Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Meningioma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20355643

  A meningioma is a tumor that grows from the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. […] It isn’t clear what causes a meningioma. Experts know that something changes some cells in the meninges. The changes makes them multiply out of control. This leads to a meningioma. […] Being exposed to radiation as a child is the only known environmental risk factor for getting meningioma. There’s no good evidence to show that meningiomas happen because of cellphone use. […] Risk factors for a meningioma include: Radiation treatment. Radiation therapy that involves the head may increase the risk of a meningioma. Female hormones. Meningiomas are more common in women. This might mean that female hormones may play a role. Some studies also have suggested a link between breast cancer and meningioma risk related to the role of hormones. Some research suggests that the use of oral birth control and hormone replacement therapy could raise the risk of meningioma growth. An inherited nervous system condition. The rare condition neurofibromatosis 2 increases the risk of meningioma and other brain tumors. Obesity. A high body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for many types of cancers. Several large studies have found that meningiomas happen more often in obese people. But the link between obesity and meningiomas is not clear.

• #2 Meningioma: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/meningioma

  Cancer is a genetic disease that is, it is caused by certain changes to genes that control the way our cells function. Genes may be mutated (changed) in many types of cancer, which can increase the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] The cause of meningiomas is not known. However, exposure to radiation, especially in childhood, can increase a person’s risk of developing a meningioma. People who have a genetic condition called Neurofibromatosis type 2 are also at increased risk.

• #3 Meningiomas: causes and risk factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 23 Issue 4 (2007) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/23/4/foc-07_10_e2.xml

  Meningiomas are among the most common primary intracranial tumors. Few studies have investigated the causes and risk factors for meningioma; this review highlights the current state of knowledge. Gaining a better understanding of the origin of this disease is essential so that treatments and outcomes can be improved and prevention strategies can be developed. […] In addition to increasing age, the most consistent factor associated with risk of meningioma is exposure to ionizing radiation; many other environmental, lifestyle and genetic risk factors have been studied with inconclusive results. Some of the factors that have been studied are endogenous and exogenous hormone use, cell phone use, and genetic variants or polymorphisms. Other risk factors have included preexisting conditions (such as diabetes, hypertension, and epilepsy), occupational lead exposure, personal hair dye use, radio frequency/microwave electromagnetic field exposure, cigarette smoking, head trauma and allergies. For most of these factors, either no significant association or inconsistent associations with meningioma risk have been reported.

• #4 Meningioma Brain Tumor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/meningioma-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Researchers are unsure what exactly causes meningioma, but cancers generally result from changes in our genes. Researchers have found an abnormality on chromosome 22, which works to keep tumors from growing, in about 40%-80% of meningiomas. […] Radiation exposure, particularly as a child, may increase your risk of developing a meningioma. People with neurofibromatosis type 2, a genetic condition, are also at a higher risk for meningioma. […] Potential risk factors for meningioma include: […] Meningiomas are more common in women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB), and middle-aged women are more than twice as likely as men to develop a meningioma. It’s thought this risk factor may be due to female hormones. […] The hormones estrogen, progesterone, and androgen are believed to play a role in meningioma. Meningioma cell surfaces have receptors for estrogen, progesterone, or both.

• #5 Meningioma: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/brain-cancer/meningioma

  The exact causes of meningioma are unknown, but research shows that 40% to 80% of meningiomas have an abnormality in chromosome 22. […] There are certain factors that could increase your chances of having a meningioma tumor, including: […] Women are more than twice as likely to develop a noncancerous meningioma than men. […] Meningioma is rare in children, and most likely to occur in adults 65 and older. […] In the United States, meningioma rates are higher in black people than in white people. […] Prior exposure to radiation or radiation therapy, particularly radiation to the head, may raise your risk of developing meningioma. […] People with this rare genetic disorder may have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system, including meningiomas.

