Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, includes undesirable actions, such as walking, that occur during abrupt but limited arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep. […] Somnambulism has been associated with various other sleep disorders such as confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorders, night terrors in children, somniloquy (sleep talking), and bruxism (teeth grinding), as well as daytime fatigue, and emotional and behavioral issues in children. […] Evidence for a genetic predisposition for sleepwalking has been observed in some patients. Monozygotic twins have a higher chance of somnambulism than dizygotic twins. […] More Whites with somnambulism are found to be positive for the DQB1*0501 gene compared to Whites without somnambulism, which suggests that DQB1 genes are involved in motor disorders in sleep.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12152-015-9229-4

  In terms of medical science and legal responsibility, the sleep disorder category of parasomnias, chiefly REM sleep behavior disorder and somnambulism, pose an enigmatic dilemma. […] Though this knowledge is far from complete, it can provide some neurobiological information about the nature of parasomnia, including conclusions about a sleepwalkers level of intention as well as factors that predispose one to such episodes. […] Recently, scholars have begun viewing somnambulism as a new type of state dissociation. In this theory, the states of wakefulness and sleep are not mutually exclusive and can mix or oscillate rapidly. […] In contrast, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs during the REM stage of sleep. […] Recently, a strong connection between RBD and a group of degenerative neurological diseases, the synucleinopathies, has begun to emerge.

• #2 How Sleepwalking Works | HowStuffWorks

  https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/sleepwalking.htm

  Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, is characterized by walking or performing other complex behaviors while in a state of partial arousal from deep, non-REM sleep. […] Sleepwalking occurs during deep sleep stages. It involves a disconnect between brain functions, where the brain is less active but the body can still move. […] Mental health professionals refer to sleepwalking as a „disorder of arousal,” which means that something triggers the brain into arousal from deep sleep, so the person is in a transition state between sleeping and waking. […] Sleepwalking has been linked to seizures, REM sleep disorders and organic brain disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. […] Sleepwalking episodes can be triggered by sleep deprivation, stress, fever and certain medications. […] While there’s no cure for sleepwalking, managing stress, maintaining a regular sleep schedule and minimizing sleep disruptions can reduce the frequency of episodes. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage underlying conditions.

• #2 Why Sleepwalking Still Mystifies Scientists | Discover Magazine

  https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/why-sleepwalking-still-mystifies-scientists

  Sleepwalking (a sleep disorder formally known as somnambulism) has mystified and intrigued humankind throughout history. […] Until the 1950s, scientists believed sleepwalkers were simply acting out their dreams. That theory was uprooted with the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Instead, sleepwalking occurs in the nondreaming phases that precede REM sleep. […] What researchers can measure is brain activity. Electroencephalograms recorded during sleepwalking episodes suggest that certain parts of the brain, like those that deal with basic motor function, remain lively while others doze. […] Sleepwalking is just one of many arousal disorders, in which the body transitions from deep sleep to semi-wakefulness at the wrong time. […] The ultimate causes of sleepwalking are still unknown, but there are plenty of well-documented triggers. Stress, alcohol, sleep deprivation, certain medications and other disorders like sleep apnea can all induce sleepwalking. […] Some researchers have suggested that sleepwalking could be an inconvenient side effect of an otherwise evolutionarily advantageous bodily process. […] For now, the condition retains much of its mystery.

• #3 Sleepwalking – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleepwalking/symptoms-causes/syc-20353506

  Sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia an undesirable behavior or event during sleep. Sleepwalking is a disorder of arousal. This means it occurs during N3 sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Another NREM disorder is sleep terrors, which can occur with sleepwalking. […] Sometimes underlying conditions that affect sleep can cause sleepwalking, such as: Sleep-disordered breathing a group of disorders featuring unusual breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea. […] Rarely, people who sleepwalk can injure someone else nearby.

• #3 While You Were Sleepwalking: Science and Neurobiology of Sleep Disorders & the Enigma of Legal Responsibility of Violence During Parasomnia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4506454/

  In terms of medical science and legal responsibility, the sleep disorder category of parasomnias, chiefly REM sleep behavior disorder and somnambulism, pose an enigmatic dilemma. […] Though this knowledge is far from complete, it can provide some neurobiological information about the nature of parasomnia, including conclusions about a sleepwalkers level of intention as well as factors that predispose one to such episodes. […] Recently, scholars have begun viewing somnambulism as a new type of state dissociation. […] EEGs depict a mix of the large amplitude, low frequency waves characteristic of stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep along with the low amplitude, high frequency waves found in awake states. […] The cerebrum and cerebral cortex control and regulate actions, rather than initiate them as was previously thought.

• #4 What is the most compelling mechanistic hypothesis for the occurrence of sleep walking? – The ENT Voice & Snoring Clinic

  https://www.entvoicesnoring.com/what-is-the-most-compelling-mechanistic-hypothesis-for-the-occurrence-of-sleep-walking/

  The most recent mechanistic hypothesis for sleep walking is the theory that sleepwalkers may exhibit a simultaneous coexistence states of wakefulness and NREM sleep. […] The authors proposed that an imbalance of the 2 states of wakefulness and sleep could result in NREM parasomnias. […] The most compelling mechanistic hypothesis would need to be consistent to all these components, and this is the hypothesis that a synthesis of all 3 theories of disorders of arousals, disorders of slow-wave sleep and a disorder of simultaneous dissociative states of sleep and wakefulness.

• #5 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Some studies have also indicated that sleepwalking may have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, exhibiting reduced penetrance. […] Studies indicate decreased localized cerebral blood flow in the frontal and parietal areas of patients who sleepwalk compared to controls. Moreover, restricted perfusion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula is congruous with the clinical signs of somnambulistic episodes. […] Changes in regional cerebral blood flow patterns occurring during the resting-state wakefulness of patients who sleepwalk may be related to functional problems observed in these patients during the daytime.

• #6 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Some studies have also indicated that sleepwalking may have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, exhibiting reduced penetrance. […] Studies indicate decreased localized cerebral blood flow in the frontal and parietal areas of patients who sleepwalk compared to controls. Moreover, restricted perfusion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula is congruous with the clinical signs of somnambulistic episodes. […] Changes in regional cerebral blood flow patterns occurring during the resting-state wakefulness of patients who sleepwalk may be related to functional problems observed in these patients during the daytime.

