Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499991/

  Lichen simplex chronicus is defined as a common form of chronic neurodermatitis that presents as dry, patchy areas of skin that are scaly and thick. The hypertrophic epidermis generally seen is typically the result of habitual scratching or rubbing of a specific area of the skin. The root of the disorder may be both a primary symptom, reflective of perhaps a psychological component or secondary to other cutaneous issues such as eczema or psoriasis. The development of such plaques is the result of the pruritic dermatoses that typically result from the psychological stressors. […] The emotional stress causing the irritation and the urge to scratch at the skin is often cyclic, with the resultant plaques causing more stress and chronic itching, pigmentation changes of the affected skin, and a possible spread to larger areas. This is a largely pruritic disorder, though it can result from disorders of the skin barrier it also can be secondary to other dermatoses including xerosis, psoriasis, atopy, or others.

• #1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus Itch: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9677261/

  A study analysing 21 biopsies from patients with LSC and 28 healthy controls demonstrated significantly down-regulated expression of TRPA1 in LSC lesions, indicating that TRPA1 may have a role in pathogenesis of the disease. […] In addition, increasing evidence suggests that LSC involves neuroimmune interactions. […] This response results in cutaneous inflammation and development of pruritus. […] Chronic scratching could then further exacerbate epidermal denervation. […] Scratching causes epithelial damage, resulting in the release of cytokines, proteases, and antimicrobial peptide, which activate immune cells and stimulate itch sensory neurones and channels, as mentioned above. This leads to a vicious circle of itch and scratch.

• #1 Neurodermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/neurodermatitis/

  Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin and itch condition that causes intense itching and scratching. Neurodermatitis, also called lichen simplex chronicus (LCS), is a type of eczema. Neurodermitis is usually confined to one or two patches of skin. […] The exact cause of neurodermatitis is not known or completely understood. Currently, scientists think that it is caused by overreactive nerves. Environmental triggers, such as an irritant in a cosmetic product or bug bite, or an emotional trigger, such as an intense emotion might cause an itchy feeling. This trigger then causes you to scratch, which leads to skin barrier disruption that exacerbates the itch-scratch cycle. […] Researchers are also studying whether neurodermatitis is caused by neuroimmune interactions on the skin. Neuroimmune interactions are what is commonly called a mind-body reaction. Skin contains many nerves that interact with your immune system. During times of stress and inflammation, the number of these nerves and their connections with the immune system increase, which can lead to an increased itchy feeling for the need to scratch.

• #1 Neurodermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/neurodermatitis/

  Researchers have found significant differences of the gene TRPA1 in skin patches of neurodermatitis. […] Researchers have found that people with neurodermatitis find scratching to be highly pleasurable, and brain imaging studies have backed these findings up, showing that scratching lights up the brains reward systems. This contributes to the itch-scratch cycle, where scratching causes damage to the skin barrier, which then activates the need to itch. Stopping the itch-scratch cycle can be difficult and is a primary goal of research on neurodermatitis. […] […] […] Neurodermatitis is also often triggered by certain lifestyle factors. Neurodermatitis often presents in self-reported high-achieving individuals who live stressful or competitive lifestyles, and stress can be a significant trigger for this type of eczema.

• #1 Neurodermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/neurodermatitis/

  Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin and itch condition that causes intense itching and scratching. Neurodermatitis, also called lichen simplex chronicus (LCS), is a type of eczema. Neurodermitis is usually confined to one or two patches of skin. […] The exact cause of neurodermatitis is not known or completely understood. Currently, scientists think that it is caused by overreactive nerves. Environmental triggers, such as an irritant in a cosmetic product or bug bite, or an emotional trigger, such as an intense emotion might cause an itchy feeling. This trigger then causes you to scratch, which leads to skin barrier disruption that exacerbates the itch-scratch cycle. […] Researchers are also studying whether neurodermatitis is caused by neuroimmune interactions on the skin. Neuroimmune interactions are what is commonly called a mind-body reaction. Skin contains many nerves that interact with your immune system. During times of stress and inflammation, the number of these nerves and their connections with the immune system increase, which can lead to an increased itchy feeling for the need to scratch.

