Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Your child’s healthcare professional may start at the lowest dose of antiseizure medicine possible. Then the dose may be increased as needed to manage the seizures. Children may be able to taper off antiseizure medicines under the supervision of a healthcare professional after they’ve been seizure-free for two years. […] Medicines prescribed for absence seizure include: […] Ethosuximide (Zarontin). This often is the first medicine prescribed for absence seizures. Most people see improvement in their seizures with this medicine. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, sleep disturbances and hyperactivity. […] Valproic acid treats children who have both absence and tonic-clonic seizures, also known as grand mal seizures. Side effects of valproic acid include nausea, attention problems, increased appetite and weight gain. Rarely, the medicine can cause inflammation of the pancreas and liver failure.

• #2 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Absence seizures are often mistaken for daydreaming or a lack of attention. Antiseizure medications treat this type of seizure. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage these seizures with medications. […] Antiseizure medications treat absence seizures. Your healthcare provider will review your symptoms and make a medication recommendation specific to your needs. […] In some cases, your provider may suggest following the ketogenic diet if you dont respond well to medications. […] If medications and lifestyle changes arent successful at treating symptoms, a healthcare provider may consider surgery. […] A healthcare provider may recommend one of the following medications to treat absence seizures: Ethosuximide (Zarontin), Lamotrigine (Lamictal), Topiramate (Topamax), Valproate (Depakene).

• #3 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome with distinct seizure semiology, electroencephalography (EEG) features, and treatment. The treatment of choice for CAE with absence seizures only is ethosuximide. Valproic acid and lamotrigine are also effective treatments for many patients, but when compared to ethosuximide, valproic acid has more adverse effects and lamotrigine is less effective. […] Ethosuximide, valproate, and lamotrigine each have a role as treatments for childhood absence epilepsy. Care of children with childhood absence epilepsy should go beyond drug treatment and address associated behavioral and psychosocial conditions as well. […] Three antiepileptic medications have been commonly used as first-line agents for CAEethosuximide (ETX), valproic acid (VPA), and lamotrigine (LTG) but not until recently has robust evidence emerged on the comparative effectiveness of these drugs.

• #4 Absence seizures – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/115

  Most typical absence seizures are medically responsive, and childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) tends to remit by adulthood. Typical absence seizures in CAE, juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) are treated with ethosuximide, valproic acid, or lamotrigine as first-line therapies. […] Atypical absence seizures tend to be medically refractory and associated with intellectual disability. Atypical absence seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and epilepsy with myoclonic absences are treated with valproic acid or lamotrigine as first-line therapies.

• #5 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Absences are triggered in the thalamus when T-type calcium channels are activated, resulting in sustained-burst firing of these neurons.1,3,7 The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is involved in the polarization of these channels, which potentiates the sustained-burst firing.1,3 For this reason, increased absence seizure activity occurs in patients taking GABA agonists, whereas GABA antagonists reduce the incidence of absence episodes.1,3 […] […] Historically, the treatment of absence epilepsy has been a complex issue, with significant uncertainty regarding which agent is best utilized to manage this specific manifestation. In the 1960s, recommended therapy for absence seizures ranged from anticonvulsants such as succinimides (still in use today) to an assortment of other medications, including amphetamines, chlordiazepoxide, and chloroquine.8 […]

• #6 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Since most patients prescribed an antiepileptic will remain on their selected treatment for an extended period or indefinitely, it is imperative to choose the appropriate medication.9 Most research has focused on the use of three specific antiepileptics for the treatment of absence seizures: ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproic acid. All are considered first-line agents by both European and ILAE guidelines.10,11 […] […] Ethosuximide (Zarontin), a succinimide, has been considered an effective agent for the treatment of absence seizures since the mid-20th century.8 Although ethosuximides mechanism of action is not fully understood, the blockade of a specific voltage-gated calcium channel (the T channel) in thalamic neurons appears integral to its antiepileptic activity.7 This blockade suppresses thalamic excitability, which is thought to be necessary for sustaining the characteristic spike-wave discharge of absence seizures.7 […]

• #7 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal) is thought to exert its mechanism of action through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels and subsequent glutamate release.12,13 Because of this, it may be effective in patients whose absence seizures are resistant to or inadequately controlled by valproic acid or ethosuximide.14 […] […] The mechanism of action of valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote) remains unclear. The drug is believed to act either by increasing the concentration of GABA in the brain or by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize or block GABA reuptake.12,13 It also may inhibit voltage-sensitive sodium channels.12,13 This medication may be preferred in patients with concurrent generalized tonic-clonic or myoclonic presentations, as these seizure types respond well to treatment with valproic acid.15 […]

• #8 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Only 2 first-line AEDs have approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be indicated for absence seizures: ethosuximide (Zarontin) and valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon). Ethosuximide has efficacy for absence seizures only and valproic acid has efficacy for absence, generalized tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures. […] Ethosuximide (Zarontin) is effective only against absence seizures. […] Valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon, Depakote, Depakote ER) is considered a broad-spectrum AED, because it is effective against absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and partial seizures. […] A study showed that ethosuximide and valproic acid were more effective than lamotrigine in the treatment of childhood absence epilepsy, and that ethosuximide had fewer adverse attentional side effects. […] Symptomatic generalized epilepsies are often refractory to first-line AEDs. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), topiramate (Topamax), and felbamate (Felbatol) are approved by the FDA as adjunctive therapy for the generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult and pediatric patients (2 y). Clonazepam (Klonopin) and the ketogenic or medium-chain triglyceride diet have been attempted to reduce seizure frequency. However, these adjunctive therapies have limited efficacy.

