Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure. […] A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. […] Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. […] Hypotension can be caused by strenuous exercise, excessive heat, low blood volume (hypovolemia), hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, anaphylaxis, heart problems, or endocrine problems. […] Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. […] Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, or extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock.

• #2 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension is a drop in systemic blood pressure below normal values. Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 to 120/80, with readings below 90/60 generally classified as hypotensive. […] Hypotension can arise from various causes, such as volume depletion, cardiac dysfunction, autonomic failure, or medication effects. The condition may present acutely or chronically. Reduced systemic blood pressure impairs organ perfusion, prompting compensatory responses such as tachycardia and vasoconstriction. […] Blood pressure is primarily determined by cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance. Any disease or pathology that affects one or both of these parameters can lead to hypotension. […] Total peripheral vascular resistance is primarily controlled by autonomic neuronal responses to fluctuations in blood pressure. The default state for arteriolar smooth muscle tone is relaxed or dilated. When autonomic input is absent or blunted, often due to medications or disease, arterioles fail to constrict, which can result in hypotension.

• #3 CV Physiology | Hypotension – Introduction

  https://cvphysiology.com/blood-pressure/bp030

  Hypotension is a physiologic state in which the arterial blood pressure is abnormally low. Hypotension reduces blood flow and therefore oxygen delivery to organs and tissues, which may cause cellular damage and dysfunction. Because arterial pressure is determined by cardiac output, venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance, a reduction in any of these variables can lead to hypotension. Hypotension may result from: […] Reduced cardiac output that cannot be compensated by neurohumoral reflexes can cause hypotension, which can lead to shock. If impaired cardiac output is caused by a problem with the pumping ability of the heart, then the term cardiogenic shock is used to describe the origin of the shock state. […] Hypotension can also be caused by excessive systemic vasodilation (decreased systemic vascular resistance). This may result from sepsis leading to septic shock, anaphylaxis that can lead to anaphylactic shock, autonomic dysfunction leading to neurogenic shock, or drugs leading to distributive shock. […] Another vascular origin of hypotension is vascular obstruction, such as pulmonary embolism. When this occurs, venous return to the left ventricle is diminished, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure and a state of obstructive shock.

• #4 Low Blood Pressure – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/low-blood-pressure-and-shock/low-blood-pressure

  Low blood pressure is blood pressure that is low enough to cause symptoms such as dizziness and fainting. Very low blood pressure can cause damage to organs, a process called shock. […] When blood pressure is too low, not enough blood reaches all parts of the body. As a result, cells do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, and waste products are not adequately removed. Thus, the affected cells and the organs they are in begin to malfunction. Very low blood pressure can be life threatening because it can lead to shock, in which organs are damaged by lack of blood flow. […] Low blood pressure typically results from one or more of the following: Dilation of small arteries (arterioles), Certain heart disorders, Too little blood volume. […] Dilation of arterioles can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria during certain severe bacterial infections (septic shock, toxic shock), Certain medications and illicit drugs, Spinal cord injuries, in which the nerves that cause the arterioles to constrict are impaired, Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), Certain hormonal disorders, such as adrenal insufficiency.

• #5 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension is a drop in systemic blood pressure below normal values. Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 to 120/80, with readings below 90/60 generally classified as hypotensive. […] Hypotension can arise from various causes, such as volume depletion, cardiac dysfunction, autonomic failure, or medication effects. The condition may present acutely or chronically. Reduced systemic blood pressure impairs organ perfusion, prompting compensatory responses such as tachycardia and vasoconstriction. […] Blood pressure is primarily determined by cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance. Any disease or pathology that affects one or both of these parameters can lead to hypotension. […] Total peripheral vascular resistance is primarily controlled by autonomic neuronal responses to fluctuations in blood pressure. The default state for arteriolar smooth muscle tone is relaxed or dilated. When autonomic input is absent or blunted, often due to medications or disease, arterioles fail to constrict, which can result in hypotension.

• #6 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension is a drop in systemic blood pressure below normal values. Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 to 120/80, with readings below 90/60 generally classified as hypotensive. […] Hypotension can arise from various causes, such as volume depletion, cardiac dysfunction, autonomic failure, or medication effects. The condition may present acutely or chronically. Reduced systemic blood pressure impairs organ perfusion, prompting compensatory responses such as tachycardia and vasoconstriction. […] Blood pressure is primarily determined by cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance. Any disease or pathology that affects one or both of these parameters can lead to hypotension. […] Total peripheral vascular resistance is primarily controlled by autonomic neuronal responses to fluctuations in blood pressure. The default state for arteriolar smooth muscle tone is relaxed or dilated. When autonomic input is absent or blunted, often due to medications or disease, arterioles fail to constrict, which can result in hypotension.

• #7 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #8 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #9 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  The autonomic nervous system continuously regulates blood pressure through a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. The sympathetic branch increases blood pressure by elevating heart rate and constricting arterioles. The parasympathetic branch lowers blood pressure by reducing heart rate and dilating arterioles to widen vessel diameter. Disruption of these pathways from acute illness or pharmacologic intervention impairs compensation and contributes to hypotension.

