Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Absence Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499867/

  Absence seizures are classified as a type of generalized onset nonmotor seizure with clinical symptoms, including unresponsiveness and staring spells. […] Absence epilepsy is an electroclinical diagnosis (clinical presentation and EEG findings). […] The clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for absence seizures are reviewed. […] Participants will gain insights into the latest evidence-based management strategies, including pharmacological interventions and nonpharmacological approaches, tailored to effectively control absence seizures. […] EEG is the main diagnostic tool for the evaluation of absence epilepsy. […] In the case of childhood absence seizures, EEG shows bilaterally synchronous and symmetrical 3-Hz spike and wave discharges that start and end abruptly.

• #1 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Absence seizures are short seizures that happen without warning and usually last for a few seconds. […] Absence seizures are often mistaken for daydreaming or a lack of attention. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose an absence seizure after a physical exam and testing. […] Testing may include: Hyperventilation test: Hyperventilating can trigger an absence seizure. A healthcare provider may ask you or your child to blow on paper or a pinwheel repeatedly for two minutes. […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) test: During this test, sensors placed on your scalp monitor your brains electrical activity. Absence seizures are diagnosed by a particular type of brain wave pattern. […] Its common for people who arent aware that youre having an absence seizure to mistake it as misbehavior or daydreaming. For many people, this misidentification may cause a delay in a diagnosis.

• #1 Absence seizures – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/115

  Typical absence seizure: behavioral arrest or staring, lasting 5 to 10 seconds, interrupting otherwise normal activity. Can be hyperventilation-induced. […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the definitive test. Determining the exact nature of the seizure is key to the appropriate treatment and prognosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include family history of childhood seizures, staring episode lasting 5 to 10 seconds, several times per day with no aura/postictal state, childhood onset, normal physical exam, and hyperventilation-induced seizure. […] 1st tests to order include EEG. […] Atypical absence seizures have a less distinct beginning and end and are not usually precipitated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation, and the EEG shows generalized slow (2.5 Hz) spike-and-wave with a diffusely slow background.

• #1 Seizure Disorder, Absence | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688755/all/Seizure_Disorder_Absence?q=Headache

  A type of generalized nonmotor seizure characterized by a brief lapse of awareness; classified by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). […] Typical has an abrupt onset and offset of behavioral arrest, loss of awareness, and blank staring, sometimes with eyelid movements, eye-opening, or oral automatisms (e.g., lip smacking). […] Atypical has a less abrupt onset and offset and often associated with loss of muscle tone or subtle myoclonic jerks. […] Myoclonic has an abrupt onset and offset of staring and loss of awareness with continuous rhythmic jerks of shoulders, arms, legs, head, or perioral muscles. […] Eyelid myoclonia has an abrupt onset and offset of repetitive, rhythmic jerks of the eyelids with simultaneous upward deviation of the eyeballs and extension of the head.

• #1 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Absence seizures are a common seizure type in children. They can occur as part of several childhood epilepsy syndromes. They make up 10 to 17% of all childhood epilepsies. […] Absence seizures are characterized by a brief lapse in awareness. There is no obvious shaking or jerking of the body. However, there may be subtle rhythmic movement of the eyebrows, head, or mouth. […] Seizures are generally brief. On average, they last less than ten to fifteen seconds. They start and end abruptly. Seizures tend to occur multiple times in a day. […] Sometimes, absence seizures are confused with focal seizures. The two conditions have similar features. For example, they both involve: Staring, Unresponsiveness to stimulation, Loss of awareness. […] The two most common types of absence epilepsy are: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE).

• #1 Diagnosis and treatment of absence seizures | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/51/2/283

  Absence seizures are characterized by a brief, blank stare. Such seizures occur suddenly, without an aura, and likewise end suddenly, without mental confusion. They may be associated with mild clonic movements, an increase or decrease in postural tone, or automatisms. The ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) reveals generalized spike-and-wave discharges, usually at 3 Hz, though the interictal EEG is usually normal. Seizures usually begin between five and 15 years of age and usually subside with adulthood. Half the patients have a history of one or more generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which may precede or follow the onset of absence seizures. One third have a family history of seizures. Ethosuximide is the preferred treatment in individuals who have absence seizures alone, while valproic acid is preferred for those with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Once the dose is adjusted to provide an effective trough drug level, nearly all seizures can be completely (or at least satisfactorily) controlled.

• #1 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time during the appointment. For absence seizure, some basic questions to ask include: What tests are needed? Do these tests require special preparation? […] Your child’s healthcare professional is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: What tests are needed?

• #1 Absence Seizure Diagnosis and Treatments

  http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-absence-seizure-treatment

  If a seizure condition such as absence seizures is suspected, the doctor will begin by taking a thorough medical history, including information on any birth trauma, serious head injury, or infections of the brain such as encephalitis or meningitis. […] Brain function can be „viewed” with an electroencephalograph, or EEG, which detects the electrochemical relay of information from brain cell to brain cell. EEGs will show characteristic, abnormal patterns during different types of seizures, including very specific findings in absence seizures. In addition, X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs of the head can help rule out specific causes of seizures.

• #1 Absence seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734

  EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] Tests may include: […] Electroencephalography (EEG). This painless procedure measures waves of electrical activity in the brain. Brain waves are transmitted to the EEG machine via small metal plates called electrodes that are attached to the scalp with paste or an elastic cap. Rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation, during an EEG study can trigger an absence seizure. During a seizure, the pattern on the EEG differs from the typical pattern. […] Brain scans. Brain-imaging methods such as MRI can help rule out other conditions, such as a stroke or a brain tumor. Brain scans produce detailed images of the brain. Because your child needs to hold still for long periods, talk with your healthcare professional about the possible use of sedation.

