Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Germ Cell Tumor: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23505-germ-cell-tumor

  Germ cell tumors most commonly affect children, teens and young adults. […] The symptoms of a germ cell tumor depend on factors like the tumors size and location in your body. […] Ovarian germ cell tumors dont always cause symptoms. For instance, mature teratomas may not cause symptoms until theyve grown large enough to create pressure in your abdomen. Often, theyre discovered on an ultrasound to determine whats causing pelvic pain. Symptoms may include: Pelvic discomfort or pain. Painful mass in your ovary. Swollen belly (abdomen). Abdominal pain (similar to appendicitis). Irregular vaginal bleeding. Nausea. […] The symptoms of testicular germ cell tumors are the same as those of testicular cancer. Symptoms include: Solid, firm lump in a testicle that grows bigger (with or without pain). Pain or heaviness in your scrotum. Abdominal pain or groin pain. Oddly shaped testicle. Back pain.

• #2 Germ cell tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/germ-cell-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20352493

  Symptoms of germ cell tumors depend on where they happen. Symptoms often happen because a growing tumor puts pressure on nearby tissue or organs. For example, a germ cell tumor in an ovary may lead to pelvic pain, back pain, bloating or swelling in the belly. A germ cell tumor in a testicle may cause swelling or pain in the testicle or scrotum. A lump in the testicle is a common symptom of a testicular germ cell tumor. […] Some germ cell tumors may be cancer, but others are not cancer. […] Treatment for germ cell tumors may include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

• #3 Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs) in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/germ-cell-tumors-gcts-children

  Symptoms depend on the size of the tumor and where it is in the body. Symptoms can also depend on whether the tumor is making hormones. They can include: […] The symptoms of germ cell tumors can be a lot like those of many other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Germ cell tumors may be cancer (malignant) or not cancer (benign). […] Symptoms depend on the size of the tumor and where it is in your child’s body. There may be a lump, pain, or other symptoms.

• #4 Germ cell Cancer: Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/germ-cell-cancer

  Germ cell tumors are abnormal growths that form in the cells that become eggs or sperm. Roughly 20% are cancerous, and the remainders are noncancerous. […] Germ cell cancers can develop in children or adults. Theyre estimated to make up 3% of childhood cancers and about 15% of cancers diagnosed during adolescence. […] Symptoms of germ cell cancer depend on where the cancer develops. The vast majority of germ cell cancers in adults occur in the testicles or ovaries. […] Testicular germ cell cancer may cause: a lump in your testicles, dull ache between your belly and groin, back pain, pain around a testicle, scrotal swelling. […] According to the National Cancer Institute, ovarian germ cell tumors often dont cause early symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include: swollen abdomen, vaginal bleeding when not menstruating, pain or pressure in your belly, no menstruation.

• #5 Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6186-ovarian-germ-cell-tumors

  Ovarian germ cell tumors usually form in just one ovary, but sometimes they appear in both. […] Most ovarian germ cell tumors are benign (noncancerous). Rarely, they can be malignant (cancerous). These tumors can spread and damage healthy tissue. Malignant germ cell tumors are a rare form of ovarian cancer. […] It may be difficult to spot signs of ovarian germ cell tumors early on. Benign tumors may not cause symptoms unless they’re large. Symptoms of malignant tumors may not appear until the cancer has advanced. […] Symptoms to look out for include: Abdominal pain, discomfort or tenderness. (This may start suddenly and be severe.) […] Treatment is important because even if a tumor is benign, it can potentially burst open (rupture) or twist (ovarian torsion). This is more likely to happen if a tumor is large.

• #6 Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: What are They, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/ovarian-cancer/types/ovarian-germ-cell-tumors

  Ovarian germ cell tumors dont typically cause symptoms at first, which makes them harder to detect early. As the cancer progresses, noticeable symptoms may include: […] Abdominal mass […] Abdominal swelling and pain […] Tumor markers in the blood (certain substances that indicate cancer).

