Krótkowzroczność
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Krótkowzroczność stanowi globalny problem zdrowotny, dotykając około 22% populacji światowej, z prognozowanym wzrostem do 50% (4,758 miliarda osób) do 2050 roku, w tym 10% z wysoką krótkowzrocznością (≥ -6,00 D). Szczególnie niepokojący jest wzrost częstości u dzieci i młodzieży, gdzie w 2023 roku odsetek wynosił około 36%, a przewiduje się wzrost do 40% do 2050 roku. Wczesny początek krótkowzroczności, zwłaszcza przed 7. rokiem życia, wiąże się z szybszą progresją i wyższym ryzykiem powikłań, takich jak zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej (wzrost ryzyka o 58% na każdą dioptrię), jaskra pierwotna otwartego kąta (20%), zaćma podtorebkowa tylna (21%) oraz odwarstwienie siatkówki (30%). Długość osiowa oka (>26 mm) jest silniejszym predyktorem powikłań niż sama refrakcja, a u osób powyżej 75 lat ryzyko upośledzenia widzenia wzrasta do 25% przy osi >26 mm i ponad 90% przy osi >30 mm.

Prognoza krótkowzroczności (myopii)

Krótkowzroczność stanowi jedną z głównych przyczyn zaburzeń widzenia na świecie, a jej rozpowszechnienie gwałtownie wzrasta, co budzi coraz większe obawy w środowisku medycznym. Szacuje się, że dotyka ona około 1,5 miliarda ludzi (22% światowej populacji)1. Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), w 2020 roku około 2,6 miliarda ludzi cierpiało na krótkowzroczność, a liczba ta wzrośnie prawdopodobnie do 3,4 miliarda do 2030 roku2. Prognozy są jeszcze bardziej niepokojące w dłuższej perspektywie – przewiduje się, że do 2050 roku prawie połowa światowej populacji (4,758 miliarda) będzie krótkowzroczna, a około 10% (938 milionów) będzie cierpieć na wysoką krótkowzroczność3.

Progresja krótkowzroczności u dzieci

Szczególnie niepokojący jest wzrost częstości występowania krótkowzroczności wśród dzieci i młodzieży. W ciągu ostatnich 30 lat odsetek ten wzrósł z 24% w 1990 roku do prawie 36% w 2023 roku, przy czym badacze odnotowali znaczny wzrost liczby przypadków po pandemii COVID-194. Według badania opublikowanego w British Journal of Ophthalmology, ponad jedna trzecia dzieci na świecie była krótkowzroczna w 2023 roku, a liczba ta ma wzrosnąć do prawie 40% do 2050 roku5.

Istotny jest wiek wystąpienia krótkowzroczności – im wcześniej się pojawia, tym większe ryzyko rozwoju wysokiej krótkowzroczności i związanych z nią poważnych powikłań. Dzieci z krótkowzrocznością poniżej siódmego roku życia są w grupie podwyższonego ryzyka rozwoju wysokiej krótkowzroczności67. Badania wykazały również, że krótkowzroczność rozwija się szybciej u młodszych dzieci, co dodatkowo zwiększa ryzyko8.

Stabilizacja krótkowzroczności

Progresja krótkowzroczności zwykle stabilizuje się między 20 a 30 rokiem życia9. Po osiągnięciu wczesnej dorosłości krótkowzroczność najczęściej pozostaje na stałym poziomie, choć oczywiście nadal wymaga korekcji za pomocą okularów lub soczewek kontaktowych, a w niektórych przypadkach można rozważyć zabieg chirurgiczny10.

Należy jednak pamiętać, że w przypadku wysokiej krótkowzroczności, nawet po jej stabilizacji, pacjent nadal pozostaje w grupie zwiększonego ryzyka powikłań ocznych w późniejszym wieku11.

Ryzyko powikłań i długoterminowa prognoza

Wysoka krótkowzroczność, zazwyczaj definiowana jako -6,00 dioptrii lub więcej, wiąże się ze znacznie zwiększonym ryzykiem poważnych powikłań ocznych12. Każda dodatkowa dioptria krótkowzroczności zwiększa ryzyko:

U osób z wysoką krótkowzrocznością częściej występują także męty w ciele szklistym oraz inne zaburzenia widzenia14. Gdy oś gałki ocznej przekracza 26 mm, ryzyko powikłań tylnego bieguna oka i potencjalnych zaburzeń widzenia jest znacznie wyższe15. Wieloośrodkowa analiza wykazała, że długość osiowa oka jest ściślej związana z powikłaniami krótkowzroczności niż wartość refrakcji16.

W jednym z badań stwierdzono, że u osób w wieku 75 lat lub starszych skumulowane ryzyko upośledzenia widzenia lub ślepoty z jakiejkolwiek przyczyny wzrasta z 3,8% w oczach o długości mniejszej niż 26 mm do 25% w oczach dłuższych niż 26 mm, oraz do ponad 90% w oczach dłuższych niż 30 mm17.

Według badań naukowych, trendy wskazują na wzrost nie tylko częstości występowania, ale także nasilenia krótkowzroczności, prowadząc do wysokiej krótkowzroczności, która stwarza ryzyko zwyrodnienia plamki żółtej, zaćmy, a nawet jaskry i odwarstwienia siatkówki18.

Przewidywanie rozwoju krótkowzroczności

Dokładne przewidywanie ryzyka krótkowzroczności mogłoby pomóc w identyfikacji dzieci z grupy wysokiego ryzyka i wczesnym ukierunkowanym interwencjom, aby opóźnić początek krótkowzroczności lub spowolnić jej progresję19. Modele predykcyjne różnią się definicjami krótkowzroczności, zestawami czynników predykcyjnych i metodami statystycznymi, z różną skutecznością przewidywania20.