• #1 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Absence seizures are a type of generalized non-motor seizures. They were first described by Poupart in 1705, and later by Tissot in 1770, who used the term petit access. In 1824, Calmeil used the term absence. In 1935, Gibbs, Davis, and Lennox described the association of impaired consciousness and 3-Hz spike-and-slow-wave complexes on electroencephalograms (EEGs). […] Absence seizures occur in idiopathic and symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Among the idiopathic generalized epilepsies, absence seizures are seen in childhood absence epilepsy (pyknolepsy), juvenile absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The seizures in these conditions are called typical absence seizures and are usually associated with generalized 3-4 Hz spike-and-slow-wave complexes on EEG. […] In childhood absence epilepsy, seizures are frequent and brief, lasting just a few seconds (pyknoleptic). Some children can have many such seizures per day. In other epilepsies, particularly those with an older age of onset, the seizures can last several seconds to minutes and may occur only a few times a day; these are called nonpyknoleptic or spanioleptic absence seizures.

• #1 Orphanet: Childhood absence epilepsy

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/64280

  Diagnosis relies on clinical and electroencephalographic features: typical seizure semiology associated with paroxysmal rhythmic 3-Hz (range 2.5-4 Hz) generalized spike-wave discharges (GSWD) with abrupt onset and offset and duration of 3-20s, appearing on a normal background EEG activity. […] In typical CAE no genetic tests should be required. Genetic testing (e.g. SLC2A1 testing, chromosomal microarray) should be considered for the differential diagnosis if there are atypical features such as significant learning disorders, intellectual disability, microcephaly, movement disorders, drug resistance, and/or if absence seizures begin before 4 years of age.

• #1 Absence Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499867/

  Atypical absence seizures show a more insidious onset and offset, slower spike and wave paroxysms (slower than 3 Hz), and an abnormal interictal background. […] In patients with a new diagnosis of absence seizures, brain imaging is indicated to assess for structural abnormalities. […] The first-line treatment for absence epilepsy is ethosuximide. […] Other medications that can be used to manage CAE include valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate. […] Second-line medications that can be used as adjunct therapy include zonisamide and levetiracetam. […] When patients present with staring spells, clinicians should explain to caregivers that the differential diagnosis includes seizures, but they should avoid giving a specific diagnosis of absence seizures before an EEG evaluation is completed.

• #1 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  In the cryptogenic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies, absence seizures are often associated with slow spike-wave complexes of 1.5-2.5 Hz; these are also called sharp-and-slow-wave complexes. These seizures may be associated with loss of axial tone and head nodding; a fall may occur. Increased tone, autonomic features, and automatisms may also be seen. Absence seizures associated with slow spike-wave complexes are called atypical absence seizures. […] The classification of absence seizures has been simplified as follows: Typical absence, Atypical absence, Myoclonic absence, Eyelid myoclonia. […] The only diagnostic test for absence seizures is the EEG. Background activity is normal. In syndromes with frequent absence seizures, such as childhood absence epilepsy, a routine awake recording is often pathognomonic. Bursts of frontally predominant, generalized 3-Hz spike-and-wave complexes are seen during the seizures. In syndromes with less frequent absence seizures (juvenile absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy), an awake recording may be normal; a sleep or sleep-deprived recording may be needed.

• #1 TYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-typical-eeg.html

  Generalized spike-wave is mandatory. Regular 3Hz generalized spike-wave occurs with typical absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. […] In absence seizures beginning in adolescence, faster irregular 3-5.5Hz generalized spike-wave and polyspike-wave occurs. […] CAUTION Slow spike-wave (2.5Hz) right arrow consider atypical absence seizures.

• #1 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome with distinct seizure semiology, electroencephalography (EEG) features, and treatment. A diagnosis of CAE can be obtained during an office visit with a careful history, physical exam including prolonged hyperventilation, and a routine EEG. […] CAE can be diagnosed during an outpatient clinic visit with a careful history, physical exam including hyperventilation, and a routine EEG. […] An essential component of the physical exam of a child with suspected absence seizures is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation provokes the occurrence of absence seizures; asking a child to blow on a pinwheel or a strip of paper for 2-3 min during a clinic visit is a simple way to elicit an absence seizure. A routine EEG, which includes hyperventilation, will confirm a clinically suspected diagnosis in an untreated patient.

• #1 Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/childhood-absence-epilepsy-cae

  Your child should see a specialist doctor called a paediatrician for an assessment. The paediatrician may recommend a test called an EEG (electroencephalogram) to help confirm a diagnosis. An EEG records the electrical activity in the brain. If your child has CAE, it will pick up abnormal electrical activity when theyre having a seizure. The abnormal activity is called spike and wave activity. […] Your childs doctor may ask them to overbreathe (hyperventilate) for a few minutes when they carry out the EEG. This means breathing in and out very deeply or very quickly. Hyperventilation will trigger an absence seizure in nearly all children who have CAE. This can be an important part of making a diagnosis. […] You dont usually need further tests to diagnose CAE. But if treatment doesnt control your childs seizures or the diagnosis is uncertain, your doctor may recommend some additional tests. These may include an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) brain scan or genetic tests.