• #7 Germ cell ovarian cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/ovarian-cancer/germ-cell-ovarian-cancer

  Symptoms can include: pain or a feeling of pressure, caused by the tumour, in the pelvis or tummy area (abdomen) […] swelling of the tummy […] irregular periods […] pregnancy like symptoms the tumour may make proteins similar to those produced in early pregnancy […] a high temperature (fever) […] chills […] feeling or being sick. […] Treatment for germ cell ovarian cancer is usually successful. Most people are cured. […] The main treatments used are surgery and chemotherapy. […] If you have a stage 1a dysgerminoma or stage 1a low-grade teratoma, surgery is usually all the treatment you need. […] Monitoring continues for several years, but over time you will have appointments less often. If there are signs the cancer has come back, you start chemotherapy straight away. This means the cancer can still be cured. […] Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. You may have chemotherapy after surgery to treat any cancer cells left behind

• #8 What are Childhood Germ Cell Tumors? – Pediatric Hematology/Oncology – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/hemonc/germ-cell.aspx

  Germ cell tumors can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. The most common sites for metastasis are the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. Rarely, germ cell tumors can spread to the bone, bone marrow, and other organs. […] The following are the most common symptoms of germ cell tumors. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Symptoms may include: A tumor, swelling, or mass that can be felt or seen, Elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Elevated levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (-HCG), Constipation, incontinence, and leg weakness can occur if the tumor is in the sacrum (a segment of the vertebral column that forms the top part of the pelvis) compressing structures, Abdominal pain, Abnormal shape, or irregularity in, testicular size, Shortness of breath or wheezing if tumors in the chest are pressing on the lungs. […] The symptoms of germ cell tumors may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis.

• #9 Ovarian germ cell tumors – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_germ_cell_tumors

  Common symptoms of OGCT are bloating, abdominal distention, ascites, and dyspareunia. […] OGCTs are relatively difficult to detect and diagnose at an early stage mainly because the symptoms are normally subtle and nonspecific. They become detectable when as they become large, tangible masses. Symptoms include bloating, abdominal distention, ascites, and dyspareunia. […] In rare cases where the tumor ruptures, acute abdominal pain can be experienced. […] The critical indicator of malignancy is usually the appearance of the Sister Mary Joseph Nodule. […] OGCTs can further give rise to ovarian torsion, hemorrhage, and even isosexual precocious puberty in young children.

• #10 Different Clinical Presentations of Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors based on Age, Parity and Histology

  https://www.jimc.ir/article_163018.html

  128 cases of malignant germ cell tumors were detected. The primary symptoms included abdominal distension (45%), acute pain (40.95%), chronic pain (23.95%), menstrual irregularity (14.7%), sense of abdominal firmness and mass (7.72%), nausea (5.4%), fever (5.4%), lack of appetite (4.63%), virilization (3.1%), depletion of weight (3.1%), and 9.27% detected incidentally. […] The data showed that 85% of the patients had been suffering from some discomforts for days to months prior to the diagnosis. […] The majority of cases are symptomatic for a long time before the first visit although aging and parity can lessen their severity. Late diagnosis can lead to acute abdomen in some histology types. […] About 41% referred by acute abdomen, although only 15% had sudden acute pain and 26% stated mild nonspecific symptoms in previous days. 9.27% were asymptomatic and detected incidentally.

• #11 Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Foundation NZ

  https://ovariancancerfoundation.org.nz/germ-cell-ovarian-cancer/

  Tumours which secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may cause early puberty or atypical vaginal bleeding and can be the cause of a false positive pregnancy test result. […] Other symptoms such as eating less and feeling fuller, needing to pee more often or urgently, a change in bowel habits, painful intercourse, indigestion, unexplained weight change and fatigue are also possible. […] Survival rates correlated with the stage (spread) at diagnosis and levels of tumour markers hCG and AFP. […] Five-year survival rates for ovarian germ cell cancers are: Stage 1A – 1C: 100%, Stage 2: 85%, Stage 3: 79%, Stage 4: 71%. […] Approximately 5 in 6 people with MOGCT will experience a cure. […] Even if MOGCT recurs, treatment can sometimes be curative. Treatment for recurrence usually consists of further surgery and/or chemotherapy.

