority/

  Heavy menstrual bleeding is killing women, but it is not being treated as a global health priority. […] Ian Roberts, Professor of Epidemiology and Co-Director of the Clinical Trials Unit at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, highlights the need to treat heavy menstrual bleeding as a global health priority in a comment piece for SciDev. […] The article explains how heavy periods can cause anaemia which in turn increases the risk of severe bleeding after childbirth.

• #71 Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding: prevalence and characteristics from young adulthood to midlife, Australia, 2000–2021: a longitudinal cohort survey study | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2025/222/4/women-who-experience-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-prevalence-and-characteristics

  In Australia, little is known about the prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding across the reproductive lifespan, nor about the characteristics of women who experience this condition. […] Given the burden of the condition, it is important that Australian women are aware of and have access to effective care for heavy menstrual bleeding.

• #72 Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00629-4

  Menstruation is a physiological process that is typically uncomplicated. However, up to one third of women globally will be affected by abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) at some point in their reproductive years. […] AUB is a debilitating symptom that affects up to one third of reproductive-aged women; comprehensive knowledge of menstrual cycle physiology is crucial for understanding and progressing endometrial physiology research. […] There is a high prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in those with AUB, on a global scale, and this is often under-recognized and under-reported. […] The terminology and definitions for diagnosing causes of AUB are now standardized in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Systems 1 and 2, and should be followed for ease of clinical and research synchrony. […] Treatments for AUB are not specific and a third of patients resort to a hysterectomy for resolution of symptoms, highlighting a clinically unmet need for more targeted and personalized treatments.

• #73 Accelerating Innovations to Address Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

  https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/challenge/accelerating-innovations-address-heavy-menstrual-bleeding-women-low-resource-settings

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects millions of women globally. Clinically, HMB is defined as excessive menstrual blood loss that negatively affects a woman’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. […] Assessing disease burden, patterns, and impact on gynecological health and quality of life in women in low-resource settings. […] Research priorities in HMB include understanding the underlying biological mechanisms, particularly related to endometrial dysfunction-related HMB, developing and introducing cost-effective and easy to scale-up diagnostics to identify causes of HMB and guide treatment, and identifying ways to increase acceptability and access to treatments such as the hormonal intrauterine device for women in low-resource settings.

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