• #1 Absence Seizures | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/absence-seizures

  Absence seizures are a type of epilepsy. This is a condition that causes seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal brain activity. […] Not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Often a diagnosis of epilepsy can be made after two or more seizures by a neurologist. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test most often used to diagnose absence seizures. This test records the brains electrical activity. It spots any problems that might mean an absence seizure. […] These tests also can help to diagnose absence seizures or rule out other conditions: Blood tests, Kidney and liver tests, CT or MRI scans, Spinal tap to test the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Absence seizures are easy to miss. But tests and an assessment of symptoms can diagnose them. […] Healthcare providers can usually help find the right mix of medicines and lifestyle changes to manage absence seizures.

• #1 New Onset Absence Seizures in Adults – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/new-onset-absence-seizures-in-adults.html

  Absence seizures, or petit mal seizures, are a type of epilepsy. […] How are absence seizures diagnosed? Your healthcare provider will ask about your health conditions and what medicines you take. […] An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain. It is used to find changes in the normal patterns of brain activity. […] CT or MRI pictures may be used if absence seizures continue even with treatment. […] Tests such as an EEG may be useful in helping you and your provider make medicine decisions.

• #1 Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/absence-seizures-petit-mal-seizures-a-to-z

  The doctor will do a thorough physical exam. This will include a complete neurologic examination of your child. […] Routine blood tests may follow. These will check for common medical illnesses that either can mimic epilepsy or trigger seizures. In most cases, the results of your child’s physical exam and blood tests will be normal. […] Prolonged seizures In some cases, your child’s doctor may be concerned that the absence seizures are related to a structural abnormality as well as electrical abnormality of the brain. The doctor may order a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test or a computed tomography (CT) scan of your child’s brain. Reasons for doing an imaging test include: […] The outlook is very good. Most children with absence epilepsy eventually outgrow the condition without complications. With proper treatment, the child can have a normal life at school and at home.

• #1 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Diagnosis of Seizure Disorders […] Clinical evaluation […] For new-onset seizures, neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and usually EEG […] For known seizure disorders, usually antiseizure medication levels […] For new-onset or known seizure disorders, other testing as clinically indicated […] Evaluation must determine whether the event was a seizure versus another cause of obtundation (eg, a pseudoseizure, syncope), then identify possible causes or precipitants. Patients with new-onset seizures are evaluated in an emergency department; they can sometimes be discharged after thorough evaluation. Those with a known seizure disorder may be evaluated in a physicians office. […] History […] Patients who have had a seizure should be asked about unusual sensations, suggesting an aura and thus a seizure, and about typical seizure manifestations. Patients typically do not remember generalized-onset seizures, so a description of the seizure itself must be obtained from witnesses.

• #1 Absence Seizures in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0115/p114.html

  There is consensus that valproate is beneficial in childhood absence seizures, although we do not know this for sure. We do not know how effective valproate and ethosuximide are, compared with each other, at reducing seizure rate in children with absence seizures. […] The differentiation into typical vs. atypical seizures is important, as the natural history and response to treatment vary between the two groups. […] Typical absence seizures display a characteristic EEG showing regular symmetrical generalized spike and wave complexes with a frequency of 3 Hz, and usually occur in children with normal development and intelligence. […] Typical absence seizures should not be confused with atypical absence seizures, which differ markedly in EEG findings and ictal behavior, and are usually present with other seizure types in a child with a background of learning disability and severe epilepsy.

• #1 Non-epileptic seizures and functional seizures | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/what-epilepsy/non-epileptic-functional-dissociative-seizures

  Non-epileptic seizures (NES) or functional (sometimes called dissociative) seizures may look similar to epileptic seizures but they are not caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Up to 30% of adults diagnosed with epilepsy who are then assessed at specialist epilepsy centres are found to have NES. […] Functional seizures can happen as a cut-off mechanism to prevent bad memories being relived. […] Finding the original event that caused the dissociative seizures to start might help to find a way to treat the seizures. […] Functional seizures are often caused by traumatic events such as major accidents, severe emotional upset, psychological stress, difficult relationships, physical or sexual abuse, or being bullied. […] Functional seizures can be difficult to diagnose because they can appear similar to epileptic seizures.

• #1 Difficulties in diagnosing absence seizures in adults | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-difficulties-in-diagnosing-absence-seizures-S2173580818300579

  Difficulties in diagnosing absence seizures in adults […] In clinical practice, one-third of focal seizures with cognitive alterations are not controlled by antiepileptic drugs, with misdiagnosis remaining common. For this reason, video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is invaluable in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of epilepsy. […] The patient was treated with various antiepileptic drugs, both in monotherapy and in combination therapy. […] The patient’s diagnosis was reconsidered due to the exacerbation caused by the latter 2 drugs, and a video EEG was performed, successfully recording a seizure. […] Given the new information provided by the family and the video EEG results, the patient was diagnosed with juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) and started with zonisamide and levetiracetam, which reduced seizure frequency to one per month.

• #1 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/types

  Absence seizures (formerly called petit mal seizures) are very brief and do not cause the person to fall or have significant shaking movements. […] Typical absence seizures involve a sudden cessation of movement, with staring and sometimes with blinking. Sometimes a mild loss of muscle tone occurs, causing the person to lean forward or backward slightly. […] These seizures usually last only 3 to 10 seconds, and there is no confusion before or after the seizure.

• #1 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Typical absence seizures have generalized 3-Hz spike-and-wave complexes. The spike frequency is often faster at the onset, with a slight deceleration at the end. They can range from 2.5-6 Hz, with the faster frequencies seen in syndromes with older age of onset. […] Atypical absence seizures are characterized by slow spike-and-wave paroxysms, classically 2.5 Hz. The onset may be difficult to discern, and postictal EEG slowing may be noted. Background activity is often abnormal, reflecting the diffuse or multifocal underlying encephalopathy of symptomatic generalized epilepsy. […] All patients with suspected absence seizures should be examined by a neurologist who has expertise in diagnosing epileptic syndromes. Patients with refractory seizures, especially those with symptomatic epilepsies, may need to be referred to an epileptologist for prolonged EEG video monitoring and medication adjustments.

