Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Myopia has also been shown to increase the risk of sight threatening complications for example, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. […] An unknown but frequent cause of vision impairment and blindness in East Asia and Europe is myopic macular degeneration. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people.

• #2 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/

  Short-sightedness is on the rise … one in three children worldwide are affected by myopia. […] Almost 3.4 billion people will be short-sighted by 2030, warns the World Health Organization. […] Myopia is also on the increase among children, with a third globally affected, according to a new study. […] Myopia – the medical term for short-sightedness or near-sightedness – is on the rise. And perhaps most worryingly, this trend also affects children. […] Around 2.6 billion people were short-sighted in 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which anticipates that this figure will rise to 3.4 billion by 2030. […] Meanwhile, a third of children and adolescents globally are affected by myopia, according to a recent study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO).

• #3 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.

• #4 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia

  Myopia: Overview […] Is it hard to see distant objects, like highway signs, until you’re a few feet away, but easy to read a book up close? Chances are you have myopia, also known as nearsightedness. It’s a common condition that your eye doctor usually can fix with eyeglasses, contacts, or eye surgery. […] Myopia Causes […] The structure of your eye is to blame. When your eyeball is too long or the cornea — the protective outer layer of your eye — is too curved, the light that enters your eye won’t focus correctly. Images focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive part of your eye, instead of directly on the retina. This causes blurred vision. Doctors call this a refractive error. […] Myopia has two general types: pathological and non-pathological. Non-pathological myopia is also called simple, or school, myopia. Pathological myopia is also called degenerative or malignant myopia.

• #5 Myopia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580529/

  Axial myopia is the most common type observed in clinical practice and is caused by an increase in the axial length of the globe. […] The crystalline lens undergoes substantial modifications with age, eventually contributing to changes in refractive error. […] The severity of myopia is categorized as mild (between 0.5 and 4 D), moderate (between 4 and 8 D), and severe ( 8 D). […] History-taking guides appropriate management. […] Inquiry regarding a family history of myopia, keratoconus, and retinal complications is essential. […] Surgical management of myopia has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. […] Laser vision correction is the surgical correction of refractive errors by remodeling the corneal surface using lasers. […] This procedure involves using an excimer laser, which is essentially an excited dimer composed of argon fluoride with a wavelength of 193 nm.

• #6 ▷ Myopia (short-sightedness) | What is it, causes and treatment at Barraquer

  https://www.barraquer.com/en/pathology/myopia-short-sightedness

  Myopia (short-sightedness) is a refraction issue whereby objects in the distance focus in front of the retina and not on it. This makes these objects seem blurred. It usually happens in infancy and evolve into adulthood. […] It happens because the eye is too long and the cornea has more curvature than normal or the crystalline lens is too powerful. […] There are various factors causing this issue, including: […] Myopia is frequently passed from parents to their children, as it is a dominant gene. […] Some diseases may cause myopia (short-sightedness) either temporarily or permanently. […] Some people experience eyesight problems in particular circumstances like where there’s low ambiental lighting or in certain professions when working at a short distance from an object, such as what happens when we use a microscope.

• #7 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.

• #8

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Nearsightedness (myopia) is when close-up objects look clear but distant objects are blurry. […] Nearsightedness is a common eye focusing disorder. It has been on the rise for several decades. It is estimated that by 2050, nearly half the people in the world will have nearsightedness. […] For you to see clearly, light rays must travel through the front layers of the eye (the cornea and lens). The cornea and lens work together to bend the light so it lands on the back layer of the eye, called the retina. The retina then sends a signal to your brain that allows you to see. […] With nearsightedness, the shape of your eye prevents light from bending properly, so that light is aimed in front of your retina instead of on your retina. For example, the cornea at the front of your eye may be too steeply curved, or your eye may be longer front to back than normal. In either case, the light rays fall short of the retina. When light is not focused on the retina as it should be, your vision is blurry.

