Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock.

• #1 Arterial hypotension: prevalence of low blood pressure in the general population using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10805049/

  Chronic constitutional hypotension has been described in a proportion of the population, and has a symptom complex ascribed to it. The true prevalence of low blood pressure in the normal population has not been defined. […] This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of low blood pressure states, as measured using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, in a general population cohort, and to determine the association between low blood pressure and clinical and demographic variables. […] A total of 254 subjects were included, 49% of whom demonstrated hypotensive events. […] Hypotension is common in the general population and is associated with a distinct body habitus. It carries a generally benign cardiovascular risk factor profile.

• #1 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension epidemiology varies widely based on the underlying cause. Nontraumatic, symptomatic episodes occur more frequently in older adults. In contrast, individuals who are physically active and in good health often maintain lower resting blood pressures without clinical concern.

• #1 Basic Characteristics of Chronic Hypotension Cases: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study from 1958 through 1999 | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/hr20061

  Few epidemiological studies have been conducted on the prevalence, blood pressure trends by age, and basic characteristics of chronic hypotension. […] The present results clearly show that chronic hypotensives have a female preponderance and low BMI, HR, body temperature, Hb, and Cre in addition to low SBP that does not increase with age.

• #1 Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p527.html/amp/

  Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing when compared with blood pressure from the sitting or supine position. […] Orthostatic hypotension is often found in older patients and in those who are frail. It is present in up to 20 percent of patients older than 65 years. […] In the absence of volume depletion, younger patients with orthostatic hypotension usually have chronic autonomic failure. […] A prospective study of 611 patients presenting to an emergency department following a syncopal episode found that 24 percent had orthostatic hypotension. […] Those who seek evaluation as outpatients are likely to have chronic etiologies of orthostatic hypotension, or they may have been referred for further testing upon discharge from the emergency department or hospital. […] Orthostatic hypotension is often neurogenic in patients whose history, physical examination, and laboratory testing do not suggest another cause.

• #1 Mechanisms, causes, and evaluation of orthostatic hypotension – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-causes-and-evaluation-of-orthostatic-hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension is common with an overall prevalence of up to 20 percent. […] Many disorders can cause orthostatic hypotension, as can acute or chronic volume depletion and a side effect of medications (particularly antihypertensive agents).

• #1 Orthostatic hypotension in elderly: Do you measure orthostatic and clinostatic blood pressure?

  https://www.hvt-journal.com/articles/art349

  In this article we highlighted the blood pressure management in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. […] OH is defined as a reduction in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or in diastolic BP of at least 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing. It is a common condition in older adults, with prevalence ranging from 5% in individuals 50 years old to 30% in patients 70 of age. It is responsible for adverse events (i.e., falls, hospitalization, institutionalization), morbidity and mortality. […] A large study conducted in the United Kingdom showcased lower incidence of OH reported among general practitioners than outlined by previous works. Authors hypothesize this result may be due to an underestimation cause by a lack of time during routine clinical examination or poorly standardized methods of measurement.

• #1 Recent advances in orthostatic hypotension – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/recent-advances-in-orthostatic-hypotension/

  Orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension is a relatively common condition in the elderly population. It is an important cause of preventable falls in the elderly and this article summarises the most recent advances in this field from epidemiology, clinical presentation and management. […] A number of studies have reviewed the prevalence of OH in recent years. The Irish TILDA study analysed data from 4,475 persons after an active standing test. […] The total prevalence of OH was 6.9%, increasing to 18% for persons over the age of 80 years. […] In the Swedish Good Aging in Skane study (GAS-SNAC), 1,400 individuals were randomly selected from a database on ageing. The study concluded that OH was a risk factor for mild cognitive dysfunction. […] Freud et al conducted a retrospective analysis of 571 patients over 90 years to examine the prevalence of systolic and diastolic OH. They found that the prevalence of systolic OH is more common than diastolic OH.