• #7 The Science of Sleepwalking – Big Think

  https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/the-science-of-sleepwalking/

  Scientists believe sleepwalking occurs when two areas of the brain the limbic region of the brain that deals with raw emotions and the area of the cortex that manages complex motor activity remain awake while the areas that would otherwise mitigate their primitive impulses notably the frontal cortex (rationality) and hippocampus (memory) sleep. […] Obviously, in people who sleepwalk, the wakefulness balance between the two brain systems is not in equilibrium. […] But as for how and why the brain can even do this, it may the answer is simple: Its a modern-day manifestation of an ancient, built-in mechanism that helped keep our sleeping ancestors alive.

• #8

  https://aeon.co/ideas/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry

  Last night, most of us went to the safety and comfort of our beds before drifting off to a nights sleep. For some, this was the last conscious action before an episode of sleepwalking. […] One answer comes from studies suggesting that sleepwalking might not be an appropriate term for what is going on; rather, primitive brain regions involved in emotional response (in the limbic system) and complex motor activity (within the cortex) remain in active states that are difficult to distinguish from wakefulness. […] The rational part of the brain is in a sleep-like state and does not exert its normal control over the limbic system and the motor system, explains the Italian neuroscientist Lino Nobili, a sleep researcher at Niguarda Hospital in Milan. So behaviour is regulated by a kind of archaic survival system like the one that is activated during fight-or-flight.

• #9

  https://aeon.co/ideas/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry

  Last night, most of us went to the safety and comfort of our beds before drifting off to a nights sleep. For some, this was the last conscious action before an episode of sleepwalking. […] One answer comes from studies suggesting that sleepwalking might not be an appropriate term for what is going on; rather, primitive brain regions involved in emotional response (in the limbic system) and complex motor activity (within the cortex) remain in active states that are difficult to distinguish from wakefulness. […] The rational part of the brain is in a sleep-like state and does not exert its normal control over the limbic system and the motor system, explains the Italian neuroscientist Lino Nobili, a sleep researcher at Niguarda Hospital in Milan. So behaviour is regulated by a kind of archaic survival system like the one that is activated during fight-or-flight.

• #10 What is the most compelling mechanistic hypothesis for the occurrence of sleep walking? – The ENT Voice & Snoring Clinic

  https://www.entvoicesnoring.com/what-is-the-most-compelling-mechanistic-hypothesis-for-the-occurrence-of-sleep-walking/

  Sleep walking or somnambulism is a sleep disorder characterised by ambulation during sleep, the persistence of sleep and an altered state of consciousness. […] Despite being the subject of more than 5 decades of scientific research, the underlying fundamental pathophysiology of somnambulism remains unclear. […] Somnambulism was described by Broughton et al in 1969 as an arousal disorder. A sudden partial arousal from NREM sleep was believed to be the cause of sleepwalking. […] These findings led to the theory that sleepwalking episodes were triggered by a sudden arousal and sleepwalkers were in a state of partial arousal between NREM sleep and wakefulness. […] The hypothesis of a slow-wave sleep disorder as the mechanism for sleepwalking is built along 2 lines. One is the observation of innate abnormalities of slow-wave sleep seen in sleep walkers.

• #11 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking arises when a patient predisposed to ambulation has an incomplete arousal from N3 sleep (25; 67). […] Disorders that fragment sleep or promote the homeostatic sleep drive lead to impaired cortical arousal (65). […] One high-risk pathology is obstructive sleep apnea, which both fragments sleep and increases sleep drive (06). […] Importantly, sleep is not a homogenous state of unconsciousness, but is instead characterized by routine arousals. […] Disorders of arousal occur when the cortex incompletely activates from deep NREM sleep. […] Pressmans 3P model suggests that predisposed patients are primed by conditions that impair normal arousal. […] Changes in slow-wave activity immediately preceding sleepwalking episodes provide further evidence of impaired arousal during sleepwalking.

• #12 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking arises when a patient predisposed to ambulation has an incomplete arousal from N3 sleep (25; 67). […] Disorders that fragment sleep or promote the homeostatic sleep drive lead to impaired cortical arousal (65). […] One high-risk pathology is obstructive sleep apnea, which both fragments sleep and increases sleep drive (06). […] Importantly, sleep is not a homogenous state of unconsciousness, but is instead characterized by routine arousals. […] Disorders of arousal occur when the cortex incompletely activates from deep NREM sleep. […] Pressmans 3P model suggests that predisposed patients are primed by conditions that impair normal arousal. […] Changes in slow-wave activity immediately preceding sleepwalking episodes provide further evidence of impaired arousal during sleepwalking.

• #13 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking arises when a patient predisposed to ambulation has an incomplete arousal from N3 sleep (25; 67). […] Disorders that fragment sleep or promote the homeostatic sleep drive lead to impaired cortical arousal (65). […] One high-risk pathology is obstructive sleep apnea, which both fragments sleep and increases sleep drive (06). […] Importantly, sleep is not a homogenous state of unconsciousness, but is instead characterized by routine arousals. […] Disorders of arousal occur when the cortex incompletely activates from deep NREM sleep. […] Pressmans 3P model suggests that predisposed patients are primed by conditions that impair normal arousal. […] Changes in slow-wave activity immediately preceding sleepwalking episodes provide further evidence of impaired arousal during sleepwalking.

• #14 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking arises when a patient predisposed to ambulation has an incomplete arousal from N3 sleep (25; 67). […] Disorders that fragment sleep or promote the homeostatic sleep drive lead to impaired cortical arousal (65). […] One high-risk pathology is obstructive sleep apnea, which both fragments sleep and increases sleep drive (06). […] Importantly, sleep is not a homogenous state of unconsciousness, but is instead characterized by routine arousals. […] Disorders of arousal occur when the cortex incompletely activates from deep NREM sleep. […] Pressmans 3P model suggests that predisposed patients are primed by conditions that impair normal arousal. […] Changes in slow-wave activity immediately preceding sleepwalking episodes provide further evidence of impaired arousal during sleepwalking.