• #9 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] The role of corrective lenses interfering with emmetropization has also been suggested. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #10 What Causes Short-Sightedness: Reasons for Myopia

  https://www.foreyes.com.au/news/what-causes-short-sightedness-reasons-for-myopia-development

  As mentioned earlier, there is a genetic component to myopia development. For instance, if one parent is nearsighted, the child has a three times higher chance of developing myopia. If both parents are myopic, the child’s chance of developing myopia is six times greater. […] Modern lifestyle choices likely contribute to the increasing prevalence of myopia. Some of the biggest risk factors of myopia include excessive screen time and near-vision work without adequate breaks. Environmental factors, such as limited outdoor activity, can influence myopia development. Natural light is important for healthy eyes and vision. Spending enough time outside is a crucial way to prevent myopia development. Research shows that spending enough time outdoors in natural daylight can reduce the risk of myopia development and reduce myopia from progressing to higher levels.

• #11 What Are Myopia (Nearsightedness) and Myopia Progression?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/myopia/overview-of-nearsightedness/

  Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the eye focuses light rays in front of the retina, instead of on the retina. This makes distant objects look blurry. […] A few different factors contribute to focusing light properly onto the retina: The length of the eye from front to back, the shape of the cornea and lens, and the location of the lens and the cornea relative to each other inside the eye. Small variations in any of these factors can cause myopia. […] In some cases, the process continues. When this happens, the eyes develop past emmetropia and toward myopia. The eyeball may become too long, or the curve of the cornea or lens may become too steep. In rare cases, the lens may move too close to the cornea. […] A person may have a three times higher risk of nearsightedness if one of their parents is nearsighted. They may have a six times higher risk if both parents are nearsighted.

• #12 What Causes Short-Sightedness: Reasons for Myopia

  https://www.foreyes.com.au/news/what-causes-short-sightedness-reasons-for-myopia-development

  As mentioned earlier, there is a genetic component to myopia development. For instance, if one parent is nearsighted, the child has a three times higher chance of developing myopia. If both parents are myopic, the child’s chance of developing myopia is six times greater. […] Modern lifestyle choices likely contribute to the increasing prevalence of myopia. Some of the biggest risk factors of myopia include excessive screen time and near-vision work without adequate breaks. Environmental factors, such as limited outdoor activity, can influence myopia development. Natural light is important for healthy eyes and vision. Spending enough time outside is a crucial way to prevent myopia development. Research shows that spending enough time outdoors in natural daylight can reduce the risk of myopia development and reduce myopia from progressing to higher levels.

• #13 What Are Myopia (Nearsightedness) and Myopia Progression?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/myopia/overview-of-nearsightedness/

  Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the eye focuses light rays in front of the retina, instead of on the retina. This makes distant objects look blurry. […] A few different factors contribute to focusing light properly onto the retina: The length of the eye from front to back, the shape of the cornea and lens, and the location of the lens and the cornea relative to each other inside the eye. Small variations in any of these factors can cause myopia. […] In some cases, the process continues. When this happens, the eyes develop past emmetropia and toward myopia. The eyeball may become too long, or the curve of the cornea or lens may become too steep. In rare cases, the lens may move too close to the cornea. […] A person may have a three times higher risk of nearsightedness if one of their parents is nearsighted. They may have a six times higher risk if both parents are nearsighted.

• #14 Nearsightedness: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/

  Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. […] Nearsightedness is typically a complex condition. Multiple genetic variations, each with a small effect, likely interact with environmental and lifestyle factors to influence whether a person becomes nearsighted. […] Occasionally, nearsightedness (particularly high myopia) results from mutations in a single gene. Variations in at least seven specific genes have been associated with high myopia. […] Large studies have identified more than 200 genes involved in nearsightedness, and additional studies are underway. […] Environmental and lifestyle factors also play an important part in nearsightedness. Much of the recent increase in the frequency of nearsightedness worldwide is likely related to spending less time outdoors and doing more „near work,” such as reading, studying, and working on computers and handheld devices. […] In most nearsighted people, this vision problem is not part of a larger genetic syndrome. However, more than 200 genetic conditions, most of them rare, include nearsightedness as a feature.