• #1 Orthostatic Hypotension | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/orthostasis/

  Orthostatic hypotension occurs in approximately 20% of patients older than 65 years, increasing with advancing age. In The Cardiovascular Health Study, the prevalence of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension was found to be 16.2%. Similar prevalence rates were demonstrated in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis. […] Orthostasis increases among the elderly in long-term residential care facilities to 50%. Thirty percent of syncope in the elderly population is because of orthostasis. […] Orthostasis is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease including stroke, coronary artery disease, and chronic kidney disease, as well as all-cause mortality among those aged 55 years and older. […] Longitudinal studies show that orthostatic hypotension increases the risk of stroke, myocardial ischemia, and mortality. In the elderly, the higher likelihood of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and lower renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone levels cause more severe symptoms; syncope and falls also occur, regardless of symptoms. […] The overall prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in the middle-aged population is estimated to be 6% to 10% but may rise higher than 20% in those 75 years of age.

• #1 Incidence of postural hypotension recorded in UK general practice: an electronic health records study | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/726/e9

  Postural hypotension is a common condition associated with adverse outcomes in older adults. General practice plays an important role in identification of the condition. […] To examine the incidence of postural hypotension between 2008 and 2018 in general practice and how trends vary by age, sex, year, and social deprivation. […] Of 2 911 260 patients, 24 973 had an electronic record indicating a new diagnosis of postural hypotension between 2008 and 2018. This was equivalent to 17.9 cases per 10 000 PYAR in males (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.6 to 18.2) and 16.2 cases per 10 000 PYAR in females (95% CI = 15.9 to 16.5). A significant age-sex interaction was identified. Recorded postural hypotension rate increased with age and social deprivation, and reduced between 2008 and 2018. The rate was higher in males compared with females, particularly in older age groups (80 years).

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-019-00152-9

  Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with a variety of motor and non-motor clinical manifestations, including cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) is a potentially serious manifestation of cardiovascular sympathetic failure that occurs in approximately 30% of patients with PD. […] The prevalence of nOH in patients with PD reported in studies that defined nOH by BP reduction criteria ranges widely in individual studies from 10 to 65%, and a meta-analysis of 25 studies identified an estimated point prevalence of 30%. […] Because PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, it is perhaps not surprising that symptomatic manifestations of autonomic failure, including nOH, have been shown to be more likely in patients with more advanced disease. […] nOH is not only a late-stage complication of PD, however; OH is now included as a diagnostic marker of prodromal PD in the most recent Movement Disorder Society research criteria.

• #1 Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace0034_oct15_noh_low

  Epidemiology […] OH is common in elderly patients and increases with age. In the longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study, the prevalence of symptomatic OH increased from 14.8% in patients aged 65 to 69 years to 26% in patients 85 years or older. The incidence of OH is also greater in frail populations, with a prevalence as high as 50% in nursing homes compared with 6.4% in community-living elderly. Common causes of OH in elderly patients include drugs, dehydration or volume depletion, and heart failure (HF). […] In contrast to OH in elderly patients, NOH is rare enough to be classified as an orphan disease in the United States. Symptomatic NOH is estimated to affect approximately 80,000 patients with PD, MSA, or PAF. NOH is present in approximately 80% of patients with MSA, occurring within the context of rapidly progressing autonomic failure, Parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. It is present in about half of patients with Lewy body dementia. The reported prevalence of NOH in PD varies widely, with estimates ranging from 18% to 58%. The point prevalence of OH in PD was 30.1% (95% CI, 22.9%-38.4%) in a meta-analysis that pooled data from 25 studies. In the population-based Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study, the incidence of OH was 8.4% among patients with type 1 diabetes and 7.4% among patients with type 2 diabetes. In 65 patients with biopsy-proven amyloidosis, 74% had orthostatic intolerance.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2017/09080/prevalence,_risk_factors,_and_prognosis_of.43.aspx

