Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypotension: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hypotension-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Hypotension is low blood pressure. Normal blood pressure (BP) for most adults is 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure of less than 90/60 mmHg is considered hypotensive. […] Poor cardiac output due to untreated hypotension can have serious adverse effects. Hypotensive shock is a complication that can result in multi-organ failure and death. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications. […] The nurses role is to closely monitor blood pressure changes and other vital signs, administer medications and fluids to improve blood pressure, and educate patients on preventing hypotension. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for hypotension, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Decreased cardiac output associated with hypotension can occur when the body does not receive enough blood from the heart for adequate perfusion.

• #2 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension is a drop in systemic blood pressure below normal values. Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 to 120/80, with readings below 90/60 generally classified as hypotensive. […] Management focuses on addressing the precipitating factor, such as fluid resuscitation for hypovolemia or medication adjustment, and providing supportive care as needed. In chronic or recurrent cases, strategies may include increased fluid and salt intake, compression garments, and pharmacologic agents to maintain perfusion. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance learners’ competence in evaluating and managing hypotension. […] Nursing staff are essential for early detection, as they are often at the bedside and closely monitoring the patient.

• #3 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Low blood pressure symptoms can include: Blurred or fading vision. Dizzy or lightheaded feelings. Fainting. Fatigue. Trouble concentrating. Upset stomach. […] For some people, low blood pressure may be a symptom of an underlying health condition. That’s especially so when blood pressure drops suddenly or when low blood pressure occurs with symptoms.

• #4 Low Blood Pressure – When Blood Pressure Is Too Low | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/low-blood-pressure-when-blood-pressure-is-too-low

  Low blood pressure is usually not harmful unless there are other concerning symptoms. […] A low blood pressure reading is usually good. Some people with very low blood pressure have a condition called hypotension. This occurs when blood pressure is less than 90/60 mm Hg. Low blood pressure is usually not harmful unless there are other symptoms that concern a health care professional. […] Constantly low blood pressure can be dangerous if it causes signs and symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, nausea, fainting, fatigue, neck or back pain, headache, blurred vision, and heart palpitations. […] If you are dizzy, nauseous or have other symptoms, contact your health care professional.

• #5 Blood pressure (low) – hypotension | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blood-pressure-low-hypotension

  Hypotension, or low blood pressure, means that the pressure of blood circulating around the body is lower than normal or lower than expected. […] Low blood pressure is only a problem if it has a negative impact on the body and produces symptoms. […] Some causes of hypotension include blood loss, dehydration and certain medications, such as antihypertensive drugs. […] Low blood pressure has many different causes including: Emotional stress, fear, insecurity or pain (the most common causes of fainting), Dehydration, which reduces blood volume, The body’s reaction to heat, which is to shunt blood into the vessels of the skin, leading to dehydration, Blood donation, Internal bleeding, such as a perforated stomach ulcer, Blood loss from trauma, such as a road accident or deep cut, Pregnancy, Medications for high blood pressure, Diuretics, which produce fluid loss, Medications for depression, Medications for certain heart conditions, Allergic reaction to certain drugs or chemicals, Some forms of infection, such as toxic shock syndrome, Heart disease, which can hamper the pumping action of the heart muscle, Some nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Addison’s disease (where the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient blood-pressure-maintaining hormones). […] Treatment depends on the cause. For example, the dosages of existing medications may need to be altered or a bleeding stomach ulcer surgically repaired. If no particular cause can be found, drugs may be used to raise blood pressure. In extreme cases, a lower body pressure suit may be required.

• #6 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://asianheartinstitute.org/blog/low-blood-pressure-hypotension-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Low blood pressure (hypotension) occurs when the force of blood against artery walls drops below normal levels. […] Symptoms of hypotension vary by the cause but may include dizziness, fainting, and blurred vision. […] Understanding the underlying causes of hypotension is key to its effective management. […] Low blood pressure can arise from lifestyle factors, medical conditions, or a combination of both. […] Some heart conditions can cause low blood pressure, including bradycardia, heart attack, or heart failure. […] Severe blood loss from an injury or internal bleeding reduces the amount of blood in your body, thereby reducing blood pressure. […] Hormonal imbalances caused by problems with the endocrine glands can also lead to low blood pressure. […] If an infection enters the blood (sepsis), it can cause critical hypotension.