• #6 Meningioma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17858-meningioma

  Scientists dont yet know the exact cause of meningiomas. […] Research has shown that 40% to 80% of all meningiomas have an abnormality in chromosome 22, which is involved in the suppression of the growth of tumors. This overwhelmingly occurs spontaneously (randomly) or rarely as part of certain genetic (inherited) conditions. […] So far, scientists have identified certain environmental, hormonal and genetic risk factors for meningiomas. […] The risk factors for meningioma include: […] Your age: Meningioma is most common in adults age 65 or older, and your risk increases with age. […] Your sex: Females are about twice as likely as males to develop noncancerous meningioma. Scientists believe this has to do with exposure to female sex hormones. Use of hormone replacement therapy and/or birth control pills and breast cancer may also increase your risk.

• #7 Meningioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningioma

  Having excess body fat increases the risk. […] In 2020, the European Medicine Agency issued a warning that high doses of cyproterone acetate may contribute to risk of meningioma, and to use the minimum dosage or alternative treatment for most indications, with the exception of prostate carcinoma. […] People with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) have a 50% chance of developing one or more meningiomas. […] 92% of meningiomas are benign. 8% are either atypical or malignant. […] The most frequent genetic mutations (~50%) involved in meningiomas are inactivation mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene (merlin) on chromosome 22q. […] TRAF7 mutations are present in about one-fourth of meningiomas. Mutations in the TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO genes are commonly expressed in benign skull-base meningiomas.

• #7 Meningioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningioma

  Meningioma, also known as meningeal tumor, is typically a slow-growing tumor that forms from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. […] Risk factors include exposure to ionizing radiation such as during radiation therapy, a family history of the condition, and neurofibromatosis type 2. […] The causes of meningiomas are not well understood. Most cases are sporadic, appearing randomly, while some are familial. Persons who have undergone radiation, especially to the scalp, are more at risk for developing meningiomas, as are those who have had a brain injury. […] Atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima had a higher than typical frequency of developing meningiomas, with the incidence increasing the closer that they were to the site of the explosion. […] Dental X-rays are correlated with an increased risk of meningioma, in particular for people who had frequent dental X-rays in the past, when the X-ray dose of a dental X-ray was higher than in the present.

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-010-0386-3

  The extent to which immunologic factors influence meningioma etiology has been largely unexplored. […] Meningioma cells exhibit a striking similarity to arachnoid cap cells, which are the likely tumor cell of origin. […] Sporadic meningiomas are typically associated with one or more focal chromosomal deletion(s), and atypical and malignant grades tend to have multiple chromosomal copy number alterations consistent with the acquisition of mutator mutations which foster genomic instability. […] Deletion and inactivation of NF2 on chromosome 22 is a predominant feature in sporadic meningiomas, and biallelic deletions are common. […] Additional genes are likely involved as well, since loss of NF2 occurs in only 1/3 of patients who exhibit loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 22. […] At present, the primary environmental risk factor identified for meningioma is exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) with risks from six fold to ten fold reported.

• #9 Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2945461/

  The extent to which immunologic factors influence meningioma etiology has been largely unexplored. […] Meningioma cells exhibit a striking similarity to arachnoid cap cells, which are the likely tumor cell of origin. […] Sporadic meningiomas are typically associated with one or more focal chromosomal deletion(s), and atypical and malignant grades tend to have multiple chromosomal copy number alterations consistent with the acquisition of mutator mutations which foster genomic instability. […] Deletion and inactivation of NF2 on chromosome 22 is a predominant feature in sporadic meningiomas, and biallelic deletions are common. […] Additional genes are likely involved as well, since loss of NF2 occurs in only 1/3 of patients who exhibit loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 22. […] At present, the primary environmental risk factor identified for meningioma is exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) with risks from six fold to ten fold reported.