• #12 Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/nonseminomatous-germ-cell-tumor

  A nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) is a type of testicular cancer that develops in cells that make sperm. The symptoms of NSGCTs are similar to those of other types of testicular cancer and may include: a lump in your testicle that you can feel, swelling in one testicle that causes it to become larger, a feeling of heaviness in your scrotum, pain or discomfort in your testicles or scrotum. […] Its also possible for NSGCTs to be associated with infertility. This can be due to: low sperm counts, poor sperm motility, abnormally shaped sperm. […] The recommended treatment for NSGCT depends on several factors, such as the type of NSGCT you have, the stage of your NSGCT, and your age and overall health. […] For some NSGCTs, particularly early stage cancers, its possible for there to be no traces of cancer left in your body after treatment. For example, stage 1 and 2 NSGCTs have a cure rate of over 99% and over 95%, respectively.

• #13 What is germ cell cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancertalk/202211/what-germ-cell-cancer

  Germ cell tumors account for about 95% of testicular cancers in cisgender men aged 20 to 40 years old, and about 25% of malignancies in this age group. […] Signs and symptoms of testicular germ cell cancer include: pain in your lower abdomen or groin, painless lump in your testicle, constipation or trouble holding your urine if the tumor is in the pelvis, weakness in your legs if the tumor is pressing on nerves at the base of the spine, a testicle that is an unusual shape or size, back pain. […] The majority of germ cell tumors of the ovary are found at an early stage and have a good prognosis. However, prognosis in general will depend on what type of germ cell tumor is diagnosed and whether or not it has spread, she says. […] Signs and symptoms of ovarian germ cell cancer include: pain in the lower part of your abdomen that doesn’t go away, bloating or swollen abdomen, irregular menstruation, or menopausal bleeding, nausea or difficulty eating, constipation.

• #14 Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-germ-cell-tumors/symptoms-testicular

  The most common signs of testicular cancer are pain, swelling, or a lump or hardness in the testicle. If you find a lump in a testicle, please see your healthcare provider right away. […] Less common symptoms include: […] These symptoms do not always mean you have cancer. See your healthcare provider if you have any of them. Its very important to find the cancer early, so its easier to treat.

• #15 Testicular Cancer Symptoms & Diagnosis | Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) – New York

  https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/testicular-cancer/about-testicular-cancer

  Germ cell tumors account for nearly all testicular cancers. These tumors happen in the cells responsible for making sperm. Germ cells give rise to two main kinds of cancer. […] The most common sign of a testicular cancer is a painless lump in the testicle. If you have this symptom or any of the symptoms below, its important to talk to your doctor: […] New back or abdominal pain (more advanced testicular cancer).

• #16 Nonseminomatous Testicular Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568754/

  Systemic symptoms include anorexia, malaise, and weight loss. The patients with pulmonary spread might present with cough, hemoptysis, or shortness of breath. Cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy can be palpated in the lymphatic spread. In patients with retroperitoneal spread, it can present with back pain, varicocele, or lower limb edema due to testicular vasculature compression. […] Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are pivotal since testicular NSGCT has excellent cure rates due to its extreme sensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy and radiation when properly combined with orchiectomy or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

• #17 Germ Cell Tumor: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23505-germ-cell-tumor

  A mass on your childs tailbone or in the center of their chest may signify a teratoma. Other symptoms of an extragonadal germ cell tumor depend on the tumors location. […] Some germ cell tumors secrete reproductive hormones that may cause symptoms of early puberty or atypical sexual development in children. Females may develop breasts, grow pubic hair and get their periods early. Males may grow breasts (gynecomastia). […] The prognosis for most germ cell tumors is excellent. Removing the tumor completely often cures the disease. For instance, testicular cancer has a 95% survival rate following treatment. Ovarian germ cell tumors have a 93% survival rate. The cure rate for children with germ cell tumors ranges from 82% to 90%.

• #18 Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/extragonadal-germ-cell/patient/extragonadal-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of extragonadal germ cell tumors include breathing problems and chest pain. […] Malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors may cause signs and symptoms as they grow into nearby areas. Other conditions may cause the same signs and symptoms. Check with your doctor if you have: chest pain, breathing problems, cough, fever, headache, change in bowel habits, feeling very tired, trouble walking, trouble in seeing or moving the eyes. […] If untreated, malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors may spread to the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, liver, or other parts of the body.