• #7 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://asianheartinstitute.org/blog/low-blood-pressure-hypotension-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Some antihypertensive medications, such as alpha-blockers or beta-blockers, cause low blood pressure. […] A diet that lacks certain nutrients, vitamin B12, folate, and iron prevents your body from creating enough red blood cells. […] The circulatory system enlarges during pregnancy, which can cause blood pressure to decrease. […] Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension occurs when blood pressure drops significantly upon standing up. […] Long periods in bed can make the circulatory system weak, and patients who are in post-surgery recovery or chronic sufferers may experience low blood pressure. […] Low blood pressure symptoms occur in the following: dizziness or lightheadedness, fainting, dilation or constricted vision, feeling of a weakened state, nausea, cold, clammy skin, rapid or shallow breathing.

• #8 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. […] A heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease and a slow heart rate called bradycardia can cause low blood pressure. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. […] Complications of low blood pressure can include: Dizzy feeling. Weakness. Fainting. Injury from falls. […] Severely low blood pressure can lower the body’s oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage.

• #9 Orthostatic Hypotension (Postural Hypotension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9385-low-blood-pressure-orthostatic-hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when you stand from a seated or prone (lying down) position. You may feel dizzy or even faint. […] This type of low blood pressure is also called postural hypotension. […] A reading below 90/60 millimeters of mercury is considered low blood pressure. […] You have orthostatic hypotension if your blood pressure drops more than 20 millimeters of mercury in systolic pressure or 10 millimeters of mercury in diastolic pressure within three minutes of standing up. […] Orthostatic hypotension treatments vary by what’s causing it. […] Treatments may include: Treating a condition or disease that’s causing orthostatic hypotension. […] Rarely, people with orthostatic hypotension need medications to increase blood volume and pressure.

• #10 Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p527.html

  Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing when compared with blood pressure from the sitting or supine position. It results from an inadequate physiologic response to postural changes in blood pressure. Orthostatic hypotension may be acute or chronic, as well as symptomatic or asymptomatic. Common symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, weakness, fatigue, nausea, palpitations, and headache. Less common symptoms include syncope, dyspnea, chest pain, and neck and shoulder pain. Causes include dehydration or blood loss; disorders of the neurologic, cardiovascular, or endocrine systems; and several classes of medications. Evaluation of suspected orthostatic hypotension begins by identifying reversible causes and underlying associated medical conditions. Goals of treatment involve improving hypotension without excessive supine hypertension, relieving orthostatic symptoms, and improving standing time. Treatment includes correcting reversible causes and discontinuing responsible medications, when possible. Nonpharmacologic treatment should be offered to all patients. For patients who do not respond adequately to nonpharmacologic treatment, fludrocortisone, midodrine, and pyridostigmine are pharmacologic therapies proven to be beneficial.

• #11 Orthostatic Hypotension Simplified – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/orthostatic-hypotension/

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when the body has an inadequate response to postural changes and, as a result, is unable to maintain a steady blood pressure when moving from a lying to standing position. It is defined as a decrease in systolic or diastolic blood pressure that occurs within three minutes of moving from a sitting or supine position to a standing position. The parameter for OH is a decrease of 20 mmHg systolic or a decrease of 10 mmHg diastolic. […] Symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, palpitations, nausea, blurred vision, and headache. Some individuals may even experience syncope, neck and shoulder pain (from those muscles not getting adequately perfused), and even chest pain and dyspnea. […] The management of chronic orthostatic hypotension can be complex. One approach is to utilize an A-to-F mnemonic which provides several options for patients to try. […] A key nursing implication of orthostatic hypotension is that it puts your patient at high risk for falls, especially in the morning when blood pressure tends to be at its lowest.

• #12 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes, Symptoms, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypotension

  Low blood pressure can make you feel dizzy. […] The medical term for low blood pressure is hypotension. […] Hypotension in adults is defined as a blood pressure reading of lower than 90/60. […] Orthostatic hypotension (also called postural hypotension) is the drop in blood pressure that occurs when you move from sitting or lying down to standing. […] This form of low blood pressure affects 30% to 50% of people with Parkinsons disease, and about 30% of people with diabetes. […] Postprandial hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs after eating. […] Neurally mediated hypotension happens when there is an abnormal reflex interaction between the heart and the brain. […] Severe hypotension can be life threatening if not treated quickly. […] Certain conditions can cause long periods of hypotension that can become dangerous if left untreated.