• #9 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal). Some studies show this medicine to be less effective than ethosuximide or valproic acid, but it has fewer side effects. Side effects may include rash and nausea. […] A ketogenic diet can improve seizure control. This diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It’s used only if traditional medicines don’t manage seizures. […] Have your child take medicine as prescribed. Don’t adjust the dose before talking to your child’s healthcare professional. If you feel that your child’s medicine should be changed, talk with your child’s healthcare professional. […] Encourage enough sleep. Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure that your child gets enough rest every night. […] Have your child wear a medical alert bracelet. This will help emergency personnel know how to treat your child correctly if another seizure occurs.

• #10 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal) is thought to exert its mechanism of action through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels and subsequent glutamate release.12,13 Because of this, it may be effective in patients whose absence seizures are resistant to or inadequately controlled by valproic acid or ethosuximide.14 […] […] The mechanism of action of valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote) remains unclear. The drug is believed to act either by increasing the concentration of GABA in the brain or by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize or block GABA reuptake.12,13 It also may inhibit voltage-sensitive sodium channels.12,13 This medication may be preferred in patients with concurrent generalized tonic-clonic or myoclonic presentations, as these seizure types respond well to treatment with valproic acid.15 […]

• #11 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Your doctor will choose the most appropriate medication based on: The specific type of absence epilepsy, The age of the patient, Symptoms, Any associated medical conditions. […] Early recognition of these symptoms is important. So is timely intervention with appropriate therapies. […] Most children with JAE respond well to medication. However, they will need lifelong treatment. This is because the risk of seizure recurrence is high after weaning off medication.

• #12 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Therefore, based on the CAE trial, ETX is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy for CAE, when absence seizures are the only seizure type. […] VPA is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy in CAE when a generalized tonicclonic seizure has occurred, because ETX is not effective against seizure types beyond absence seizures. […] While our practice is to use ETX as the first monotherapy, LTG can be considered as second monotherapy if ETX fails and if VPA is a less appealing choice for a specific patient. […] To discuss approaches to treatment when CAE is resistant to initial medication choices, it may be useful to walk through some scenarios. […] Although the evidence for efficacy in CAE is scant and variably supportive, topiramate and zonisamide may be considered when other treatments fail. The ketogenic diet has also been used successfully in children with treatment-resistant CAE.

• #13 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  Offer ethosuximide as first-line treatment for absence seizures. […] If first-line treatment is unsuccessful, offer a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment for absence seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence seizures: carbamazepine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Consider a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for absence seizures with other seizure types (or at risk of these). Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #14 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Therefore, based on the CAE trial, ETX is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy for CAE, when absence seizures are the only seizure type. […] VPA is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy in CAE when a generalized tonicclonic seizure has occurred, because ETX is not effective against seizure types beyond absence seizures. […] While our practice is to use ETX as the first monotherapy, LTG can be considered as second monotherapy if ETX fails and if VPA is a less appealing choice for a specific patient. […] To discuss approaches to treatment when CAE is resistant to initial medication choices, it may be useful to walk through some scenarios. […] Although the evidence for efficacy in CAE is scant and variably supportive, topiramate and zonisamide may be considered when other treatments fail. The ketogenic diet has also been used successfully in children with treatment-resistant CAE.

• #15 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  Offer ethosuximide as first-line treatment for absence seizures. […] If first-line treatment is unsuccessful, offer a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment for absence seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence seizures: carbamazepine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Consider a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for absence seizures with other seizure types (or at risk of these). Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #16 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Therefore, based on the CAE trial, ETX is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy for CAE, when absence seizures are the only seizure type. […] VPA is the drug of choice as initial monotherapy in CAE when a generalized tonicclonic seizure has occurred, because ETX is not effective against seizure types beyond absence seizures. […] While our practice is to use ETX as the first monotherapy, LTG can be considered as second monotherapy if ETX fails and if VPA is a less appealing choice for a specific patient. […] To discuss approaches to treatment when CAE is resistant to initial medication choices, it may be useful to walk through some scenarios. […] Although the evidence for efficacy in CAE is scant and variably supportive, topiramate and zonisamide may be considered when other treatments fail. The ketogenic diet has also been used successfully in children with treatment-resistant CAE.

• #17 Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/childhood-absence-epilepsy-cae

  Epilepsy medicines normally work well for children with CAE. Your childs doctor may prescribe one of the following epilepsy medicines: Ethosuximide, Sodium valproate, Lamotrigine or levetiracetam either on their own or in addition to one of the other medicines. […] Other medicines that are used less often for CAE include topiramate and zonisamide. […] Sodium valproate can harm an unborn baby if taken during pregnancy. For this reason, if your child is able to get pregnant, or may do when theyre older, your childs paediatrician will usually suggest an alternative medicine. If they do recommend treatment with sodium valproate, they will discuss the risks and benefits with you and your child first. […] Information about treatments for children can be found on the Medicines for Children website.