• #10 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  The autonomic nervous system continuously regulates blood pressure through a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. The sympathetic branch increases blood pressure by elevating heart rate and constricting arterioles. The parasympathetic branch lowers blood pressure by reducing heart rate and dilating arterioles to widen vessel diameter. Disruption of these pathways from acute illness or pharmacologic intervention impairs compensation and contributes to hypotension.

• #11 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. […] Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. […] Even small alterations in these networks can lead to hypotension.

• #12 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. The vast and rapid compensation abilities of the autonomic nervous system allow normal individuals to maintain an acceptable blood pressure over a wide range of activities and in many disease states. […] Reduced blood volume, called hypovolemia, is the most common mechanism producing hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage, or blood loss; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia is often induced by excessive use of diuretics. (Other medications can produce hypotension by different mechanisms.)

• #13 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. […] Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. […] Even small alterations in these networks can lead to hypotension.

• #14 Blood Pressure Regulation of Hypotension: Physiology, Mechanism, and Feedback Loop System of Brain — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/hypotension

  Hypotension may cause inadequate perfusion of oxygenated blood to vital tissues and organs. […] If left untreated, this can result in tissue hypoxia, cell death, and organ failure. […] The body has 2 main compensatory mechanisms in place to regulate blood pressure when hypotension is present: the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. […] The sympathetic nervous system can directly simulate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) through beta1 adrenergic receptor activation on renal juxtaglomerular cells that release renin, the first step of the RAAS. […] The kidneys are also able to detect decreased renal perfusion, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and/or decreased sodium and chloride levels. […] If any of the above are present, then the kidneys will signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin to activate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system as well.

• #15 Blood Pressure Regulation of Hypotension: Physiology, Mechanism, and Feedback Loop System of Brain — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/hypotension

  Hypotension may cause inadequate perfusion of oxygenated blood to vital tissues and organs. […] If left untreated, this can result in tissue hypoxia, cell death, and organ failure. […] The body has 2 main compensatory mechanisms in place to regulate blood pressure when hypotension is present: the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. […] The sympathetic nervous system can directly simulate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) through beta1 adrenergic receptor activation on renal juxtaglomerular cells that release renin, the first step of the RAAS. […] The kidneys are also able to detect decreased renal perfusion, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and/or decreased sodium and chloride levels. […] If any of the above are present, then the kidneys will signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin to activate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system as well.

• #16 Blood Pressure Regulation of Hypotension: Physiology, Mechanism, and Feedback Loop System of Brain — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/hypotension

  Hypotension may cause inadequate perfusion of oxygenated blood to vital tissues and organs. […] If left untreated, this can result in tissue hypoxia, cell death, and organ failure. […] The body has 2 main compensatory mechanisms in place to regulate blood pressure when hypotension is present: the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. […] The sympathetic nervous system can directly simulate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) through beta1 adrenergic receptor activation on renal juxtaglomerular cells that release renin, the first step of the RAAS. […] The kidneys are also able to detect decreased renal perfusion, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and/or decreased sodium and chloride levels. […] If any of the above are present, then the kidneys will signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin to activate the renin angiotensin aldosterone system as well.

• #17 Blood Pressure Regulation of Hypotension: Physiology, Mechanism, and Feedback Loop System of Brain — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/hypotension

  The sympathetic nervous system acts on both cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance to increase blood pressure. […] The RAAS can also increase systemic vascular resistance like the sympathetic nervous system can. […] Increased renin angiotensin aldosterone system activity will lead to vasoconstriction from the effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on blood vessels. This will increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. […] Hopefully that helped you understand the 2 main mechanisms the body has to regulate blood pressure in a hypotensive state: the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

• #18 Blood Pressure Regulation of Hypotension: Physiology, Mechanism, and Feedback Loop System of Brain — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/hypotension

  The sympathetic nervous system acts on both cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance to increase blood pressure. […] The RAAS can also increase systemic vascular resistance like the sympathetic nervous system can. […] Increased renin angiotensin aldosterone system activity will lead to vasoconstriction from the effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on blood vessels. This will increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. […] Hopefully that helped you understand the 2 main mechanisms the body has to regulate blood pressure in a hypotensive state: the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

• #19 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. The vast and rapid compensation abilities of the autonomic nervous system allow normal individuals to maintain an acceptable blood pressure over a wide range of activities and in many disease states. […] Reduced blood volume, called hypovolemia, is the most common mechanism producing hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage, or blood loss; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia is often induced by excessive use of diuretics. (Other medications can produce hypotension by different mechanisms.)

• #20 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure. […] A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. […] Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. […] Hypotension can be caused by strenuous exercise, excessive heat, low blood volume (hypovolemia), hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, anaphylaxis, heart problems, or endocrine problems. […] Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. […] Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, or extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock.

• #21 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. The vast and rapid compensation abilities of the autonomic nervous system allow normal individuals to maintain an acceptable blood pressure over a wide range of activities and in many disease states. […] Reduced blood volume, called hypovolemia, is the most common mechanism producing hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage, or blood loss; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia is often induced by excessive use of diuretics. (Other medications can produce hypotension by different mechanisms.)