• #15 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking arises when a patient predisposed to ambulation has an incomplete arousal from N3 sleep (25; 67). […] Disorders that fragment sleep or promote the homeostatic sleep drive lead to impaired cortical arousal (65). […] One high-risk pathology is obstructive sleep apnea, which both fragments sleep and increases sleep drive (06). […] Importantly, sleep is not a homogenous state of unconsciousness, but is instead characterized by routine arousals. […] Disorders of arousal occur when the cortex incompletely activates from deep NREM sleep. […] Pressmans 3P model suggests that predisposed patients are primed by conditions that impair normal arousal. […] Changes in slow-wave activity immediately preceding sleepwalking episodes provide further evidence of impaired arousal during sleepwalking.

• #16 Somnambulism – biophysical aspects and pathophysiology of sleepwalking, prevalence and case reports | Ignatov | Scripta Scientifica Vox Studentium

  https://journals.mu-varna.bg/index.php/ssvs/article/view/7390

  Somnambulism is a parasomnia consisting of complex motor behaviours during deep non-rapid eye movement sleep. […] Recent studies suggest that the main cause for sleepwalking is an abnormal activity of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei in the brain stem, which leads to an increased amount of serotonin. […] In patients with somnambulism, the regulatory mechanism mediated by 5-HT1 inhibitory autoreceptors is disturbed and the activity of serotonergic neurons remains increased. […] Repolarization (through the mechanism of negative feedback) is impaired due to abnormally high serotonin levels. […] Episodes of sleepwalking are observed as a side effect of some medications such as Zolpidem and Risperidone.

• #17 Somnambulism – biophysical aspects and pathophysiology of sleepwalking, prevalence and case reports | Ignatov | Scripta Scientifica Vox Studentium

  https://journals.mu-varna.bg/index.php/ssvs/article/view/7390

  Somnambulism is a parasomnia consisting of complex motor behaviours during deep non-rapid eye movement sleep. […] Recent studies suggest that the main cause for sleepwalking is an abnormal activity of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei in the brain stem, which leads to an increased amount of serotonin. […] In patients with somnambulism, the regulatory mechanism mediated by 5-HT1 inhibitory autoreceptors is disturbed and the activity of serotonergic neurons remains increased. […] Repolarization (through the mechanism of negative feedback) is impaired due to abnormally high serotonin levels. […] Episodes of sleepwalking are observed as a side effect of some medications such as Zolpidem and Risperidone.

• #18 Why Do Some People Sleepwalk? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-some-people-sleepwalk/

  SLEEP DISORDERS such as sleepwalking arise when normal physiological systems are active at inappropriate times. […] Recently my team proposed a possible physiological mechanism underlying sleepwalking. During normal sleep the chemical messenger gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts as an inhibitor that stifles the activity of the brains motor system. […] Sleepwalking runs in families, indicating that there is a genetic component. […] To clarify the many mysteries of sleepwalking, we need to find out more about the brain mechanisms that control sleep and arousal states.

• #19 Somnambulism induced by methylphenidate

  https://psychiatry-psychopharmacology.com/en/somnambulism-induced-by-methylphenidate-13930

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity far beyond the developmental levels is an important psychiatric illness with a prevalence of 5% worldwide. Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is a parasomnia that tends to occur during arousals from slow-wave sleep. […] Sleepwalking consists of a series of complex behaviors that culminate in walking around with an altered state of consciousness and impaired judgment. […] Methylphenidate is a noradrenergic and dopaminergic drug, which is associated with alterations in monoaminergic functions, may be an interaction at the level of these neurotransmitters is suggested as the underlying mechanism of somnambulism, which is induced by methylphenidate. […] Somnambulism is a common parasomnia that reflects impairment in the normal mechanisms of arousal from sleep in which motor behaviors are activated without full consciousness.

• #20 Sleepwalking: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188854-overview

  The parasomnias have been thought to represent not pathologic cerebral functioning but, rather, a response to central nervous system (CNS) activation that results in sleep-wake or rapid eye movement (REM)NREM state confusion, instability, or overlap. However, studies have demonstrated differences between sleep patterns and neuronal sleep control mechanisms in individuals who have parasomnias and corresponding patterns and mechanisms in individuals who do not. […] Sleepwalkers appear to have an abnormality in SWS regulation. The dissociation that occurs between body and mind sleep appears to arise from activation of thalamocingulate pathways with persisting deactivation of other thalamocortical arousal systems. The first SWS period of the night is considered to be more disturbed in somnambulistic individuals, and the entire NREM-REM sleep cycle is more fragmented. Because these disorders occur more frequently in children, these differences have been suggested as signs of CNS immaturity.

• #21 Sleepwalking: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188854-overview

  The parasomnias have been thought to represent not pathologic cerebral functioning but, rather, a response to central nervous system (CNS) activation that results in sleep-wake or rapid eye movement (REM)NREM state confusion, instability, or overlap. However, studies have demonstrated differences between sleep patterns and neuronal sleep control mechanisms in individuals who have parasomnias and corresponding patterns and mechanisms in individuals who do not. […] Sleepwalkers appear to have an abnormality in SWS regulation. The dissociation that occurs between body and mind sleep appears to arise from activation of thalamocingulate pathways with persisting deactivation of other thalamocortical arousal systems. The first SWS period of the night is considered to be more disturbed in somnambulistic individuals, and the entire NREM-REM sleep cycle is more fragmented. Because these disorders occur more frequently in children, these differences have been suggested as signs of CNS immaturity.

• #22 Sleepwalking: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188854-overview

  The parasomnias have been thought to represent not pathologic cerebral functioning but, rather, a response to central nervous system (CNS) activation that results in sleep-wake or rapid eye movement (REM)NREM state confusion, instability, or overlap. However, studies have demonstrated differences between sleep patterns and neuronal sleep control mechanisms in individuals who have parasomnias and corresponding patterns and mechanisms in individuals who do not. […] Sleepwalkers appear to have an abnormality in SWS regulation. The dissociation that occurs between body and mind sleep appears to arise from activation of thalamocingulate pathways with persisting deactivation of other thalamocortical arousal systems. The first SWS period of the night is considered to be more disturbed in somnambulistic individuals, and the entire NREM-REM sleep cycle is more fragmented. Because these disorders occur more frequently in children, these differences have been suggested as signs of CNS immaturity.