• #1 Absence seizures – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/115

  Typical absence seizure: behavioural arrest or staring, lasting 5 to 10 seconds, interrupting otherwise normal activity. Can be hyperventilation-induced. […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the definitive test. Determining the exact nature of the seizure is key to the appropriate treatment and prognosis. […] 1st investigations to order: EEG. […] Investigations to consider: MRI brain, testing for metabolic disorders (e.g., serum amino acids, urine organic acids, lactate pyruvate or specific enzymatic tests), cerebrospinal fluid and serum glucose. […] Emerging tests: gene testing.

• #1 Absence Seizures | Kettering Health

  https://ketteringhealth.org/conditions/absence-seizures/

  Absence seizures are a type of epilepsy. This is a condition that causes seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal brain activity. […] Absence seizures may be confused with other types of seizures. Doctors will pay close attention to your symptoms to make the right diagnosis. This is important for effective and safe treatment of your seizures. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test most often used to diagnose absence seizures. This test records the brain’s electrical activity. It spots any problems that might mean an absence seizure. […] These tests also can help to diagnose absence seizures or rule out other conditions: Blood tests, Tests of the kidneys and liver, CT or MRI scans, Spinal tap to test the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Absence seizures are easy to miss, but tests and an assessment of symptoms can diagnose them. […] Healthcare providers can usually help find the right mix of medicines and lifestyle changes to manage absence seizures.

• #1 TYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-typical-overview.html

  Atypical absence seizure is a generalized seizure with abrupt onset and offset of altered awareness which can vary in severity (see specific syndromes). […] Absence seizures were previously known as 'petit mal’ seizures. […] CAUTION Individual absence seizure longer than 45 seconds or with a post-ictal phase right arrow consider focal seizure. […] CAUTION Onset of absence seizures 4 years right arrow consider glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome.

• #1 Seizure Disorder, Absence | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688755/all/Seizure_Disorder__Absence

  Absences are triggered in the cortico-thalamo-cortical system when -aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated activity induces prolonged hyperpolarization and activates T-type (low threshold) calcium channels, resulting in sustained-burst firing of these neurons, causing absence seizures. […] 75% concordance occurs in monozygotic twins; 84% share EEG features (2). […] 1544% of patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) have a family history of epilepsy. […] Mutations of GABA-A/B receptors involved in spike wave discharges […] Mutations in calcium channels (CACNA1 A, CACNA1 H, CACNA1 I, CACNG3) thalamocortical dysrhythmia […] Mutations of SLC21A, which encodes GLUT1 associated with a worse prognosis. […] Lack of medication compliance […] Lack of sleep […] Alcohol use […] Medications that lower seizure threshold […] Hyperventilation. […] Difficulties in visual attention and visuospatial skills, verbal learning and memory, fine motor skills, executive functions, reduced language abilities, ADHD, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and low esteem.

• #1 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Inpatient combined video-EEG monitoring, usually for 2 to 7 days, records EEG activity and clinical behavior simultaneously. It is the most sensitive EEG testing available and is thus useful in differentiating epileptic from nonepileptic seizures. […] Ambulatory EEG can be done while patients are at home. It may be useful if seizures recur in patients who cannot be admitted to the hospital for a long time. […] If surgical resection of areas of epileptic foci is being considered, advanced imaging tests to identify such areas are available in epilepsy centers: […] Functional MRI can identify functioning cortex and guide surgical resection. […] If EEG and MRI do not clearly identify the epileptic focus, magnetoencephalography with EEG (called magnetic source imaging) may localize the lesion, avoiding the need for invasive intraoperative mapping procedures.

• #1 Absence Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/absence-seizures/

  In an absence seizure, epileptic activity occurs throughout the entire brain. It is a milder type of activity that causes unconsciousness without convulsions. After the seizure, the person has no memory of it. […] Absence seizures are very mild and subtle, making it easy for parents and teachers to overlook them. Often, absence seizures are usually not diagnosed until many have occurred. The seizures are likely to continue until the person is treated with medication. […] A child who experiences them may have difficulty learning if absence seizures are not recognized and treated. […] Generally, absence seizures are the most tolerated socially as the seizures are brief and involve little physical change. Absence seizures usually respond well to the following possible treatments: acetazolamide, clonazepam, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, or valproic acid (for children prone to tonic-clonic seizures).

• #1 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Episodes of absence seizures can often be mistaken for inattentiveness when misdiagnosed, and can occur 50-100 times a day. They can be so difficult to detect that some people may go months or years before being given a proper diagnosis. The majority of children experiencing typical absence seizures have an overall normal health condition. However, these absence seizures can disrupt the learning process and hinder concentration in a school environment. This underscores the crucial significance of treatment. […] Absence seizures have two essential components: Clinical the impairment of consciousness (absence) and EEG the EEG shows generalized spike-and-slow wave discharges. […] Absence seizures are broadly divided into typical and atypical types. Typical absence seizures usually occur in the context of idiopathic generalized epilepsies and an EEG shows fast 2.5 Hz generalized spike-wave discharges. The prefix „typical” is to differentiate them from atypical absences rather than to characterize them as „classical” or characteristic of any particular syndrome.