• #18 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Clinical-trial data concerning the treatment of absence seizures remains sparse. Until recently, very few prospective studies were available.16 Given this relative lack of data, the most appropriate agent for treating absence seizures remains difficult to determine. Ethosuximide and valproic acid have been shown to be equally effective as monotherapy, with control rates of more than 80%.17-19 […] […] A recent large, prospective study attempted to better identify first-line therapy for absence seizures.21 A total of 453 children were randomized to ethosuximide, lamotrigine, or valproic acid monotherapy. After 16 weeks, seizure-free rates were 53%, 58%, and 29% for ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine, respectively (P .001).21 Additionally, attentional dysfunction was significantly more common with valproic acid than with ethosuximide (49% vs. 33%, P = .03).21 This study suggests that ethosuximide and valproic acid may be more effective than lamotrigine for treating absence seizures, with ethosuximide associated with fewer adverse effects.21 […]

• #19 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Only 2 first-line AEDs have approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be indicated for absence seizures: ethosuximide (Zarontin) and valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon). Ethosuximide has efficacy for absence seizures only and valproic acid has efficacy for absence, generalized tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures. […] Ethosuximide (Zarontin) is effective only against absence seizures. […] Valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon, Depakote, Depakote ER) is considered a broad-spectrum AED, because it is effective against absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and partial seizures. […] A study showed that ethosuximide and valproic acid were more effective than lamotrigine in the treatment of childhood absence epilepsy, and that ethosuximide had fewer adverse attentional side effects. […] Symptomatic generalized epilepsies are often refractory to first-line AEDs. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), topiramate (Topamax), and felbamate (Felbatol) are approved by the FDA as adjunctive therapy for the generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult and pediatric patients (2 y). Clonazepam (Klonopin) and the ketogenic or medium-chain triglyceride diet have been attempted to reduce seizure frequency. However, these adjunctive therapies have limited efficacy.

• #20 Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/4/78

  In the case of first line treatment failure, after having reconsidered and confirmed the initial diagnostic suspect, after two monotherapies it is usual to start a bi-therapy (for example the association of VPA and LTG) carefully watching out for adverse effects. […] In the case of absence seizures that are refractory to traditional treatment, other antiepileptic drugs may be introduced such as levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide. […] The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent studies and new concepts concerning CAE treatment, to highlight areas of consensus as well as areas of uncertainty concerning this “not so benign” common childhood epileptic syndrome. […] The failure of an antiepileptic treatment or any worsening of symptoms during treatment has to alert the pediatric neurologist among other things, to reconsider the etiologic diagnosis of the epileptic syndrome.

• #21 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  Offer ethosuximide as first-line treatment for absence seizures. […] If first-line treatment is unsuccessful, offer a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment for absence seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence seizures: carbamazepine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Consider a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for absence seizures with other seizure types (or at risk of these). Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #22 Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/4/78

  In the case of first line treatment failure, after having reconsidered and confirmed the initial diagnostic suspect, after two monotherapies it is usual to start a bi-therapy (for example the association of VPA and LTG) carefully watching out for adverse effects. […] In the case of absence seizures that are refractory to traditional treatment, other antiepileptic drugs may be introduced such as levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide. […] The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent studies and new concepts concerning CAE treatment, to highlight areas of consensus as well as areas of uncertainty concerning this “not so benign” common childhood epileptic syndrome. […] The failure of an antiepileptic treatment or any worsening of symptoms during treatment has to alert the pediatric neurologist among other things, to reconsider the etiologic diagnosis of the epileptic syndrome.

• #23 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Treatment of patients with absence seizures only is mainly with ethosuximide or valproic acid, which are of equal efficacy controlling absences in around 75% of patients. […] Lamotrigine monotherapy is less effective, controlling absences in around 50% of patients. […] If monotherapy fails or unacceptable adverse reactions appear, replacement of one by another of the three antiepileptic drugs is the alternative. Adding small doses of lamotrigine to sodium valproate may be the best combination in resistant cases. […] Although ethosuximide is effective in treating only absence seizures, valproic acid is effective in treating multiple seizure types including tonic-clonic seizure and partial seizure, suggesting it is a better choice if a patient is exhibiting multiple types of seizures. […] Similarly, lamotrigine treats multiple seizure types including partial seizures and generalized seizures, therefore it is also an option for patients with multiple seizure types.

• #24 Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/4/78

  In the case of first line treatment failure, after having reconsidered and confirmed the initial diagnostic suspect, after two monotherapies it is usual to start a bi-therapy (for example the association of VPA and LTG) carefully watching out for adverse effects. […] In the case of absence seizures that are refractory to traditional treatment, other antiepileptic drugs may be introduced such as levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide. […] The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent studies and new concepts concerning CAE treatment, to highlight areas of consensus as well as areas of uncertainty concerning this “not so benign” common childhood epileptic syndrome. […] The failure of an antiepileptic treatment or any worsening of symptoms during treatment has to alert the pediatric neurologist among other things, to reconsider the etiologic diagnosis of the epileptic syndrome.