• #19 Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278174-clinical

  Symptoms vary depending on the site and the size of the tumor. Those arising in nonvital organs can reach large sizes before becoming symptomatic, but small tumors may result in significant symptoms if they obstruct, compress, or rupture into important structures. […] Although 90-100% of malignant germ cell tumors are symptomatic, only 50% of teratomas produce symptoms. Nonseminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumors (NS-MGCTs) are faster growing and metastasize earlier than mediastinal seminomas. […] Patients with mediastinal germ cell tumors may present with the following (in decreasing order): Chest pain (39%), Dyspnea (29%), Cough (22%), Weight loss (19%), Superior vena cava syndrome (12%), Nausea (6%), Fever (6%), Postobstructive pneumonia, Weight loss, Night sweats, Dysphagia, Shoulder or arm pain, Vocal cord paralysis, Hoarseness.

• #20 Mediastinal germ cell tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mediastinal-germ-cell-tumours

  Many people with a non cancerous (benign) tumour in the mediastinum dont have any symptoms. The doctor might spot the tumour on a chest X-ray you had for another reason. […] Most people with a cancerous mediastinal tumour have symptoms which might include: shortness of breath, pain in the chest, a cough, raised temperature, weight loss, difficulty breathing from a blockage in the airway.

• #21 Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278174-clinical

  Many patients with retroperitoneal germ cell tumors present late, after their tumors have reached large dimensions. Presenting symptoms are abdominal mass with or without pain, backache, and weight loss. Loss of ejaculation but preservation of erection has been reported. […] Patients with pineal tumors present with headache, nausea, and vomiting because of increased intracranial pressure; they require early ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. Deterioration of intellectual functions, gait abnormalities with frequent falls, and sphincteric incontinence are common. […] Clinical manifestations may include buttock asymmetry, abdominal distension, and constipation. […] Pain and bowel habit change are the main symptoms. Severe arthropathy of peripheral joints and evidence of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy were reported in one adult case. […] The clinical course is very aggressive, with a median survival of 5 months. Predictors of the subsequent occurrence of leukemia are mediastinal localization of the germ cell tumors and endodermal sinus tumor and teratocarcinoma histologic types.

• #22

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-germ-cell-tumour-gct?srsltid=AfmBOorrNRJBZq2MHoPgCFetOANzMQsiM0a1b757fIkVouH5EdspRNBK

  Germ cell tumours mainly occur in children during puberty (10-19 years) and account for approximately 4% of brain tumours in children. […] Signs and symptoms of germ cell tumours depend upon where the tumour has developed. […] If they are in the pineal region, symptoms may include: headaches, nausea and vomiting, poor balance, for example whilst walking, uncoordinated body movements (ataxia), poor co-ordination, disruption of sleep patterns, seizures, memory issues, early puberty in children, upward gaze of the eyes, a condition known as Parinaud syndrome. […] If the tumour is affecting the pituitary gland, symptoms may include: delayed or early puberty, stunted growth, changes in eyesight such as loss of peripheral vision, diabetes type 2, symptoms of which include frequent urination and extreme thirst.

• #23 Symptoms of a Germ Cell Brain Tumor | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/germ-cell-tumors-brain/symptoms-germ-cell-brain-tumor

  The symptoms of a germ cell brain tumor depend on where it is located. […] Germ cell tumors located in the parasellar region (within the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) frequently cause hormonal dysfunction. An early hallmark of these tumors is a condition in which the body loses the ability to regulate water balance, resulting in polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst). Since that area of the brain is also close to the optic nerves and optic chiasm, germ cell tumors in this location also frequently cause changes in vision. […] On the other hand, germ cell tumors in the pineal region of the brain usually present with nausea, headache, and double vision. The nausea and headache arise from a condition called occlusive or obstructive hydrocephalus, a blockage of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. The double vision associated with pineal region tumors results from compression of critical areas of the brain that regulate balanced eye movements and upward gaze. […] Rarely, these tumors can be synchronous in both the parasellar and pineal region. This bi-focal tumor distribution is nearly diagnostic for primary CNS germ cell tumors.