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a major clinical sign of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients. Our aim was to quantitatively evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of OH in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and assess its prognosis. […] The pooled prevalence of OH in DM was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%–28%). Potential risk factors, that is, glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) (odds ratio [OR], 1.13, 95% CI, 1.07–1.20), hypertension (OR, 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01–1.02), and diabetic nephropathy (OR, 2.37, 95% CI, 1.76–3.19), were significantly associated with OH in DM. In addition, the prognosis of OH in DM was associated with higher risk of total mortality and cardiovascular events. […] The pooled prevalence of OH in DM appears high. HbA1c, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy are risk factors for OH in DM. OH indicates poor prognosis in diabetic patients. Attention should be focused on diabetic patients with the stated risk factors to prevent OH.

• #1 Introduction – SCIRE Professional

  https://scireproject.com/evidence/orthostatic-hypotension/introduction/

  The prevalence of OH is greater in patients with higher spinal cord lesions, and thus it is more common in tetraplegia (Claydon et al. 2006; Mathias 2006; Frisbie Steele 1997). […] Furthermore, individuals with cervical SCI also experience greater posture-related decreases in blood pressure than those with paraplegia (Claydon et al. 2006; Mathias 1995). […] There is also an increased risk of OH in individuals who sustain a traumatic SCI versus a non-traumatic injury such as spinal stenosis (McKinley et al. 1999).

• #1 Low Blood Pressure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-basics

  An estimated 10% to 20% of people over 65 have postural hypotension. […] Sudden drops in blood pressure can be life-threatening. […] Postural hypotension happens most often in people who are taking drugs to control high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Older people are particularly affected, especially those who have high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction. […] Complications you could develop because of low blood pressure include: Falls. Dizziness caused by low blood pressure can make you fall or faint. […] Low blood pressure during pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of falls. But there’s no scientific evidence that low blood pressure by itself is harmful to your baby unless it gets low enough to send you into shock. […] Low blood pressure often has no symptoms and doesn’t require treatment. But seriously low blood pressure can lead to complications. See your doctor if you have low blood pressure symptoms.

• #1 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well. […] Risk factors for hypotension include: Age. Drops in blood pressure when standing up or after eating occur mainly in adults older than 65. […] Complications of low blood pressure can include: Dizzy feeling. […] Severely low blood pressure can lower the body’s oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage.

• #1 Low Blood Pressure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-basics

  Many different things can cause low blood pressure, including: Dehydration, Pregnancy, Fear, stress, or pain, Donating blood, Heat, Some injuries and illnesses, Certain medications. […] Blood pressure under 90/60 is considered low. But some people normally have low blood pressure. Most doctors think of low blood pressure as dangerous only if it causes noticeable symptoms.

• #1 Recent advances in orthostatic hypotension – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/recent-advances-in-orthostatic-hypotension/

  The mortality rate was higher in patients with OH at 30% than in those that did not have OH at 22%. […] Delayed OH is supposed to happen after three minutes of testing. […] The prevalence of orthostatic intolerance and its significance was found by OConnell et al, who studied 5,692 community dwelling adults aged over 50 years in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. The authors found OI in 6.7% of participants. […] It is clear that falls are related to activity. […] As opposed to the findings above, Joditis et al found that 60% of patients with OH had a history of falls in the previous six months versus 42% without OH. […] The exact prevalence of OH is difficult to estimate due to many technical issues. […] The association of these disorders with OH was statistically correlated by a study by Clark et al. They developed a score called the DROP score in a hope that the OH can be diagnosed from the score. […] Impairment of stabilisation of blood pressure and OH increases with age. Delayed OH and OI are not benign entities and OI is associated with frailty. OH is a risk factor for mortality and for the development of cognitive dysfunction.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-019-00152-9