• #1 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Syncope mimicking seizure (eg, with myoclonic jerks): ECG may detect unsuspected cardiac arrhythmias. […] Neuroimaging (typically head CT, but sometimes MRI) is usually done immediately to exclude a mass or hemorrhage. CT can be deferred and possibly avoided in children with typical febrile seizures whose neurologic status rapidly returns to normal. […] Follow-up MRI is recommended when CT is negative. It provides better resolution of brain tumors and abscesses and can detect cortical dysplasias, cerebral venous thrombosis, and herpes encephalitis. An epilepsy-protocol MRI of the head uses high-resolution coronal T1 and T2 sequences, which can detect hippocampal atrophy or sclerosis. MRI can detect some common causes of seizures, such as malformations of cortical development in young children and mesial temporal sclerosis, traumatic gliosis, and small tumors in adults.

• #1 Difficulties in diagnosing absence seizures in adults | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-difficulties-in-diagnosing-absence-seizures-S2173580818300579

  EEG typically reveals generalised, synchronous, symmetrical, 3.5-Hz spike-and-wave discharge, coinciding with an altered level of consciousness, usually lasting 5-20seconds. […] Interictal EEG readings are usually normal and seizures are often triggered by hyperventilation; video EEG is usually the diagnostic test of choice. […] This case demonstrates the potential difficulty involved in differentiating complex partial seizures from absence seizures in adult patients. […] It was this exacerbation that led us to reassess the diagnosis and therapeutic approach, confirming the new diagnosis with video EEG. […] The main differential diagnosis to be taken into account is mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, which is clinically characterised by prodromes, complex automatism, and postictal confusion; the latter symptom is not usually present in adult and/or juvenile absence seizures. […] JAE is distinguished from Jeavons syndrome by the fact that the latter is a form of reflex epilepsy characterised by palpebral myoclonus, which may or may not be associated with absence seizure.

• #1 Absence Seizures: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/absence-seizures-1204519

  Absence seizures are usually first noticed in children between the ages of 4 and 8, but they can also begin during early adolescence. Parents, teachers, coaches and other adults who are familiar with childhood behavior and habits may recognize the episodes as seizures, rather than just simple „boredom.” A medical evaluation can help confirm the diagnosis so that treatment can be initiated. […] Often, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed to identify whether there is a lesion in the brain that could be causing the episodes. A temporal lobe lesion, for example, can cause temporal lobe seizures, which may also manifest with repetitive movements and be mistaken for absence seizures. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) will show a symmetrical 3 Hz spike and wave pattern. This is described as generalized seizure activity because it involves both sides of the brain, in contrast to focal seizure activity, which involves only one region. […] Often, the abnormalities on EEG can be elicited by hyperventilation, so your child may be asked to breathe rapidly during the EEG so that the pattern can emerge.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/aoam/fulltext/2011/10020/absence_seizure_in_the_elderly.21.aspx

  Absence seizure is most common in children. It commonly occurs between 5 and 18 years of age; it is not common before the age of 2 years or after adolescence and it is relatively rare in adults over the age of 50. […] Absence seizure is a poorly understood and often misdiagnosed condition. It is a seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. […] Absence status epilepticus absence seizure (AS) is a prolonged, generalized, and nonconvulsive seizure characterized by more or less severe impairment of consciousness, at times associated with other clinical manifestations such as automatisms or subtle myoclonic, tonic, atonic, or autonomic phenomena. […] We report the case history of a patient from our Neurology Clinic to support the view that absence seizure may occur in the elderly.

• #1 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Antiseizure medications treat absence seizures. Your healthcare provider will review your symptoms and make a medication recommendation specific to your needs. […] If medications and lifestyle changes arent successful at treating symptoms, a healthcare provider may consider surgery. […] A healthcare provider may recommend one of the following medications to treat absence seizures: Ethosuximide (Zarontin). […] A team of healthcare specialists may help you manage absence seizures. Your care team may include: Neurologists. […] Unfortunately, there isnt a way to prevent the onset of absence seizures since the most likely cause is genetics. […] Even though theyre short, absence seizures can be very distracting. […] Visit a healthcare provider if you experience symptoms of an absence seizure.

• #1 Absence seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20359683

  While most children outgrow absence seizures, some must take antiseizure medicines throughout life. […] Other complications can include trouble with learning. […] Trouble with behavior. […] Social isolation. […] Injury during the seizure. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging. […] EEG (electroencephalogram). […] MRI.

• #1 Absence (Petite Mal) Seizures: Symptoms, Risk, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/absence-petit-mal-seizures

  While absence seizures occur in the brain, they dont cause brain damage. Absence seizures wont have any effect on intelligence in most children. Some children may experience learning difficulties because of their lapses in consciousness. […] About 57-74% of children outgrow absence seizures by adolescence. Taking antiseizure medication can usually help to control seizures and avoid social or academic difficulties.

• #1 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Once absence seizures are diagnosed, patients are treated with anti-seizure medication. […] Children with absence seizures often have increased risk of: Attention problems, Low self-esteem, Depression, Social isolation. […] Early recognition of these symptoms is important. So is timely intervention with appropriate therapies. […] Most often, seizures are well controlled. Children with CAE do not require lifelong treatment. Studies have shown that 57 to 74% of patients become seizure-free when they are older. […] Some patients continue to have absence seizures that are resistant to medication. Up to 40% of them are at risk of developing generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

• #1 Absence Seizures in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0115/p114.html

  About 10% of seizures in children with epilepsy are typical absence seizures. Annual incidence has been estimated at 0.7 to 4.6 per 100,000 persons in the general population, and six to eight per 100,000 in children zero to 15 years of age. […] The cause of childhood absence epilepsy is presumed to be genetic. Seizures can be triggered by hyperventilation in susceptible children. […] In childhood absence epilepsy, in which typical absence seizures are the only type of seizures affecting the child, seizures generally cease spontaneously by 12 years of age or sooner. Less than 10% of children develop infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and it is rare for them to continue having absence seizures.