• #1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus Itch: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9677261/

  Lichen simplex chronicus is a form of chronic localized pruritus with a secondary dermatitis, and one of the most common types of chronic itch conditions, estimated to affect more than 10% of the general population. […] However, despite its prevalence and burden, there has been limited research into the pathogenesis and aetiology of lichen simplex chronicus, which, historically, made it a challenging condition to treat. […] While the exact pathophysiology of LSC is unknown, LSC has been thought of as a chronic process, resulting from primary psychological or environmental factors or secondary to other dermatoses evoking itch and leading to a vigorous itch-scratch cycle. […] The particular pruritogens implicated in LSC have yet to be identified; however, because LSC is a chronic process, the pathophysiology is thought to be mainly non-histaminergic itch mediated by binding of pruritogens to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and/or ion channels, especially transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.

• #1 Down-regulated expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in lichen simplex chronicus – Qiu – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/55621/html

  The expression of TRPA1 in LSC specimens was significantly decreased as compared with that in the normal specimens (P0.05). […] TRPA1 expression is proved downregulated in skin lesions of LSC patients with skin pruritus, indicating that TRPA1 serves as a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human LSC. […] The literature review pointed out that pathological changes attributable to chronic inflammation in LSC skin tissues are related to repeated immune responses, and Langerhans cells and CD4+ T cells act as significant roles in the initiation of the immune responses. […] In view of the important role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of LSC, TRPA1 may affect local skin immunity by influencing CD4+T cells. […] Therefore TRPA1 may play an anti-inflammatory role in LSC. […] We provide evidence for TRPA1 down-regulation in LSC skin tissues, suggesting that chronic pruritus may be related to ion channels in skin tissues, but its specific mechanism needs further study.

• #1 Neurodermatitis – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/neurodermatitis/

  In many patients, a gene that has changed in such a way that it inhibits the production of a certain protein plays a special role. This protein, called filaggrin, is involved in the cornification of skin cells and regulates the composition of skin lipids. When the body produces too little filaggrin, the skin does not have enough moisture and dries out. […] In a large proportion of people suffering from atopic dermatitis (neurodermatitis), the immune system reacts sensitively to allergens. These are substances that can trigger allergies. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, animal dander and certain foods. In these atopic dermatitis sufferers, an increased amount of a certain immune body can be detected in the blood (antibodies of the type immunoglobulin E, known as IgE for short). The IgE stimulates the organism to release pro-inflammatory substances.

• #1 Pathophysiology Of Neurodermatitis – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pathophysiology-of-neurodermatitis/

  The high exposure to secondary infections is ultimately because of the skin integrity disruption caused by chronic scratching due to the dysfunction of the skin barrier and dysregulation of the immune system. […] Nevertheless, continuous advancements in comprehending the pathophysiology of neurodermatitis are very essential in order to develop useful treatments that are effective in breaking the itch-scratch cycle, addressing the neurological and psychological factors, and most importantly, restoring the skin integrity.

• #1 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with a complex pathogenesis involving genetic susceptibility, immunologic and epidermal barrier dysfunction, and environmental factors. […] Genes implicated in atopic dermatitis are those encoding epidermal and immunologic proteins. In many patients, a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding for the filaggrin protein. […] The epidermal skin barrier defect due to filaggrin mutations explains the development of xerosis and the predisposition to skin irritation. This results in the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, which is not an allergic reaction. The cutaneous inflammation, in contrast, is a T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity and includes a Th2-dominant component in the skin. […] However, because the major mechanism mediating atopic dermatitis is delayed cell-mediated immunity, avoidance of immediate-type allergens usually does not improve atopic dermatitis.