• #22 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, or bradycardia, often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle. […] Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

• #23 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition characterized by abnormally reduced blood pressure. […] A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. […] Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. […] Hypotension can be caused by strenuous exercise, excessive heat, low blood volume (hypovolemia), hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, anaphylaxis, heart problems, or endocrine problems. […] Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. […] Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, or extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock.

• #24 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, or bradycardia, often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle. […] Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

• #25 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, or bradycardia, often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle. […] Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

• #26 Hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension

  Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. […] Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. […] Even small alterations in these networks can lead to hypotension.

• #27 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, or bradycardia, often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle. […] Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

• #28 Hypotension pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hypotension_pathophysiology

  Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, or bradycardia, often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle. […] Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

• #29 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Chart

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/low_blood_pressure/article_em.htm

  Low blood pressure in itself may be less important than the symptoms associated with it. […] Treatment will be based upon the cause of low blood pressure. […] For low blood pressure to be a problem, there needs to be a symptom associated with that low number. […] If low blood pressure causes clinical symptoms, the cause will be in one of three general categories. […] The heart is a muscle that works as a pump and is controlled by electrical signals. Problems with either the pump or the electricity can cause problems with low blood pressure. […] If the heart beats too quickly, blood pressure may fall because there isn’t enough time for the heart to refill in between each beat (diastole). […] If the heart muscle has been damaged or irritated, there may not be enough pumping force to maintain blood pressure.

• #30 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. After a person gives birth, blood pressure usually returns to the level that it was before pregnancy. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. […] Some medicines can cause low blood pressure, including: All blood pressure medicines. These include diuretics, alpha blockers and beta blockers. […] Certain diseases. Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.

• #31 How Septic Shock Causes Hypotension? – ApolloMD

  https://apollomd.com/glossary/why-sepsis-causes-hypotension/

  Sepsis is a bacterial infection that causes a systemic inflammation of the body and a host of other immune system responses. […] These cytokines and mediators may cause the blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure, sometimes to the point that the blood cannot properly perfuse the body, causing a state known as septic shock. […] In septic shock, blood may also begin to clot inappropriately which, in combination with low blood pressure, may further deprive major organ systems (such as the brain, kidneys, and liver) of adequate blood flow.

• #32 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. After a person gives birth, blood pressure usually returns to the level that it was before pregnancy. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. […] Some medicines can cause low blood pressure, including: All blood pressure medicines. These include diuretics, alpha blockers and beta blockers. […] Certain diseases. Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.

• #33 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. After a person gives birth, blood pressure usually returns to the level that it was before pregnancy. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. […] Some medicines can cause low blood pressure, including: All blood pressure medicines. These include diuretics, alpha blockers and beta blockers. […] Certain diseases. Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.

• #34 Low Blood Pressure and PD | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/library/fact-sheets/blood-pressure

  People with PD often have lower amounts of norepinephrine. Because of this deficiency, blood pressure may not return to normal immediately after standing, resulting in fatigue, dizziness or even fainting. This type of low blood pressure caused by a change in position is called orthostatic hypotension (OH). […] Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down. […] In addition to PD itself, the medications used to treat PD can contribute to OH. Other medications can lower blood pressure as well. […] Heart disease, fever, anemia (low red blood cell count) and dehydration can also lower blood pressure. Dehydration is particularly important to watch out for. When people are dehydrated, their body water decreases. Low body water means less circulating blood, which generally leads to low blood pressure.

• #35 Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

  Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It’s also called hypotension. […] The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It’s important to find out what’s causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed. […] Medical conditions that can cause low blood pressure include: Pregnancy. Changes during pregnancy cause blood vessels to expand fast. The changes may cause blood pressure to drop. Low blood pressure is common in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. After a person gives birth, blood pressure usually returns to the level that it was before pregnancy. […] Severe infection. When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure called septic shock. Another name for an infection that happens when germs get into the blood and spread is septicemia. […] Some medicines can cause low blood pressure, including: All blood pressure medicines. These include diuretics, alpha blockers and beta blockers. […] Certain diseases. Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.

• #36 Orthostatic hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person’s blood pressure drops when they are standing up (orthostasis) or sitting down. […] The drop in blood pressure may be sudden (vasovagal orthostatic hypotension), within 3 minutes (classic orthostatic hypotension) or gradual (delayed orthostatic hypotension). […] It occurs predominantly by delayed (or absent) constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain adequate blood pressure when changing the position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output and inadequate blood flow to the brain. […] Chronic orthostatic hypotension is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion that may accelerate the pathophysiology of dementia.

• #37 Orthostatic hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person’s blood pressure drops when they are standing up (orthostasis) or sitting down. […] The drop in blood pressure may be sudden (vasovagal orthostatic hypotension), within 3 minutes (classic orthostatic hypotension) or gradual (delayed orthostatic hypotension). […] It occurs predominantly by delayed (or absent) constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain adequate blood pressure when changing the position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output and inadequate blood flow to the brain. […] Chronic orthostatic hypotension is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion that may accelerate the pathophysiology of dementia.

• #38 Orthostatic hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person’s blood pressure drops when they are standing up (orthostasis) or sitting down. […] The drop in blood pressure may be sudden (vasovagal orthostatic hypotension), within 3 minutes (classic orthostatic hypotension) or gradual (delayed orthostatic hypotension). […] It occurs predominantly by delayed (or absent) constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain adequate blood pressure when changing the position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output and inadequate blood flow to the brain. […] Chronic orthostatic hypotension is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion that may accelerate the pathophysiology of dementia.