• #15 Myopia – Causes of short-sightedness | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/myopia/causes-of-short-sightedness

  The exact cause of short-sightedness (myopia) is unknown, but it’s thought to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors that disrupt the normal development of the eye. […] Short-sightedness is known to run in families. Children with one short-sighted parent have a greater risk of developing myopia of about a one in three chance. If both parents are short-sighted, the risk increases further to one in two. […] Genetic research has identified 26 genes linked to short-sightedness. These are responsible for the eye’s structure and development and signalling between the brain and the eye. […] Environmental factors, such as reading, writing and using a computer, can increase your risk of developing short-sightedness. […] One study found that children who read for 30 minutes or more each day were one-and-a-half times more likely to develop myopia than children who didn’t read for this period of time.

• #16 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] Myopia can be induced with minus spherical lenses, and overminus in prescription lenses can induce myopia progression. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #17 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  There have been attempts to identify genes that may be important in myopia development. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which examine genetic variations between individuals to determine whether certain variants are associated with a specific trait (in this case myopia), have identified correlations between variations in certain genes and an increased risk of myopia. […] It is reasonable to assume that genes play a part in myopia risk, but they alone cannot account for the rapid changes in myopia prevalence that are being observed all over the world, nor for the dramatic differences in myopia prevalence within the same ethnic populations in urban vs. rural environments. […] Thus, the underlying cause of spontaneous-onset myopia is most likely to be a combination of genes and environmental triggers.

• #18 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] The role of corrective lenses interfering with emmetropization has also been suggested. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #19 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Myopia is the medical name for nearsightedness, which means that you can see objects that are near clearly but have difficulty seeing objects that are farther away. For example, if you have nearsightedness, you may not be able to make out highway signs until theyre just a few feet away. […] Myopia affects a significant percentage of people. Its an eye focus disorder thats normally corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses or surgery. […] Eye experts are still unsure of the exact cause of myopia, but believe it to be a mix of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Its possible that you can inherit the ability to be myopic. If your lifestyle produces just the right conditions, youll develop it. For example, if you use your eyes for a lot of close-up work, like reading or working on a computer, you may develop myopia.

• #20 Myopia (nearsightedness) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia

  Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn’t focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. […] Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, playing video games or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia. In fact, high levels of screen time on smart devices (i.e. looking at a smart phone) is associated with around a 30% higher risk of myopia and, when combined with excessive computer use, that risk rose to around 80%.

• #21 What Causes Short-Sightedness: Reasons for Myopia

  https://www.foreyes.com.au/news/what-causes-short-sightedness-reasons-for-myopia-development

  Myopia, or shortsightedness, is a common condition that is increasing worldwide. The exact causes of short-sightedness are not fully understood. However, studies suggest that environmental and genetic factors affect myopia development. Factors that may increase the risk of myopia include: Genetics. Children are at a greater risk of developing myopia if one or both of their parents are myopic. Eye Strain. Prolonged near vision work, excessive reading or use of digital devices, excessive screen time, and too much time spent indoors can all cause eye strain. This excessive eye strain can increase the risk of myopia. Vision Habits. Lifestyle choices can increase an individual’s risk of myopia. For instance, poor reading habits or lack of screen breaks during work can contribute to a higher risk of myopia development. Environmental Factors. Lack of exposure to natural light by spending too much time indoors can increase the risk of developing myopia.

• #22 Short-sightedness | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/short-sightedness

  If you are short-sighted, you will have trouble seeing objects in the distance clearly. […] In people with short-sightedness, the clear front surface of the eye (the cornea) curves too steeply or the eyeball is too long. […] The causes of short-sightedness are unknown, although recent research suggests that it may be genetic. […] Short-sightedness tends to run in families. […] Your chance of developing short-sightedness is greater if you have family members with this type of eye condition. […] Short-sightedness may also be related to environmental factors. […] Children who spend a lot of time focusing on near objects, for example, reading or watching a computer screen, may have a greater chance of becoming short-sighted. […] Also, lack of time outdoors in natural light may increase the chances of developing short-sightedness.