• #1

  https://dasboep.de/en/pages/neurodermitis-atopische-dermatitis-fakten-ursachen-triggerfaktoren?srsltid=AfmBOooXVA_8GwEe_dFpCa4kVqk6GIAMyWMubY7MGiMDOiewi1MqlVcp

  Neurodermatitis differs from other skin diseases, such as psoriasis or contact dermatitis, primarily in its causes and symptoms. Neurodermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a disrupted skin barrier that often occurs in conjunction with allergic reactions. […] Genetic factors play a key role in the development of atopic dermatitis, as atopic dermatitis can be inherited. The risk of atopic dermatitis and other atopic diseases increases significantly if both parents are affected. […] In people with atopic dermatitis, this balance is disturbed by a change in the composition of microorganisms. This disruption leads to increased water loss and makes the skin dry, cracked and prone to inflammation. This allows irritants to penetrate more easily, leading to the typical symptoms of the disease.

• #1 Neurodermatitis – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Dermatology/Neurodermatitis/

  Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin disease that is characterized by severe itching, eczematous skin lesions, skin infections, and misery. It is a localized inflammation of the skin of nervous or psychological origin. […] The fact that pruritis (a neurological phenomenon) often correlates with cutaneous inflammation, and the relationship between anxiety and stress and the natural evolution of certain forms of urticaria, rosacea, eczema, and psoriasis suggest that these two systems may be closely allied. […] Unfortunately, the term “neurodermatitis” has traditionally suggested excoriation related to neurosis, rather than neurogenic pruritis resulting from interactions between immune mechanisms and neuroreceptors. […] The terms ‘acute neurodermatitis’ and ‘wet neurodermatitis’ were used for years. Another concept was the ‘neurodermatitic reaction’ which attempted to describe a histological response seen in atopic dermatitis, exudative dermatitis, and lichenoid chronic dermatitis.

• #1 Eczema types: Neurodermatitis overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/neurodermatitis

  Neurodermatitis is a type of eczema that begins with an itch. Most people develop one or two itchy patches. Another name for this skin condition is lichen simplex chronicus. […] The more you scratch or rub neurodermatitis, the itchier it often becomes. Scratching the itchy patch of skin is what causes the rash. This itchy patch often develops on an arm, leg, back of the neck, scalp, or groin area. […] While the itch may be most intense while you’re relaxed, the condition often begins during an intensely stressful time in life. People often recall feeling stressed out, depressed, or frustrated before the itch begins. Some people say they felt extremely anxious or worried. […] Over time, the repeated scratching will cause the skin to thicken. This is the body’s way of protecting you. The thickened skin bleeds less and develops fewer infections. […] Neurodermatitis rarely goes away without treatment. The goal in treating neurodermatitis is to stop the itch-scratch-itch cycle.

• #1 Eczema types: Neurodermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/neurodermatitis/causes

  What causes neurodermatitis? […] While researchers have discovered that some people have an increased risk of getting neurodermatitis, what causes this disease is not entirely understood. […] It may be that this disease develops when nerves in your skin overreact. This could explain why neurodermatitis often begins when a person feels an intense emotion like stress, anxiety, or depression. These may cause a mind-body reaction. […] Nerves may also overreact when you have: […] Dermatologists often refer to the above as triggers. This means that for the disease to begin, something must set it off (or trigger it).

• #1 Neurodermatitis – symptoms and causes | Future for Patients

  https://futureforpatients.com/en-us/disease-patterns/neurodermatitis/

  The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not yet fully understood. However, it is assumed that a combination of genetic predisposition, malfunction of the immune system and environmental factors play a role. However, each case can be individual, with different factors interacting. […] The following factors can trigger atopic dermatitis or exacerbate a flare-up: […] Genetic predisposition […] Family predisposition to neurodermatitis, asthma or hay fever […] Immune system dysfunction […] Overactive activity and sensitivity to certain stimuli […] Barrier disorder of the skin […] Increased water loss and dryness facilitate the penetration of allergens, irritants and bacteria […] Environmental factors […] Allergens e.g. pollen, house dust mites, animal hair, certain foods; Irritating substances e.g. cleaning agents, fragrances, extreme temperatures […] Lifestyle and psychological factors […] e.g. stress, emotional strain, unhealthy lifestyle.