• #23 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  It has been speculated that cortical neurons, having received an internal stimulus, attempt to block the arousal by increasing the density of slow-wave activity. […] Ultimately, the internal stimulus partially overcomes the brains attempt to maintain sleep, awakening the individual in a disoriented state and leading to sleepwalking (25; 63; 40). […] Scalp EEG analysis of patients of disorders of arousal including sleepwalking has shown decrease in slow-wave activity in centroparietal region specifically cingulate, motor, and sensorimotor associative cortices (10). […] Although much is known about priming and precipitating causes, we have only modest insight into which patients are predisposed to NREM parasomnias. […] There is a genetic component, as sleepwalking runs in families. […] Many cases of NREM parasomnias, particularly sleepwalkers who eat (sleep-related eating disorder), are driven by restless legs syndrome.

• #24 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, includes undesirable actions, such as walking, that occur during abrupt but limited arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep. […] Somnambulism has been associated with various other sleep disorders such as confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorders, night terrors in children, somniloquy (sleep talking), and bruxism (teeth grinding), as well as daytime fatigue, and emotional and behavioral issues in children. […] Evidence for a genetic predisposition for sleepwalking has been observed in some patients. Monozygotic twins have a higher chance of somnambulism than dizygotic twins. […] More Whites with somnambulism are found to be positive for the DQB1*0501 gene compared to Whites without somnambulism, which suggests that DQB1 genes are involved in motor disorders in sleep.

• #25 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, includes undesirable actions, such as walking, that occur during abrupt but limited arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep. […] Somnambulism has been associated with various other sleep disorders such as confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorders, night terrors in children, somniloquy (sleep talking), and bruxism (teeth grinding), as well as daytime fatigue, and emotional and behavioral issues in children. […] Evidence for a genetic predisposition for sleepwalking has been observed in some patients. Monozygotic twins have a higher chance of somnambulism than dizygotic twins. […] More Whites with somnambulism are found to be positive for the DQB1*0501 gene compared to Whites without somnambulism, which suggests that DQB1 genes are involved in motor disorders in sleep.

• #26 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Some studies have also indicated that sleepwalking may have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, exhibiting reduced penetrance. […] Studies indicate decreased localized cerebral blood flow in the frontal and parietal areas of patients who sleepwalk compared to controls. Moreover, restricted perfusion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula is congruous with the clinical signs of somnambulistic episodes. […] Changes in regional cerebral blood flow patterns occurring during the resting-state wakefulness of patients who sleepwalk may be related to functional problems observed in these patients during the daytime.

• #27 Sleepwalking – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking

  There may be a genetic component to sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked. […] Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with Tourette syndrome, both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking. […] Medications, primarily in four classes benzodiazepine receptor agonists and other GABA modulators, antidepressants and other serotonergic agents, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers have been associated with sleepwalking. […] A number of conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking.

• #28 Sleepwalking – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking

  There may be a genetic component to sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked. […] Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with Tourette syndrome, both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking. […] Medications, primarily in four classes benzodiazepine receptor agonists and other GABA modulators, antidepressants and other serotonergic agents, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers have been associated with sleepwalking. […] A number of conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking.

• #29 Why Do People Sleepwalk? Causes, Symptoms, Dangers, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/why-do-people-sleepwalk

  Sleepwalking can occur due to certain medications like zolpidem or health conditions, including stress and sleep deprivation. […] Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, can be caused by medications, genetics, or health conditions that disrupt your sleep. […] Sleep researchers have identified several health conditions, activities, and substances that are known to trigger sleepwalking episodes. […] It’s also possible that you inherited your tendency to sleepwalk. Sleepwalking sometimes runs in families. […] Stress and anxiety are known to interfere with a good night’s rest. Some sleep scientists also think daytime stress can contribute to somnambulism. […] One study of 193 patients in a sleep clinic found that one of the main triggers of sleepwalking episodes was stressful events experienced during the day.

• #30 Sleepwalking Causes & the Dangers of Sleepwalking in Adults

  https://aasm.org/adult-sleepwalking-is-serious-condition-that-impacts-health-related-quality-of-life/

  During an episode of sleepwalking the brain is partially awake, resulting in complex behaviors, and partially in NREM sleep with no conscious awareness of actions. […] Sleepwalking triggers that increased both the frequency and severity of episodes were reported in 59 percent, related mainly to stressful events, strong positive emotions, sleep deprivation, and less frequently to drug or alcohol intake or intense evening physical activity. […] All of these factors promote increased slow wave sleep (SWS) and NREM sleep instability. […] „Sleepwalking is an underdiagnosed condition that may be clearly associated with daytime consequences and mood disturbances leading to a major impact on quality of life,” said Dauvilliers. […] „The burden of sleepwalking in adults needs to be highlighted and emphasized.”

• #31 What Causes Sleepwalking: 5 Triggers to Watch Out For

  https://www.risescience.com/blog/what-causes-sleepwalking

  In a study involving 193 participants, stressful events and sleep loss incited more frequent and severe sleepwalking episodes than alcohol consumption and vigorous evening workouts. […] Many sleepwalking and sleep-terror cases run in families. Compared to the general population, first-degree relatives of sleepwalkers have a 10 times higher frequency of sleepwalking, says Isabelle Arnulf in the research journal of Current Biology. […] Some medical conditions (both physiological and psychological) are closely linked to sleepwalking: Fever (usually in children), Headaches and migraines, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia, Hyperthyroidism, Mental health issues, such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Per a 2018 systematic review in the journal of Sleep Medicine Reviews, as many as 29 medications may induce somnambulism even if you have no history of sleepwalking.