• #25 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Of the newer AEDs, lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam have been shown to have efficacy against seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy and have received FDA approval to be indicated for adjunctive therapy of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy in children aged 2 years and older (for lamotrigine and topiramate) and in children aged 6 years and older (for levetiracetam). Levetiracetam is indicated as adjunct therapy for generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures. It has been shown to have only modest efficacy against absence seizures. […] Lamotrigine and topiramate are also approved as adjunctive therapy in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children aged 2 years and older. Rufinamide (Banzel) has been shown effective against typical and atypical absence seizures as well as other seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and is approved as adjunct therapy in children older than 4 years.

• #26 Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/childhood-absence-epilepsy-cae

  Epilepsy medicines normally work well for children with CAE. Your childs doctor may prescribe one of the following epilepsy medicines: Ethosuximide, Sodium valproate, Lamotrigine or levetiracetam either on their own or in addition to one of the other medicines. […] Other medicines that are used less often for CAE include topiramate and zonisamide. […] Sodium valproate can harm an unborn baby if taken during pregnancy. For this reason, if your child is able to get pregnant, or may do when theyre older, your childs paediatrician will usually suggest an alternative medicine. If they do recommend treatment with sodium valproate, they will discuss the risks and benefits with you and your child first. […] Information about treatments for children can be found on the Medicines for Children website.

• #27 Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/4/78

  If the diagnosis of CAE is confirmed, after the failure of two monotherapies, in particular if ETX has been used as a first line or second line monotherapy, it is usual to consider associating two or more antiepileptic drugs, as for other epileptic syndromes. […] Among older antiepileptic drugs, clobazam, clonazepam and acetazolamide have been traditionally used as second-line therapy for CAE or as adjunctive agents. […] Over the past years, several new antiepileptic drugs such as levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide have become available for the treatment of resistant CAE, exhibiting a good efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials. […] The pharmaco-resistance of up to 30% of treated children with CAE and the detection of neuropsychiatric conditions on follow up, along with the adverse effects reported for many of the current antiepileptic drugs, require scientific research to focus on novel treatments. […] A ketogenic diet has been reported as successful in two scientific papers although data are still extremely limited. […] Thus, the initiation and maintenance of the treatment are the result of concomitant efforts of pediatric neurologists, dieticians, families and other caregivers.

• #28 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Although the majority of evidence lies with the abovementioned first-line agents, a few other antiepileptics have demonstrated some degree of efficacy against absence seizures. These agents include acetazolamide, clonazepam, diazepam, felbamate, levetiracetam, topiramate, and zonisamide.14,17 […] […] A recent report described the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of absence seizures.24 IV methylprednisolone was attempted in a 7-year-old patient with absence seizures who failed ethosuximide, sodium valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam, as well as the ketogenic diet.24 The patient showed dramatic improvement after a 5-day course of methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/day; she was maintained on prednisone 2 mg/kg/day twice a week for 6 weeks, and she remained seizure free for 8 months.24 […]

• #29 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal). Some studies show this medicine to be less effective than ethosuximide or valproic acid, but it has fewer side effects. Side effects may include rash and nausea. […] A ketogenic diet can improve seizure control. This diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It’s used only if traditional medicines don’t manage seizures. […] Have your child take medicine as prescribed. Don’t adjust the dose before talking to your child’s healthcare professional. If you feel that your child’s medicine should be changed, talk with your child’s healthcare professional. […] Encourage enough sleep. Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure that your child gets enough rest every night. […] Have your child wear a medical alert bracelet. This will help emergency personnel know how to treat your child correctly if another seizure occurs.

• #30 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  All patients with suspected absence seizures should be examined by a neurologist who has expertise in diagnosing epileptic syndromes. Patients with refractory seizures, especially those with symptomatic epilepsies, may need to be referred to an epileptologist for prolonged EEG video monitoring and medication adjustments. […] A ketogenic or medium-chain triglyceride diet may be tried in patients with medically intractable seizures. Although these diets are difficult to maintain, there is evidence for their effectiveness. Children in whom such diets are being considered should be referred to a center with specialized dietary services. […] Children with absence seizures should be monitored closely during titration or crossover of AEDs. The dose of the medication should be increased weekly until seizures are controlled or adverse effects develop. The aim in therapy is to control seizures completely with the minimum required amount of medication to minimize adverse effects.

• #31 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal). Some studies show this medicine to be less effective than ethosuximide or valproic acid, but it has fewer side effects. Side effects may include rash and nausea. […] A ketogenic diet can improve seizure control. This diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It’s used only if traditional medicines don’t manage seizures. […] Have your child take medicine as prescribed. Don’t adjust the dose before talking to your child’s healthcare professional. If you feel that your child’s medicine should be changed, talk with your child’s healthcare professional. […] Encourage enough sleep. Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure that your child gets enough rest every night. […] Have your child wear a medical alert bracelet. This will help emergency personnel know how to treat your child correctly if another seizure occurs.

• #32 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Roughly 70% of children experiencing absence seizures will see these seizures naturally cease before they reach the age of 18. […] Appropriate medication is the best way to manage absence seizures, but prevention can be considerably enhanced by life-style changes such as exercise, stress reduction, good sleep hygiene, and healthy diet. […] In particular, a therapeutic ketogenic diet can be very beneficial. […] Carbamazepine, vigabatrin, and tiagabine are contraindicated in the treatment of absence seizures, irrespective of cause and severity. […] Similarly, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, gabapentin, and pregabalin should not be used in the treatment of absence seizures because these medications may worsen absence seizures. […] In the treatment of absence seizures there is often insufficient evidence for which of the available medications has the best combination of safety and efficacy for a particular patient.