• #39 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #40 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #41 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #42 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #43 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #44 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://www.thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.220

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs when mechanisms for the regulation of orthostatic BP control fails. […] OH is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase in mortality rate. […] Aging coupled with diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease results in a prevalence of 10-30% in the elderly. […] These conditions cause baroreflex failure with resulting combination of OH, supine hypertension, and loss of diurnal variation of BP. […] The presence of OH is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. […] The reason for the increase in morbidity and mortality is multifold but includes the consequences of repeated falls, resulting in fractures, head injury, and their complications. […] The normal human subject maintains the same BP supine and standing. […] This maintenance of postural normotension depends on a normal plasma volume, intact baroreflexes, and reasonable venomotor tone.

• #45 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #46 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #47 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #48 Hypotension: Postprandial and Orthostatic

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypotension-postprandial-and-orthostatic

  Hypotension can be caused by a change in either the CO or the PVR. This article discusses two types of hypotensionpostprandial and orthostatic. It is important to note that both of these are additive rather than synergistic mechanisms.9 […] Blood pressure is regulated by a number of mechanisms that are interconnected. According to the hydraulic equation, arterial BP is a product of the blood flow, indicated by cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): BP = CO PVR.8 […] Furthermore, vasoactive substances from vascular endothelium, such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1, also regulate BP by altering vascular resistance.8 […] A patient is said to have PPH if he or she experiences a fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or more in a supine/sitting position within 120 minutes following a meal.10 While PPH is distinct from OH, both may exist in the same patient.10 PPH is common in the elderly as well as in those with Parkinsons disease or a disorder of the autonomic system.9 It is thought that PPH may occur through one or more of the following mechanisms: release of vasodilatory peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, impairment of the baroreceptor reflex, peripheral vasoconstriction, inadequate CO postprandially, or increased postprandial splanchnic blood.11

• #49 Types of Hypotension | CCCHC | Los Angeles Community Clinic

  https://ccchclinic.com/types-of-low-blood-pressure-or-hypotension/

  A marginal drop in blood pressure is a normal thing and does not lead to any noticeable symptoms. […] However, if it is a significant change in blood pressure, it may be caused due to an underlying condition and can result in symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. […] Prolonged periods of low blood pressure or hypotension can be life-threatening as well. […] Orthostatic hypotension is generally caused due to dehydration, diabetes, heart problems, excessive heat, prolonged bed rest, large varicose veins, burns, and certain neurological disorders. […] Yet in patients with orthostatic hypotension, the body fails to run this mechanism and leads to blood pressure falls. […] Typically, the body increases the heart rate and constricts certain blood vessels to maintain the flow of blood to the digestive tract and brain after eating.

• #50 Types of Hypotension | CCCHC | Los Angeles Community Clinic

  https://ccchclinic.com/types-of-low-blood-pressure-or-hypotension/

  Yet in people with postprandial hypotension, this mechanism fails and leads to symptoms like dizziness, weakness, fainting, and falls. […] It is believed that the drop in blood pressure occurs due to the miscommunication between the heart and the brain. […] Sometimes, an emotionally-upsetting event or trauma can also lead to this type of low blood pressure.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hypotension.aspx

  The mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood pressure are divided into two broad categories that include short-term and long-term regulation. Short-term regulation is dominantly neural and involves baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, stress relaxation, and capillary fluid shift. Long-term regulation is hormonal and balances the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. […] When hypotension is associated with significant symptoms, reduced perfusion to an organ, or some underlying disease process, hypotension can be considered clinically important. The condition may be temporary or chronic, but it can also evolve into circulatory shock. Several cardiac conditions are associated with hypotension.

• #52 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Firstly, there is a loss of descending supraspinal sympathetic excitatory and inhibitory control. […] Secondly, there is a generalised reduction in sympathetic activity associated with low plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. […] Thirdly, there are morphologic alterations that occur within SPN following SCI. […] Finally, it has also been identified that there is peripheral α-adrenoreceptor hyper-responsiveness following SCI, and this may play a significant role in the development of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Orthostatic hypotension is defined by The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mmHg or more, or in diastolic blood pressure of 10mmHg or more, upon the assumption of an upright posture from a supine position, regardless of whether symptoms occur.

• #53 Orthostatic hypotension: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/orthostatic-hypotension/

  Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when moving from a laying down (supine) position to a standing (upright) position. The word „orthostasis” means to stand up, so the condition is defined as low blood pressure (hypotension) that occurs upon standing. […] The body has difficulty achieving stable blood pressure in people with orthostatic hypotension, resulting in a prolonged drop in blood pressure that occurs within minutes after moving from laying down to standing. […] When signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension do occur, they are usually the result of a reduction in blood flow (hypoperfusion) to tissues, particularly the brain. […] In people with orthostatic hypotension, hypoperfusion to other organs contributes to an increased risk of life-threatening health problems, including heart attack or heart failure, a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, stroke, or chronic kidney failure.