• #23 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  Most of the identified risk factors for myopia are correlated with environmental influences, such as an increased socioeconomic status, residing in an urban environment, higher education and IQ, increased time spent performing near work, and increased time spent indoors. […] To understand the roles of environmental risk factors for the cause of myopia, scientists have turned to animal models. […] The first reported case of myopia in experimental animals was observed serendipitously in non-human primates, during investigations into the cortical effects of monocular visual deprivation in young macaques. […] That we can experimentally-induce myopia in young, rapidly growing animals tells us that the visual environment plays an important role in regulation of eye growth. […] Myopia-inducing stimuli require prolonged exposures for a significant effect.

• #24 Myopia | Sight Research UK

  https://www.sightresearchuk.org/sight-issues/eye-conditions/myopia/

  Myopia is one of the most common causes of sight impairment worldwide, currently affecting 1.4 billion people. By 2050, it is predicted that five billion people (half the worlds population) will be short sighted. […] Short-sightedness is caused by the lens in the eye being unable to focus on the distance. People with myopia have relatively long eyes, so light is focused in front of the retina instead of directly onto it. […] Exact causes of myopia are currently unknown, but recent research funded by Sight Research UK and carried out by Dr Denize Atan and her team at the University of Bristol showed that, on average, as a population, we become more myopic for each additional year we spend in education. […] Evidence from other studies suggests that this may be because we spend less time outdoors, reducing our exposure to natural daylight. Other risk factors include environment, diet, and genetics.

• #25 Myopia: What causes short-sightedness and why is it rising? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/short-sightedness-myopia-health-eyesight/

  Data suggests that half of the world’s population will be short-sighted by 2050. […] A study has found that rates of short-sightedness (myopia) are rising dramatically. […] Research shows a connection between years in education and levels of myopia; those with a university-level education were eight times more likely to develop myopia. […] In the UK and Europe alone, rates of short-sightedness have doubled in the last 50 years. […] This study found women had a 24% increased risk of developing myopia in childhood – but were 12% less likely to develop myopia in adulthood. […] Looking then at ethnicity, the researchers found that there was a higher prevalence of myopia in people who were Chinese. […] These findings relate to what previous studies have shown, with research suggesting there’s a greater prevalence of myopia in east Asia and in people of Asian descent.

• #26 What Are Myopia (Nearsightedness) and Myopia Progression?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/myopia/overview-of-nearsightedness/

  Recent research shows that wearing specially designed lenses can slow myopia progression. There is evidence that these lenses can slow axial elongation of the eye. In other words, they can slow the rate of the eye growing longer. […] Research shows that spending at least 90 minutes a day outdoors reduces the risk of developing myopia. […] The exact relationship between near work and myopia is not yet known. But some studies suggest that prolonged near work may be a risk factor for the development and progression of myopia.

• #27 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/

  Researchers are still working out exactly why being outdoors in natural light helps prevent myopia. […] It could also be linked to dopamine, which is released into the eye when sunlight comes into contact with the retina. The dopamine helps to inhibit the eye from growing too long, which is instrumental in reducing the chances of myopia. […] Or it could be linked to Vitamin D synthesis, which is triggered by spending time in natural light, and this also inhibits myopia. […] One study asked primary schools in Shanghai, China to allocate an additional 40-80 minutes of outdoor time for test groups, while a control group continued their existing habits of just over two hours a day outside. After two years, the incidence of myopia dropped in the test groups by 11-16% compared with the control group. […] So much so that myopia experts recommend that children (particularly those aged seven to nine) spend at least two hours a day outside.

• #28 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  Therefore, it was proposed that the higher mean illuminance outdoors which can be as much as 100,000 lux in Sydney AU, compared to typical indoor values of 350-500 lux was responsible for the protective effect of outdoor activity against myopia progression. […] The mechanism through which intense light may prevent myopia is unknown, but we can use animal models to investigate the signalling molecules that may be involved. […] The investigation of the role of NO as a regulator of eye growth is still in its early stages, but preliminary results are promising. […] Although we have made significant progress in determining possible treatments for myopia, much still needs to be done before we understand fully the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for regulation of eye growth.