• #33 Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/4/78

  If the diagnosis of CAE is confirmed, after the failure of two monotherapies, in particular if ETX has been used as a first line or second line monotherapy, it is usual to consider associating two or more antiepileptic drugs, as for other epileptic syndromes. […] Among older antiepileptic drugs, clobazam, clonazepam and acetazolamide have been traditionally used as second-line therapy for CAE or as adjunctive agents. […] Over the past years, several new antiepileptic drugs such as levetiracetam, topiramate and zonisamide have become available for the treatment of resistant CAE, exhibiting a good efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials. […] The pharmaco-resistance of up to 30% of treated children with CAE and the detection of neuropsychiatric conditions on follow up, along with the adverse effects reported for many of the current antiepileptic drugs, require scientific research to focus on novel treatments. […] A ketogenic diet has been reported as successful in two scientific papers although data are still extremely limited. […] Thus, the initiation and maintenance of the treatment are the result of concomitant efforts of pediatric neurologists, dieticians, families and other caregivers.

• #34 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Absence seizures are a common seizure type in children. They can occur as part of several childhood epilepsy syndromes. They make up 10 to 17% of all childhood epilepsies. […] When part of CAE, seizures are usually well controlled with anti-seizure medication. However, some may be more challenging to control. […] Most children with CAE will ultimately reach an age when their absence seizures stop. This is typically by adolescence or adulthood. People with JAE may need to continue treatment into adulthood. […] Once absence seizures are diagnosed, patients are treated with anti-seizure medication. […] There are also alternative treatment options. These can help if a patient has a medication-resistant type of absence epilepsy. Some options include: A ketogenic diet. This is a low-carb, high-fat diet. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Electrical pulses are sent to the vagus nerve.

• #35 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  Although the majority of evidence lies with the abovementioned first-line agents, a few other antiepileptics have demonstrated some degree of efficacy against absence seizures. These agents include acetazolamide, clonazepam, diazepam, felbamate, levetiracetam, topiramate, and zonisamide.14,17 […] […] A recent report described the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of absence seizures.24 IV methylprednisolone was attempted in a 7-year-old patient with absence seizures who failed ethosuximide, sodium valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam, as well as the ketogenic diet.24 The patient showed dramatic improvement after a 5-day course of methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/day; she was maintained on prednisone 2 mg/kg/day twice a week for 6 weeks, and she remained seizure free for 8 months.24 […]

• #36 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Topiramate has also received FDA approval as initial monotherapy for generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children aged 10 years and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Studies have shown these medications to have antiabsence efficacy, but the data are incomplete. […] Some AEDs can aggravate seizures, especially in cryptogenic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Treatment with carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Carbatrol) and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) has been associated with the exacerbation of absence seizures. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is ineffective against absence seizures, and tiagabine (Gabitril) and vigabatrin (Sabril) have been associated with the exacerbation of absence or myoclonic seizures in some patients. […] Women of childbearing age who are taking antiepileptics should be counseled on both the risk of seizures during pregnancy as well as possible teratogenicity of antiepileptics to the fetus. In general, continuation of antiepileptics during pregnancy is recommended for those who need it. Supplementation with folic acid 14 mg/d before conception can be considered in women taking antiseizure medications. Monotherapy as opposed to polytherapy and lowest effective dose should be considered. Levetiracetam and lamotrigine have the lowest reported major congenital malformations.

• #37 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Roughly 70% of children experiencing absence seizures will see these seizures naturally cease before they reach the age of 18. […] Appropriate medication is the best way to manage absence seizures, but prevention can be considerably enhanced by life-style changes such as exercise, stress reduction, good sleep hygiene, and healthy diet. […] In particular, a therapeutic ketogenic diet can be very beneficial. […] Carbamazepine, vigabatrin, and tiagabine are contraindicated in the treatment of absence seizures, irrespective of cause and severity. […] Similarly, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, gabapentin, and pregabalin should not be used in the treatment of absence seizures because these medications may worsen absence seizures. […] In the treatment of absence seizures there is often insufficient evidence for which of the available medications has the best combination of safety and efficacy for a particular patient.

• #38 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  Offer ethosuximide as first-line treatment for absence seizures. […] If first-line treatment is unsuccessful, offer a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment for absence seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as second-line monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence seizures: carbamazepine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Consider a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for absence seizures with other seizure types (or at risk of these). Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #39 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Lamotrigine (Lamictal). Some studies show this medicine to be less effective than ethosuximide or valproic acid, but it has fewer side effects. Side effects may include rash and nausea. […] A ketogenic diet can improve seizure control. This diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It’s used only if traditional medicines don’t manage seizures. […] Have your child take medicine as prescribed. Don’t adjust the dose before talking to your child’s healthcare professional. If you feel that your child’s medicine should be changed, talk with your child’s healthcare professional. […] Encourage enough sleep. Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure that your child gets enough rest every night. […] Have your child wear a medical alert bracelet. This will help emergency personnel know how to treat your child correctly if another seizure occurs.