• #1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499991/

  A potential relationship may exist between central and peripheral neural tissue and inflammatory mediators in the perception of itch and developing changes seen in lichen simplex chronicus. Anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder or other emotional stressors may lead to scratching. One study of lichen simplex chronicus with P-phenylenediamine (PPD)containing hair dye showed improvement in symptoms when PPD exposure was stopped which gave a basis for sensitization and contact dermatitis leading to lichen simplex chronicus. […] This may be due to the fact that repeated scratching and rubbing of the lesions contribute to excess inflammatory mediators, which can, in turn, alter the manner in which keratinocytes grow and develop and, in such a chronic case, may lead, to the transformation of these cells into malignancy.

• #1 Neurodermatitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurodermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375634

  Neurodermatitis is a skin condition characterized by chronic itching or scaling. […] The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn’t known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches. […] Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching. […] Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation).

• #1 Neurodermatitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/neurodermatitis

  The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn’t known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches. […] Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching. […] Treatment for neurodermatitis focuses on controlling the itching, preventing scratching and addressing underlying causes. Even with successful treatment, the condition often returns. Your health care provider may suggest one or more of the following treatments: […] Because anxiety and stress can trigger neurodermatitis, anti-anxiety drugs may help prevent the itchiness. […] Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation). The itch of neurodermatitis can affect your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.

• #1 Neurodermatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, Tests & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17989-neurodermatitis

  The underlying cause of neurodermatitis is unknown. However, it has been observed that the itch can start during times of extreme stress, anxiety, emotional trauma or depression. The itching sometimes continues even after the mental stress eases or stops. […] Scratching can irritate nerve endings in the skin and worsen the itching, leading to more scratching. The condition can become chronic as the itch-scratch cycle continues. […] Sometimes, neurodermatitis can develop into skin cancers like squamous-cell or verrucous carcinoma. This is perhaps due to continuous scratching and rubbing, which can activate chemicals that cause inflammation, which in turn can transform skin cells to cancerous cells.

• #1 Neurodermatitis – Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie | Uniklinikum Erlangen

  https://www.dzi.uk-erlangen.de/en/patienten/translate-to-en-chronisch-entzuendliche-erkrankungen/translate-to-en-neurodermitis/

  Several factors can cause atopic eczema or promote the occurrence of the disease. […] Topical immunotherapy can, for example, inhibit the messenger substances that stimulate immune defence. […] Another option is systemic immunotherapy, which aims at suppressing the excessive reaction of the immune system. […] The immunosuppressive drug dupilumab (IL-4 receptor blocker) is often used in this case. […] Baricitinib, an immune system inhibitor (Janus kinase inhibitor) administered in tablet form, was recently approved for use in adults.

• #1 Blue light therapy shown to have beneficial effects in neurodermatitis | Press and Public Relations

  https://press.uni-mainz.de/blue-light-therapy-shown-to-have-beneficial-effects-in-neurodermatitis/

  This may represent the decisive difference to the known standard treatments for neurodermatitis, which result in a significant but unfortunately often only temporary reduction of inflammation. […] „Now that we have obtained these promising initial results, we need to continue to investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy in comparison with effects in a control group, and in particular we need to find out what the mechanism of action is,” added Becker.

• #1 Pathophysiology Of Neurodermatitis – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pathophysiology-of-neurodermatitis/

  The pathophysiology of neurodermatitis has many factors involved, which are neurological, immunological and psychological. […] The itch-scratch cycle is a crucial mechanism of neurodermitis because it is the key aspect of worsening the condition. […] The cycle is initiated with an itch sensation that is caused by stress, irritation of the skin or any form of skin condition. […] To respond to the itchiness, the affected area will be scratched by the individual in order to alleviate the discomfort; this will cause the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine and cytokines (IL-1), (TNF-) and (IL-6). […] Due to numerous scratches, the protective layer of the skin will be damaged, which will lead to the further release of inflammatory mediators that will increase the sensation of itching.