• #1 Absence Seizure | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28842

  In the case of absence status, EEG shows continuous or nearly continuous generalized spike and wave or polyspike and wave discharges at 2 to 4 Hz. […] The first-line treatment for absence epilepsy is ethosuximide. […] Other medications that can be used to manage CAE include valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate. […] The differential diagnosis for staring spells includes absence epilepsy, focal seizures with alteration of awareness, and nonepileptic paroxysmal events. […] Most staring spells are nonepileptic in nature. When patients present with staring spells, clinicians should explain to caregivers that the differential diagnosis includes seizures, but they should avoid giving a specific diagnosis of absence seizures before an EEG evaluation is completed.

• #2 Absence Seizure: What It Is, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22194-absence-seizures

  Absence seizures are short seizures that happen without warning and usually last for a few seconds. […] Absence seizures are often mistaken for daydreaming or a lack of attention. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose an absence seizure after a physical exam and testing. […] Testing may include: Hyperventilation test: Hyperventilating can trigger an absence seizure. A healthcare provider may ask you or your child to blow on paper or a pinwheel repeatedly for two minutes. […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) test: During this test, sensors placed on your scalp monitor your brains electrical activity. Absence seizures are diagnosed by a particular type of brain wave pattern. […] Its common for people who arent aware that youre having an absence seizure to mistake it as misbehavior or daydreaming. For many people, this misidentification may cause a delay in a diagnosis.

• #2 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Absence seizures are a common seizure type in children. They can occur as part of several childhood epilepsy syndromes. They make up 10 to 17% of all childhood epilepsies. […] Absence seizures are characterized by a brief lapse in awareness. There is no obvious shaking or jerking of the body. However, there may be subtle rhythmic movement of the eyebrows, head, or mouth. […] Seizures are generally brief. On average, they last less than ten to fifteen seconds. They start and end abruptly. Seizures tend to occur multiple times in a day. […] Sometimes, absence seizures are confused with focal seizures. The two conditions have similar features. For example, they both involve: Staring, Unresponsiveness to stimulation, Loss of awareness. […] The two most common types of absence epilepsy are: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE).

• #2 Absence Seizure Diagnosis and Treatments

  http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-absence-seizure-treatment

  If a seizure condition such as absence seizures is suspected, the doctor will begin by taking a thorough medical history, including information on any birth trauma, serious head injury, or infections of the brain such as encephalitis or meningitis. […] Brain function can be „viewed” with an electroencephalograph, or EEG, which detects the electrochemical relay of information from brain cell to brain cell. EEGs will show characteristic, abnormal patterns during different types of seizures, including very specific findings in absence seizures. In addition, X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs of the head can help rule out specific causes of seizures.

• #2 Absence seizures – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/115

  Typical absence seizure: behavioral arrest or staring, lasting 5 to 10 seconds, interrupting otherwise normal activity. Can be hyperventilation-induced. […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the definitive test. Determining the exact nature of the seizure is key to the appropriate treatment and prognosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include family history of childhood seizures, staring episode lasting 5 to 10 seconds, several times per day with no aura/postictal state, childhood onset, normal physical exam, and hyperventilation-induced seizure. […] 1st tests to order include EEG. […] Atypical absence seizures have a less distinct beginning and end and are not usually precipitated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation, and the EEG shows generalized slow (2.5 Hz) spike-and-wave with a diffusely slow background.

• #2 TYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-typical-eeg.html

  Generalized spike-wave is mandatory. Regular 3Hz generalized spike-wave occurs with typical absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. […] In absence seizures beginning in adolescence, faster irregular 3-5.5Hz generalized spike-wave and polyspike-wave occurs. […] CAUTION Slow spike-wave (2.5Hz) right arrow consider atypical absence seizures.

• #2 Absence Seizures: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview

  Absence seizures are a type of generalized non-motor seizures. They were first described by Poupart in 1705, and later by Tissot in 1770, who used the term petit access. In 1824, Calmeil used the term absence. In 1935, Gibbs, Davis, and Lennox described the association of impaired consciousness and 3-Hz spike-and-slow-wave complexes on electroencephalograms (EEGs). […] Absence seizures occur in idiopathic and symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Among the idiopathic generalized epilepsies, absence seizures are seen in childhood absence epilepsy (pyknolepsy), juvenile absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The seizures in these conditions are called typical absence seizures and are usually associated with generalized 3-4 Hz spike-and-slow-wave complexes on EEG. […] In childhood absence epilepsy, seizures are frequent and brief, lasting just a few seconds (pyknoleptic). Some children can have many such seizures per day. In other epilepsies, particularly those with an older age of onset, the seizures can last several seconds to minutes and may occur only a few times a day; these are called nonpyknoleptic or spanioleptic absence seizures.