Czynniki predykcyjne

Badania sugerują, że ekwiwalent sferyczny (SE) na początku badania jest najlepszym pojedynczym predyktorem wystąpienia krótkowzroczności, a wcześniejsza zmiana SE jest najlepszym predyktorem przyszłej progresji krótkowzroczności21. Jednym z istotnych czynników ryzyka jest również posiadanie dwojga krótkowzrocznych rodziców22.

Przełomowym odkryciem jest możliwość przewidywania krótkowzroczności u dzieci za pomocą pojedynczego testu. Badania wykazały, że dziecko w wieku 6 lat z niewielką nadwzrocznością lub jej brakiem jest bardziej narażone na wcześniejszy rozwój krótkowzroczności23. Oznacza to, że potencjał przyszłej krótkowzroczności można wykryć w bardzo młodym wieku poprzez pomiar błędu refrakcji24.

Zaawansowane modele predykcyjne

W ostatnich latach opracowano bardziej zaawansowane modele predykcyjne wykorzystujące sztuczną inteligencję i uczenie głębokie. Przykładem jest model Time-Aware Long Short-Term Memory (T-LSTM), który może ilościowo przewidywać ekwiwalent sferyczny u dzieci i młodzieży w perspektywie do dwóch i pół roku25. Model ten potrafi obsługiwać dane o nieokreślonej długości sekwencji i dobrze uchwycić tendencje czasowe, nawet jeśli odstępy czasowe są nieregularne26.

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, im dłuższa sekwencja danych i krótszy czas przewidywania, tym mniejszy błąd predykcji. Średni błąd bezwzględny (MAE) ekwiwalentu sferycznego w granicach 0,75 dioptrii jest uważany za klinicznie akceptowalną prognozę27.

Innym przykładem jest model sztucznej inteligencji opracowany do przewidywania ostrości wzroku u pacjentów z neowaskularyzacją naczyniówki związaną z krótkowzrocznością (mCNV). Model ten osiągnął wysoką skuteczność w przewidywaniu ostrości wzroku po 1 (R² = 0,911), 2 (R² = 0,894) i 3 (R² = 0,891) latach28. W badaniu wykazano, że wykorzystując tylko wyjściową ostrość wzroku i obrazy OCT przed iniekcją, można przewidzieć ostrość wzroku rok później z dokładnością ponad 80%29.

Strategie kontroli krótkowzroczności i ich wpływ na prognozę

Wczesna interwencja i wykrywanie krótkowzroczności u dzieci są kluczowe dla zmniejszenia jej wpływu na długoterminowe zdrowie oczu i poprawy jakości życia w przyszłości30. Chociaż konwencjonalne okulary lub soczewki kontaktowe mogą korygować krótkowzroczność, nie spowalniają jej progresji31.

Skuteczne metody kontroli

Dostępnych jest wiele opcji mających na celu zapobieganie lub spowolnienie progresji krótkowzroczności u dzieci, o różnym stopniu skuteczności:

  • Atropina – leczenie farmakologiczne kroplami do oczu z atropiną wykazuje najwyższą skuteczność w spowalnianiu progresji krótkowzroczności. Wyższe dawki atropiny mogą zmniejszyć progresję krótkowzroczności, ale efekt niskiej dawki atropiny może być niewielki i niepewny3233.
  • Ortokeratologia – na podstawie krótkoterminowych badań, jest to najskuteczniejsza optyczna metoda leczenia w celu spowolnienia wydłużania gałki ocznej. Jednak te soczewki były często źle tolerowane, a w niektórych badaniach ponad połowa dzieci nie ukończyła leczenia34.
  • Soczewki z defokusem obwodowym (kontaktowe i okularowe) – wykazują umiarkowaną skuteczność w porównaniu z jednogniskowymi soczewkami35.
  • Soczewki dwuogniskowe lub progresywne – wykazują niższą skuteczność36.
  • Zwiększenie aktywności na świeżym powietrzu – również o niższej skuteczności, ale może zmniejszyć ryzyko wystąpienia krótkowzroczności3738.

Obiecujące wyniki pochodzą również z wykorzystania soczewek z wielosegmentowym defokusem (DIMS) oraz soczewek progresywnych39. Natomiast niedokorygowanie krótkowzroczności nie spowalnia jej progresji40.

Terapie kombinowane

Wyniki badań sugerują, że łączenie terapii optycznych i farmaceutycznych jako terapia podwójna może zwiększyć skuteczność kontroli krótkowzroczności41. Głównym nowym odkryciem jest to, że krótkotrwałe rozogniskowanie miopowe powoduje dodatkowe pogrubienie naczyniówki u dzieci, których grubość naczyniówki została już zwiększona przez nocne leczenie atropiną42.

Badania potwierdzają również, że atropina znosi wywołane przez hipermetropowe rozogniskowanie siatkówki ścieńczenie naczyniówki u dzieci, co zostało wcześniej zaobserwowane u młodych dorosłych43. Sugeruje to, że dodatkowe efekty atropiny i optycznego rozogniskowania są obecne na poziomie naczyniówki44.

Skuteczność długoterminowa

Chociaż krótkoterminowe badania sugerują, że terapia czerwonym światłem o niskiej intensywności może zmniejszyć progresję krótkowzroczności u dzieci chińskich, istnieje duża niepewność co do tych ustaleń45. Większość dowodów pochodzi z badań przeprowadzonych w sposób, który mógł wprowadzić błędy do ich wyników, a potencjalne niepożądane skutki nie były dobrze raportowane46.