• #10 Meningioma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560538/

  Most meningiomas are sporadic in origin, but some have been associated with certain conditions and risk factors. Environmental factors such as obesity, alcohol use disorder, exposure to ionizing radiation, radiotherapy, hormonal factors such as exposure to exogenous hormones, hormonal replacement therapy, use of oral contraceptive pills, and breast cancer can increase the risk of incidence of meningiomas. […] The higher incidence among females is due to hormonal factors. The incidence is also highly associated with meningioma-affected first-degree relatives, genetic syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 2, von Hippel Lindau disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Li-Fraumeni, Cowden disease, and Gorlin syndrome.

• #11 Meningioma Brain Tumor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/meningioma-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Research has indicated that radiation exposure, particularly to the head and neck, increases the risk of meningiomas and other brain tumors. […] Like hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives raise hormone levels and may increase your risk for meningioma. […] People with the genetic condition neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) have around a 50% chance of developing meningioma. Other genetic diseases carrying an increased risk of meningioma include Cowden syndrome, Werner syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, and basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] In addition, long-term use of cell phones, epilepsy, smoking, and ongoing exposure to lead may be associated with meningiomas.

• #12 Meningioma Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Symptoms – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurosurgery/meningioma

  Meningioma causes aren’t fully understood. Risk factors include extensive radiation exposure, the NF2 genetic disorder and gender. Female hormones may explain the increased occurrence of meningioma in women. […] Predisposing factors associated with meningiomas include exposure to radiation, prolonged use of certain hormones and some genetic disorders (e.g., neurofibromatosis). Benign (noncancerous) meningiomas are also more common in women than men and may show increased growth during pregnancy. […] Life-time exposure to radiation has been associated with a higher incidence of meningiomas. For example, survivors of Hiroshima had an increased incidence of these tumors. […] People with a genetic disorder known as neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) are more likely to develop meningiomas. Of people with malignant meningiomas, a higher percentage have mutations in NF2. […] Patients with NF2 are more likely to develop meningiomas because they have inherited a gene that has the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous.

• #13 Meningioma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17858-meningioma

  Radiation exposure: Prior radiation to your head may increase your risk of developing meningioma. […] Race/ethnicity: In the United States, Black people have higher rates of meningioma than other ethnic groups. […] There are also genetic risk factors for meningioma. If you have any of the following conditions or have a first-degree biological relative (sibling or parent) whos had a meningioma, youre at an increased risk of developing a meningioma: […] Neurofibromatosis Type 2. People with this condition are more likely to develop cancerous meningioma or more than one meningioma. […] Von Hippel-Lindau disease. […] Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Cowden syndrome.

• #14 Meningioma: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningioma-causes-and-risk-factors-5211587

  The exact cause of meningioma, the most common brain tumor, is unknown. Mutations (changes to genes) are one of the main causes of cancer and certain genetic conditions may increase the risk of developing meningioma. […] Although researchers are still studying the exact cause of a meningioma, they know that mutations cause cells to grow out of control and form a tumor. In meningiomas, the tumor starts in the meninges, which are membranes (layers of tissues) that surround the spinal cord and brain. […] Genetics may affect your chances of having meningioma. It may be possible for you to inherit mutations that cause this tumor. Researchers are still exploring the mutations seen in meningioma tumors. […] There are genetic conditions that increase your risk of brain tumors. You are more likely to get a meningioma if you have: Monosomy 22: This is a rare disorder that causes the deletion of all or part of chromosome 22. Neurofibromatosis type 2: This inherited disorder affects the nervous system and causes tumors to develop on nerves. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome: This rare disorder causes tumors to grow in many organs. Turcot syndrome: This rare disorder causes growths to develop in the colon and rectum in addition to tumors in the brain. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: This rare disorder increases the risk of developing a meningioma, including multiple meningiomas. […] Mutations cause changes to cells and make them grow out of control, and they can form tumors, including meningiomas. Genetics and other risk factors may play a role in causing this type of tumor.