  In patients with autonomic failure and nOH, supine hypertension is an important and often coexistent comorbidity. […] It has been estimated that approximately one-third to one-half of patients with nOH related to parkinsonian disorders have comorbid supine hypertension, although inconsistent definition criteria and ascertainment methods limit a full understanding of the epidemiology. […] The morbidity and mortality impacts of supine hypertension are not nearly as well understood as those for essential hypertension, an increased risk of renal impairment has been found in patients with supine hypertension. […] In patients with PD, symptoms of nOH are associated with increased risk of falls and impairment of activities of daily living. […] A recent survey of patients with nOH revealed that they often hide or minimize nOH symptoms and are reluctant to discuss symptoms with their healthcare providers.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-019-00152-9

  Therefore, additional objective evaluations (e.g., orthostatic BP measurements) are necessary to recognize nOH. […] Screening for nOH with orthostatic symptom questionnaires, orthostatic BP measurements, and specialized autonomic testing (when necessary) in patients with PD will help identify symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and should prompt treatment.

• #1 Incidence of postural hypotension recorded in UK general practice: an electronic health records study | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/726/e9

  Early detection in patients who are symptomatic or in those with certain risk factors may prevent some of these complications. General practice plays an important role in identification; however, current guidelines for detecting postural hypotension are varied and based on limited evidence. […] A large proportion of people with postural hypotension are asymptomatic, and are therefore likely to remain undetected unless screened because they are in high-risk groups. […] The rate of recorded postural hypotension diagnoses in primary care among males aged 50 years was 17.9 cases per 10 000 PYAR (95% CI = 17.6 to 18.2) and 16.2 cases per 10 000 PYAR in females (95% CI = 15.9 to 16.5). This rate is much lower than expected from studies in screened older populations that estimates the prevalence of postural hypotension in community-dwelling adults to be 22%, and 23.9% in long-term care.

• #1 New Study Shows Intensive Blood-Pressure Treatment Effective Regardless of Hypotension | Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research

  https://www.marcusinstituteforaging.org/news/new-study-shows-intensive-blood-pressure-treatment-effective-regardless-hypotension

  A groundbreaking study published in JAMA titled Orthostatic Hypotension, Hypertension Treatment, and Cardiovascular Disease: An Individual Participant Meta-Analysis provides new understanding regarding the effectiveness of intensive blood-pressure treatment, offering important insights for health care providers and individuals living with hypertension (high blood pressure). […] Key findings from this meta-analysis, which involved over 29,000 participants from nine hypertension trials, indicate that more intensive blood-pressure treatment is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality, regardless of whether participants had orthostatic hypotension. […] The results showed that more intensive blood-pressure treatment lowered the risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality among those without baseline orthostatic hypotension, similarly to those with baseline orthostatic hypotension.

• #1 New Study Shows Intensive Blood-Pressure Treatment Effective Regardless of Hypotension | Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research

  https://www.marcusinstituteforaging.org/news/new-study-shows-intensive-blood-pressure-treatment-effective-regardless-hypotension

  According to Lewis A. Lipsitz, M.D., director, Hebrew SeniorLife Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Hebrew SeniorLife’s chief academic officer, Asymptomatic orthostatic hypotension should not deter adults with hypertension from pursuing more intensive hypertension treatment, as long as patients are carefully monitored for hypotension while treatment is being increased. […] The findings underscore the potential benefits and safety of intensive blood-pressure management in preventing cardiovascular disease and improving overall patient outcomes, irrespective of baseline orthostatic hypotension.

• #1 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension is a relative term that is used to describe a condition whereby an individuals blood pressure (BP) is lower than the norm for that individual. Since there is no standard definition of hypotension, it is difficult to obtain accurate data on the frequency and incidence of this condition. […] A recent study conducted in Ireland concluded that postprandial hypotension (PPH) and orthostatic hypotension (OH) are among the most common cardiac disorders that cause falls and syncope. […] The prevalence in the elderly population ranges between 5% and 30% and differs depending upon whether the patient is experiencing a reduction in the systolic or diastolic BP. […] The effective management of OH is essential since it is a predictor of vascular deaths, particularly in the elderly and in patients with diabetes.