• #13 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) – Everything About This Condition | Carreras Medical Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/carreras-medical-center/low-blood-pressure-hypotension-everything-about-this-condition/

  For example, postprandial hypotension may occur after eating, as the intestine requires a significant amount of blood for the digestive process. When the mechanisms control the blood flow and vessels to maintain proper blood flow throughout the body even after eating, blood pressure may fall. […] Typically, the body is able to control the blood pressure automatically, preventing it from dropping too much, and symptoms of low blood pressure occur when the body simply can’t prevent the large pressure drop. […] For most people, low blood pressure causes no symptoms, and they aren’t even aware that they have hypotension. However, for those with symptoms, the overall effects will depend on why the pressure drop is happening, what caused it, and how fast it develops. Slight decreases are normal, and they may get frequent with age. If they happen fast, it can mean that certain body parts aren’t getting enough blood which may lead to unpleasant, disruptive, and even dangerous effects.

• #14 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) – Everything About This Condition | Carreras Medical Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/carreras-medical-center/low-blood-pressure-hypotension-everything-about-this-condition/

  Typically, medical experts use two definitions for hypotension: Absolute hypotension occurs when the patient’s resting blood pressure is lower than 90/60 mm hg (millimeters of mercury). Orthostatic hypotension means the patient’s blood pressure remains low after standing up from a sitting position for over three to four minutes. While brief and sudden blood pressure drops are normal, in the case of Orthostatic hypotension, the drop must be at least 20 mm hg of the systolic pressure and ten or more mm hg for the diastolic pressure. Orthostatic hypotension is also often called postural hypotension because it occurs when people change their posture. […] There’s also postprandial hypotension, which usually affects one-third of the elderly but may occur at any age. It might seem illogical, but postprandial hypertension may occur in people who are dealing with high blood pressure or other conditions that control the centers responsible for managing internal body processes.

• #15 Alterations in Blood Pressure – Concept | Nursing | JoVe

  https://app.jove.com/science-education/v/13309/alterations-in-blood-pressure

  Postprandial hypotension: A significant decrease in blood pressure following a meal, particularly common in older adults. […] Neurally mediated hypotension: Occurs from prolonged standing, leading to miscommunication between the heart and the brain, resulting in decreased blood pressure. […] Understanding these conditions’ classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.

• #16 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Causes, Symptoms, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypotension

  Medications might also cause your blood pressure to become too low. […] If a medication youre taking causes your blood pressure to become too low, your doctor may adjust the dosage or change the medication. […] Symptoms of hypotension may include: fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, clammy skin, depression, loss of consciousness, blurry vision. […] Your treatment plan will depend on whats causing your hypotension. […] Sometimes changing certain habits can improve your low blood pressure. […] If you experience low blood pressure after eating, your doctor might suggest eating smaller meals more often throughout the day, or eating different foods. […] Some forms of hypotension may require medical treatment. […] Shock-induced hypotension is the most serious form of low blood pressure.

• #17 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  A sudden fall in blood pressure can be dangerous. A change of just 20 mm Hg can make you feel dizzy or faint. […] Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include: Confusion, especially in older people. Cold, clammy skin. Decrease in skin color, also called pallor. Rapid, shallow breathing. Weak and rapid pulse. […] If you have symptoms of extreme low blood pressure or shock, call 911 or your local emergency number. […] Most healthcare professionals consider blood pressure to be too low only if it causes symptoms. […] If you often have low blood pressure readings but feel fine, you might not need treatment. Instead, your healthcare professional tracks your health during routine checkups. […] Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well.

• #18 Hypertension vs Hypotension: The Highs and Lows of Blood Pressure

  https://bcbsm.mibluedaily.com/stories/health-and-wellness/hypertension-hypotension-highs-lows-blood-pressure

  Hypotension is a blood pressure reading of 90/60 or lower. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, means blood is not fully flowing to your brain, arteries, and organs. […] Combat hypotension by eating a diet higher in salt, staying hydrated with nonalcoholic beverages, and exercising regularly. […] Chronic low blood pressure without symptoms is almost never cause for concern, unless blood pressure drops suddenly, and the brain is deprived of adequate blood supply. This can lead to dizziness or lightheadedness. Other symptoms include: Unsteadiness, Dimming or blurring of vision, Weakness, Fatigue, Nausea, Cold, clammy skin, Fainting, Pale skin.