• #32 What Causes Sleepwalking: 5 Triggers to Watch Out For

  https://www.risescience.com/blog/what-causes-sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking is medically known as somnambulism. Its a form of sleep disorder under the broad category of arousal parasomnias that also include sleep talking and sleep terrors (aka night terrors). […] Despite being a common sleep disorder, sleep experts and healthcare professionals still can’t pinpoint the exact causes of sleepwalking. […] On a biochemical level, sleepwalking features diminished inhibitory activity of the brain chemical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to allow for mobility during sleepwalking. […] A 2008 study analyzed the effects of 25 hours of sleep deprivation on sleepwalkers. Not only did the researchers discover a greater prevalence of sleepwalking during the sleep recovery period (from 50% to 90%), but also noted more complex forms of somnambulism after sleep loss.

• #33 A Case of Re-Emergent Sleepwalking in Adulthood, Primed by Sleep Deprivation and Triggered by Sleep Apnea

  https://www.e-jsm.org/journal/view.php?number=228

  Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia is defined as recurrent episodes of incomplete awakenings from NREM sleep with inappropriate or absent responsiveness to intervening efforts by others during episodes, and partial or complete amnesia for them. Sleepwalking (SW) is one of NREM parasomnias, typically associated with ambulation and other complex behaviors out of bed. It is considered as a disorder of arousal or a wake-sleep transition disorder. Incomplete arousal, triggered by certain stimuli, from NREM sleep, especially N3 sleep, induce sleep-wake dissociation status with active motor phenomena despite impaired awareness and following amnesia of the events. […] The pathophysiology of sleepwalking and other NREM parasomnia seems related to combination of two pathological processes leading to sleep-wake transition dysfunction, especially in adults. The first is the phenomenon that deepens sleep and enhances sleep inertia, such as sleep deprivation and following slow wave sleep rebound. The other is the condition that causes repeated cortical arousals or sleep fragmentation. Impaired arousal mechanisms and the persistence of sleep drive may result in a failure of the brain to fully transit into wakefulness. Those were described as a priming factor and a precipitating factor, respectively.

• #34 Sleepwalking Causes & the Dangers of Sleepwalking in Adults

  https://aasm.org/adult-sleepwalking-is-serious-condition-that-impacts-health-related-quality-of-life/

  During an episode of sleepwalking the brain is partially awake, resulting in complex behaviors, and partially in NREM sleep with no conscious awareness of actions. […] Sleepwalking triggers that increased both the frequency and severity of episodes were reported in 59 percent, related mainly to stressful events, strong positive emotions, sleep deprivation, and less frequently to drug or alcohol intake or intense evening physical activity. […] All of these factors promote increased slow wave sleep (SWS) and NREM sleep instability. […] „Sleepwalking is an underdiagnosed condition that may be clearly associated with daytime consequences and mood disturbances leading to a major impact on quality of life,” said Dauvilliers. […] „The burden of sleepwalking in adults needs to be highlighted and emphasized.”

• #35 Sleepwalking Causes & the Dangers of Sleepwalking in Adults

  https://aasm.org/adult-sleepwalking-is-serious-condition-that-impacts-health-related-quality-of-life/

  During an episode of sleepwalking the brain is partially awake, resulting in complex behaviors, and partially in NREM sleep with no conscious awareness of actions. […] Sleepwalking triggers that increased both the frequency and severity of episodes were reported in 59 percent, related mainly to stressful events, strong positive emotions, sleep deprivation, and less frequently to drug or alcohol intake or intense evening physical activity. […] All of these factors promote increased slow wave sleep (SWS) and NREM sleep instability. […] „Sleepwalking is an underdiagnosed condition that may be clearly associated with daytime consequences and mood disturbances leading to a major impact on quality of life,” said Dauvilliers. […] „The burden of sleepwalking in adults needs to be highlighted and emphasized.”

• #36 Sleepwalking Causes & the Dangers of Sleepwalking in Adults

  https://aasm.org/adult-sleepwalking-is-serious-condition-that-impacts-health-related-quality-of-life/

  During an episode of sleepwalking the brain is partially awake, resulting in complex behaviors, and partially in NREM sleep with no conscious awareness of actions. […] Sleepwalking triggers that increased both the frequency and severity of episodes were reported in 59 percent, related mainly to stressful events, strong positive emotions, sleep deprivation, and less frequently to drug or alcohol intake or intense evening physical activity. […] All of these factors promote increased slow wave sleep (SWS) and NREM sleep instability. […] „Sleepwalking is an underdiagnosed condition that may be clearly associated with daytime consequences and mood disturbances leading to a major impact on quality of life,” said Dauvilliers. […] „The burden of sleepwalking in adults needs to be highlighted and emphasized.”

• #37 What Causes Sleepwalking: 5 Triggers to Watch Out For

  https://www.risescience.com/blog/what-causes-sleepwalking

  In a study involving 193 participants, stressful events and sleep loss incited more frequent and severe sleepwalking episodes than alcohol consumption and vigorous evening workouts. […] Many sleepwalking and sleep-terror cases run in families. Compared to the general population, first-degree relatives of sleepwalkers have a 10 times higher frequency of sleepwalking, says Isabelle Arnulf in the research journal of Current Biology. […] Some medical conditions (both physiological and psychological) are closely linked to sleepwalking: Fever (usually in children), Headaches and migraines, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia, Hyperthyroidism, Mental health issues, such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Per a 2018 systematic review in the journal of Sleep Medicine Reviews, as many as 29 medications may induce somnambulism even if you have no history of sleepwalking.

• #38 What Causes Sleepwalking: 5 Triggers to Watch Out For

  https://www.risescience.com/blog/what-causes-sleepwalking

  In a study involving 193 participants, stressful events and sleep loss incited more frequent and severe sleepwalking episodes than alcohol consumption and vigorous evening workouts. […] Many sleepwalking and sleep-terror cases run in families. Compared to the general population, first-degree relatives of sleepwalkers have a 10 times higher frequency of sleepwalking, says Isabelle Arnulf in the research journal of Current Biology. […] Some medical conditions (both physiological and psychological) are closely linked to sleepwalking: Fever (usually in children), Headaches and migraines, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia, Hyperthyroidism, Mental health issues, such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Per a 2018 systematic review in the journal of Sleep Medicine Reviews, as many as 29 medications may induce somnambulism even if you have no history of sleepwalking.