• #1 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21156-low-blood-pressure-hypotension

  Low blood pressure is a reading below 90/60 mm Hg. […] How common is low blood pressure? […] An estimated 5% of people have it at age 50, while that figure climbs to more than 30% in people over 70. […] Hypotension can affect people of any age and background, depending on why it happens. […] However, its more likely to cause symptoms in people over 50 (especially orthostatic hypotension). […] How is low blood pressure diagnosed? […] Hypotension itself is easy to diagnose. Taking your blood pressure is all you need to do. […] If you have hypotension, what you can expect depends on what causes it and if you have symptoms. […] If you have low blood pressure but dont have symptoms, this condition usually isnt harmful and shouldnt impact your life. […] If you do have symptoms, the underlying cause is usually what determines the outlook for this condition.

• #1 Low Blood Pressure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-basics

  Hypotension is the medical term for low blood pressure. You have it when a reading shows your blood pressure is much lower than expected. […] Doctors consider you to have low blood pressure when your reading is less than 90/60. […] The risk of both low and high blood pressure increases with age due in part to normal changes during aging. […] In healthy people, low blood pressure without any symptoms isn’t usually a concern and doesn’t require treatment. But low blood pressure can be a sign of an underlying problem — especially in older people — and could reduce blood flow to the heart, brain, and other vital organs. […] Long-lasting low blood pressure with no symptoms is almost never serious. But you can have health problems when your blood pressure drops suddenly and your brain doesn’t have an adequate blood supply. This can lead to dizziness, lightheadedness, and sometimes fainting.

• #1 Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and associated factors among older people with hypertension in Northern Ethiopia | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-024-05519-8

  The prevalence of hypertension increases with age, and older people with this condition are at increased risk of developing orthostatic hypotension (OH) due to age-related changes in blood pressure regulation mechanisms as well as prescribed medications. […] The prevalence and characteristics of OH in older people with hypertension in Low-Income Countries have not been well characterized. […] The prevalence of OH was 23.8% (CI: 21.5%, 26.1%). […] The use of CCBs was identified as an independent risk factor for OH. […] Given the frequent association with adverse effects, it is important to estimate the prevalence of OH among the aging population, especially as there has been little research into the phenomenon in LICs. […] Our study indicates that among older people (60+) with hypertension in Ethiopia, a low-income country, there was a high prevalence of measured OH, with one out of four individuals affected.

• #2 Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypotension

  Hypotension is therefore a BP that is much lower than usual and which may be causing symptoms such as dizziness or light-headedness. It is often defined as systolic BP less than 90 mm Hg or diastolic BP less than 60 mm Hg. A systolic BP below 100 mm Hg may be more appropriate if the patient normally has hypertension. […] The prevalence is age-dependent, ranging from 5% in patients under 50 years of age to 30% in those over 70 years of age. […] Orthostatic hypotension increases the risk of falls, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. […] Although commonly associated, hypotension is not synonymous with shock. Normal BP can be present during shock in people with hypertension, and normal tissue perfusion can exist among hypotensive individuals. […] In the acute form, hypotension can be a serious clinical feature that may cause renal, cerebral and myocardial hypoxic damage.

• #2 Orthostatic hypotension in elderly: Do you measure orthostatic and clinostatic blood pressure?

  https://www.hvt-journal.com/articles/art349

  In this article we highlighted the blood pressure management in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. […] OH is defined as a reduction in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or in diastolic BP of at least 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing. It is a common condition in older adults, with prevalence ranging from 5% in individuals 50 years old to 30% in patients 70 of age. It is responsible for adverse events (i.e., falls, hospitalization, institutionalization), morbidity and mortality. […] A large study conducted in the United Kingdom showcased lower incidence of OH reported among general practitioners than outlined by previous works. Authors hypothesize this result may be due to an underestimation cause by a lack of time during routine clinical examination or poorly standardized methods of measurement.