• #24

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-germ-cell-tumour-gct?srsltid=AfmBOorrNRJBZq2MHoPgCFetOANzMQsiM0a1b757fIkVouH5EdspRNBK

  The prognosis for an intracranial germ cell tumour varies. This is largely dependent on: type and position of the tumour, type and level of tumour markers, whether or not it has spread (metastasised) by the time it has been diagnosed, whether or not it is newly diagnosed or has recurred after treatment. […] 80%-90% of patients with germinomas can be cured by radiotherapy alone, whilst some also require chemotherapy. Non-germinomatous germ cell tumours have a 40%-85% cure rate, depending to some extent on how far they have spread by the time they are diagnosed. […] Mature teratomas may be curable by surgery alone. […] Mixed germ cell brain tumours are more challenging to treat because they contain a mixture of different types of cancerous cells, so these might be treated by a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, for example.

• #25 Yolk Sac or Germ Cell Tumor | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/y/yolk-sac-germ-cell-tumor

  Signs and symptoms depend on the tumor location. Within the testes, the tumor is a visible, painless, firm swelling or may lead to early puberty. […] In the ovary it is not as visible, and the tumor may grow very large before being noticed. This can lead to abdominal pain and abdominal swelling. Other symptoms can lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding or early puberty. […] In the sacrococcygeal area, it may be seen as a swelling of the buttocks often mistaken for a bruise or infection. […] Tumors in the chest can present with chest pain, cough or shortness of breath. […] Prognosis for germ cell tumors varies greatly depending on multiple factors, including type, location and staging of the tumor, and the childs age. In general, those with higher stage tumors are at risk for poorer outcomes.

• #26 Germ Cell Tumors | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/germ-cell-tumors

  Germ cell tumor symptoms depend on where the tumor is located in the body. […] Ovarian germ cell tumors can be difficult to detect and may grow large before they produce symptoms. These tumors usually aren’t discovered until age 10 or later. A possible sign is swelling of the abdomen. […] Testicular tumors are often detected at an early age because they become noticeable in the scrotum or cause pain. […] Malignant mediastinal tumors may cause: Chest pain, Breathing problems, Cough, Fever. […] A malignant presacral germ cell tumor usually appears as a mass in the lower abdomen or buttocks of an infant or young child. These tumors may cause difficulty with: Passing urine, Having a bowel movement, Walking (in older children). […] Symptoms may include: Headache, Nausea and vomiting, Memory loss, Lethargy, Difficulty walking, Inability to look upward, Uncontrolled eye movements, Double vision. […] Because they may be visible on the outside of the body, they’re often diagnosed early. With treatment, the prognosis is favorable. Without treatment, malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors may spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, lungs, liver or bones.

• #27 15 Top Childhood Germ Cell Tumors Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/childhood-germ-cell-tumors/childhood-germ-cell-tumors-symptoms.html

  The exact germ cell tumor symptoms will depend on where it forms. People with a specific diagnosis can see our pages on childhood brain cancer, ovarian cancer and testicular cancer for specific symptom information. […] In general, though, childhood germ cell tumor symptoms can include: Lump in abdomen or lower back or testicle, Pain in the abdomen, Breast growth (for testicular germ cell tumors), In females, no period or unusual bleeding, Fever, Constipation, Headaches, Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Excessive hair growth, Weakness in legs, Early entry into puberty, Diabetes, Hormonal abnormalities, Frequent urination. […] These symptoms do not always mean your child has a childhood germ cell tumor. However, it is important to discuss any symptoms with your doctor, since they may signal other health problems.