• #39 Somnambulism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559001/

  Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, includes undesirable actions, such as walking, that occur during abrupt but limited arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep. […] Somnambulism has been associated with various other sleep disorders such as confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorders, night terrors in children, somniloquy (sleep talking), and bruxism (teeth grinding), as well as daytime fatigue, and emotional and behavioral issues in children. […] Evidence for a genetic predisposition for sleepwalking has been observed in some patients. Monozygotic twins have a higher chance of somnambulism than dizygotic twins. […] More Whites with somnambulism are found to be positive for the DQB1*0501 gene compared to Whites without somnambulism, which suggests that DQB1 genes are involved in motor disorders in sleep.

• #40 Sleepwalking – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleepwalking/symptoms-causes/syc-20353506

  Sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia an undesirable behavior or event during sleep. Sleepwalking is a disorder of arousal. This means it occurs during N3 sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Another NREM disorder is sleep terrors, which can occur with sleepwalking. […] Sometimes underlying conditions that affect sleep can cause sleepwalking, such as: Sleep-disordered breathing a group of disorders featuring unusual breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea. […] Rarely, people who sleepwalk can injure someone else nearby.

• #41 A Case of Successful Treatment of Sleepwalking Caused by Sleep Apnea Through Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

  https://www.e-jsm.org/journal/view.php?number=352

  Somnambulism or sleepwalking is a disorder classified as non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnia and is common in adolescents. Sleep fragmentation occurs frequently in somnambulism, and waking up and wandering are the main symptoms of the disorder. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined as a disease in which the dilator muscle of the upper airway is relaxed during sleep, which causes airway blockage. […] OSA causes frequent arousals during sleep, and these can be a trigger factor for somnambulism. […] A causal relationship between sleep apnea and sleep-walking was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, apnea during sleep aggravated his sleepwalking. […] Recent studies have also revealed the close connection between OSA and somnambulism. An epidemiological study of the relationship between OSA and parasomnia found that the prevalence of sleepwalking was significantly higher in patients with OSA.

• #42 Sleepwalking: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sleepwalking

  Research suggests that sleepwalking behavior tends to occur during non-rapid eye movement, or slow-wave, sleep, in the first third of an individuals sleep cycle. It is likely due to a disturbance in the way that the brain cycles between levels of sleep. […] According to some experts, respiratory problems such as obstructive sleep apnea can play a role in sleepwalking. It may be the case that when treatment brings such breathing problems under control, the sleepwalking stops. […] Some researchers report that respiratory problems, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, are the most frequently identified co-occurring conditions associated with sleepwalking. […] Common triggers for sleepwalking include prior sleep deprivation and factors that increase arousal from sleep, such as stress and alcohol consumption.

• #43 Sleepwalking | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleepwalking

  It has been speculated that cortical neurons, having received an internal stimulus, attempt to block the arousal by increasing the density of slow-wave activity. […] Ultimately, the internal stimulus partially overcomes the brains attempt to maintain sleep, awakening the individual in a disoriented state and leading to sleepwalking (25; 63; 40). […] Scalp EEG analysis of patients of disorders of arousal including sleepwalking has shown decrease in slow-wave activity in centroparietal region specifically cingulate, motor, and sensorimotor associative cortices (10). […] Although much is known about priming and precipitating causes, we have only modest insight into which patients are predisposed to NREM parasomnias. […] There is a genetic component, as sleepwalking runs in families. […] Many cases of NREM parasomnias, particularly sleepwalkers who eat (sleep-related eating disorder), are driven by restless legs syndrome.

• #44 Why Do People Sleepwalk? Causes, Symptoms, Dangers, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/why-do-people-sleepwalk

  People with GERD and other gastric disorders are more prone to many kinds of sleep disorders, including sleepwalking. […] Because GERD interferes with sleep, it can cause long-term exhaustion, which also makes you more vulnerable to sleepwalking episodes. […] Parkinson’s disease may keep that sleep paralysis from happening completely. This, in turn, may lead to sleepwalking and other sleep disturbances. […] Some sleep medications have caused people to sleepwalk, including the sleep-inducing drug zolpidem, which is also sold under the names Ambien and Edluar. […] Other medications linked to sleepwalking include sodium oxybate used to treat narcolepsy, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, antidepressants, antipsychotics used to treat psychiatric disorders, and beta-blockers used to treat heart disease and anxiety. […] Sleepwalking often runs in families. It can also be caused by stress, sleep deprivation, certain medications, breathing disorders, neurological conditions, stress, fever, and migraine.

• #45 Why Do People Sleepwalk? Causes, Symptoms, Dangers, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/why-do-people-sleepwalk

  People with GERD and other gastric disorders are more prone to many kinds of sleep disorders, including sleepwalking. […] Because GERD interferes with sleep, it can cause long-term exhaustion, which also makes you more vulnerable to sleepwalking episodes. […] Parkinson’s disease may keep that sleep paralysis from happening completely. This, in turn, may lead to sleepwalking and other sleep disturbances. […] Some sleep medications have caused people to sleepwalk, including the sleep-inducing drug zolpidem, which is also sold under the names Ambien and Edluar. […] Other medications linked to sleepwalking include sodium oxybate used to treat narcolepsy, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, antidepressants, antipsychotics used to treat psychiatric disorders, and beta-blockers used to treat heart disease and anxiety. […] Sleepwalking often runs in families. It can also be caused by stress, sleep deprivation, certain medications, breathing disorders, neurological conditions, stress, fever, and migraine.

• #46 9 Causes of Sleepwalking and Solutions for Better Sleep

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-do-people-sleepwalk-11704923

  Some research suggests that about 10% of people with Parkinson’s disease experience sleepwalking. This may be because Parkinson’s disease-related neurodegeneration interferes with arousal regulation during sleep. […] Studies indicate that sleep deprivation increases the number and complexity of sleepwalking events when you do fall asleep.

• #47 Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14292-sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder that causes you to move around or engage in unusual or unexpected activities while asleep. […] Experts classify it as a sleep disorder (parasomnia). […] The only possible sleepwalking cause that researchers can pinpoint with any certainty at least for now is genetics. […] Research also links a specific gene mutation, HLA-DQB1*05, to a higher risk of sleepwalking in people who are white. […] People who sleepwalk are more likely to do it if they dont get enough sleep. […] Having another sleep disorder, like sleep apnea, may make sleepwalking more likely. […] Research links anxiety, stress, childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to an increased risk of sleepwalking. […] High thyroid activity (hyperthyroidism) can cause sleepwalking, though this isnt common.