Dostępnych jest mniej dowodów na okres dwóch lat i dłużej; utrzymuje się niepewność co do trwałego efektu tych interwencji47. Potrzebne są dłuższe i lepsze jakościowo badania porównujące interwencje kontrolujące krótkowzroczność stosowane samodzielnie lub w kombinacji, z ulepszonymi metodami monitorowania i raportowania działań niepożądanych48.

Kontrola krótkowzroczności postępującej

Krótkowzroczność postępująca, określana również jako krótkowzroczność wczesnego początku lub krótkowzroczność młodzieńcza, to krótkowzroczność u dzieci, która szybko pogarsza się z roku na rok, ponieważ oko nadal rośnie dłużej niż powinno w określonym wieku. Jeśli nie jest leczona, może rozwinąć się w wysoką krótkowzroczność – ciężką formę krótkowzroczności, która może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań w późniejszym życiu49.

Standardowe jednoogniskowe okulary i soczewki kontaktowe powszechnie korygują krótkowzroczność, ALE nie rozwiązują problemu jej progresji. Krótkowzroczność postępująca wymaga specjalistycznych pomocy wzrokowych, aby skorygować widzenie na odległość I kontrolować dalsze wydłużanie się oczu dziecka50.

Soczewki ZEISS MyoCare pozwalają zbliżyć wzrost długości oka u dzieci w wieku od 7 do 12 lat o 70% średnio do tego obserwowanego u dzieci z normalnym wzrokiem. Natomiast soczewki ZEISS MyoCare S zbliżają wzrost długości oka u dzieci w wieku od 7 do 12 lat o 68% średnio do normalnego fizjologicznego rozwoju oka5152.

Niestety, nie ma sposobu na odwrócenie krótkowzroczności u dzieci, ale na szczęście istnieją sposoby jej kontrolowania. Regularne przerwy, ograniczenie zadań związanych z widzeniem bliskim i spędzanie czasu na świeżym powietrzu mogą pomóc spowolnić progresję krótkowzroczności53.

Znaczenie pomiarów osiowych w prognozowaniu krótkowzroczności

Długość osiowa (AXL) została dobrze ugruntowana jako ważny, krytyczny pomiar w badaniach dotyczących progresji i kontroli krótkowzroczności54. Pomiar długości osiowej jest uważany za złoty standard w kontekście badawczym przy badaniu strategii kontroli krótkowzroczności i staje się coraz ważniejszy w środowisku klinicznym, gdzie kluczowym celem jest zmniejszenie wydłużania osiowego w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka dla zdrowia oczu przez całe życie55.

Dziecko, które ma -3,00D i 25mm, może wymagać bardziej proaktywnego leczenia i ściślejszego monitorowania niż to samo dziecko z -3,00D, które ma 24mm56. Nie ma wątpliwości, że pomiar długości osiowej zapewni dokładniejszy wskaźnik progresji i kontroli krótkowzroczności, a metody biometrii optycznej są prawdopodobnie 5-10 razy dokładniejsze niż refrakcja57.

W miarę jak dostęp do technologii pomiaru długości osiowej staje się łatwiejszy, a opracowywane są dodatkowe dowody wspierające wzorce normatywne i typowe dla wzrostu długości osiowej w różnych grupach etnicznych i populacjach, pomiar długości osiowej będzie stawał się coraz ważniejszy w przewidywaniu i zarządzaniu krótkowzrocznością58.

Znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego

Szybki wzrost częstości występowania krótkowzroczności, szczególnie w krajach azjatyckich i zachodnich, uczynił ją istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego59. Krótkowzroczność jest główną przyczyną korygowalnej utraty wzroku, a nieskorygowana krótkowzroczność pozostaje wiodącą przyczyną zaburzeń widzenia na odległość na całym świecie60.

Oczekuje się, że obciążenie związane z krótkowzrocznością i wysoką krótkowzrocznością wzrośnie ze względu na rosnącą częstość występowania krótkowzroczności61. Dlatego w praktyce kontroli krótkowzroczności kluczowe znaczenie ma zapobieganie tam, gdzie to możliwe, a jeśli nie, wczesne wykrywanie i podejścia mające na celu spowolnienie progresji w celu zmniejszenia wpływu krótkowzroczności62.