• #1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123423-overview

  Lichen simplex chronicus is thickening of the skin with variable scaling that arises secondary to repetitive scratching or rubbing. Lichen simplex chronicus is not a primary process. Rather, a person senses pruritus in a specific area of skin (with or without underlying pathology) and causes mechanical trauma to the point of lichenification. […] Some skin types are more prone to lichenification, such as skin that tends toward eczematous conditions (ie, atopic dermatitis, atopic diathesis). A relationship likely exists between central and peripheral neural tissue and inflammatory cell products in the perception of itch and ensuing changes in lichen simplex chronicus. Emotional tensions, such as in patients with anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, may play a key role in inducing a pruritic sensation, leading to scratching that can become self-perpetuating. […] Neurodermatitis is a term that historically has been used interchangeably with lichen simplex chronicus, given that psychological factors appear to play a role in the development or exacerbation of the condition.

• #2 Lichen Simplex Chronicus: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123423-overview

  Lichen simplex chronicus is thickening of the skin with variable scaling that arises secondary to repetitive scratching or rubbing. Lichen simplex chronicus is not a primary process. Rather, a person senses pruritus in a specific area of skin (with or without underlying pathology) and causes mechanical trauma to the point of lichenification. […] Some skin types are more prone to lichenification, such as skin that tends toward eczematous conditions (ie, atopic dermatitis, atopic diathesis). A relationship likely exists between central and peripheral neural tissue and inflammatory cell products in the perception of itch and ensuing changes in lichen simplex chronicus. Emotional tensions, such as in patients with anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, may play a key role in inducing a pruritic sensation, leading to scratching that can become self-perpetuating. […] Neurodermatitis is a term that historically has been used interchangeably with lichen simplex chronicus, given that psychological factors appear to play a role in the development or exacerbation of the condition.

• #2 Neurodermatitis: Symptoms, pictures, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/neurodermatitis

  Neurodermatitis, also known as lichen simplex chronicus, is a type of eczema. It begins with an urge to scratch that irritates nerves, leading to a chronic itch-and-scratch cycle that prevents skin healing. […] A self-perpetuating itch-scratch cycle is a key component of neurodermatitis. The initial itch whether resulting from an irritant, dry skin, or an allergic reaction prompts scratching. However, repeated scratching only intensifies the itching sensation and triggers more inflammation, leading to further itching and scratching. […] Furthermore, stress and anxiety may contribute to neurodermatitis. The condition often tends to appear during intensely stressful, depressing, or frustrating times. Stress may further exacerbate symptoms, triggering flare-ups or prolonging the healing process.

• #2 Neurodermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/neurodermatitis-overview

  Neurodermatitis, also called lichen simplex chronicus, is a common type of eczema that causes itchy and inflamed skin. About 1 in 8 people have neurodermatitis. […] No one knows exactly what triggers neurodermatitis. Some experts think its caused by nerves in your skin overreacting. […] Neurodermatitis happens when the nerves in your skin overreact. This can happen because of things like stress, anxiety, an allergy, or a bug bite. […] Neurodermatitis is considered to be a form of eczema, or atopic dermatitis. Eczema isn’t an autoimmune disease, as your immune system doesn’t attack your own skin.

• #2 Lichen Simplex Chronicus Itch: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9677261/

  A study analysing 21 biopsies from patients with LSC and 28 healthy controls demonstrated significantly down-regulated expression of TRPA1 in LSC lesions, indicating that TRPA1 may have a role in pathogenesis of the disease. […] In addition, increasing evidence suggests that LSC involves neuroimmune interactions. […] This response results in cutaneous inflammation and development of pruritus. […] Chronic scratching could then further exacerbate epidermal denervation. […] Scratching causes epithelial damage, resulting in the release of cytokines, proteases, and antimicrobial peptide, which activate immune cells and stimulate itch sensory neurones and channels, as mentioned above. This leads to a vicious circle of itch and scratch.