• #48 Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14292-sleepwalking

  Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder that causes you to move around or engage in unusual or unexpected activities while asleep. […] Experts classify it as a sleep disorder (parasomnia). […] The only possible sleepwalking cause that researchers can pinpoint with any certainty at least for now is genetics. […] Research also links a specific gene mutation, HLA-DQB1*05, to a higher risk of sleepwalking in people who are white. […] People who sleepwalk are more likely to do it if they dont get enough sleep. […] Having another sleep disorder, like sleep apnea, may make sleepwalking more likely. […] Research links anxiety, stress, childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to an increased risk of sleepwalking. […] High thyroid activity (hyperthyroidism) can cause sleepwalking, though this isnt common.

• #49 What Causes Sleepwalking: 5 Triggers to Watch Out For

  https://www.risescience.com/blog/what-causes-sleepwalking

  In a study involving 193 participants, stressful events and sleep loss incited more frequent and severe sleepwalking episodes than alcohol consumption and vigorous evening workouts. […] Many sleepwalking and sleep-terror cases run in families. Compared to the general population, first-degree relatives of sleepwalkers have a 10 times higher frequency of sleepwalking, says Isabelle Arnulf in the research journal of Current Biology. […] Some medical conditions (both physiological and psychological) are closely linked to sleepwalking: Fever (usually in children), Headaches and migraines, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia, Hyperthyroidism, Mental health issues, such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Per a 2018 systematic review in the journal of Sleep Medicine Reviews, as many as 29 medications may induce somnambulism even if you have no history of sleepwalking.

• #50 Sleepwalking – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking

  There may be a genetic component to sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked. […] Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with Tourette syndrome, both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking. […] Medications, primarily in four classes benzodiazepine receptor agonists and other GABA modulators, antidepressants and other serotonergic agents, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers have been associated with sleepwalking. […] A number of conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking.

• #51 Propanolol-Induced Somnambulism: An Ignored Adverse Effect?

  https://www.chronobiologyinmedicine.org/journal/view.php?number=148

  We present a 24-year-old male patient with a history of episodic migraine without aura since age 12. […] A diagnosis of somnambulism induced by propranolol was made. […] The proposed mechanism for somnambulism induced by some beta-blockers, such as propranolol and metoprolol, but not all is still unclear, but it appears to involve reduced melatonin synthesis, via central beta-1 adrenergic receptors. […] These actions could result in increased arousal during sleep and abnormal behaviors. […] Another theory is that beta-blockers bind to 5-hydroxytyptamine receptors and precipitate abnormal rapid eye movement and non-rapid sleep behavior. […] In conclusion, sleepwalking is a rare adverse effect caused by propranolol in patients with or without a previous history of sleepwalking or another sleep disorder.

• #52 FDA adds Boxed Warning for risk of serious injuries caused by sleepwalking with certain prescription insomnia medicines | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-adds-boxed-warning-risk-serious-injuries-caused-sleepwalking-certain-prescription-insomnia

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is advising that rare but serious injuries have happened with certain common prescription insomnia medicines because of sleep behaviors, including sleepwalking, sleep driving, and engaging in other activities while not fully awake. […] The underlying mechanisms by which these insomnia medicines cause complex sleep behaviors are not completely understood. […] FDA identified 62 cases of complex sleep behaviors that resulted in serious injuries or death after taking insomnia medicines eszopiclone, zaleplon, or zolpidem reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database between December 16, 1992, and February 27, 2018, and four additional cases reported in the medical literature between December 16, 1992, and March 13, 2018. Of the 66 cases, 20 cases were reported as resulting in fatal outcomes. […] The underlying mechanisms by which these insomnia medicines cause complex sleep behaviors are not completely understood.

• #53 What is the most compelling mechanistic hypothesis for the occurrence of sleep walking? – The ENT Voice & Snoring Clinic

  https://www.entvoicesnoring.com/what-is-the-most-compelling-mechanistic-hypothesis-for-the-occurrence-of-sleep-walking/

  The most recent mechanistic hypothesis for sleep walking is the theory that sleepwalkers may exhibit a simultaneous coexistence states of wakefulness and NREM sleep. […] The authors proposed that an imbalance of the 2 states of wakefulness and sleep could result in NREM parasomnias. […] The most compelling mechanistic hypothesis would need to be consistent to all these components, and this is the hypothesis that a synthesis of all 3 theories of disorders of arousals, disorders of slow-wave sleep and a disorder of simultaneous dissociative states of sleep and wakefulness.

• #54 What Is Sleepwalking? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleepwalking/guide/

  Sleepwalking is a type of parasomnia. Thats a sleep disorder that causes unusual activities or feelings, like nightmares and bed-wetting. It usually happens within a few hours of falling asleep, when youre in a very deep sleep. […] That early part of the sleep cycle is when sleepwalking tends to happen, says Nilong Vyas, MD, a pediatrician in the New Orleans area who runs a sleep consulting business, Sleepless in NOLA. It is the non-REM stage 3 before the deep REM stage where sleepwalking is most likely because the muscles are not paralyzed, yet you are still 'asleep, she says. […] Its a sudden partial arousal out of stage 3 sleep. You will see the person with their eyes open, but theyre kind of glassy and theyre minimally responsive. Theyll do strange things, and if you gently wake them out of it, theyre confused, says John Cline, PhD, a Connecticut-based licensed clinical psychologist specializing in sleep medicine, and a diplomate of the American Board of Sleep Medicine.