• #2 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21156-low-blood-pressure-hypotension

  Low blood pressure is a reading below 90/60 mm Hg. […] How common is low blood pressure? […] An estimated 5% of people have it at age 50, while that figure climbs to more than 30% in people over 70. […] Hypotension can affect people of any age and background, depending on why it happens. […] However, its more likely to cause symptoms in people over 50 (especially orthostatic hypotension). […] How is low blood pressure diagnosed? […] Hypotension itself is easy to diagnose. Taking your blood pressure is all you need to do. […] If you have hypotension, what you can expect depends on what causes it and if you have symptoms. […] If you have low blood pressure but dont have symptoms, this condition usually isnt harmful and shouldnt impact your life. […] If you do have symptoms, the underlying cause is usually what determines the outlook for this condition.

• #2 Low Blood Pressure in PD | Stanford Parkinson’s Community Outreach | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/parkinsons/symptoms-PD/orthostatic-hypotension.html

  The primary blood pressure related symptom of PD is orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension is the term used when blood pressure drops upon standing from sitting, or upon sitting from lying down. […] This 2-page article (PDF) discusses the frequency of orthostatic hypotension in those with PD, the cause, symptoms and several simple measures that can be used to restore normal blood pressure regulation, including medication evaluation, increase of fluids and salty foods, caffeine, frequent small meals, environment, clothing, slow position change, bed position and medication options. […] Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is low blood pressure. In this talk Olga Waln, MD, spent about 15 minutes explaining why OH happens, the impact of OH on quality of life, what symptoms you may experience, and how OH is diagnosed.

• #2 Blood pressure (low) – hypotension | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blood-pressure-low-hypotension

  Hypotension, or low blood pressure, means that the pressure of blood circulating around the body is lower than normal or lower than expected. […] Low blood pressure is only a problem if it has a negative impact on the body and produces symptoms. […] Some causes of hypotension include blood loss, dehydration and certain medications, such as antihypertensive drugs. […] Blood pressure is measured using a device known as a sphygmomanometer. If the measurement drops 30mmHg below the persons usual blood pressure, this is considered to be hypotension. […] Low blood pressure has many different causes including: emotional stress, fear, insecurity or pain (the most common causes of fainting), dehydration, which reduces blood volume, the bodys reaction to heat, which is to shunt blood into the vessels of the skin, leading to dehydration, blood donation, internal bleeding, such as a perforated stomach ulcer, blood loss from trauma, such as a road accident or deep cut, pregnancy, medications for high blood pressure, diuretics, which produce fluid loss, medications for depression, medications for certain heart conditions, allergic reaction to certain drugs or chemicals, some forms of infection, such as toxic shock syndrome, heart disease, which can hamper the pumping action of the heart muscle, some nervous system disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, Addisons disease (where the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient blood-pressure-maintaining hormones).

• #2 Incidence of postural hypotension recorded in UK general practice: an electronic health records study | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/726/e9

  To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to quantify incident recorded postural hypotension in general practice. The rate is lower than expected compared with studies in screened older populations. Potential barriers to identification include underreporting, underdetection owing to lack of time and/or poorly standardised methods of measurement, and poor coding. […] Postural (orthostatic) hypotension is a common, yet frequently overlooked, condition associated with serious adverse outcomes in later life. It is estimated to affect around 20% of community-dwelling older adults and between 20% and 31% of those living in long-term care. […] In the UK, the reported prevalence of postural hypotension has ranged from 28% in older females, up to 81% of older adults screened using continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring.

• #2 Assessment of hypotension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1196

  Hypotension is any blood pressure (BP) that is below the normal expected for an individual in a given environment. […] As a result, it is difficult to estimate the prevalence. […] Hypotension can be the first sign of a serious acute illness (such as myocardial infarction, sepsis, or gastrointestinal haemorrhage). […] Persistent hypotension can lead to shock, a state of reduced end-organ oxygenation owing to an imbalance between tissue oxygen demand and delivery.

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