• #28 Germ cell tumours | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/germ-cell-tumours/

  Germ cell tumours can appear at any age. They develop from cells that produce eggs or sperm so germ cell tumours can affect the ovaries or testes. However, its possible for a germ cell tumour to develop in other parts of the body. […] The symptoms depend on where the tumour develops. Usually it starts with a lump that can either be felt or causes other symptoms. […] The stage of a cancer describes its size and whether it has spread from where it started. Knowing the stage helps doctors to decide on the most appropriate treatment. […] Your child will continue to have regular blood tests during and after treatment, to check their levels of AFP and HCG. If the levels rise, this indicates that the tumour might have come back and further treatment is needed.

• #29 Germ cell tumors | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/germ-cell-tumors

  Symptoms of germ cell tumors depend on where they happen. Symptoms often happen because a growing tumor puts pressure on nearby tissue or organs. For example, a germ cell tumor in an ovary may lead to pelvic pain, back pain, bloating or swelling in the belly. A germ cell tumor in a testicle may cause swelling or pain in the testicle or scrotum. A lump in the testicle is a common symptom of a testicular germ cell tumor.

• #30 Germ Cell Tumor (Extracranial) – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/germ-cell-tumors-extracranial.html

  Germ cell tumors can develop at any age. In pediatric patients, they occur most often in young children and in teens. They account for about 3% of childhood cancers. […] Signs and symptoms of a germ cell tumor depend on the tumor size and location. […] Symptoms may include: abdominal pain, lump or swelling in the abdomen, lower back, or testicle, constipation, cough or trouble breathing, early onset of puberty. […] The prognosis for germ cell tumor is quite good when the cancer can be fully removed by surgery. With proper treatment, children with stage 1 or 2 disease have a cure rate of more than 90%. For more advanced disease (stages 3 or 4), survival rates are about 80-85%. But many factors influence the chance of cure. […] About 1 in 5 patients have spread of disease (metastasis) at diagnosis. The most common places for germ cell tumor to spread are the lung, liver, and lymph nodes. Less often, germ cell tumor may spread to the brain or bone.

• #31 Nonseminomatous Testicular Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568754/

  Testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) is curable cancer. It can be managed ideally if the medical health providers know the knowledge of its pathophysiology and route of spread. It is a malignant but curable tumor if diagnosed and managed properly. […] Roughly one-third of patients with NSGCT will have disseminated or metastatic disease at the time of initial presentation and diagnosis. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors are further classified into yolk sac tumors, embryonal cell carcinomas, choriocarcinomas, and teratomas. […] Patients with the localized disease will typically present with a painless nodule, lump, mass, or swelling in one of the testes. It might also present with dull scrotal or testicular pain. Ten percent of the affected individuals will experience acute testicular pain.

• #32 Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

  https://vicc.org/cancer-info/adult-extragonadal-germ-cell-tumors

  Signs and symptoms of extragonadal germ cell tumors include breathing problems and chest pain. […] Malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors may cause signs and symptoms as they grow into nearby areas. Other conditions may cause the same signs and symptoms. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following: Chest pain. Breathing problems. Cough. Fever. Headache. Change in bowel habits. Feeling very tired. Trouble walking. Trouble in seeing or moving the eyes. […] After an extragonadal germ cell tumor has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following: Whether the tumor is nonseminoma or seminoma. The size of the tumor and where it is in the body. The blood levels of AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH. Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. The way the tumor responds to initial treatment. Whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).

• #33 What Is Testicular Cancer? | Types of Testicular Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/about/what-is-testicular-cancer.html

  More than 90% of cancers of the testicle start in cells known as germ cells. These are the cells that make sperm. The main types of germ cell tumors (GCTs) in the testicles are seminomas and non-seminomas. […] Seminomas tend to grow and spread more slowly than non-seminomas. […] Some seminomas can increase blood levels of a protein called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). […] These types of germ cell tumors usually occur in men between their late teens and early 30s. […] Embryonal carcinoma can increase blood levels of a tumor marker protein called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), as well as human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). […] This type of tumor almost always increases blood levels of AFP (alpha-fetoprotein). […] This is a very rare and fast-growing type of testicular cancer in adults.