• #55 What is the most compelling mechanistic hypothesis for the occurrence of sleep walking? – The ENT Voice & Snoring Clinic

  https://www.entvoicesnoring.com/what-is-the-most-compelling-mechanistic-hypothesis-for-the-occurrence-of-sleep-walking/

  Sleep walking or somnambulism is a sleep disorder characterised by ambulation during sleep, the persistence of sleep and an altered state of consciousness. […] Despite being the subject of more than 5 decades of scientific research, the underlying fundamental pathophysiology of somnambulism remains unclear. […] Somnambulism was described by Broughton et al in 1969 as an arousal disorder. A sudden partial arousal from NREM sleep was believed to be the cause of sleepwalking. […] These findings led to the theory that sleepwalking episodes were triggered by a sudden arousal and sleepwalkers were in a state of partial arousal between NREM sleep and wakefulness. […] The hypothesis of a slow-wave sleep disorder as the mechanism for sleepwalking is built along 2 lines. One is the observation of innate abnormalities of slow-wave sleep seen in sleep walkers.

• #56 (PDF) Sleepwalking

  https://www.academia.edu/81284422/Sleepwalking

  This article reviews the scientific literature surrounding sleepwalking, investigating its underlying neurophysiology and clinical characteristics. Distinct from myths surrounding sleepwalking as a type of dreaming, the investigation highlights that sleepwalking episodes arise from non-REM sleep, specifically slow-wave sleep (SWS). […] However, sleep laboratory studies showed sleepwalking to be caused by partial arousals from deep (SWS) sleep. […] The exact role of SWS in sleepwalkers remains undetermined, and further research is necessary to characterize the role of abnormal SWS, particularly in response to sleep deprivation, and to assess the role of arousals in triggering sleepwalking episodes. […] The findings support the view that sleepwalkers suffer from a dysfunction of the mechanisms responsible for sustaining stable slow-wave sleep and suggest that these patients are particularly vulnerable to increased homeostatic sleep pressure. […] Sleepwalkers have been shown to have an unusually high number of arousals from slow wave sleep and lower slow wave activity (SWA) power during the night than controls. […] Sleepwalkers appear to suffer from an abnormality in the neural mechanisms responsible for the regulation of SWS.

• #57 What is the most compelling mechanistic hypothesis for the occurrence of sleep walking? – The ENT Voice & Snoring Clinic

  https://www.entvoicesnoring.com/what-is-the-most-compelling-mechanistic-hypothesis-for-the-occurrence-of-sleep-walking/

  The most recent mechanistic hypothesis for sleep walking is the theory that sleepwalkers may exhibit a simultaneous coexistence states of wakefulness and NREM sleep. […] The authors proposed that an imbalance of the 2 states of wakefulness and sleep could result in NREM parasomnias. […] The most compelling mechanistic hypothesis would need to be consistent to all these components, and this is the hypothesis that a synthesis of all 3 theories of disorders of arousals, disorders of slow-wave sleep and a disorder of simultaneous dissociative states of sleep and wakefulness.

• #58 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sleepwalking-A-Neuroscientific-Exploration-of-Midnight-Roaming.aspx

  There are several potential neuroscientific and psychobiological explanations for sleepwalking. Some understandings rely on neural activity, while others look to the role of the sleep cycle itself. […] A study conducted by the Sleep Research Society suggests that perfusion differs in certain brain regions in those who are prone to sleepwalking compared to those who are not. […] Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was used to measure the perfusion patterns of both sleepwalkers and non-sleepwalkers after 24 hours of sleep deprivation. […] Areas that indicated reduced levels of perfusion in sleepwalkers spread across both cerebral and bilateral frontal regions. Increased perfusion was also found in the right parahippocampal gyrus during resting-state wakefulness when compared to their non-sleepwalking peers.

• #59 The Science of Sleepwalking – Big Think

  https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/the-science-of-sleepwalking/

  Scientists believe sleepwalking occurs when two areas of the brain the limbic region of the brain that deals with raw emotions and the area of the cortex that manages complex motor activity remain awake while the areas that would otherwise mitigate their primitive impulses notably the frontal cortex (rationality) and hippocampus (memory) sleep. […] Obviously, in people who sleepwalk, the wakefulness balance between the two brain systems is not in equilibrium. […] But as for how and why the brain can even do this, it may the answer is simple: Its a modern-day manifestation of an ancient, built-in mechanism that helped keep our sleeping ancestors alive.

• #60

  https://aeon.co/ideas/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry

  Scientists now agree that bouts of localised wakeful-like activity in motor-related areas and the limbic system can occur without concurrent sleepwalking. […] During sleep, we can have an activation of the motor system, so although you are sleeping and not moving, the motor cortex can be in a wake-like state ready to go, explains Nobili, who led the team that conducted the work. If something really goes wrong and endangers you, you dont need your frontal lobes rationality to escape. You need a motor system that is ready. In sleepwalking, however, this adaptive system has gone awry. An external trigger that would normally produce a small arousal triggers a full-blown episode. […] Despite evidence of localised activity during sleep in both human and non-human animal brains, sleepwalking is, among primates, apparently a uniquely human phenomenon.

• #61

  https://aeon.co/ideas/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry

  Scientists now agree that bouts of localised wakeful-like activity in motor-related areas and the limbic system can occur without concurrent sleepwalking. […] During sleep, we can have an activation of the motor system, so although you are sleeping and not moving, the motor cortex can be in a wake-like state ready to go, explains Nobili, who led the team that conducted the work. If something really goes wrong and endangers you, you dont need your frontal lobes rationality to escape. You need a motor system that is ready. In sleepwalking, however, this adaptive system has gone awry. An external trigger that would normally produce a small arousal triggers a full-blown episode. […] Despite evidence of localised activity during sleep in both human and non-human animal brains, sleepwalking is, among primates, apparently a uniquely human phenomenon.

• #62

  https://aeon.co/ideas/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-gone-awry

  Scientists now agree that bouts of localised wakeful-like activity in motor-related areas and the limbic system can occur without concurrent sleepwalking. […] During sleep, we can have an activation of the motor system, so although you are sleeping and not moving, the motor cortex can be in a wake-like state ready to go, explains Nobili, who led the team that conducted the work. If something really goes wrong and endangers you, you dont need your frontal lobes rationality to escape. You need a motor system that is ready. In sleepwalking, however, this adaptive system has gone awry. An external trigger that would normally produce a small arousal triggers a full-blown episode. […] Despite evidence of localised activity during sleep in both human and non-human animal brains, sleepwalking is, among primates, apparently a uniquely human phenomenon.

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