• #15 Pathology Outlines – Meningioma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cnstumormeningiomageneral.html

  Most common primary CNS tumor, arising from arachnoid cap cells associated with dura mater or choroid plexus, accounting for 36% all CNS tumors (Neuro Oncol 2015;17:iv1) […] Risk factors: […] Radiation, either high dose or low dose (Nat Commun 2017;8:186, Acta Neuropathol 2017;134:155) […] Hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives (J Clin Oncol 2008;26:279, J Neurosurg 2013;118:649) […] Germline mutations in NF2 or SMARCB1 and SMARCE1 predispose to familial and multiple meningiomas (Neurogenetics 2012;13:1, J Med Genet 2011;48:93, Nat Genet 2013;45:295)

• #16 Meningiomas: causes and risk factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 23 Issue 4 (2007) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/23/4/foc-07_10_e2.xml

  The majority of meningiomas are sporadic tumors; patients with sporadic lesions have no family history of any kind of brain tumor. Known inherited genetic syndromes that predispose to meningioma development are few and rare. Meningioma is observed in patients with NF2, a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the NF2 gene on 22q12. However, there are probably many genes other than NF2 involved in familial meningioma. Excess familial risk of meningioma has been reported in Swedish families without any evidence of NF2 in whom there was a significant association between meningioma diagnosis and parental history of a meningioma.

• #16 Meningiomas: causes and risk factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 23 Issue 4 (2007) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/23/4/foc-07_10_e2.xml

  The strongest evidence to date for an increased risk of meningioma is exposure to ionizing radiation. Studies of ionizing radiation have focused on the tinea capitis cohort in Israel, atomic bomb survivors, and patients with exposures in medical and occupational settings (diagnostic or therapeutic radiation). The strongest evidence for high-dose radiation exposure in the development of meningiomas comes from individuals who underwent therapeutic radiation treatment to the head or neck for neoplastic conditions, whereas the strongest evidence for low-dose radiation exposure comes from the tinea capitis cohort studies. […] Given the predominance of meningiomas in women compared with men, the presence of hormone expression in some tumors, the possibility of an association with breast cancer, as well as reported changes in tumor size during pregnancy, the menstrual cycle, and menopause, the authors of a number of studies have focused on the relationship between hormones and meningioma risk. In studies of exogenous hormone exposure, researchers have looked at the risk of meningioma associated with the use of oral contraceptives and HRT in both pre- and post-menopausal women. Overall, the data currently reveal no evidence for an association between oral contraceptive use and meningioma risk but do suggest a possible association with the use of HRT.

• #17 Causes of Meningioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/meningioma/natural-history/causes

  Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor, accounting for over one third of all intracranial tumors diagnosed in the United States in recent years. The incidence of meningioma varies with age, race, gender, environmental exposures (e.g., ionizing radiation), and genetic disorders, among other factors. […] The risk of developing a meningioma increases with age. Meningiomas are exceedingly rare in children and young adults less than 20 years of age. […] A higher incidence of meningioma has been observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, as compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asian and Pacific Islanders. […] Ionizing radiation is currently the main known environmental risk factor for the development of meningioma. […] Several studies have reported an increased risk of meningioma in first-degree relatives of patients with a meningioma diagnosis.

• #17 Causes of Meningioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/meningioma/natural-history/causes

  The most common genetic disorder associated with meningiomas is Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). […] Although meningiomas more commonly occur in women as compared to men, have several hormone receptors, and change in size over the course of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy, the relationship between hormones and meningiomas is still under investigation. […] Several studies have pointed to a potential relationship between obesity and development of meningiomas. […] It has long been suggested that the risk of developing a meningioma is increased following head trauma. […] Increased risk of meningioma has been associated with increasing age (over 65 years of age), African American race, female gender, past exposure to either high- or low-dose ionizing radiation, a positive family history, and certain genetic disorders (e.g. Neurofibromatosis type 2). […] The relationship between hormones, oral contraceptive use, and obesity with meningioma incidence warrants further investigation.