• #2 Down-regulated expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in lichen simplex chronicus – Qiu – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/55621/html

  The expression of TRPA1 in LSC specimens was significantly decreased as compared with that in the normal specimens (P0.05). […] TRPA1 expression is proved downregulated in skin lesions of LSC patients with skin pruritus, indicating that TRPA1 serves as a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human LSC. […] The literature review pointed out that pathological changes attributable to chronic inflammation in LSC skin tissues are related to repeated immune responses, and Langerhans cells and CD4+ T cells act as significant roles in the initiation of the immune responses. […] In view of the important role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of LSC, TRPA1 may affect local skin immunity by influencing CD4+T cells. […] Therefore TRPA1 may play an anti-inflammatory role in LSC. […] We provide evidence for TRPA1 down-regulation in LSC skin tissues, suggesting that chronic pruritus may be related to ion channels in skin tissues, but its specific mechanism needs further study.

• #2 Triggers of neurodermatitis – Sanubiom

  https://www.sanubiom.com/en/neurodermatitis-knowledge/triggers-of-neurodermatitis/

  The healthy balance of our skin depends heavily on the many different microorganisms that normally live on the surface and in the niches of our skin being able to colonize in sufficient quantities and in the right places. This protects the skin against external attacks. […] If the bacterial cocktail of our skin, the so-called skin microbiome, gets out of balance, danger is imminent. Inflamed skin irritates and distresses the patient. […] This is because otherwise harmless germs that have been living a shadowy existence until now can suddenly multiply uncontrollably and develop into pathogens that promote atopic dermatitis. […] Due to the impaired skin barrier, neurodermatitis sufferers are more likely to suffer from viral and bacterial infections than healthy people. […] The causes of the overreaction of the immune system are still not fully understood. However, genetics is probably responsible for the predisposition to atopic dermatitis.

• #2 Triggers of neurodermatitis – Sanubiom

  https://www.sanubiom.com/en/neurodermatitis-knowledge/triggers-of-neurodermatitis/

  One of these gene mutations leads to the protein filaggrin being produced only to a limited extent or not at all. This protein is an important building block of the epidermis. […] If filaggrin is missing, typical symptoms of neurodermatitis such as abnormal dryness and weakened skin barrier function are the result. […] Allergens from the environment, as well as bacteria and viruses, can now penetrate more easily and thus promote the development of diseases such as atopic eczema.

• #2 Neurodermatitis – symptoms and causes | Future for Patients

  https://futureforpatients.com/en-us/disease-patterns/neurodermatitis/

  The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not yet fully understood. However, it is assumed that a combination of genetic predisposition, malfunction of the immune system and environmental factors play a role. However, each case can be individual, with different factors interacting. […] The following factors can trigger atopic dermatitis or exacerbate a flare-up: […] Genetic predisposition […] Family predisposition to neurodermatitis, asthma or hay fever […] Immune system dysfunction […] Overactive activity and sensitivity to certain stimuli […] Barrier disorder of the skin […] Increased water loss and dryness facilitate the penetration of allergens, irritants and bacteria […] Environmental factors […] Allergens e.g. pollen, house dust mites, animal hair, certain foods; Irritating substances e.g. cleaning agents, fragrances, extreme temperatures […] Lifestyle and psychological factors […] e.g. stress, emotional strain, unhealthy lifestyle.

• #2 Lichen simplex chronicus (Neurodermatitis) – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lichen-simplex

  Lichen simplex results from a chronic itch-scratch cycle; following repetitive excoriation and scratching, well circumscribed thickened patches develop. The inciting stimulus for the itch can be due to a variety of reasons: […] Neural-mediated stimulus that triggers itch brachioradial pruritus, radiculopathy. […] Systemic disease associated with pruritus uraemia, polycythaemia vera, malignancy.

• #2 Neurodermatitis – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/zh/mayo-health-library/neurodermatitis/

  The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn’t known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches. […] Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching. […] Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation). The itch of neurodermatitis can affect your sleep, sexual function and quality of life. […] Treatment for neurodermatitis focuses on controlling the itching, preventing scratching and addressing underlying causes. Even with successful treatment, the condition often returns. […] Because anxiety and stress can trigger neurodermatitis, anti-anxiety drugs may help prevent the itchiness.