• #40 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Roughly 70% of children experiencing absence seizures will see these seizures naturally cease before they reach the age of 18. […] Appropriate medication is the best way to manage absence seizures, but prevention can be considerably enhanced by life-style changes such as exercise, stress reduction, good sleep hygiene, and healthy diet. […] In particular, a therapeutic ketogenic diet can be very beneficial. […] Carbamazepine, vigabatrin, and tiagabine are contraindicated in the treatment of absence seizures, irrespective of cause and severity. […] Similarly, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, gabapentin, and pregabalin should not be used in the treatment of absence seizures because these medications may worsen absence seizures. […] In the treatment of absence seizures there is often insufficient evidence for which of the available medications has the best combination of safety and efficacy for a particular patient.

• #41 Absence seizure (petit mal): Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/absence-seizure

  Absence seizures do not always require treatment. However, they can be disruptive to a persons daily routine when they occur frequently. […] A doctor may prescribe medications to treat frequent absence seizures. Common medications for treating absence seizures include: ethosuximide, lamotrigine, valproic acid, divalproex sodium. […] Medication can be effective in preventing absence seizures. Other factors that can help include: getting enough sleep, managing stress, eating a healthful, balanced diet, exercising regularly, if possible. […] There are several medications available that help prevent absence seizures.

• #42

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-019-00325-x

  To discuss approaches to treatment when CAE is resistant to initial medication choices, it may be useful to walk through some scenarios. […] The ketogenic diet has also been used successfully in children with treatment-resistant CAE. […] Reported rates of response to medication in CAE vary, ranging from 60% to 95%, depending on the definition of the CAE population studied, duration of the observation period, and how outcomes were measured. […] Thus, overall, approximately two-thirds to three-quarters of children newly presenting with CAE responded to the first or second treatment.

• #43 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Reported rates of response to medication in CAE vary, ranging from 60% to 95%, depending on the definition of the CAE population studied, duration of the observation period, and how outcomes were measured. […] CAE is often thought of as a benign, self-limited epilepsy, but there are significant cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric comorbidities that must be detected early and addressed separately.

• #44 Absence Seizure Diagnosis and Treatments

  http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-absence-seizure-treatment

  Fortunately, most children — about 70% — outgrow absence seizures by the time they are teenagers, especially if the seizures developed before age 9. Until then, if the problem is severe or interfering with the child’s social or academic growth, anti-seizure drugs, such as valproic acid, ethosuximide (Zarontin), or lamotrigine (Lamictal) can help control symptoms. […] There is no way to prevent absence seizures, because most cases have no known cause.

• #45 Absence Seizures (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/childhood-absence-epilepsy.html

  Doctors treat absence seizures with anti-seizure medicines. For some children, untreated seizures can get worse over time and may affect learning, development, or behavior. Most children can get complete seizure control by taking the medicine. […] About 60% of children outgrow absence seizures in their teens, especially if medicine has worked well to control their seizures. Those who don’t outgrow them might have seizures into adulthood, but medicine can help control these.

• #46 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Reported rates of response to medication in CAE vary, ranging from 60% to 95%, depending on the definition of the CAE population studied, duration of the observation period, and how outcomes were measured. […] CAE is often thought of as a benign, self-limited epilepsy, but there are significant cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric comorbidities that must be detected early and addressed separately.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-019-00325-x

  To discuss approaches to treatment when CAE is resistant to initial medication choices, it may be useful to walk through some scenarios. […] The ketogenic diet has also been used successfully in children with treatment-resistant CAE. […] Reported rates of response to medication in CAE vary, ranging from 60% to 95%, depending on the definition of the CAE population studied, duration of the observation period, and how outcomes were measured. […] Thus, overall, approximately two-thirds to three-quarters of children newly presenting with CAE responded to the first or second treatment.

• #48 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Your doctor will choose the most appropriate medication based on: The specific type of absence epilepsy, The age of the patient, Symptoms, Any associated medical conditions. […] Early recognition of these symptoms is important. So is timely intervention with appropriate therapies. […] Most children with JAE respond well to medication. However, they will need lifelong treatment. This is because the risk of seizure recurrence is high after weaning off medication.

• #49 Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/childhood-absence-epilepsy-cae

  Epilepsy medicines normally work well for children with CAE. Your childs doctor may prescribe one of the following epilepsy medicines: Ethosuximide, Sodium valproate, Lamotrigine or levetiracetam either on their own or in addition to one of the other medicines. […] Other medicines that are used less often for CAE include topiramate and zonisamide. […] Sodium valproate can harm an unborn baby if taken during pregnancy. For this reason, if your child is able to get pregnant, or may do when theyre older, your childs paediatrician will usually suggest an alternative medicine. If they do recommend treatment with sodium valproate, they will discuss the risks and benefits with you and your child first. […] Information about treatments for children can be found on the Medicines for Children website.