• #18 Meningioma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/meningioma/

  The exact cause of meningiomas is not fully understood. […] Exposure to radiation, especially in childhood, is the only identified environmental risk factor for developing meningioma. […] Additionally, those diagnosed with genetic conditions called schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis type 2 are at an increased risk of developing malignant or multiple meningiomas. […] People who have been exposed to excessive amounts of radiation, especially to their scalp, may have an increased risk of developing a meningioma. […] Research has found that obesity is associated with increased risks of meningiomas. […] The risk of meningioma increases with age—they most often occur in people who are around 60 years old—and in people diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2). […] Since the exact cause of meningiomas has yet to be fully understood, no strategies have been proven to prevent them.

• #19 Meningiomas – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/meningiomas/

  Meningiomas are the most common benign intracranial tumor. […] Although the majority of meningiomas are benign, these tumors can grow slowly until they are very large, if left undiscovered, and, in some locations, can be severely disabling and life-threatening. […] Some meningiomas are found along the dural lining in the venous sinuses of the brain and skull base locations where arachnoid cap cells are most abundant. […] The risk of meningioma increases with age with a dramatic increase after 65 years. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially high doses, has been associated with a higher incidence of intracranial tumors, particularly meningiomas. […] The genetic disorder Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is believed to put people at a higher risk of developing meningioma. […] A number of studies have suggested a correlation between meningiomas and hormones.

• #20 Identifying the Causes of Brain Tumors | Duke Department of Neurosurgery

  https://neurosurgery.duke.edu/news/identifying-causes-brain-tumors

  With respect to glioma, adults are affected far more frequently than children; whites more than African Americans; and males more than females. Conversely, rates of meningioma and pituitary tumors are higher in women and in African Americans. […] Among the best validated is ionizing radiation, which increases risk. Years ago, head irradiation was used to treat ringworm of the scalp. Today, it is recognized as a causative factor for meningioma. […] Studies have shown that low-dose radiation from dental films taken on an annual basis is associated with an increased risk of meningioma. […] Additionally, genetic studies have identified 33 common inherited variants that confer risk of central nervous system tumors (28 for glioma, 2 for meningioma, 3 for pituitary adenoma).

• #21 Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2945461/

  An association between hormones and meningioma risk has been suggested by a number of findings including the increased incidence of post-pubertal disease in women versus men (2:1) with the highest ratio of 3.15:1 during the peak reproductive years. […] Despite these sentinel clues, meningioma is far from exhibiting a hormone-fed character in the clinic and epidemiologic measures of endogenous and exogenous hormones are not consistently associated with meningioma incidence. […] Researchers have only begun to address the question of whether the use of exogenous hormones such as oral contraceptives (OC) and/or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with an increased risk of meningioma. […] At present, there is limited statistical evidence of an increased risk of meningioma among users of oral contraceptives.

• #21 Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2945461/

  Although not definitive, available data suggest an association between the use of hormone replacement therapy and increased meningioma risk. […] The functional significance of hormone receptors expressed on meningiomas is still controversial. […] Head trauma has been suggested as a risk factor for meningioma since the time of Harvey Cushing, although the results across studies are not consistent. […] The question of whether cell phone use is related to meningioma risk remains a question of great interest to the general public. […] An association between breast cancer and meningioma has been examined in several studies. […] Few studies have examined the relationship between meningioma risk and family history of meningioma.