Rosnące zainteresowanie zrozumieniem krótkowzroczności jest uzasadnione ze względu na możliwość zatrzymania lub spowolnienia choroby poprzez konkretne strategie łagodzenia lub nowe terapie63. Skuteczne przewidywanie krótkowzroczności ma istotną wartość referencyjną dla skutecznej kontroli krótkowzroczności w praktyce klinicznej w realnym świecie64.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Myopia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia
    Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment. […] A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least 1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least 5.00 diopters. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. […] The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.
  • #2 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum
    https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/
    Short-sightedness is on the rise … one in three children worldwide are affected by myopia. […] Almost 3.4 billion people will be short-sighted by 2030, warns the World Health Organization. […] Myopia is also on the increase among children, with a third globally affected, according to a new study. […] Around 2.6 billion people were short-sighted in 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which anticipates that this figure will rise to 3.4 billion by 2030. […] Meanwhile, a third of children and adolescents globally are affected by myopia, according to a recent study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO). […] Short-sightedness initially may not appear to be a significant problem – after all, the symptoms are easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses. But myopia is in fact a leading cause of vision impairment and can lead to blindness.
  • #3 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text
    https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7
    This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. […] These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies worldwide on myopia prevalence predicted that by 2050, half of the world population (4,758 million people) will be myopic and ~10% of the world population (938 million people) will have high myopia. […] The worldwide prevalence of myopia is on the rise for reasons that are still not well understood. […] High myopia increases the risk for other sight-threatening ocular conditions like retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract.
  • #4 Myopia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia
    Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment. […] A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least 1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least 5.00 diopters. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. […] The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.
  • #5 Myopia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia
    Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment. […] A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least 1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least 5.00 diopters. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. […] The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.
  • #6 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Managing progressive myopia in children early on can help avoid serious vision issues later in life. […] The occurrence of myopia in children is becoming a growing concern worldwide. […] Progressive myopia, also referred to as early onset myopia or juvenile myopia, is shortsightedness in children that worsens rapidly year after year because the eye continues to grow longer than it should at a certain age. If not managed, this can develop into high myopia a severe form of shortsightedness that can lead to serious complications later in life. […] Early onset of myopia implies more years of progression, but it also tends to progress faster in younger children. Myopes below the age of seven are therefore at greater risk of developing high myopia. […] Thats why the best time to consult a professional and start treating myopia is as soon as possible.
  • #7 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text
    https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7
    Hence, investigating the disease process, epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors for myopia in addition to emerging therapeutic strategies for this condition is essential in halting the myopia epidemic. […] The earlier the age of myopia onset, the higher the risk for high myopia and associated sight-threatening conditions. […] Hence, delaying the onset of myopia may delay or prevent pathological myopia. […] The protective effect of time outdoors against myopia has primarily been attributed to the level and spectral compositions of daylight (i.e., high light levels, broad spectral distribution). […] A recent RCT evaluating the protective effect of 0, 40, and 80 min of additional time outdoors among 6-9 years old Chinese school children for over 2 years observed a dose-response relationship between the outdoor exposure time and myopia onset and progression.
  • #8 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum
    https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/
    Current trends indicate that the severity of myopia is increasing, too, leading to something called 'high myopia’, which is when myopia progresses to the point of putting a person at risk of macular degeneration, cataracts and even glaucoma retinal detachment. […] Children are developing myopia at a younger age, increasing their chances of developing high myopia and its associated problems. The BJO study found that short-sightedness in children tripled between 1990 and 2023, and that the increase was 'particularly notable’ after the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The BJO study found that developing countries were predicted to have 40% of people short-sighted by 2050. […] There is something about being outside that is a real benefit to children. […] Myopia experts recommend that children (particularly those aged seven to nine) spend at least two hours a day outside.
  • #9 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness
    Myopia is a condition that doesn’t go away. Treatments include using glasses or contact lenses. You may be able to get surgery to correct your vision. […] The outlook for being nearsighted may differ depending on the type of myopia. […] Usually, providers can treat simple myopia easily. In rare cases of high myopia or pathologic myopia, your outlook may be different. […] High myopia usually stops getting worse between the ages of 20 and 30. You’ll still be able to get glasses or contact lenses or you may be able to have surgery. […] High myopia may lead to pathologic myopia and the possibility of more serious sight conditions later in life. These complications can lead to loss of sight. […] Regular eye exams are important for everyone but are especially if you have high myopia or pathologic myopia. You should follow the schedule set out by your eye care provider.
  • #10 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness
    Myopia is a condition that doesn’t go away. Treatments include using glasses or contact lenses. You may be able to get surgery to correct your vision. […] The outlook for being nearsighted may differ depending on the type of myopia. […] Usually, providers can treat simple myopia easily. In rare cases of high myopia or pathologic myopia, your outlook may be different. […] High myopia usually stops getting worse between the ages of 20 and 30. You’ll still be able to get glasses or contact lenses or you may be able to have surgery. […] High myopia may lead to pathologic myopia and the possibility of more serious sight conditions later in life. These complications can lead to loss of sight. […] Regular eye exams are important for everyone but are especially if you have high myopia or pathologic myopia. You should follow the schedule set out by your eye care provider.
  • #11 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness
    Myopia is a condition that doesn’t go away. Treatments include using glasses or contact lenses. You may be able to get surgery to correct your vision. […] The outlook for being nearsighted may differ depending on the type of myopia. […] Usually, providers can treat simple myopia easily. In rare cases of high myopia or pathologic myopia, your outlook may be different. […] High myopia usually stops getting worse between the ages of 20 and 30. You’ll still be able to get glasses or contact lenses or you may be able to have surgery. […] High myopia may lead to pathologic myopia and the possibility of more serious sight conditions later in life. These complications can lead to loss of sight. […] Regular eye exams are important for everyone but are especially if you have high myopia or pathologic myopia. You should follow the schedule set out by your eye care provider.
  • #12 Myopia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia
    Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment. […] A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least 1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least 5.00 diopters. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. […] The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.
  • #13 The Impact of Myopia on Individuals and Society
    https://www.zeiss.com/myopia/en/articles–insights/the-impact-of-myopia.html
    Around 30 percent of the world’s population suffers from myopia. And it is expected that this number will grow in the future. […] Myopia predisposes the eye to develop certain other complications in later adult life (for example, myopic macular degeneration). Each additional diopter is associated with an increase in risk of +58 percent for myopic macular degeneration, +20 percent for open-angle glaucoma, +21 percent for posterior subcapsular cataract and +30 percent for retinal detachment. […] It is expected that the burden of myopia and high myopia will rise due to the growing prevalence of myopia. […] Thus, when it comes to practicing myopia management, prevention where possible and if not early detection and approaches to slow progression are the key to reducing the impact of myopia.
  • #14 Myopia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia
    Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment. […] A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least 1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least 5.00 diopters. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. […] The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.
  • #15 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    Axial length (AXL) has been well established as an important, critical measurement in studies looking at the progression and control of myopia. […] When the axial length reaches and lengthens beyond 26mm the risk of posterior pole complications and potential vision impairment is much higher. […] Axial length measurement is considered the gold standard in the research context when investigating myopia control strategies, and is becoming increasingly important in the clinical setting where reducing axial elongation to reduce lifelong eye health risk is the key goal. […] The authors suggested that growth charts could be a tool for predicting high myopia and identifying children at risk of developing myopia, but not necessarily for tracking myopic growth or comparing efficacy of myopia treatments without addition of many more datasets to improve accuracy.
  • #16 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    A child who is -3.00D and 25mm may need more proactive treatment and closer monitoring than the same -3.00D who is 24mm. […] One large-scale, multicentre analysis has indicated that axial length is more closely related to myopic complications than refractive error. […] Here the data is striking among people aged 75 years or older, cumulative risk of vision impairment or blindness from any cause increases from 3.8% in eyes less than 26mm to 25% in eyes longer than 26mm; and to more than 90% in eyes longer than 30mm. […] There is no doubt that measurement of axial length will provide the more accurate indicator of myopia progression and control as described above, optical biometry methods are likely to be 5-10 times more accurate than refraction. […] As accessibility to axial length measurement technology becomes easier, and more evidence is developed to support normative and typical myopic patterns for axial length growth across a variety of ethnicities and populations, axial length measurement will become increasingly important in myopia prediction and management.
  • #17 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    A child who is -3.00D and 25mm may need more proactive treatment and closer monitoring than the same -3.00D who is 24mm. […] One large-scale, multicentre analysis has indicated that axial length is more closely related to myopic complications than refractive error. […] Here the data is striking among people aged 75 years or older, cumulative risk of vision impairment or blindness from any cause increases from 3.8% in eyes less than 26mm to 25% in eyes longer than 26mm; and to more than 90% in eyes longer than 30mm. […] There is no doubt that measurement of axial length will provide the more accurate indicator of myopia progression and control as described above, optical biometry methods are likely to be 5-10 times more accurate than refraction. […] As accessibility to axial length measurement technology becomes easier, and more evidence is developed to support normative and typical myopic patterns for axial length growth across a variety of ethnicities and populations, axial length measurement will become increasingly important in myopia prediction and management.
  • #18 Short-sightedness is on the rise among kids. Here’s what can be done | World Economic Forum
    https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/children-shortsightedness-myopia-screens-indoors/
    Current trends indicate that the severity of myopia is increasing, too, leading to something called 'high myopia’, which is when myopia progresses to the point of putting a person at risk of macular degeneration, cataracts and even glaucoma retinal detachment. […] Children are developing myopia at a younger age, increasing their chances of developing high myopia and its associated problems. The BJO study found that short-sightedness in children tripled between 1990 and 2023, and that the increase was 'particularly notable’ after the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The BJO study found that developing countries were predicted to have 40% of people short-sighted by 2050. […] There is something about being outside that is a real benefit to children. […] Myopia experts recommend that children (particularly those aged seven to nine) spend at least two hours a day outside.
  • #19 Myopia prediction: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/
    Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and has raised significant international concern in recent decades with rapidly increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. Accurate prediction of future myopia risk could help identify high-risk children for early targeted intervention to delay myopia onset or slow myopia progression. […] Accurate myopia prediction could help identification of high-risk children for more timely and effective intervention, slowing the pace of myopia onset or progression and leading to improved visual outcome and quality of life. […] Despite the growing interests in this area, no model can be considered for wide application in clinical practice at present. Existing models differ in definitions of myopia, subsets of predictors and statistical prediction methods, and with varying prediction performance.
  • #20 Myopia prediction: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/
    Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and has raised significant international concern in recent decades with rapidly increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. Accurate prediction of future myopia risk could help identify high-risk children for early targeted intervention to delay myopia onset or slow myopia progression. […] Accurate myopia prediction could help identification of high-risk children for more timely and effective intervention, slowing the pace of myopia onset or progression and leading to improved visual outcome and quality of life. […] Despite the growing interests in this area, no model can be considered for wide application in clinical practice at present. Existing models differ in definitions of myopia, subsets of predictors and statistical prediction methods, and with varying prediction performance.
  • #21 Myopia prediction: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/