• #54 Orthostatic hypotension: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/orthostatic-hypotension/

  Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when moving from a laying down (supine) position to a standing (upright) position. The word „orthostasis” means to stand up, so the condition is defined as low blood pressure (hypotension) that occurs upon standing. […] The body has difficulty achieving stable blood pressure in people with orthostatic hypotension, resulting in a prolonged drop in blood pressure that occurs within minutes after moving from laying down to standing. […] When signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension do occur, they are usually the result of a reduction in blood flow (hypoperfusion) to tissues, particularly the brain. […] In people with orthostatic hypotension, hypoperfusion to other organs contributes to an increased risk of life-threatening health problems, including heart attack or heart failure, a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, stroke, or chronic kidney failure.

• #55 Orthostatic hypotension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension

  Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person’s blood pressure drops when they are standing up (orthostasis) or sitting down. […] The drop in blood pressure may be sudden (vasovagal orthostatic hypotension), within 3 minutes (classic orthostatic hypotension) or gradual (delayed orthostatic hypotension). […] It occurs predominantly by delayed (or absent) constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain adequate blood pressure when changing the position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period, and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output and inadequate blood flow to the brain. […] Chronic orthostatic hypotension is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion that may accelerate the pathophysiology of dementia.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-020-00796-5

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is an abnormal blood pressure response to standing, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as syncope, falls, cognitive impairment, and mortality. […] Medical therapy is one the most common causes of OH, since numerous cardiovascular and psychoactive medications may interfere with the blood pressure response to standing, leading to drug-related OH. […] Some medications may interfere with compensatory reflex responses to standing (e.g., sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction and increased heart rate response and inotropism), while others may increase venous pooling (e.g., vasodilators) and/or induce volume depletion (e.g., diuretics), thus favoring OH. […] OH accounts for 1.3% of drug adverse reactions and its incidence increases with advancing age.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-020-00796-5

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is an abnormal blood pressure response to standing, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as syncope, falls, cognitive impairment, and mortality. […] Medical therapy is one the most common causes of OH, since numerous cardiovascular and psychoactive medications may interfere with the blood pressure response to standing, leading to drug-related OH. […] Some medications may interfere with compensatory reflex responses to standing (e.g., sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction and increased heart rate response and inotropism), while others may increase venous pooling (e.g., vasodilators) and/or induce volume depletion (e.g., diuretics), thus favoring OH. […] OH accounts for 1.3% of drug adverse reactions and its incidence increases with advancing age.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-020-00796-5

  Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is an abnormal blood pressure response to standing, which is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as syncope, falls, cognitive impairment, and mortality. […] Medical therapy is one the most common causes of OH, since numerous cardiovascular and psychoactive medications may interfere with the blood pressure response to standing, leading to drug-related OH. […] Some medications may interfere with compensatory reflex responses to standing (e.g., sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction and increased heart rate response and inotropism), while others may increase venous pooling (e.g., vasodilators) and/or induce volume depletion (e.g., diuretics), thus favoring OH. […] OH accounts for 1.3% of drug adverse reactions and its incidence increases with advancing age.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-020-00796-5

  Given all of the above, medical therapy review and optimization should be routinely included in the diagnostic and therapeutic work-up of OH, along with patients education on lifestyle measures to counteract orthostatic symptoms (e.g., hydration, physical conditioning, use of abdominal binders). […] It is well known that many cardiovascular medications may predispose to OH, and it has been shown that withdrawal of antihypertensive medications can decrease BP drop associated with postural change. […] In patients with OH, the medication review should be aimed at identifying all the medications potentially impairing orthostatic BP and reassessing their indications and benefits, in order to evaluate withdrawal or dose reduction. […] This narrative review presents an overview on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular medications potentially causing OH, which may be helpful to optimize medical therapy in patients with an impaired orthostatic BP response.

• #60 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #61 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #62 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #63 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #64 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #65 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #66 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #67 Septic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock

  Septic shock occurs when a bacterial infection causes low blood pressure, widening of the blood vessels and organ failure. […] Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can occur when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis. […] Septic shock is the last and most dangerous stage of sepsis. […] This is usually because of low blood pressure, a result of inflammation throughout your body. […] Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis and is defined by extremely low blood pressure, despite lots of IV (intravenous) fluids. […] Any infection can lead to sepsis which can then develop into septic shock if it worsens. […] Your septic shock risk increases if you have a weakened immune system which increases your risk for sepsis. […] Septic shock can lead to: Brain damage, Lung failure, Heart failure, Kidney failure, Gangrene, Death.

• #68 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #69 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #70 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #71 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #72 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #73 How to Manage Postexercise Hypotension – TrainerRoad Blog

  https://www.trainerroad.com/blog/how-to-manage-postexercise-hypotension/

  Postexercise hypotension is a reduction of blood pressure, below their normal levels following aerobic exercise. […] Lower blood pressure after your ride is entirely normal; however, it can lead to lightheadedness for fit athletes. Additionally, orthostatic or postural hypotension can exacerbate the feeling of lightheadedness. Acute bouts of hypotension can lead to fainting. […] As you train, you increase the number of blood vessels, increase the hearts stroke volume, and improve your vagal tone. All of these contribute to an overall reduction in blood pressure off the bike. […] Because of your elevated core temperature, the body works to shed heat by sending more blood to the periphery. And finally, your blood plasma volume is lower due to sweating. All of this results in lower blood pressure. […] Dizziness or lightheadedness is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. […] When you get lightheaded, its because the baroreflex lost. […] Postexercise hypotension can last for several hours, but the good news is that there are some things that you can do to help.