• #29 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  Perhaps you are familiar with the old wives tale, Don’t sit too close to the TV, or you’ll ruin your eyes! This is likely because the most common and longstanding hypothesis about the cause of myopia development was that excessive near work results in accommodative fatigue, which then causes myopia. […] To investigate whether reducing the need for accommodation in children would be preventative against myopia, scientists have utilized progressive-addition lenses (PALs). […] The Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) was the largest and most significant human clinical trial ever conducted to test whether relaxation of accommodation through the use of PALs could help to inhibit the progression of myopia in children. […] In recent years, spending time outdoors has been reported to reduce the risk of developing myopia, and this effect does not seem to be dependent on the amount of physical activity.

• #30 Myopia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MyHealth1st

  https://www.myhealth1st.com.au/health-hub/articles/myopia-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Myopia, commonly known as shortsightedness or nearsightedness, is a very common vision problem that causes distant objects to appear blurry. […] There is some belief that constant close focus – working on screens (computers, phones and tablets) reading and other close work could condition the eye to focus solely on close distance. Genetics also plays a part in myopia. People with a parent with myopia are more likely to have the condition. […] A theory as to why the condition worsens throughout life points to what is called peripheral defocus. […] The main downside of myopia is requiring glasses or contact lenses to maintain clear sight at a distance away from you. But what isn’t always understood is that the more myopic you are, the more at risk you are of degenerative health changes in your eyes in adulthood. Myopic people are more at risk for conditions such as glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration and retinal detachment.

• #31 What Is Nearsightedness, and What Causes It? | MiSight® 1 day

  https://misight.com/blog/what-nearsightedness-and-what-causes-it

  Myopia tends to appear in kids from age 5 to 14, as their eyes, brains, and heads begin to grow to the size theyll be when they are adults. […] Given that the rate of nearsightedness among kids is unlikely to go down on its own, what can be done to help your own childs eyes? Limiting screen time is one sensible strategy. […] Its also important to make sure kids get lots of time outside. […] It is likely because the bright light outdoors even on a cloudy day releases dopamine in the outer retina which regulates eye growth. […] Theres now another way to help ward off myopia progression in kids. […] MiSight 1 day soft contact lenses are specifically designed for myopia control and are FDA approved to slow the progression of myopia in children aged 8-12 at initiation of treatment.

• #32 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/

  Researchers are still working out exactly why being outdoors in natural light helps prevent myopia. […] It could also be linked to dopamine, which is released into the eye when sunlight comes into contact with the retina. The dopamine helps to inhibit the eye from growing too long, which is instrumental in reducing the chances of myopia. […] Or it could be linked to Vitamin D synthesis, which is triggered by spending time in natural light, and this also inhibits myopia. […] One study asked primary schools in Shanghai, China to allocate an additional 40-80 minutes of outdoor time for test groups, while a control group continued their existing habits of just over two hours a day outside. After two years, the incidence of myopia dropped in the test groups by 11-16% compared with the control group. […] So much so that myopia experts recommend that children (particularly those aged seven to nine) spend at least two hours a day outside.

• #33 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  Therefore, it was proposed that the higher mean illuminance outdoors which can be as much as 100,000 lux in Sydney AU, compared to typical indoor values of 350-500 lux was responsible for the protective effect of outdoor activity against myopia progression. […] The mechanism through which intense light may prevent myopia is unknown, but we can use animal models to investigate the signalling molecules that may be involved. […] The investigation of the role of NO as a regulator of eye growth is still in its early stages, but preliminary results are promising. […] Although we have made significant progress in determining possible treatments for myopia, much still needs to be done before we understand fully the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for regulation of eye growth.

• #34 The Science Behind Myopia – Webvision – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669/

  Most of the identified risk factors for myopia are correlated with environmental influences, such as an increased socioeconomic status, residing in an urban environment, higher education and IQ, increased time spent performing near work, and increased time spent indoors. […] To understand the roles of environmental risk factors for the cause of myopia, scientists have turned to animal models. […] The first reported case of myopia in experimental animals was observed serendipitously in non-human primates, during investigations into the cortical effects of monocular visual deprivation in young macaques. […] That we can experimentally-induce myopia in young, rapidly growing animals tells us that the visual environment plays an important role in regulation of eye growth. […] Myopia-inducing stimuli require prolonged exposures for a significant effect.