    The studies mentioned above suggested that baseline SE was the single best predictor for myopia onset, and preceding SE change was the best predictor for future myopia progression. […] The critical advantage of genetic data over refraction in myopia prediction is that the genotype is fixed at conception, and genetic data could be combined with age, gender and other risk factors (e.g., parental SE) for myopia risk prediction at very young ages. Existing studies suggested a very limited added value of genetic data in myopia prediction, this could be due to the current limited understanding of myopia-related SNPs and gene-environmental interaction, or environment solely plays a dominant role. […] Successful myopia prediction has an important reference value for effective myopia control in real-world clinical practice.
  • #22 A Single Test That Can Predict Onset Of Myopia in Children
    https://www.optilase.com/news/a-single-test-that-can-predict-onset-of-myopia-in-children/
    Most of us will recall that very often, as a child, our parents would holler at us to move back from that television or youll get square eyes!. […] But what it does intriguingly find is that it is now possible to predict the onset of myopia in children. […] The result of this study is truly ground-breaking by virtue of the fact that it has now identified a single test that can predict which kids will become near-sighted by eighth grade. […] One important risk factor established was having two near-sighted parents but equally, the most surprising and notable exception from risk factors were activities that involved near-work (close up activities such as reading and watching television). […] This means that the potential for future myopia can be detected at this very young age via a refractive error measure that reveals little to no far-sightedness.
  • #23 A Single Test That Can Predict Onset Of Myopia in Children
    https://www.optilase.com/news/a-single-test-that-can-predict-onset-of-myopia-in-children/
    So in real terms then, the findings of this report clearly show that a 6-year-old child with less far-sightedness is at a higher risk of developing myopia sooner. […] And furthermore, if every child was to have an examination before starting school, refractive error could be assessed which would help to predict whether a child will at some point develop myopia.
  • #24 A Single Test That Can Predict Onset Of Myopia in Children
    https://www.optilase.com/news/a-single-test-that-can-predict-onset-of-myopia-in-children/
    Most of us will recall that very often, as a child, our parents would holler at us to move back from that television or youll get square eyes!. […] But what it does intriguingly find is that it is now possible to predict the onset of myopia in children. […] The result of this study is truly ground-breaking by virtue of the fact that it has now identified a single test that can predict which kids will become near-sighted by eighth grade. […] One important risk factor established was having two near-sighted parents but equally, the most surprising and notable exception from risk factors were activities that involved near-work (close up activities such as reading and watching television). […] This means that the potential for future myopia can be detected at this very young age via a refractive error measure that reveals little to no far-sightedness.
  • #25 Myopia prediction for children and adolescents via time-aware deep learning | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32367-0
    This is a retrospective analysis. Quantitative prediction of the childrens and adolescents spherical equivalent based on their variable-length historical vision records. […] Time-Aware Long Short-Term Memory was used to quantitatively predict the childrens and adolescents spherical equivalent within two and a half years. […] Time-Aware Long Short-Term Memory was applied to captured the temporal features in irregularly sampled time series, which is more in line with the characteristics of real data and thus has higher applicability, and helps to identify the progression of myopia earlier. […] The spherical equivalent (SE) is the basis for screening and diagnosing myopia. Quantitative prediction of SE can indicate the specific changes in the progression of myopia, and help in designing targeted interventions in advance.
  • #26 Myopia prediction for children and adolescents via time-aware deep learning | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32367-0
    This paper can quantitatively predict the childrens and adolescents SE within two and a half years, and help to identify the progression of myopia earlier so that targeted interventions and corrective measures can be taken. This is of great significance for the prevention and control of myopia. […] The proposed T-LSTM model is capable to handle data of indefinite sequence lengths, and can well capture temporal tendency by separately processing temporal features, even if the time intervals are irregular. […] Overall speaking, the longer the sequence length and the shorter the prediction duration, the smaller the prediction error. The MAE of SE within 0.75 (D) is considered to be a clinically acceptable prediction. Based on the accuracy and robustness of the model, as well as the variance of the prediction performance, the model provides a clinically valuable prediction of childrens and adolescents vision in the short and medium term.
  • #27 Myopia prediction for children and adolescents via time-aware deep learning | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32367-0
    This paper can quantitatively predict the childrens and adolescents SE within two and a half years, and help to identify the progression of myopia earlier so that targeted interventions and corrective measures can be taken. This is of great significance for the prevention and control of myopia. […] The proposed T-LSTM model is capable to handle data of indefinite sequence lengths, and can well capture temporal tendency by separately processing temporal features, even if the time intervals are irregular. […] Overall speaking, the longer the sequence length and the shorter the prediction duration, the smaller the prediction error. The MAE of SE within 0.75 (D) is considered to be a clinically acceptable prediction. Based on the accuracy and robustness of the model, as well as the variance of the prediction performance, the model provides a clinically valuable prediction of childrens and adolescents vision in the short and medium term.
  • #28 Prediction of Visual Acuity in Pathologic Myopia with Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization Treated with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Using a Deep Neural Network Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Images
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/8/2238
    This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict visual acuity (VA) in patients with mCNV. The models achieved high performance in predicting VA after 1 (R² = 0.911, RMSE = 0.151), 2 (R² = 0.894, RMSE = 0.254), and 3 (R² = 0.891, RMSE = 0.227) years. This study proposes AI models to predict VA in patients with mCNV. The models achieved high performance by incorporating the baseline VA, OCT images, and post-injection data. This model could assist in predicting the visual prognosis and evaluating treatment outcomes in patients with mCNV undergoing intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. […] In our study involving patients with mCNV undergoing antiangiogenic therapy, we were able to predict VA 1 year later with more than 80% accuracy using only baseline VA and OCT images prior to injection. Furthermore, when post-injection VA and OCT followup data were also provided, we demonstrated the ability of our model to predict VA a year later with over 90% accuracy. While functional information such as VA was of utmost importance in predicting VA, OCT images also contributed to further improvements in predictive performance.
  • #29 Prediction of Visual Acuity in Pathologic Myopia with Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization Treated with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Using a Deep Neural Network Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Images
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/8/2238