• #19 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470

  To find out if you have low blood pressure, also called hypotension, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You’re also asked questions about your medical history. The exam includes checking your blood pressure. […] Low blood pressure without symptoms or with only mild symptoms rarely requires treatment. […] If low blood pressure causes symptoms, the treatment depends on the cause. For instance, if medicine causes low blood pressure, your healthcare professional may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. Or the dose of medicine might be lowered. Don’t change or stop taking your medicine without first talking to your healthcare professional. […] Depending on your age, health and the type of low blood pressure you have, there are various ways to do this: Use more salt. Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That’s because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. So it’s important to check with a healthcare professional before eating more salt or high-sodium foods.

• #20

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/orthostatic-hypotension-postural-hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension also called postural hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down. Orthostatic hypotension can cause dizziness or lightheadedness and possibly fainting. […] It’s important to see a health care provider if you frequently feel lightheaded when standing up. […] Chronic orthostatic hypotension is usually a sign of another health problem, so treatment depends on the cause. […] A health care provider’s goal in evaluating orthostatic hypotension is to find the cause and determine treatment. The cause isn’t always known. […] Treatment for orthostatic hypotension is directed at the cause rather than the low blood pressure itself. […] If orthostatic hypotension doesn’t improve with lifestyle changes, medications may be needed to increase blood pressure or blood volume. […] Some simple steps can help manage or prevent orthostatic hypotension.

• #21 Effective Treatment For Low Blood Pressure At Home

  https://cprcare.com/blog/low-blood-pressure-treatment/

  The medical professional will first measure your BP level to analyze the severity of the condition. […] The medical professional will then analyze the patient’s medical history, previous low BP concerns, and current symptoms. […] During a physical exam, the medical expert will measure blood pressure in both arms while the patient is in different positions (lying down, sitting, and standing) to identify orthostatic hypotension. […] Sometimes, low blood pressure causes shortness of breath, increased heart rate, and unconsciousness. […] In such conditions, it is essential to know emergency treatment for low blood pressure at home. […] Until you feel better, lie down and raise your legs if you have symptoms of low blood pressure. […] Dehydration can drastically reduce blood pressure since the body needs enough fluid to pump and supply enough blood to all the vital organs.

• #22 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) – Everything About This Condition | Carreras Medical Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/carreras-medical-center/low-blood-pressure-hypotension-everything-about-this-condition/

  Taking your blood pressure is enough to diagnose hypotension. Still, discovering the underlying cause will often be more challenging. To help establish why patients have problems with hypotension, providers will usually order a variety of tests, such as: Blood and urine testing to look for conditions such as hormone or thyroid problems, diabetes, pregnancy, anemia, etc. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT, MRI, and echocardiogram if experts suspect any lung or heart problems. Diagnostic testing to look for specific conditions of the heart or the body like tilt table tests, EKG, ECG, exercise stress testing, etc. […] For effective treatment, providers must first find out the underlying causes. If treatable directly, low blood pressure will resolve without any interventions (like in the case of injury or blood loss, when the body replaces the lost blood).

• #23 Hypotension – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html

  Hypotension is blood pressure (BP) that is lower than it should be. Hypotension may be mild, serious, or life-threatening. […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the cause of your hypotension and help treat your symptoms. You may need the following: Compression stockings or an abdominal binder may help blood return to your heart and decrease your hypotension. IV fluids may be used to increase your BP if you are dehydrated or have blood loss or sepsis. Medicines may be used to increase your BP or body fluids, prevent salt loss, or make you urinate less often. Antibiotics may be needed to treat a bacterial infection. […] Check your blood pressure as directed. Record the results and bring them with you to follow-up visits. Ask when and how often to check your BP. You may be given a BP monitor to wear for up to 24 hours. This will record your blood pressure during your normal daily activities. The monitor will take your BP every 15 to 30 minutes. Try to keep still while your BP is taken. Avoid heavy activity, such as exercise, while you are wearing the monitor.