• #50 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Topiramate has also received FDA approval as initial monotherapy for generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children aged 10 years and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Studies have shown these medications to have antiabsence efficacy, but the data are incomplete. […] Some AEDs can aggravate seizures, especially in cryptogenic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Treatment with carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Carbatrol) and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) has been associated with the exacerbation of absence seizures. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is ineffective against absence seizures, and tiagabine (Gabitril) and vigabatrin (Sabril) have been associated with the exacerbation of absence or myoclonic seizures in some patients. […] Women of childbearing age who are taking antiepileptics should be counseled on both the risk of seizures during pregnancy as well as possible teratogenicity of antiepileptics to the fetus. In general, continuation of antiepileptics during pregnancy is recommended for those who need it. Supplementation with folic acid 14 mg/d before conception can be considered in women taking antiseizure medications. Monotherapy as opposed to polytherapy and lowest effective dose should be considered. Levetiracetam and lamotrigine have the lowest reported major congenital malformations.

• #51 Absence (Petite Mal) Seizures: Symptoms, Risk, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/absence-petit-mal-seizures

  Absence seizures can be treated with antiseizure medications. Finding the right medication involves trial and error and can take time. Your doctor may start with low doses of antiseizure medications. They may then adjust the dose based on your results. […] Some examples of medications used to treat absence seizures are: ethosuximide (Zarontin), lamotrigine (Lamictal), and valproic acid (Depakene, Stavzor). […] Pregnant people or people who are thinking of becoming pregnant shouldn’t take valproic acid because it increases the risk of developmental issues for the fetus.

• #52 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Topiramate has also received FDA approval as initial monotherapy for generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children aged 10 years and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Studies have shown these medications to have antiabsence efficacy, but the data are incomplete. […] Some AEDs can aggravate seizures, especially in cryptogenic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Treatment with carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Carbatrol) and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) has been associated with the exacerbation of absence seizures. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is ineffective against absence seizures, and tiagabine (Gabitril) and vigabatrin (Sabril) have been associated with the exacerbation of absence or myoclonic seizures in some patients. […] Women of childbearing age who are taking antiepileptics should be counseled on both the risk of seizures during pregnancy as well as possible teratogenicity of antiepileptics to the fetus. In general, continuation of antiepileptics during pregnancy is recommended for those who need it. Supplementation with folic acid 14 mg/d before conception can be considered in women taking antiseizure medications. Monotherapy as opposed to polytherapy and lowest effective dose should be considered. Levetiracetam and lamotrigine have the lowest reported major congenital malformations.

• #53 Absence status epilepticus | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/absence-status-epilepticus

  Absence status epilepticus is a prolonged, generalized absence seizure that usually lasts for hours and can even last for days. […] Medication nonadherence is a common trigger for the occurrence of absence status epilepticus. […] Frequently, absence status epilepticus occurs because of ill-advised antiepileptic drug treatment such as tiagabine, carbamazepine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, or vigabatrin. […] Absence status epilepticus is treated in hospitalized patients with intravenous diazepam, lorazepam, other benzodiazepines, or sodium valproate. […] First-line therapy includes intravenous benzodiazepines and valproate, with additional antiseizure medications such as levetiracetam shown to be effective as well. […] Self-administration of intranasal, buccal, or rectal benzodiazepines by patients or family members who can recognize the onset of absence status epilepticus may terminate the ictal state and prevent an impending GTCS.

• #54 Absence status epilepticus | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/absence-status-epilepticus

  Avoidance of antiseizure medications known to induce or worsen absence seizures may prevent absence status epilepticus. […] Absence status epilepticus does not warrant the same aggressive treatment as convulsive status epilepticus. […] For patients with refractory cases of recurrent absence status epilepticus, surgical management may offer additional therapeutic benefit.

• #55 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Reported rates of response to medication in CAE vary, ranging from 60% to 95%, depending on the definition of the CAE population studied, duration of the observation period, and how outcomes were measured. […] CAE is often thought of as a benign, self-limited epilepsy, but there are significant cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric comorbidities that must be detected early and addressed separately.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-019-00325-x

  Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome with distinct seizure semiology, electroencephalography (EEG) features, and treatment. The treatment of choice for CAE with absence seizures only is ethosuximide. Valproic acid and lamotrigine are also effective treatments for many patients, but when compared to ethosuximide, valproic acid has more adverse effects and lamotrigine is less effective. […] Careful assessment and treatment of psychosocial comorbidities is essential in caring for patients with CAE. […] Ethosuximide, valproate, and lamotrigine each have a role as treatments for childhood absence epilepsy. Care of children with childhood absence epilepsy should go beyond drug treatment and address associated behavioral and psychosocial conditions as well.

• #57 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Be sure to let your provider know if symptoms get worse or if you experience any side effects. A change in drug dose or type may help. […] A team of healthcare specialists may help you manage absence seizures. Your care team may include neurologists, primary care physicians (PCPs), dietitians, mental health professionals. […] Unfortunately, there isnt a way to prevent the onset of absence seizures since the most likely cause is genetics. […] Once they are diagnosed, the best way to prevent them is by following closely with your healthcare provider and taking medications as directed. […] Many children outgrow absence seizures by adolescence. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage this type of seizure. Antiseizure medications are usually successful at reducing symptoms so you can feel fully present.

• #58 Absence Seizures Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/centre-for-neurosciences/conditions-treatments/absence-seizures

  Medication is often prescribed to control seizure activity. Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for monitoring progress and adjusting treatment plans if necessary. […] Support groups or counselling services are available for both individuals with absence seizures and their families. These resources offer emotional support, guidance, and opportunities to connect with others facing similar challenges.