• #21 Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2945461/

  Although most meningiomas are encapsulated and benign tumors with limited numbers of genetic aberrations, their intracranial location often leads to serious and potentially lethal consequences. […] Inherited susceptibility to meningioma is suggested both by family history and candidate gene studies in DNA repair genes. People with certain mutations in the neurofibromatosis gene (NF2) have a very substantial increased risk for meningioma. […] High dose ionizing radiation exposure is an established risk factor for meningioma, and lower doses may also increase risk, but which types and doses are controversial or understudied. […] Because women are twice as likely as men to develop meningiomas and these tumors harbor hormone receptors, an etiologic role for hormones (both endogenous and exogenous) has been hypothesized.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-010-0386-3

  An association between hormones and meningioma risk has been suggested by a number of findings including the increased incidence of post-pubertal disease in women versus men (2:1) with the highest ratio of 3.15:1 during the peak reproductive years. […] Despite these sentinel clues, meningioma is far from exhibiting a hormone-fed character in the clinic and epidemiologic measures of endogenous and exogenous hormones are not consistently associated with meningioma incidence. […] Researchers have only begun to address the question of whether the use of exogenous hormones such as oral contraceptives (OC) and/or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with an increased risk of meningioma. […] Despite the fact that up to one to three percent of the adult population may harbor a meningioma, the total number of families with multiple members diagnosed with meningioma are relatively rare.

• #23 Meningioma: A Review of Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/319

  Proposed mechanisms for the association of obesity with increased meningioma risk include chronic inflammation and increased adipokine-mediated signaling, as well as insulin signaling and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. […] Increased incidence in females and ~100% of meningiomas having somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), ~88% progesterone receptors, ~40% estrogen receptors, and ~40% androgen receptors, it was thought that hormones played a slight role in tumor growth. […] Although previous data assessing the relationship between meningioma risk and oral contraceptives (OCP), hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and reproductive factors have been inconsistent and inconclusive, two meta-analysis and multiple case-control and cohort studies have shown an increased risk associated with HRT.

• #24 Meningioma: Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugwatch.com/health/meningioma/causes/

  Studies linked Depo-Provera a contraceptive injection containing the synthetic hormone progestin to a tumor in the lining of the brain called a meningioma. […] After a March 2024 study connected Depo-Provera to an increased risk of meningioma, Kristina Schmidt filed the first Depo-Provera lawsuit in October 2024. Schmidts lawyers claimed the birth control shot led to her meningioma diagnosis. […] According to Schmidts attorneys, Pfizer never warned about the risk of meningioma tumors. […] Meningiomas are hormone-sensitive tumors. Some scientists think that prolonged exposure to man-made progestin hormones like medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) the active ingredient in Depo-Provera may increase the risk by encouraging meningiomas to develop. […] Researchers found that many meningiomas have specific hormone receptors for progesterone, which indicates that this hormone may play a role in tumor growth.

• #25 Meningioma: Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugwatch.com/health/meningioma/causes/

  There are a couple of key studies that directly link Depo-Provera use with an increased risk of meningioma. […] In the study, French researchers found a 5.55-fold increased risk of developing meningioma with Depo-Provera use for one year or more. […] Another study published in the journal Cancers in September 2024 sought to verify the data from the previous study. This time, researchers analyzed Depo-Provera usage data from the United States. They found that the odds of developing meningioma were 53% greater in women who used injectable MPA versus those who did not. […] According to Depo-Provera lawsuits, Pfizer knew or should have known for decades that Depo-Provera, when administered and prescribed as intended, can cause or substantially contribute to the development of meningiomas.

• #26

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-meningioma?srsltid=AfmBOoq1xKBMGnBBMKTTuVyhhTj6vWDs4W5J5LhQK8hSC-8r8PMKbQ_9

  The incidence of meningioma increases with age and there is a notable increase after the age of 65. […] Meningioma are nearly twice as common in females than in males, rising to being three times more common in females between the ages of 35 and 54 years. […] A drug called Cyproterone Acetate (CPA) that acts on testosterone and is used in the treatment a number of medical conditions. When used in very high doses, for example to control aggressive sexual disorders or support transgender women, CPA has been shown to induce meningioma. […] Estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been linked to a small increased risk of developing a meningioma, but estrogen-progestin hormone therapy has not.