• #35 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/

  The BJO study found that developing countries were predicted to have 40% of people short-sighted by 2050. […] But why are cases of myopia on the rise – and what can be done to slow, or even reverse, the trend? […] The rapid increase in myopia around the world rules out genetic causes, which has led scientists to search for answers among environmental factors. […] COVID-19 has not helped: during lockdowns, young people spent even less time outdoors and more time on screens. This had the effect of accelerating myopia progression, especially in younger children. […] Singapore understands the problem better than most. It has some of the highest levels of near-sightedness in the world and has undertaken numerous studies since 2001 to resolve the issue. […] As well as the usual efforts to encourage regular check-ups for children as young as pre-school level, the guidance is also to spend time doing activities outdoors, which 'can prevent or delay the onset of myopia’.

• #36 Why is myopia rising in children, and what can parents do about it? | Children’s health | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/sep/29/why-is-myopia-rising-in-children-and-what-can-parents-do-about-it

  Prolonged focusing on near things has been shown to increase the rate of progression of myopia in children, and holding a device close to your eyes for a long period of time can drive myopia to get worse. […] According to Hammond, apart from having a family history of myopia, the major risk factors are too much close work and not enough time outdoors. […] There have also been several studies that indicated that pandemic lockdown and the corresponding massive increase in screen time and lack of time outdoors caused a significant rise in the number of children with myopia. […] Our increasingly urban lifestyle is also a challenge in treating myopia, according to Dahlmann-Noor. […] We know that exposure to outdoor sunlight delays onset and slows progression of myopia, Dahlmann-Noor says. […] More research is needed into how many children are affected by myopia and how current treatments work, Hammond says. […] Finally, we still have no effective treatments for the long-term sight loss experienced by people who are highly myopic as they get older.

• #37 Why short-sightedness is on the rise

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220927-can-you-prevent-short-sightedness-in-kids

  We can expect myopia rates to continue to climb because countries like India are getting more kids into school. […] It is staying indoors that appears to be. […] Researchers have referred to this effect as „quarantine myopia” basically, lockdown-induced short-sightedness. […] The most effective, evidence-based prevention strategy is also surprisingly low-tech, and applies to all countries regardless of their wealth or resources: more time outdoors. […] Researchers are still investigating exactly why being outdoors, and being in natural light, helps prevent myopia but for now, their perhaps most important conclusion is that it does.

• #38 Myopia (Short-Sightedness): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/short-sight-myopia

  The medical name for short-sightedness is myopia. […] It is likely to result from a combination of genes and lifestyle factors (such as spending long periods of time doing close-up work or indoors). […] Short-sightedness tends to start in childhood and early teenage years. […] Temporary short-sightedness can also occur with certain illnesses – for example, in diabetes.

• #39

  https://myoptometristcalgary.ca/blog/The+Most+Common+Causes+Of+Adult-Onset+Myopia/167

  Certain medical conditions can be associated with the onset of myopia in adulthood. […] Diabetes, for instance, can affect the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to changes in the retina and contributing to myopia. […] Understanding the common causes of myopia can help individuals take preventive measures and make informed decisions to protect their eyesight. […] Genetic factors, environmental influences, lifestyle changes, occupational demands, and certain medical conditions all play a role in the development of adult-onset myopia. […] Early diagnosis and myopia management are critical to maintaining vision and eye health.

• #40 Myopia

  https://www.lei.org.au/services/eye-health-information/myopia/

  Myopia is associated with an increased risk of potentially blinding eye conditions in adulthood including retinal detachment, macular disease, cataract and glaucoma. The risk of these conditions increases with the severity of myopia. Myopia can also be caused by other eye diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, childhood glaucoma, and inherited vitreoretinal diseases. These should be excluded before a diagnosis of simple myopia is made.

• #41 What Causes Sudden Nearsightedness? – Dr. Henslick Vision Center

  https://drhenslickvisioncenter.com/what-causes-sudden-nearsightedness/

  Hormonal changes can also play a role in sudden nearsightedness. A principal complaint among pregnant women is an upset in vision related to nearsightedness. […] Nearsightedness in pregnancy is from metabolic and hormonal changes. An increase in estrogen and progesterone levels can amplify the lens thickness, thus increasing the eyes refractive power and resulting in nearsightedness. […] Diabetic retinopathy is a condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina, potentially causing vision changes, including blurry vision. […] Cataracts are a common eye condition resulting from the natural aging process. In cataracts, your eyes lens becomes opaque and can cause sudden nearsightedness. […] Some eye diseases can cause sudden nearsightedness as they progress.