    This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict visual acuity (VA) in patients with mCNV. The models achieved high performance in predicting VA after 1 (R² = 0.911, RMSE = 0.151), 2 (R² = 0.894, RMSE = 0.254), and 3 (R² = 0.891, RMSE = 0.227) years. This study proposes AI models to predict VA in patients with mCNV. The models achieved high performance by incorporating the baseline VA, OCT images, and post-injection data. This model could assist in predicting the visual prognosis and evaluating treatment outcomes in patients with mCNV undergoing intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. […] In our study involving patients with mCNV undergoing antiangiogenic therapy, we were able to predict VA 1 year later with more than 80% accuracy using only baseline VA and OCT images prior to injection. Furthermore, when post-injection VA and OCT followup data were also provided, we demonstrated the ability of our model to predict VA a year later with over 90% accuracy. While functional information such as VA was of utmost importance in predicting VA, OCT images also contributed to further improvements in predictive performance.
  • #30 Myopia – Myopia Institute
    https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/
    Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. Myopia has also been shown to increase the risk of sight threatening complications for example, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] Early intervention and detection in children with myopia is the key to reducing the impact of myopia on their long term ocular health and improving their future lives.
  • #31 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    Medicines, such as atropine, given as eye drops, can slow the progression of short- or near-sightedness (myopia) in children, and also reduce elongation of the eyeball due to myopia. Higher doses of atropine are most effective. We are uncertain about the effects of lower doses of atropine. […] Several treatments, including special types of lenses in eyeglasses, contact lenses, and a new therapy using low intensity red light, may slow the progression of short-sightedness, but their effect is still uncertain. There is insufficient information on the risk of unwanted side effects associated with strategies to control myopia. […] It is also unclear whether the reported benefit of treatments to slow the progression of myopia is maintained over the years. […] Although conventional eyeglasses or contact lenses can correct short-sightedness, they do not slow its progression. A number of optical treatments (glasses and contact lenses) and medications are available that aim to slow the progression of short-sightedness. But they need to be given in childhood, when short-sightedness progresses most quickly.
  • #32 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #33 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    We aimed to find out whether medicines used as eye drops, light therapy, and special lenses in eyeglasses or contact lenses, can slow the progression of myopia, and the elongation of the eyeball. […] Higher doses of atropine may reduce the progression of short-sightedness, but the effect of low-dose atropine could be small and is uncertain. […] Based on short-term studies, orthokeratology is the most effective optical treatment for slowing elongation of the eyeball. However, these lenses were often poorly tolerated, and in some studies, more than half of the children did not complete the treatment. […] Other types of contact lenses, known as multifocal soft contact lenses and myopia-control eyeglasses, may also reduce the progression of short-sightedness, but, again, we remain uncertain about their benefits.
  • #34 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    We aimed to find out whether medicines used as eye drops, light therapy, and special lenses in eyeglasses or contact lenses, can slow the progression of myopia, and the elongation of the eyeball. […] Higher doses of atropine may reduce the progression of short-sightedness, but the effect of low-dose atropine could be small and is uncertain. […] Based on short-term studies, orthokeratology is the most effective optical treatment for slowing elongation of the eyeball. However, these lenses were often poorly tolerated, and in some studies, more than half of the children did not complete the treatment. […] Other types of contact lenses, known as multifocal soft contact lenses and myopia-control eyeglasses, may also reduce the progression of short-sightedness, but, again, we remain uncertain about their benefits.
  • #35 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #36 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #37 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Many studies have suggested that the environment plays a pivotal role in the development of nonsyndromic myopia forms; associations have been found with time spent in outdoor activities or near work, use of LED lamps for homework, population density, socioeconomic status, and use of video terminals. […] The rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia, especially in Asian and Western countries, has made it a significant public health concern. […] Various options have been assessed to prevent or slow myopia progression in children. […] Environmental modifications, such as spending more time outdoors, can decrease the risk of the onset of myopia. […] Optical interventions such as bifocal/progressive spectacle lenses, soft bifocal/multifocal/EDOF contact lenses, and orthokeratology lenses show moderate reduction in the myopia progression rate compared to single-vision lenses.
  • #38 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #39 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #40 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Regarding spectacle lenses, promising results are derived from the use of defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses and progressive addition lenses. […] Conversely, undercorrection of the myopic refractive error does not slow the progression of nearsightedness. […] Currently, pharmacological treatment with atropine is the most researched and effective strategy for myopia control. […] In summary, all these options for controlling myopia progression in children exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, as shown in the literature. Compared with single-vision spectacles as control, atropine exhibits the highest efficacy; orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact, and spectacle lenses have moderate efficacy, whereas bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased outdoor activities show lower efficacy.
  • #41 Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75342-9
    Our study confirms that atropine abolishes the choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus in children, as reported in previous studies of young adults, without abolishing the thickening effect of myopic defocus. […] This suggests that combining optical and pharmaceutical treatments as a dual therapy is likely to enhance myopia control efficacy.
  • #42 Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75342-9
    Atropine eye drops and myopic retinal defocus each slow progression of myopia (short-sight). […] Our results show that additive effects of atropine and optical defocus are present at the level of the choroid, and suggest that combining optical and pharmaceutical treatments is likely to enhance efficacy of clinical myopia control. […] Our study also extends the finding in young adults that atropine abolishes the choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus and shows that this effect is also present in children susceptible to progressive myopia. […] The main new finding of our study is that short-term myopic defocus causes additional choroidal thickening in children whose choroidal thickness has already been increased by nightly treatment with atropine. […] Nightly atropine for 6 months also continues to inhibit the choroidal thinning in response to short-term hyperopic defocus that is seen without atropine.
  • #43 Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75342-9
    Our study confirms that atropine abolishes the choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus in children, as reported in previous studies of young adults, without abolishing the thickening effect of myopic defocus. […] This suggests that combining optical and pharmaceutical treatments as a dual therapy is likely to enhance myopia control efficacy.
  • #44 Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75342-9