• #2 Difficulties in diagnosing absence seizures in adults | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-difficulties-in-diagnosing-absence-seizures-S2173580818300579

  EEG typically reveals generalised, synchronous, symmetrical, 3.5-Hz spike-and-wave discharge, coinciding with an altered level of consciousness, usually lasting 5-20seconds. […] Interictal EEG readings are usually normal and seizures are often triggered by hyperventilation; video EEG is usually the diagnostic test of choice. […] This case demonstrates the potential difficulty involved in differentiating complex partial seizures from absence seizures in adult patients. […] It was this exacerbation that led us to reassess the diagnosis and therapeutic approach, confirming the new diagnosis with video EEG. […] The main differential diagnosis to be taken into account is mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, which is clinically characterised by prodromes, complex automatism, and postictal confusion; the latter symptom is not usually present in adult and/or juvenile absence seizures. […] JAE is distinguished from Jeavons syndrome by the fact that the latter is a form of reflex epilepsy characterised by palpebral myoclonus, which may or may not be associated with absence seizure.

• #2 A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394437/

  Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome with distinct seizure semiology, electroencephalography (EEG) features, and treatment. A diagnosis of CAE can be obtained during an office visit with a careful history, physical exam including prolonged hyperventilation, and a routine EEG. […] CAE can be diagnosed during an outpatient clinic visit with a careful history, physical exam including hyperventilation, and a routine EEG. […] An essential component of the physical exam of a child with suspected absence seizures is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation provokes the occurrence of absence seizures; asking a child to blow on a pinwheel or a strip of paper for 2-3 min during a clinic visit is a simple way to elicit an absence seizure. A routine EEG, which includes hyperventilation, will confirm a clinically suspected diagnosis in an untreated patient.

• #2 Absence Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499867/

  Atypical absence seizures show a more insidious onset and offset, slower spike and wave paroxysms (slower than 3 Hz), and an abnormal interictal background. […] In patients with a new diagnosis of absence seizures, brain imaging is indicated to assess for structural abnormalities. […] The first-line treatment for absence epilepsy is ethosuximide. […] Other medications that can be used to manage CAE include valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate. […] Second-line medications that can be used as adjunct therapy include zonisamide and levetiracetam. […] When patients present with staring spells, clinicians should explain to caregivers that the differential diagnosis includes seizures, but they should avoid giving a specific diagnosis of absence seizures before an EEG evaluation is completed.

• #2 Absence seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20359683

  While most children outgrow absence seizures, some must take antiseizure medicines throughout life. […] Other complications can include trouble with learning. […] Trouble with behavior. […] Social isolation. […] Injury during the seizure. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging. […] EEG (electroencephalogram). […] MRI.

• #2 Absence Seizure | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28842

  In the case of absence status, EEG shows continuous or nearly continuous generalized spike and wave or polyspike and wave discharges at 2 to 4 Hz. […] The first-line treatment for absence epilepsy is ethosuximide. […] Other medications that can be used to manage CAE include valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate. […] The differential diagnosis for staring spells includes absence epilepsy, focal seizures with alteration of awareness, and nonepileptic paroxysmal events. […] Most staring spells are nonepileptic in nature. When patients present with staring spells, clinicians should explain to caregivers that the differential diagnosis includes seizures, but they should avoid giving a specific diagnosis of absence seizures before an EEG evaluation is completed.

• #2 Epilepsy and Seizure Diagnosis | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/pediatrics-special-kids-special-help/epilepsy-and-seizures/diagnosis

  It is not always easy to diagnose seizures. Sometimes, symptoms of seizures are so subtle they are overlooked for a period of time. This is true of the staring seizures, absence seizures, and complex partial seizures. […] After gathering the history, your child’s physician may recommend some testing. […] Video EEG monitoring (also called Long Term Monitoring or LTM) continuously records the brain’s electrical activity with an EEG while simultaneously recording a movie of the patient with a videocamera. The testing may last hours to days. This procedure can be done at home, but is more commonly done in the hospital. The goal of video EEG monitoring is to record the clinical and electrical expression of a seizure. It is the gold standard for diagnosing seizures. […] Video EEG is recommended when: spells are frequent; it is not clear the events are seizures; the seizure type/s are uncertain; seizures are refractory (seizures that are difficult to treat); seizure frequency is uncertain, especially when seizures are subtle; the density of seizure discharges in sleep needs to be recorded; and there has been a change in mental status.

• #2 Absence Seizures in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0115/p114.html

  There is consensus that valproate is beneficial in childhood absence seizures, although we do not know this for sure. We do not know how effective valproate and ethosuximide are, compared with each other, at reducing seizure rate in children with absence seizures. […] The differentiation into typical vs. atypical seizures is important, as the natural history and response to treatment vary between the two groups. […] Typical absence seizures display a characteristic EEG showing regular symmetrical generalized spike and wave complexes with a frequency of 3 Hz, and usually occur in children with normal development and intelligence. […] Typical absence seizures should not be confused with atypical absence seizures, which differ markedly in EEG findings and ictal behavior, and are usually present with other seizure types in a child with a background of learning disability and severe epilepsy.

• #2 Seizure Disorder, Absence | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688755/all/Seizure_Disorder_Absence?q=Headache

  A type of generalized nonmotor seizure characterized by a brief lapse of awareness; classified by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). […] Typical has an abrupt onset and offset of behavioral arrest, loss of awareness, and blank staring, sometimes with eyelid movements, eye-opening, or oral automatisms (e.g., lip smacking). […] Atypical has a less abrupt onset and offset and often associated with loss of muscle tone or subtle myoclonic jerks. […] Myoclonic has an abrupt onset and offset of staring and loss of awareness with continuous rhythmic jerks of shoulders, arms, legs, head, or perioral muscles. […] Eyelid myoclonia has an abrupt onset and offset of repetitive, rhythmic jerks of the eyelids with simultaneous upward deviation of the eyeballs and extension of the head.