• #42 Myopia | Sight Research UK

  https://www.sightresearchuk.org/sight-issues/eye-conditions/myopia/

  Myopia is more prevalent in countries adopting a Western diet and lifestyle and many of the genes that increase the risk of myopia are involved in insulin/glucose signalling and obesity/fat metabolism. […] Pathological myopia is a rare condition thought to be inherited. It is usually diagnosed in early childhood and is due to an abnormal elongation of the eyeball in the growing child.

• #43 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia

  Degenerative or malignant myopia (pathological) […] Also called pathological or malignant myopia, it is a rare type you usually inherit from your parents. Your eyeball gets longer very quickly and causes severe myopia, usually by the teenage or early adult years. This type of myopia can get worse far into adulthood. Besides making it hard to see things at a distance, you may have a higher chance of having a detached retina, abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye (choroid neovascularization), and glaucoma. Degenerative myopia is a common cause of legal blindness. […] What is the highest myopia? […] Eye doctors measure your refractive error (how far off from correct your vision is) in diopters. Mild myopia is anything up to -1.5 D. A refractive error of -1.5 D to -6.0 D is considered severe myopia. High myopia is anything above -6.0 D. If your myopia is above -8.0 D, your myopia is considered pathological.

• #44

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  If a parent is nearsighted, there is a greater chance their child will be as well. But a parent doesn’t need to be nearsighted for their child to be nearsighted. Doctors still don’t completely understand why some people are nearsighted. There are likely many factors involved, and genetics is only one part. […] Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] People with nearsightedness have a higher risk for a detached retina. This is when the tissue lining the back of your eye lifts away or separates from the eye wall. It is a serious eye problem that can cause blindness. […] People with severe nearsightedness also have a higher risk of developing glaucoma, cataracts and other eye diseases.

• #45 Myopia and Treatment of Myopia In Children

  https://aapos.org/glossary/myopia-and-treatment-of-myopia-in-children

  Myopia (near-sightedness) is a condition in which the front parts of the eye focus the incoming light rays that are coming from a distance to a point that is in front of the retina. […] Different things can cause this problem with focusing of light rays, including problems in the lens (focusing part in the middle of the eye) or cornea (clear shield on the front of the eye), or by an eye that is abnormally long. […] Children with myopia (or nearsightedness) generally have a larger amount of nearsightedness as they grow through childhood and early adulthood. […] There are many things that can cause a child’s eye to become more or less nearsighted, including the amount of nearsightedness that each parent has, the time spent doing work close up and the amount of outdoor light exposure. […] High myopia, also called pathologic myopia, is when there is near-sightedness of -6.00 diopters or more OR the length of the eye measures greater than 26.5mm.

• #46 Myopia and pathological myopia | RNIB

  https://www.rnib.org.uk/your-eyes/eye-conditions-az/myopia-and-pathological-myopia/

  Myopia, also known as being short sighted, causes your vision to be blurry in the distance but clearer when looking at things up close. […] Myopia is a very common focusing problem, and for most people it can be easily corrected using glasses or contact lenses to make vision clear and crisp. […] Pathological myopia is different from simply being short sighted. Pathological myopia means that you are very short sighted and that this has caused degenerative changes to the back of your eye. […] In people with myopia, the light entering the eye comes to a focus point before it reaches your retina. This makes vision blurry and is caused by the eyeball being too long or the cornea being more steeply curved. […] If you have myopia higher than -6.00D, you may be at greater risk of developing the following eye conditions: posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts.

• #47 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] The role of corrective lenses interfering with emmetropization has also been suggested. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #48 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Myopia has also been shown to increase the risk of sight threatening complications for example, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. […] An unknown but frequent cause of vision impairment and blindness in East Asia and Europe is myopic macular degeneration. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people.

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