• #2 Is Neurodermatitis an Autoimmune Disease? Causes & Triggers

  https://www.medicinenet.com/is_neurodermatitis_an_autoimmune_disease/article.htm

  Researchers have suggested that there may be a link between neurodermatitis and autoimmune diseases, but the exact cause of the condition is unknown. […] Several factors may contribute to the development of neurodermatitis, include: […] Systemic disorders such as psoriasis (chronic autoimmune disease that causes skin inflammation), eczema, and lichen planus (immune-mediated condition) […] The exact underlying cause of neurodermatitis is unknown. However, several studies have indicated that there may be some key triggers that can precipitate the condition: […] Neurodermatitis is a non-life-threatening and lifelong condition, but the itching can be so intense that it significantly impacts quality of life. […] In rare cases, neurodermatitis can develop into skin cancers such as squamous-cell or verrucous carcinoma, possibly due to continuous scratching and rubbing that activates chemicals causing inflammation, which in turn can transform the skin cells into cancerous cells.

• #2 Neurodermatitis – MedTour

  https://medtour.help/disease/neurodermatitis/

  Neurodermatitis is a skin disease that has a neurogenic and allergic character at the same time. […] Neurodermatitis is a disease characterized by chronic skin inflammation. […] This disease occurs under the influence of various factors and their combinations. […] The latest treatments for neurodermatitis cell therapy […] In recent years, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has taken an active place in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. […] These cells have a unique ability to modulate the immune system, which is very important in this pathology. […] To date, clinical studies of this technique are still being carried out in order to clarify the degree of therapeutic efficacy and to identify the features of the mechanisms of action.

• #2 Neurodermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/neurodermatitis/

  Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin and itch condition that causes intense itching and scratching. Neurodermatitis, also called lichen simplex chronicus (LCS), is a type of eczema. Neurodermitis is usually confined to one or two patches of skin. […] The exact cause of neurodermatitis is not known or completely understood. Currently, scientists think that it is caused by overreactive nerves. Environmental triggers, such as an irritant in a cosmetic product or bug bite, or an emotional trigger, such as an intense emotion might cause an itchy feeling. This trigger then causes you to scratch, which leads to skin barrier disruption that exacerbates the itch-scratch cycle. […] Researchers are also studying whether neurodermatitis is caused by neuroimmune interactions on the skin. Neuroimmune interactions are what is commonly called a mind-body reaction. Skin contains many nerves that interact with your immune system. During times of stress and inflammation, the number of these nerves and their connections with the immune system increase, which can lead to an increased itchy feeling for the need to scratch.

• #3 Pathophysiology Of Neurodermatitis – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pathophysiology-of-neurodermatitis/

  The pathophysiology of neurodermatitis has many factors involved, which are neurological, immunological and psychological. […] The itch-scratch cycle is a crucial mechanism of neurodermitis because it is the key aspect of worsening the condition. […] The cycle is initiated with an itch sensation that is caused by stress, irritation of the skin or any form of skin condition. […] To respond to the itchiness, the affected area will be scratched by the individual in order to alleviate the discomfort; this will cause the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine and cytokines (IL-1), (TNF-) and (IL-6). […] Due to numerous scratches, the protective layer of the skin will be damaged, which will lead to the further release of inflammatory mediators that will increase the sensation of itching.

• #3 Pathophysiology Of Neurodermatitis – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pathophysiology-of-neurodermatitis/

  Constant scratching excites the fibers that are present in the affected area, making them respond faster to the itch stimuli, which means even minor irritants can cause very intense itching. […] Thickening of the skin due to chronic scratching is more susceptible to itching. […] Over a certain period of time, the cycle will cause neurodermitis, which will lead to further skin damage and further inflammation and secondary infections that will lead to more complexities of the condition. […] The pathophysiology of lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis) has many factors associated with it, from neurological to psychological impacts. […] The harsh scratching due to a very intense itch can lead to inflammations, which are caused by the interactions between the skin cells and nerve fibers.