• #74 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Hypertension treatment in the elderly population should be aimed not only at achieving target pressures, but also at preventing transient hypotensive episodes. […] The condition of transient hypotension in hypertensive patients is understudied, leaving physicians in need of more practical advice on this subject. […] The difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension is not clear. […] The cerebral and cardiac signs that manifest impaired circulation in these organs can be due to the insufficiency of blood flow, the autoregulation mechanisms, essential vascular malformation or a combination of these elements. […] According to the data we obtained, patients without a myocardial infarction or stroke in their past medical history develop hypotension symptoms at 100 mmHg systolic BP decrease on average.

• #75 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Hypertension treatment in the elderly population should be aimed not only at achieving target pressures, but also at preventing transient hypotensive episodes. […] The condition of transient hypotension in hypertensive patients is understudied, leaving physicians in need of more practical advice on this subject. […] The difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension is not clear. […] The cerebral and cardiac signs that manifest impaired circulation in these organs can be due to the insufficiency of blood flow, the autoregulation mechanisms, essential vascular malformation or a combination of these elements. […] According to the data we obtained, patients without a myocardial infarction or stroke in their past medical history develop hypotension symptoms at 100 mmHg systolic BP decrease on average.

• #76 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Hypertension treatment in the elderly population should be aimed not only at achieving target pressures, but also at preventing transient hypotensive episodes. […] The condition of transient hypotension in hypertensive patients is understudied, leaving physicians in need of more practical advice on this subject. […] The difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension is not clear. […] The cerebral and cardiac signs that manifest impaired circulation in these organs can be due to the insufficiency of blood flow, the autoregulation mechanisms, essential vascular malformation or a combination of these elements. […] According to the data we obtained, patients without a myocardial infarction or stroke in their past medical history develop hypotension symptoms at 100 mmHg systolic BP decrease on average.

• #77 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Hypertension treatment in the elderly population should be aimed not only at achieving target pressures, but also at preventing transient hypotensive episodes. […] The condition of transient hypotension in hypertensive patients is understudied, leaving physicians in need of more practical advice on this subject. […] The difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension is not clear. […] The cerebral and cardiac signs that manifest impaired circulation in these organs can be due to the insufficiency of blood flow, the autoregulation mechanisms, essential vascular malformation or a combination of these elements. […] According to the data we obtained, patients without a myocardial infarction or stroke in their past medical history develop hypotension symptoms at 100 mmHg systolic BP decrease on average.

• #78 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Hypertension treatment in the elderly population should be aimed not only at achieving target pressures, but also at preventing transient hypotensive episodes. […] The condition of transient hypotension in hypertensive patients is understudied, leaving physicians in need of more practical advice on this subject. […] The difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension is not clear. […] The cerebral and cardiac signs that manifest impaired circulation in these organs can be due to the insufficiency of blood flow, the autoregulation mechanisms, essential vascular malformation or a combination of these elements. […] According to the data we obtained, patients without a myocardial infarction or stroke in their past medical history develop hypotension symptoms at 100 mmHg systolic BP decrease on average.

• #79 Transient hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients: what and how to manage?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-22/transient-hypotension-in-elderly-hypertensive-patients-what-and-how-to-manage

  Transient symptomatic hypotension occurs commonly (up to 70%) both in association with regular medication and in the absence of constant hypertension management. […] It is noteworthy that in most hypertension patients the causes of symptomatic episodes of hypotension remain unrecognised and are not associated with the above-mentioned conditions. […] If BP decreases below the usual level (usually more than 15-20 mmHg) against the constant BP control and is accompanied by discomfort in the head and/or chest and a general malaise lasting more than 5-10 minutes, the physician should be alerted. […] The episodes of hypotension are not likely to be counter-indicative for target blood pressures. […] As mentioned above, symptomatic hypotension is likely to be caused by functional and structural circulation disorders in the brain and the heart. […] It is possible that the treatment methods aimed at reducing the BP variability can prove effective.

• #80 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Motor and sensory deficits are well-known consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Numerous clinical reports have suggested that unstable blood pressure control in individuals with SCI could be responsible for their increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this review is to outline the incidence and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the orthostatic hypotension that commonly occurs following SCI. […] Possible mechanisms underlying orthostatic hypotension in SCI, such as changes in sympathetic activity, altered baroreflex function, the lack of skeletal muscle pumping activity, cardiovascular deconditioning and altered salt and water balance will be discussed. […] Blood pressure control depends upon tonic activation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) by descending input from the supraspinal structures.

• #81 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Motor and sensory deficits are well-known consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Numerous clinical reports have suggested that unstable blood pressure control in individuals with SCI could be responsible for their increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this review is to outline the incidence and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the orthostatic hypotension that commonly occurs following SCI. […] Possible mechanisms underlying orthostatic hypotension in SCI, such as changes in sympathetic activity, altered baroreflex function, the lack of skeletal muscle pumping activity, cardiovascular deconditioning and altered salt and water balance will be discussed. […] Blood pressure control depends upon tonic activation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) by descending input from the supraspinal structures.