• #2 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Inpatient combined video-EEG monitoring, usually for 2 to 7 days, records EEG activity and clinical behavior simultaneously. It is the most sensitive EEG testing available and is thus useful in differentiating epileptic from nonepileptic seizures. […] Ambulatory EEG can be done while patients are at home. It may be useful if seizures recur in patients who cannot be admitted to the hospital for a long time. […] If surgical resection of areas of epileptic foci is being considered, advanced imaging tests to identify such areas are available in epilepsy centers: […] Functional MRI can identify functioning cortex and guide surgical resection. […] If EEG and MRI do not clearly identify the epileptic focus, magnetoencephalography with EEG (called magnetic source imaging) may localize the lesion, avoiding the need for invasive intraoperative mapping procedures.

• #2 Absence (Petite Mal) Seizures: Symptoms, Risk, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/absence-petit-mal-seizures

  Absence seizures, sometimes called petit mal seizures, are brief, usually lasting less than 20 seconds. They cause symptoms that may be barely noticeable. People having these seizures may appear like theyre daydreaming or zoning out. […] A neurologist, who specializes in diagnosing nervous system disorders, evaluates: symptoms, overall health, medications, preexisting conditions, imaging and brain wave scans. […] They will try to rule out other causes of your symptoms before diagnosing absence seizures. […] Another way to diagnose the condition uses bright, flickering lights or hyperventilation to trigger a seizure. During this test, an electroencephalography (EEG) machine measures brain waves to look for any changes to the brains functioning. […] Absence seizures typically last less than 10 seconds but can last up to 20 seconds. The person returns to their usual behavior after the seizure. They usually wont remember the past few moments or the seizure itself.

• #2 Absence seizure (petit mal): Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/absence-seizure

  The outlook for absence seizures varies depending on their frequency and severity. In most cases, the child will stop experiencing absence seizures by adulthood. […] Absence seizures always require a trip to the doctor. However, they can be difficult to detect and may appear to resemble daydreaming.

• #2 Absence seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure

  Episodes of absence seizures can often be mistaken for inattentiveness when misdiagnosed, and can occur 50-100 times a day. They can be so difficult to detect that some people may go months or years before being given a proper diagnosis. The majority of children experiencing typical absence seizures have an overall normal health condition. However, these absence seizures can disrupt the learning process and hinder concentration in a school environment. This underscores the crucial significance of treatment. […] Absence seizures have two essential components: Clinical the impairment of consciousness (absence) and EEG the EEG shows generalized spike-and-slow wave discharges. […] Absence seizures are broadly divided into typical and atypical types. Typical absence seizures usually occur in the context of idiopathic generalized epilepsies and an EEG shows fast 2.5 Hz generalized spike-wave discharges. The prefix „typical” is to differentiate them from atypical absences rather than to characterize them as „classical” or characteristic of any particular syndrome.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/aoam/fulltext/2011/10020/absence_seizure_in_the_elderly.21.aspx

  The electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded in a stable state showed paroxysms of generalized 3 Hz spike-and-wave activity lasting the whole recording. […] Following the EEG finding, the diagnosis was changed to absence seizure, and in retrospect, he must have had status absence seizure accounting for the whole day lapse in consciousness. […] In this patient, the diagnosis of absence seizure and/or absence status (also called „ictal stupor” or „spike-wave stupor”) is based on the occurrence of paroxysms and generalized typical 3 Hz spike-and-wave activity in the EEG of a patient who has recurrent absences. […] Because of the rarity of absence seizure in the elderly, a diagnosis of CPS was first entertained. […] Therefore, the EEG finding is essential for the correct diagnosis and treatment of absence seizure and absence status when seen in the elderly. […] Absence seizure and absence status can occur in elderly persons. Differential diagnosis with careful clinical documentation and EEG assessment cannot be overemphasized.

• #2 Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/absence-epilepsy/

  Once absence seizures are diagnosed, patients are treated with anti-seizure medication. […] Children with absence seizures often have increased risk of: Attention problems, Low self-esteem, Depression, Social isolation. […] Early recognition of these symptoms is important. So is timely intervention with appropriate therapies. […] Most often, seizures are well controlled. Children with CAE do not require lifelong treatment. Studies have shown that 57 to 74% of patients become seizure-free when they are older. […] Some patients continue to have absence seizures that are resistant to medication. Up to 40% of them are at risk of developing generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

• #2 Absence Seizures: How to Treat What You Can’t See

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/absence-seizures-how-to-treat-what-you-cant-see

  A recent large, prospective study attempted to better identify first-line therapy for absence seizures. A total of 453 children were randomized to ethosuximide, lamotrigine, or valproic acid monotherapy. After 16 weeks, seizure-free rates were 53%, 58%, and 29% for ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine, respectively. This study suggests that ethosuximide and valproic acid may be more effective than lamotrigine for treating absence seizures, with ethosuximide associated with fewer adverse effects.

• #2 Absence Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://manhattanmedicalarts.com/conditions-symptoms/absence-seizures

  Early detection and treatment are critical for improving the quality of life for persons suffering from absence seizures. The first step towards effective seizure control and improved general well-being is to consult a neurologist or epilepsy specialist for a complete evaluation and individualized treatment plan.

• #3 TYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-typical-overview.html

  Atypical absence seizure is a generalized seizure with abrupt onset and offset of altered awareness which can vary in severity (see specific syndromes). […] Absence seizures were previously known as 'petit mal’ seizures. […] CAUTION Individual absence seizure longer than 45 seconds or with a post-ictal phase right arrow consider focal seizure. […] CAUTION Onset of absence seizures 4 years right arrow consider glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome.

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