• #3 Lichen Simplex Chronicus: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123423-overview

  Lichen simplex chronicus is thickening of the skin with variable scaling that arises secondary to repetitive scratching or rubbing. Lichen simplex chronicus is not a primary process. Rather, a person senses pruritus in a specific area of skin (with or without underlying pathology) and causes mechanical trauma to the point of lichenification. […] Some skin types are more prone to lichenification, such as skin that tends toward eczematous conditions (ie, atopic dermatitis, atopic diathesis). A relationship likely exists between central and peripheral neural tissue and inflammatory cell products in the perception of itch and ensuing changes in lichen simplex chronicus. Emotional tensions, such as in patients with anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, may play a key role in inducing a pruritic sensation, leading to scratching that can become self-perpetuating. […] Neurodermatitis is a term that historically has been used interchangeably with lichen simplex chronicus, given that psychological factors appear to play a role in the development or exacerbation of the condition.

• #3 Blue light therapy shown to have beneficial effects in neurodermatitis | Press and Public Relations

  https://press.uni-mainz.de/blue-light-therapy-shown-to-have-beneficial-effects-in-neurodermatitis/

  Photodynamic or blue light therapy may well be an effective treatment option for patients suffering from neurodermatitis. […] Additional studies with larger groups of participants will now be necessary to confirm this result and to learn more about the actual mechanism of action of photodynamic therapy. […] In the recent study undertaken at the Department of Dermatology at the Mainz University Medical Center, the investigators were interested in discovering to what extent photodynamic therapy can influence the clinical progress of the disorder in patients with severe neurodermatitis and the details of how the therapy actually works. […] The analyses of skin biopsy samples and the results of lab tests revealed that photodynamic therapy had no significant immunosuppressant effects on the dermal inflammation process. Hence the effect does not appear to be attributable to the short-term suppression of inflammation.

• #4 Lichen Simplex Chronicus Itch: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9677261/

  A study analysing 21 biopsies from patients with LSC and 28 healthy controls demonstrated significantly down-regulated expression of TRPA1 in LSC lesions, indicating that TRPA1 may have a role in pathogenesis of the disease. […] In addition, increasing evidence suggests that LSC involves neuroimmune interactions. […] This response results in cutaneous inflammation and development of pruritus. […] Chronic scratching could then further exacerbate epidermal denervation. […] Scratching causes epithelial damage, resulting in the release of cytokines, proteases, and antimicrobial peptide, which activate immune cells and stimulate itch sensory neurones and channels, as mentioned above. This leads to a vicious circle of itch and scratch.

• #4 Triggers of neurodermatitis – Sanubiom

  https://www.sanubiom.com/en/neurodermatitis-knowledge/triggers-of-neurodermatitis/

  The healthy balance of our skin depends heavily on the many different microorganisms that normally live on the surface and in the niches of our skin being able to colonize in sufficient quantities and in the right places. This protects the skin against external attacks. […] If the bacterial cocktail of our skin, the so-called skin microbiome, gets out of balance, danger is imminent. Inflamed skin irritates and distresses the patient. […] This is because otherwise harmless germs that have been living a shadowy existence until now can suddenly multiply uncontrollably and develop into pathogens that promote atopic dermatitis. […] Due to the impaired skin barrier, neurodermatitis sufferers are more likely to suffer from viral and bacterial infections than healthy people. […] The causes of the overreaction of the immune system are still not fully understood. However, genetics is probably responsible for the predisposition to atopic dermatitis.

• #5 Pathophysiology Of Neurodermatitis – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pathophysiology-of-neurodermatitis/

  The pathophysiology of neurodermatitis has many factors involved, which are neurological, immunological and psychological. […] The itch-scratch cycle is a crucial mechanism of neurodermitis because it is the key aspect of worsening the condition. […] The cycle is initiated with an itch sensation that is caused by stress, irritation of the skin or any form of skin condition. […] To respond to the itchiness, the affected area will be scratched by the individual in order to alleviate the discomfort; this will cause the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine and cytokines (IL-1), (TNF-) and (IL-6). […] Due to numerous scratches, the protective layer of the skin will be damaged, which will lead to the further release of inflammatory mediators that will increase the sensation of itching.

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