• #82 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Motor and sensory deficits are well-known consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Numerous clinical reports have suggested that unstable blood pressure control in individuals with SCI could be responsible for their increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this review is to outline the incidence and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the orthostatic hypotension that commonly occurs following SCI. […] Possible mechanisms underlying orthostatic hypotension in SCI, such as changes in sympathetic activity, altered baroreflex function, the lack of skeletal muscle pumping activity, cardiovascular deconditioning and altered salt and water balance will be discussed. […] Blood pressure control depends upon tonic activation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) by descending input from the supraspinal structures.

• #83 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Following SCI, these pathways are disrupted, and spinal circuits become solely responsible for the generation of sympathetic activity. […] However, the recognition and management of cardiovascular dysfunctions following SCI represent challenging clinical issues. […] Blood pressure control is usually severely disrupted following SCI, although the manifestations of the altered blood pressure control tend to change with time following the injury. […] Over time (days to weeks) the spinal shock resolves, but SCI patients are frequently troubled with sudden falls in blood pressure upon postural change, or following prolonged periods of sitting (orthostatic hypotension) characterised by dizziness, lightheadedness or even syncopal events. […] Numerous investigators identified various possible mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for the abnormal sympathetic cardiovascular control following SCI.

• #84 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Following SCI, these pathways are disrupted, and spinal circuits become solely responsible for the generation of sympathetic activity. […] However, the recognition and management of cardiovascular dysfunctions following SCI represent challenging clinical issues. […] Blood pressure control is usually severely disrupted following SCI, although the manifestations of the altered blood pressure control tend to change with time following the injury. […] Over time (days to weeks) the spinal shock resolves, but SCI patients are frequently troubled with sudden falls in blood pressure upon postural change, or following prolonged periods of sitting (orthostatic hypotension) characterised by dizziness, lightheadedness or even syncopal events. […] Numerous investigators identified various possible mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for the abnormal sympathetic cardiovascular control following SCI.

• #85 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Following SCI, these pathways are disrupted, and spinal circuits become solely responsible for the generation of sympathetic activity. […] However, the recognition and management of cardiovascular dysfunctions following SCI represent challenging clinical issues. […] Blood pressure control is usually severely disrupted following SCI, although the manifestations of the altered blood pressure control tend to change with time following the injury. […] Over time (days to weeks) the spinal shock resolves, but SCI patients are frequently troubled with sudden falls in blood pressure upon postural change, or following prolonged periods of sitting (orthostatic hypotension) characterised by dizziness, lightheadedness or even syncopal events. […] Numerous investigators identified various possible mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for the abnormal sympathetic cardiovascular control following SCI.

• #86 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Following SCI, these pathways are disrupted, and spinal circuits become solely responsible for the generation of sympathetic activity. […] However, the recognition and management of cardiovascular dysfunctions following SCI represent challenging clinical issues. […] Blood pressure control is usually severely disrupted following SCI, although the manifestations of the altered blood pressure control tend to change with time following the injury. […] Over time (days to weeks) the spinal shock resolves, but SCI patients are frequently troubled with sudden falls in blood pressure upon postural change, or following prolonged periods of sitting (orthostatic hypotension) characterised by dizziness, lightheadedness or even syncopal events. […] Numerous investigators identified various possible mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for the abnormal sympathetic cardiovascular control following SCI.

• #87 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Firstly, there is a loss of descending supraspinal sympathetic excitatory and inhibitory control. […] Secondly, there is a generalised reduction in sympathetic activity associated with low plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. […] Thirdly, there are morphologic alterations that occur within SPN following SCI. […] Finally, it has also been identified that there is peripheral α-adrenoreceptor hyper-responsiveness following SCI, and this may play a significant role in the development of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Orthostatic hypotension is defined by The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mmHg or more, or in diastolic blood pressure of 10mmHg or more, upon the assumption of an upright posture from a supine position, regardless of whether symptoms occur.

• #88 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Firstly, there is a loss of descending supraspinal sympathetic excitatory and inhibitory control. […] Secondly, there is a generalised reduction in sympathetic activity associated with low plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. […] Thirdly, there are morphologic alterations that occur within SPN following SCI. […] Finally, it has also been identified that there is peripheral α-adrenoreceptor hyper-responsiveness following SCI, and this may play a significant role in the development of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Orthostatic hypotension is defined by The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mmHg or more, or in diastolic blood pressure of 10mmHg or more, upon the assumption of an upright posture from a supine position, regardless of whether symptoms occur.

• #89 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Firstly, there is a loss of descending supraspinal sympathetic excitatory and inhibitory control. […] Secondly, there is a generalised reduction in sympathetic activity associated with low plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. […] Thirdly, there are morphologic alterations that occur within SPN following SCI. […] Finally, it has also been identified that there is peripheral α-adrenoreceptor hyper-responsiveness following SCI, and this may play a significant role in the development of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Orthostatic hypotension is defined by The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mmHg or more, or in diastolic blood pressure of 10mmHg or more, upon the assumption of an upright posture from a supine position, regardless of whether symptoms occur.