• #24 Hypotension: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hypotension-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain blood pressure within normal limits. […] Impaired gas exchange associated with hypotension can be caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart and lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain oxygen saturation and breathing pattern within normal limits. […] Ineffective tissue perfusion associated with hypotension can be caused by the inadequate blood supply and compromised blood flow to the tissues from decreased blood pressure. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain peripheral pulses and capillary refill time within acceptable limits. […] Risk for shock associated with hypotension can be caused by not having enough blood volume to perfuse the brain and other organs.

• #25 Hypotension: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hypotension-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Shock […] Risk for unstable blood pressure can be caused by autonomic response changes which are responsible for controlling internal functions such as heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Unstable Blood Pressure […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain blood pressure within normal limits.

• #26 Hypotension/ Low Blood Pressure | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/hypotension

  Hypotension or low blood pressure occurs when a blood pressure is lower than 90/60. […] To treat hypotension, it is very important to seek the cause of the condition. […] You are advised to see a doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of hypotension since it may relate to other serious medical problems. […] Hypotension can happen to anyone. The risk of this condition may be increased with some factors including: Age especially in adults older than 65. […] Treatment for hypotension depends on its cause, type and severity. People with mild symptoms may rarely require treatment. To raise blood pressure and to reduce signs and symptoms more severe hypotension may require some treatment to including: Consuming more salt, Drinking more water, Wearing compression stockings, Medications.

• #27 Low blood pressure – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/low-blood-pressure

  Treatments for low blood pressure after standing up too quickly include: If medicines are the cause, your provider may change the dosage or switch you to a different medicine. Do not stop taking any medicines before talking to your provider. […] Your provider may suggest drinking more fluids to treat dehydration. […] Wearing compression stockings can help keep blood from collecting in the legs. This keeps more blood in the upper body. […] People with NMH should avoid triggers, such as standing for a long period of time. Other treatments include drinking fluids and increasing salt in your diet. Talk to your provider before trying these measures. In severe cases, medicines may be prescribed. […] Low blood pressure can usually be treated with success. […] Falls due to low blood pressure in older adults can lead to a broken hip or spine fracture. These injuries can reduce a person’s health and ability to move about. […] Sudden severe drops in your blood pressure starves your body of oxygen. This can lead to damage of the heart, brain, and other organs. This type of low blood pressure can be life threatening if not treated right away. […] If low

• #28 Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p527.html

  In patients who do not respond adequately to nonpharmacologic therapy for orthostatic hypotension, medication may be indicated. Fludrocortisone, which is a synthetic mineralocorticoid, is considered first-line therapy for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Midodrine, a peripheral selective alpha-1-adrenergic agonist, significantly increases standing systolic blood pressure and improves symptoms in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Pyridostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that improves neurotransmission at acetylcholine-mediated neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

• #29 Hypotension: A Clinical Care Review

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-a-clinical-care-review

  In general, compensatory mechanisms try to increase blood pressure that is low. […] For more serious cases of hypotension, the underlying cause is treated first, such as endocrine problems, heart problems, dehydration, or use of certain medications. […] Mild dehydration is treated with fluids and electrolytes. Moderate-to-severe dehydration is usually treated in the hospital or emergency room with IV fluids and electrolytes. […] Low blood pressure from severe bleeding needs to be treated immediately. Hypotension due to bradycardia may be caused by a medication, and the dosage of such a medication must be adjusted. […] Fludrocortisone is recommended as first-line drug therapy. This is a drug that prevents dehydration by causing the kidneys to retain water. This drug boosts the blood volume, which raises the blood pressure.

• #30 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470

  Drink more water. Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration, both of which are important in treating hypotension. […] Wear compression stockings. Also called support stockings, these elastic stockings are often used to relieve the pain and swelling of varicose veins. They improve blood flow from the legs to the heart. […] Various medicines can treat low blood pressure that occurs when standing up, also called orthostatic hypotension. For example, the drug fludrocortisone boosts blood volume. It’s often used to treat orthostatic hypotension. […] If you have long-term orthostatic hypotension, midodrine (Orvaten) may be prescribed to raise standing blood pressure levels. This medicine lessens the ability of the blood vessels to expand, which raises blood pressure.