• #59 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  All patients with suspected absence seizures should be examined by a neurologist who has expertise in diagnosing epileptic syndromes. Patients with refractory seizures, especially those with symptomatic epilepsies, may need to be referred to an epileptologist for prolonged EEG video monitoring and medication adjustments. […] A ketogenic or medium-chain triglyceride diet may be tried in patients with medically intractable seizures. Although these diets are difficult to maintain, there is evidence for their effectiveness. Children in whom such diets are being considered should be referred to a center with specialized dietary services. […] Children with absence seizures should be monitored closely during titration or crossover of AEDs. The dose of the medication should be increased weekly until seizures are controlled or adverse effects develop. The aim in therapy is to control seizures completely with the minimum required amount of medication to minimize adverse effects.

• #60 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Be sure to let your provider know if symptoms get worse or if you experience any side effects. A change in drug dose or type may help. […] A team of healthcare specialists may help you manage absence seizures. Your care team may include neurologists, primary care physicians (PCPs), dietitians, mental health professionals. […] Unfortunately, there isnt a way to prevent the onset of absence seizures since the most likely cause is genetics. […] Once they are diagnosed, the best way to prevent them is by following closely with your healthcare provider and taking medications as directed. […] Many children outgrow absence seizures by adolescence. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage this type of seizure. Antiseizure medications are usually successful at reducing symptoms so you can feel fully present.

• #61 Absence Seizures Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/centre-for-neurosciences/conditions-treatments/absence-seizures

  Medication is often prescribed to control seizure activity. Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for monitoring progress and adjusting treatment plans if necessary. […] Support groups or counselling services are available for both individuals with absence seizures and their families. These resources offer emotional support, guidance, and opportunities to connect with others facing similar challenges.

• #62 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  If you have epilepsy you’ll be supported by your GP and a team of specialists. You’ll have check-ups at least once a year. […] The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. […] You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. […] There are different anti-epileptic medicines. The medicine recommended for you depends on the type of seizures and things like your age, sex and any other conditions you have. […] For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: surgery on your brain, putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation), a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet).

• #63 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  The treatment of absence seizures is a growing area of research. While absence epilepsy has not been studied as much as other types of epilepsy, recent findings are beginning to identify optimal first-line therapy. Each patient scenario should be carefully evaluated to determine the most appropriate first-line medication selection. Current data suggest that ethosuximide and valproic acid should be considered first-line agents because of their enhanced efficacy, with ethosuximides enhanced safety profile making it the preferred agent when no other seizure disorders are present.

• #64 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  The treatment of absence seizures is a growing area of research. While absence epilepsy has not been studied as much as other types of epilepsy, recent findings are beginning to identify optimal first-line therapy. Each patient scenario should be carefully evaluated to determine the most appropriate first-line medication selection. Current data suggest that ethosuximide and valproic acid should be considered first-line agents because of their enhanced efficacy, with ethosuximides enhanced safety profile making it the preferred agent when no other seizure disorders are present.

• #65 A new approach to the treatment of absence seizures | Epilepsy Research Institute

  https://epilepsy-institute.org.uk/eri/research/research-portfolio/a-new-approach-to-the-treatment-of-absence-seizures/

  A new approach to the treatment of absence seizures […] Professor Vincenzo Crunelli and colleagues, at the University of Cardiff, have recently been awarded £149,827, over 36 months, to carry out a project entitled ‘Serotonergic modulation of absence seizures: focus on tonic GABA inhibition in the thalamus’, in which they will further explore the role of the thalamus in AS. […] In principle, it should be possible to target and block GABA A inhibition with drugs and prevent seizures from occurring; however existing therapies would not be selective enough and would also disrupt the ‘normal’ GABA inhibition. […] If successful, this could potentially lead to the development of more effective anti-absence drugs in the future.

• #66 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Childhood Absence Epilepsy – CURE Epilepsy

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/treatment-talks/diagnosis-treatment-and-prognosis-of-childhood-absence-epilepsy/

  This Treatment Talk discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of childhood absence epilepsy. […] Viewers will learn about absence epilepsy, including how it is diagnosed, current treatments available for childhood absence epilepsy, the prognosis for those diagnosed with childhood absence epilepsy, and some of the current research that is occurring in the field. […] UCBs EXPAND study is one clinical trial currently available for childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy.

• #67

  https://healthmatch.io/epilepsy/absence-seizure-medication

  Research shows zonisamide has a low incidence of side effects and may help treat typical absence seizures. […] In around 30% of children with absence epilepsy, the condition is resistant to medication. In those cases, doctors may recommend alternative treatment protocols to reduce the impact of their condition. […] Surgery is one potential treatment avenue for people who are not responding to medication. […] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been receiving more attention in recent years for the treatment or alleviation of symptoms associated with a variety of conditions. […] A ketogenic diet has been successfully used for treatment-resistant cases of absence epilepsy in children. […] Early intervention and treatment are essential to ensure the condition doesnt drastically affect the childs life and schooling, so speak with a doctor if you suspect your child has absence epilepsy. […] Doctors treat absence seizures with antiepileptic medications, but rarely, medications are ineffective, and more invasive interventions are needed.

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