• #27 Meningioma: A Review of Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/3/319

  Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumor, making up more than a third of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. […] Despite having a reputation of a benign disease, these dural-based tumors can lead to morbidity, presenting with a variety of non-specific, location dependent symptoms. […] This review discusses the recent 2016 updates to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of CNS tumors, epidemiology, and etiological/risk factors of meningiomas. […] Currently, ionizing radiation (IR) exposure is the only environmental risk factor identified for meningioma, with reported risks ranging from 6–10 fold increases in incidence. […] Meningiomas are the most common brain neoplasm caused by IR. […] Positive associations with meningioma risk were identified in body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage.

• #28 Meningioma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156552-clinical

  Several findings suggest an association between hormones and the risk for meningiomas, including increased incidence in women versus men and the presence of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors on some of these tumors. However, the exact nature of this relationship and its implication on the management of meningiomas remain under investigation. […] According to a systematic review of the literature, individuals who are overweight or obese and those who do not engage in physical activity have an increased risk for meningioma. With normal weight used as the reference group, being overweight (BMI, 25 to 29.9) was associated with a 20% increased risk for meningioma, and obesity (BMI, 30 or more) was associated with a 50% increased risk. […] Whether cell phone use increases the risk of meningiomas (and of brain tumors in general) remains of great interest, especially with the recent tremendous increase in the use of these devices worldwide. At present, the available data do not support such an association; however, all published studies have relatively small sample sizes and a short period of follow-up.

• #29 Causes and symptoms of meningioma

  https://shkiryak.com.ua/en/blog/neurosurgery/cause-meningioma-symptoms.html

  One of the most common intracranial tumors, which is more often diagnosed in women than in men, is mainly benign meningioma. […] Brain injuries, especially those associated with dura mater damage, can rarely trigger the chaotic growth of meningiomas. […] Medicine has proven that hormones (including estrogen – a female hormone) can cause dysregulation of cell growth, which is the cause of tumors, including meningiomas. This relationship is confirmed statistically – meningioma in men is much less common than in women. […] Patients with meningioma usually have a defect in chromosome 22, the same one that causes neurofibromatosis. […] Effects on the brain of ionizing radiation (in simple language, „radiation”), including X-rays are also a contributing factor to the development of meningiomas.

• #30 Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mv305zd

  Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma […] Although most meningiomas are encapsulated and benign tumors with limited numbers of genetic aberrations, their intracranial location often leads to serious and potentially lethal consequences. […] Inherited susceptibility to meningioma is suggested both by family history and candidate gene studies in DNA repair genes. […] People with certain mutations in the neurofibromatosis gene (NF2) have a very substantial increased risk for meningioma. […] High dose ionizing radiation exposure is an established risk factor for meningioma, and lower doses may also increase risk, but which types and doses are controversial or understudied. […] Because women are twice as likely as men to develop meningiomas and these tumors harbor hormone receptors, an etiologic role for hormones (both endogenous and exogenous) has been hypothesized. […] The extent to which immunologic factors influence meningioma etiology has been largely unexplored. […] Growing emphasis on brain tumor research coupled with the advent of new genetic and molecular epidemiologic tools in genetic and molecular epidemiology promise hope for advancing knowledge about the causes of intra-cranial meningioma. […] In this review, we highlight current knowledge about meningioma epidemiology and etiology and suggest future research directions.

• #31 Meningioma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156552-clinical

  Trauma and viruses have been investigated as possible causative agents for development of meningiomas. However, no definitive proof has yet been found. […] The role of inflammation (eg, posttraumatic insult) resulting in the upregulation of COX-2 has been investigated in the tumorogenesis of meningiomas. […] On the other hand, the role of radiation in the genesis of meningiomas has been shown. Patients subjected to low-dose irradiation for tinea capitis may develop multiple meningiomas decades later in the field of irradiation. High-dose cranial irradiation may induce meningiomas after a short latency period. […] Genetic causes have been implicated in the development of meningiomas. The best-characterized and most common genetic alteration is the loss of the NF2 gene (NF2) on chromosome 22q. Up to 60% of sporadic meningiomas were found to harbor NF2 mutations. Other cytogenetic alterations are chromosomal loss of 1p, 3p, 6q, and 14q. Loss of chromosome 10 is associated with increased tumor grade, shortened time to recurrence, and shortened survival.