• #31 Orthostatic Hypotension: A Practical Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p39.html

  Orthostatic hypotension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with the greatest risk in those who have comorbidities. […] Treatment of orthostatic hypotension should be aimed at reducing symptoms to improve quality of life, rather than normalizing blood pressure. […] Nonpharmacologic management strategies should be attempted before prescribing a medication. If nonpharmacologic management is insufficient alone, it should be used in combination with medications. […] Midodrine, a short-acting alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that acts via vasoconstriction, has been shown to alleviate symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and elevate blood pressure in multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials. […] Droxidopa, a short-acting norepinephrine precursor, is another first-line medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug administration for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension.

• #32 Hypotension: A Clinical Care Review

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-a-clinical-care-review

  Midodrine is used to raise standing blood pressure levels in patients with chronic orthostatic hypotension. […] Norepinephrine is a vasoactive agent used in the treatment of severe hypotension and shock. […] Not all cases of hypotension are preventable, but taking the following steps can reduce the risk of developing the condition. […] Drinking water helps combat dehydration and increases blood volume. In addition, dehydrating drinks like alcohol and coffee and triggers such as a high temperature environment must be avoided. […] Patients should sit up and breathe deeply as they get out of bed in the morning or when standing up from a sitting position.

• #33 Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p527.html

  In acute care settings, syncope may be the initial presentation of orthostatic hypotension. A prospective study of 611 patients presenting to an emergency department following a syncopal episode found that 24 percent had orthostatic hypotension. Patients with syncope should be admitted if they have known cardiovascular disease, associated chest pain, an abnormal electrocardiogram, suspected pulmonary embolism, or new cardiovascular or neurologic findings on examination. […] Nonpharmacologic treatment should be offered to all patients initially. If potentially contributing medications cannot be discontinued, then patients should be instructed to take them at bedtime when possible, particularly antihypertensives. Patients should avoid large carbohydrate-rich meals (to prevent postprandial hypotension), limit alcohol intake, and ensure adequate hydration.

• #34 Low Blood Pressure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-basics

  For many people, chronic low blood pressure can be effectively treated with diet and lifestyle changes. Others need medication to manage their symptoms. […] Depending on the cause of your symptoms, your doctor may tell you to increase your blood pressure by making these simple changes: Eat a diet higher in salt. Drink lots of nonalcoholic fluids. Limit alcoholic beverages. […] If needed, use elastic support (compression) stockings that cover the calf and thigh. These help restrict blood flow to your legs, thus keeping more blood in your upper body. […] If these steps don’t lessen the problem, you may need medication. These drugs are sometimes used to treat low blood pressure: Fludrocortisone. This medication seems to help some types of low blood pressure. […] Complications you could develop because of low blood pressure include: Falls. Dizziness caused by low blood pressure can make you fall or faint. Falls can result in injuries, sometimes serious ones.

• #35 Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure) | Cardiology | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/heart-vascular/conditions/low-blood-pressure

  If you have cold, clammy or pale skin, rapid or shallow breathing, weak or rapid pulse or confusion, you could be suffering from extreme hypotension, which could lead to death. Call 911 immediately if you suspect you are suffering from extreme hypotension. […] Low blood pressure that doesnt show any symptoms does not typically require treatment. For those who do have symptoms, you will be treated based on what the underlying cause of the low blood pressure is. […] Increasing water consumption and limiting alcohol consumption water helps increase blood volume and prevent dehydration. […] Wearing compression socks wearing compression socks promotes blood flow in the legs. […] Consuming more salt sodium makes it harder for your body to rid itself of excess fluid and adds strain to the blood vessels resulting in raised blood pressure. […] Exercising regularly regular exercise promotes blood flow. […] If conservative treatments are not successful in increasing your blood pressure, your doctor may need to prescribe medication.

• #36 Low blood pressure (hypotension)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/low-blood-pressure-hypotension/

  Low blood pressure is a reading of less than 90/60mmHg. It does not always cause symptoms, but you may need treatment if it does. […] If a cause for low blood pressure can be found, a GP will be able to recommend treatment to ease your symptoms. […] For example, they may suggest: wearing support stockings this can improve circulation and increase blood pressure. […] Medicine to increase blood pressure is rarely needed because simple lifestyle measures or treating the underlying cause is usually effective. […] There are things you can do to help with symptoms of low blood pressure. […] get up slowly from sitting to standing. […] take care when getting out of bed move slowly from lying to sitting to standing. […] eat small, frequent meals lying down or sitting still for a while after eating may also help. […] increase the amount of water you drink. […] do not sit or stand for long periods. […] do not bend down or change posture suddenly. […] do not drink too much alcohol.