• #34 Germ cell Cancer: Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/germ-cell-cancer

  General symptoms of extragonadal germ cell tumors include: chest pain, breathing problems, cough, headache, fever, changes in bowel habits, fatigue, trouble walking, vision problems, a lump in your neck, abdomen, or lower back. […] Your outlook if you have germ cell cancer depends on the specific type of cancer you have and where its located. Many types have high chances of survival. […] The 5-year survival rate for ovarian germ cell cancer is about 95% for stage 1 and 83% for stage 2 to 5. […] The 10-year cancer-specific survival rate for stage 1 testicular germ cell cancer is about 99.7%. […] The 5-year survival rate for testicular germ cell cancer that has spread to other body parts is around 48% to 64% for people in the highest-risk group. […] For children under 15, the 5-year survival rate for ovarian and testicular germ cells is about 90%. Its about 93% for teens ages 15 to 19.

• #35 Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/nonseminomatous-germ-cell-tumor

  However, its also possible for some NSGCTs to come back after treatment. This is why your doctor will want to continue to monitor you after your treatment concludes. […] Your outlook with NSGCT can depend on several factors, such as: the type of NSGCT you have, the stage of your NSGCT, how aggressive your NSGCT is, the type of treatment used and how the cancer responds to it, the levels of tumor markers in your blood after treatment, your age and overall health. […] NSGCTs can be divided into three outlook categories based on several factors. These outlook categories are good, intermediate, and poor.

• #36 Germ cell ovarian tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/germ-cell

  Symptoms might include: […] pain in your tummy (abdomen) or lower part of your abdomen (pelvis) that doesn’t go away […] a lump in your abdomen […] bloating or an increase in the size of your abdomen […] irregular periods, or vaginal bleeding after your periods have stopped. […] The grade and stage of your cancer is very important. They help your specialist to decide what treatment you need. […] The stage of a cancer tells you how far it has grown. […] Your doctor monitors you for 10 years after diagnosis. You have tests and see the doctor frequently over the first year. The monitoring becomes less frequent as time passes.

• #37 Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/ovarian-cancer/ovarian-germ-cell-tumors

  Ovarian germ cell tumors can be non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). […] Malignant OGCT make up only 5% of all ovarian cancers and are commonly diagnosed in women between 10 and 30 years of age. […] Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain, Pelvic pain, Abnormal vaginal bleeding, Early signs of puberty (in young patients), Abdominal swelling or distention. […] Ovarian germ cell tumors most likely recur within the first two years after surgery and chemotherapy. Some patients may be a candidate for secondary surgery. Generally, chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for recurrent ovarian germ cell tumors.

• #38 Germ Cell Cancer and Gonadal Tumours | Children with Cancer UK

  http://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/germ-cell-tumours/

  The symptoms depend on where the germ cell tumour develops, but usually a lump appears that can either be felt or leads to other problems such as chest or abdominal pain. The tumour may press on adjacent structures, such as the bladder causing excessive urination. […] Treatment depends on the staging, size and position of the tumour. The principal treatment for germ cell tumours is surgery, except where the tumour is in the brain or spinal cord. If the tumour is benign or if it is malignant but localised and has not spread, then surgery alone may be sufficient. Surgery may involve the removal of the testis or ovary if this is where the tumour first developed. […] Occasionally, the cancer can recur. This is called a relapse. Relapse occurs most likely as a result of a few of the original cancer cells surviving the treatment. Sometimes, this is because cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and were too small to be detected during the follow-up immediately after treatment.

• #39 Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-germ-cell-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of childhood CNS germ cell tumors include unusual thirst, frequent urination, or vision changes. […] Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood CNS germ cell tumors or by other conditions. Check with your child’s doctor if your child has: Excess thirst. Large amounts of urine that is clear or almost clear. Frequent urination. Bed-wetting or frequent urination at night. Trouble moving the eyes or seeing clearly. Double vision. Loss of appetite. Weight loss for no known reason. Early puberty. Headaches. Nausea and vomiting. Feeling very tired. Problems with schoolwork. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery). The prognosis depends on: The type of germ cell tumor. The type and level of any tumor markers. Where the tumor is in the brain or in the spinal cord. Whether the cancer has spread within the brain and spinal cord or to other parts of the body. Whether the tumor is newly diagnosed or has recurred (come back) after treatment.

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