• #90 Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101855

  Firstly, there is a loss of descending supraspinal sympathetic excitatory and inhibitory control. […] Secondly, there is a generalised reduction in sympathetic activity associated with low plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. […] Thirdly, there are morphologic alterations that occur within SPN following SCI. […] Finally, it has also been identified that there is peripheral α-adrenoreceptor hyper-responsiveness following SCI, and this may play a significant role in the development of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Orthostatic hypotension is defined by The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mmHg or more, or in diastolic blood pressure of 10mmHg or more, upon the assumption of an upright posture from a supine position, regardless of whether symptoms occur.

• #91 Hypotension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/

  Hypotension is a drop in systemic blood pressure below normal values. Normal blood pressure typically ranges from 90/60 to 120/80, with readings below 90/60 generally classified as hypotensive. […] Hypotension can arise from various causes, such as volume depletion, cardiac dysfunction, autonomic failure, or medication effects. The condition may present acutely or chronically. Reduced systemic blood pressure impairs organ perfusion, prompting compensatory responses such as tachycardia and vasoconstriction. […] Blood pressure is primarily determined by cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance. Any disease or pathology that affects one or both of these parameters can lead to hypotension. […] Total peripheral vascular resistance is primarily controlled by autonomic neuronal responses to fluctuations in blood pressure. The default state for arteriolar smooth muscle tone is relaxed or dilated. When autonomic input is absent or blunted, often due to medications or disease, arterioles fail to constrict, which can result in hypotension.

• #92 CV Physiology | Hypotension – Introduction

  https://cvphysiology.com/blood-pressure/bp030

  Hypotension is a physiologic state in which the arterial blood pressure is abnormally low. Hypotension reduces blood flow and therefore oxygen delivery to organs and tissues, which may cause cellular damage and dysfunction. Because arterial pressure is determined by cardiac output, venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance, a reduction in any of these variables can lead to hypotension. Hypotension may result from: […] Reduced cardiac output that cannot be compensated by neurohumoral reflexes can cause hypotension, which can lead to shock. If impaired cardiac output is caused by a problem with the pumping ability of the heart, then the term cardiogenic shock is used to describe the origin of the shock state. […] Hypotension can also be caused by excessive systemic vasodilation (decreased systemic vascular resistance). This may result from sepsis leading to septic shock, anaphylaxis that can lead to anaphylactic shock, autonomic dysfunction leading to neurogenic shock, or drugs leading to distributive shock. […] Another vascular origin of hypotension is vascular obstruction, such as pulmonary embolism. When this occurs, venous return to the left ventricle is diminished, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure and a state of obstructive shock.

• #93 Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Treatment of Intradialytic Hypotension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6086712/

  However, others report limited benefit from the use of sequential isolated ultrafiltration followed by hemodialysis, and in clinical practice it is more common to have both hemodialysis and ultrafiltration occurring simultaneously. […] The clinical implications of these observations in response to IDH relate to the immediate actions of stopping/reducing ultrafiltration, and the administration of fluids to resuscitate intravascular volume. […] In summary, IDH is common and is clearly associated with significant adverse clinical outcomes.

• #94 Low Blood Pressure – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/low-blood-pressure-and-shock/low-blood-pressure

  Low blood pressure is blood pressure that is low enough to cause symptoms such as dizziness and fainting. Very low blood pressure can cause damage to organs, a process called shock. […] When blood pressure is too low, not enough blood reaches all parts of the body. As a result, cells do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, and waste products are not adequately removed. Thus, the affected cells and the organs they are in begin to malfunction. Very low blood pressure can be life threatening because it can lead to shock, in which organs are damaged by lack of blood flow. […] Low blood pressure typically results from one or more of the following: Dilation of small arteries (arterioles), Certain heart disorders, Too little blood volume. […] Dilation of arterioles can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria during certain severe bacterial infections (septic shock, toxic shock), Certain medications and illicit drugs, Spinal cord injuries, in which the nerves that cause the arterioles to constrict are impaired, Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), Certain hormonal disorders, such as adrenal insufficiency.

• #95 Evaluation of hypotension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1196

  Hypotension is any blood pressure (BP) that is below the normal expected for an individual in a given environment. […] Hypotension can be the first sign of a serious acute illness (such as myocardial infarction, sepsis, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage). […] BP is determined by cardiac output (the product of heart rate and stroke volume) and total systemic vascular resistance. Hypotension occurs when the cardiac output decreases and/or the systemic vascular resistance decreases. Hypotension is usually due to: […] Decreased effective circulating volume (hypovolemia) […] Impaired cardiac output due to heart pump dysfunction (cardiogenic) […] Impaired cardiac output due to obstruction to cardiac filling (obstructive) […] Impaired peripheral vasoconstriction/distributive change. […] In many cases, more than one mechanism is present (e.g., a patient with chronic heart failure who presents with a gastrointestinal bleed may have evidence of both hypovolemia and reduced cardiac output). […] Persistent hypotension can lead to shock, a state of reduced end-organ oxygenation owing to an imbalance between tissue oxygen demand and delivery.

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