• #37 How to treat low blood pressure – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/how-to-treat-low-blood-pressure

  Staying still for too long, such as sitting in a chair to watch the TV or when working at a desk, can cause blood pressure to fall. […] If you are unable to move around, then wearing supportive elastic stockings (compression stockings) can also help. […] One of the reasons is because your blood pressure drops as more blood flows to the gut to help with digestion. […] About 55 per cent of blood is made up of plasma, which is 90 per cent water. This means making sure you drink plenty of water is key to keeping your blood pressure healthy. […] However, steer clear of caffeine and alcohol as they can make you dehydrated. […] But, if your blood pressure is very low, your doctor may recommend increasing your salt intake. […] However, its important to speak to your doctor before increasing the amount of salt you eat.

• #38 Low blood pressure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007278.htm

  Severe hypotension caused by shock is a medical emergency. You may be given: Blood or other fluids through a needle (IV); Medicines to increase blood pressure and improve heart strength; Other medicines, such as antibiotics. […] People with NMH should avoid triggers, such as standing for a long period of time. Other treatments include drinking fluids and increasing salt in your diet. Talk to your provider before trying these measures. In severe cases, medicines may be prescribed. […] Low blood pressure can usually be treated with success. […] Falls due to low blood pressure in older adults can lead to a broken hip or spine fracture. These injuries can reduce a person’s health and ability

• #39 Hypotension – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html

  Change how you eat meals. If your BP drops after you eat large meals, try to eat smaller meals more often. Eat foods low in carbohydrates and cholesterol to help prevent BP drops after you eat. Ask if you need to increase the amount of sodium (salt) you eat each day. […] Raise the head of your bed. Raise the head of your bed 4 to 8 inches. This can help prevent morning BP drops and decrease the need to urinate during the night. […] Do not drink alcohol. Alcohol can make your symptoms worse. Ask for information if you need help quitting.

• #40 Low blood pressure Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure

  Low blood pressure occurs when blood pressure is much lower than normal. This means the heart, brain, and other parts of the body may not get enough blood. Normal blood pressure is mostly between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg. […] The health care provider will examine you to determine the cause of your low blood pressure. Your vital signs (temperature, pulse, rate of breathing, and blood pressure) will be checked frequently. You may need to stay in the hospital for a while. […] Lower than normal blood pressure in a healthy person that does not cause any symptoms often does not need treatment. Otherwise, treatment depends on the cause of your low blood pressure and your symptoms. […] Severe hypotension caused by shock is a medical emergency. You may be given: Blood or other fluids through a needle (IV); Medicines to increase blood pressure and improve heart strength; Other medicines, such as antibiotics. […] Low blood pressure can usually be treated with success. […] Falls due to low blood pressure in older adults can lead to a broken hip or spine fracture. These injuries can reduce a person’s health and ability to

• #41 Nursing Care Plan For Low Blood Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-low-blood-pressure/

  Low blood pressure, medically known as hypotension, is a condition characterized by blood pressure readings below the normal range. […] As nurses, we play a crucial role in assessing, managing, and providing support to individuals who experience episodes of low blood pressure. […] This nursing care plan is designed to comprehensively address the unique needs and challenges associated with low blood pressure. […] Our interventions are tailored to meet the specific needs and goals of each individual. […] We collaborate with healthcare providers to determine the underlying causes of low blood pressure, educate patients about their condition, administer prescribed treatments, and offer emotional support throughout their journey to managing hypotension. […] This comprehensive nursing assessment serves as a foundation for developing an individualized care plan to address low blood pressure.

• #42 Nursing Care Plan For Low Blood Pressure – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-low-blood-pressure/

  These nursing diagnoses encompass the physical, emotional, and psychosocial aspects of low blood pressure. […] These nursing interventions are tailored to address the specific needs of patients with low blood pressure and aim to improve blood pressure stability, alleviate symptoms, and enhance overall well-being. […] We recognize that each individuals experience with hypotension is unique, influenced by their medical history, medications, lifestyle, and emotional well-being. […] Our care plan commenced with a comprehensive assessment encompassing vital signs, symptoms, physical examinations, and laboratory findings. […] Education has been paramount, empowering patients with the knowledge and tools needed to manage their condition effectively. […] We educated patients about potential triggers for low blood pressure and strategies to prevent dizziness, fainting, or falls.