• #32 Olfactory groove meningioma: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/olfactory-groove-meningioma

  Olfactory groove meningioma (OGM) is a rare tumor that develops in the brains outer layers. […] Meningioma is a tumor that develops in the brain and spinal cords outer layer, known as the meninges. […] Tumors develop as a result of changes in the genes that inform cells to grow and divide. These might occurs due to: errors as cells split, damage to the DNA of the cells from outside sources, genes that parents pass on to children. […] However, the underlying causes of these gene changes remain unclear. Several factors might increase a persons risk for OGMs, including: genetic conditions that cause excessive tumor growth, which might include: neurofibromatosis type 2, schwannomatosis a rare form of neurofibromatosis, Gorlin syndrome, radiation-linked factors, such as: radiation therapy for other conditions, exposure to ionizing radiation, hormonal factors, including: hormone replacement therapy, exposure to sources of hormones outside of the body, breast cancer, the use of oral birth control, having obesity, alcohol use disorder. […] No strong evidence suggests that using a cell phone or experiencing head trauma can increase a persons risk of developing OGM.

• #33 Meningioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meningioma?lang=us

  Meningiomas are extra-axial tumors and represent the most common tumor of the meninges. They are a non-glial neoplasm that originates from the meningocytes or arachnoid cap cells of the meninges and are located anywhere that meninges are found and in some places where only rest cells are presumed to be located. […] Although the majority of tumors are sporadic, they are also seen in the setting of previous cranial irradiation and of course in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (Merlin gene on Chromosome 22). Additionally, meningiomas demonstrate estrogen and progesterone sensitivity and may grow during pregnancy. […] Most commonly they are either classified according to the histological subtype (e.g. rhabdoid or papillary etc.), location (e.g. skull base, spinal, intraosseous, intraventricular, etc.), and by etiology (e.g. radiation-induced, etc.).

• #34 Meningioma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/meningioma/

  What causes meningioma? […] As with all brain tumours, the answer is we dont yet know. […] It’s important to know there is nothing you could have done, or avoided doing, that would have caused you to develop a brain tumour. […] Research is ongoing to find out the causes and help to develop treatment targeted at these. […] We are starting to learn some of the risk factors. A risk factor is something that increases your chance of developing a tumour, but most do not directly cause the tumour. […] This means that some people with several risk factors may never develop a tumour, while others with no known risk factors do develop a tumour. […] Grade 1 meningiomas are more common in women and its thought that this may be linked to female hormones. Grade 2 meningiomas are equally common in men and women. Grade 3 meningiomas are much more common in men than in women.

• #35 Patient education: Meningioma (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningioma-beyond-the-basics

  Meningiomas are brain tumors that develop in the meninges, the tissue that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. […] The cause of meningiomas is not well understood, but may include both genetic (inherited) and environmental factors.

• #36 Meningioma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/meningioma.html

  Meningiomas are tumors that develop from the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. […] Meningiomas are the most common type of brain tumor, are typically benign, and may remain for years before they’re identified by a doctor. […] Radiation and certain genetic syndromes are risk factors for meningioma, but they only account for a small percentage of total diagnoses. […] People who received ionizing radiation therapy to their head, neck, face, or chest for a prior cancer diagnosis have an increased risk of developing a meningioma. […] Several rare hereditary syndromes are associated with meningioma, the most common of which is neurofibromatosis type 2. […] Clinical findings suggest that female reproductive hormones may influence the growth of meningiomas: Meningiomas are two to three times more common in women than men, with the greatest gender difference seen during the reproductive years. […] Tissue studies have also revealed that most meningiomas have molecular receptors for female hormones. The hormonal influence on meningiomas is an area of active research.

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