• #43 Low Blood Pressure: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.low-blood-pressure-care-instructions.uh3404

  Follow your doctor’s suggestions for ways to prevent symptoms like dizziness. These suggestions may include: Get up slowly from bed or after sitting for a long time. If you are in bed, roll to your side and swing your legs over the edge of the bed and onto the floor. Push your body up to a sitting position. Wait for a while before you slowly stand up. […] Drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or lightheaded, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you have any problems.

• #44 Discharge Instructions for Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-low-blood-pressure-hypotension

  You have been diagnosed with low blood pressure (hypotension). This means your blood pressure is lower than normal. Low blood pressure can make you feel dizzy or faint. […] These steps can help manage your condition: Follow your health care providers instructions. Go to all your follow-up appointments. […] Rest in bed and ask for help with daily activities until you feel better. You may need to slowly increase the amount of time you spend sitting or doing light activity. […] Be careful when you get up from sitting or lying down. […] Tell your provider about the medicines you are taking. Many kinds of medicines set off low blood pressure. […] You can prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids unless instructed otherwise by your provider. […] Learn to take your own blood pressure. Keep a record of your results. Ask your provider which readings mean that you need medical attention. […] Contact your health care provider right away if you have any of the following: Dizziness or fainting spells.

• #45 Low blood pressure: Natural remedies, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319506

  If symptoms of low blood pressure begin after starting a new medication, people should discuss the symptoms with their doctor. […] Compression stockings help reduce the amount of blood that gets caught in the lower legs and feet, shifting it elsewhere. […] Healthcare professionals refer to this drop in blood pressure as postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. […] Drinking more water can help increase blood volume, which can alleviate one of the potential causes of low blood pressure. […] Eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day may help with low blood pressure. […] If someone has low blood pressure due to nutritional deficiencies, changing the diet to address those deficiencies may help to increase their blood pressure. […] Low blood pressure is only a concern if symptoms exist. If there are no symptoms present, doctors may take low blood pressure as a sign of good health.

• #46 When Is Low Blood Pressure Dangerous?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/when-is-low-blood-pressure-dangerous-8642139

  Healthcare providers consider low blood pressure (hypotension) a reading below 90/60 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) benign, or not harmful, because it rarely causes symptoms. […] Low blood pressure is considered dangerous when it drops below 90/60 mm Hg AND is accompanied by symptoms. […] If you experience these symptoms, follow up with a healthcare provider for evaluation. […] People with episodic or continuous low blood pressure should routinely see their providers to monitor any potential risks and complications associated with low blood pressure. […] Even if you usually experience low blood pressure, any signs or symptoms that occur should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. […] When you see a healthcare provider for low blood pressure, you can expect the following: A complete medical history and full physical examination.

• #47 How to ensure observations lead to prompt identification and management of hypotension | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/assessment-skills/how-to-ensure-observations-lead-to-prompt-identification-and-management-of-hypotension-05-02-2010/

  Hypotension is one of the first signs of patient deterioration. Knowing how to identify and act on this observation quickly may prevent further deterioration. Hypotension is blood pressure that is abnormally low and is a medical emergency, requiring rapid treatment and identification of the cause. Failure to manage this clinical sign can lead to a poor prognosis. This article describes the causes and management of hypotension. Nurses and healthcare assistants measuring blood pressure must be able to record the result, assign a trigger score and identify abnormal values. Nurses should be able to interpret blood pressure measurements in the context of patients condition and should respond appropriately following local early warning score (EWS) escalation protocols. Hypotension is a symptom of shock and is common in critically ill patients. Shock is a complex physiological phenomenon and a life threatening condition. If left untreated it leads to cell starvation, cell death, organ dysfunction, organ failure and eventually death. Hypotension should be considered a medical emergency. The main aim of initial treatment is to buy time to stabilise the patients condition, make a diagnosis and request expert help. The main objectives of management are to identify and treat the underlying cause; maintain tissue oxygenation by ensuring adequate cardiac output and adequate arterial oxygen saturation; maintain tissue perfusion pressures by increasing systemic blood pressure. Hypotension is associated with critical illness and nurses must ensure that patients vital signs are monitored and the EWS chart completed following local protocols. They should ensure senior help is called if necessary and patients are managed appropriately.

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