    Atropine eye drops and myopic retinal defocus each slow progression of myopia (short-sight). […] Our results show that additive effects of atropine and optical defocus are present at the level of the choroid, and suggest that combining optical and pharmaceutical treatments is likely to enhance efficacy of clinical myopia control. […] Our study also extends the finding in young adults that atropine abolishes the choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus and shows that this effect is also present in children susceptible to progressive myopia. […] The main new finding of our study is that short-term myopic defocus causes additional choroidal thickening in children whose choroidal thickness has already been increased by nightly treatment with atropine. […] Nightly atropine for 6 months also continues to inhibit the choroidal thinning in response to short-term hyperopic defocus that is seen without atropine.
  • #45 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    Although short-term studies in Chinese children suggest that red light therapy may reduce myopia progression, we are very uncertain about these findings. […] Most of the evidence came from studies conducted in ways that may have introduced errors into their results, and potential unwanted effects were not well reported. […] Therefore, there is insufficient evidence on whether benefits increase over the years, and whether the effects are sustained. […] Most studies compared pharmacological and optical treatments to slow the progression of myopia with an inactive comparator. These interventions may slow refractive change and reduce axial elongation, although results were often heterogeneous. […] Less evidence is available for two years and beyond; uncertainty remains about the sustained effect of these interventions. […] Longer term and better quality studies comparing myopia control interventions alone or in combination are needed, with improved methods for monitoring and reporting adverse effects.
  • #46 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    Although short-term studies in Chinese children suggest that red light therapy may reduce myopia progression, we are very uncertain about these findings. […] Most of the evidence came from studies conducted in ways that may have introduced errors into their results, and potential unwanted effects were not well reported. […] Therefore, there is insufficient evidence on whether benefits increase over the years, and whether the effects are sustained. […] Most studies compared pharmacological and optical treatments to slow the progression of myopia with an inactive comparator. These interventions may slow refractive change and reduce axial elongation, although results were often heterogeneous. […] Less evidence is available for two years and beyond; uncertainty remains about the sustained effect of these interventions. […] Longer term and better quality studies comparing myopia control interventions alone or in combination are needed, with improved methods for monitoring and reporting adverse effects.
  • #47 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    Although short-term studies in Chinese children suggest that red light therapy may reduce myopia progression, we are very uncertain about these findings. […] Most of the evidence came from studies conducted in ways that may have introduced errors into their results, and potential unwanted effects were not well reported. […] Therefore, there is insufficient evidence on whether benefits increase over the years, and whether the effects are sustained. […] Most studies compared pharmacological and optical treatments to slow the progression of myopia with an inactive comparator. These interventions may slow refractive change and reduce axial elongation, although results were often heterogeneous. […] Less evidence is available for two years and beyond; uncertainty remains about the sustained effect of these interventions. […] Longer term and better quality studies comparing myopia control interventions alone or in combination are needed, with improved methods for monitoring and reporting adverse effects.
  • #48 Interventions to slow the progression of short-sightedness in children | Cochrane
    https://www.cochrane.org/CD014758/CENTRALED_interventions-slow-progression-short-sightedness-children
    Although short-term studies in Chinese children suggest that red light therapy may reduce myopia progression, we are very uncertain about these findings. […] Most of the evidence came from studies conducted in ways that may have introduced errors into their results, and potential unwanted effects were not well reported. […] Therefore, there is insufficient evidence on whether benefits increase over the years, and whether the effects are sustained. […] Most studies compared pharmacological and optical treatments to slow the progression of myopia with an inactive comparator. These interventions may slow refractive change and reduce axial elongation, although results were often heterogeneous. […] Less evidence is available for two years and beyond; uncertainty remains about the sustained effect of these interventions. […] Longer term and better quality studies comparing myopia control interventions alone or in combination are needed, with improved methods for monitoring and reporting adverse effects.
  • #49 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Managing progressive myopia in children early on can help avoid serious vision issues later in life. […] The occurrence of myopia in children is becoming a growing concern worldwide. […] Progressive myopia, also referred to as early onset myopia or juvenile myopia, is shortsightedness in children that worsens rapidly year after year because the eye continues to grow longer than it should at a certain age. If not managed, this can develop into high myopia a severe form of shortsightedness that can lead to serious complications later in life. […] Early onset of myopia implies more years of progression, but it also tends to progress faster in younger children. Myopes below the age of seven are therefore at greater risk of developing high myopia. […] Thats why the best time to consult a professional and start treating myopia is as soon as possible.
  • #50 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Standard single vision glasses and contact lenses commonly correct shortsightedness BUT they dont address its progression. […] Progressive myopia calls for specialised visual aids to correct distance vision AND control the further elongation of a childs eyes. […] Nearly all children wearing ZEISS MyoCare claim that their distance vision is very good. […] With ZEISS MyoCare, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 70% on average closer to that observed in normal-sighted children. […] With ZEISS MyoCare S, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 68% on average closer to the normal physiological development of the eye. […] Its normal for childrens eyes to change as they grow older. Their eyesight might get worse as their vision system develops whether or not they wear glasses. A dramatic change in vision in a short period of time, however, is a telling sign of progressive myopia. In this case, a lack of treatment could cause myopia to get worse faster especially in children under age seven. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to reverse myopia in children, but luckily there are ways to manage it. […] Taking regular breaks, reducing near-vision tasks and spending time outdoors can help slow the progression of myopia.
  • #51 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Standard single vision glasses and contact lenses commonly correct shortsightedness BUT they dont address its progression. […] Progressive myopia calls for specialised visual aids to correct distance vision AND control the further elongation of a childs eyes. […] Nearly all children wearing ZEISS MyoCare claim that their distance vision is very good. […] With ZEISS MyoCare, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 70% on average closer to that observed in normal-sighted children. […] With ZEISS MyoCare S, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 68% on average closer to the normal physiological development of the eye. […] Its normal for childrens eyes to change as they grow older. Their eyesight might get worse as their vision system develops whether or not they wear glasses. A dramatic change in vision in a short period of time, however, is a telling sign of progressive myopia. In this case, a lack of treatment could cause myopia to get worse faster especially in children under age seven. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to reverse myopia in children, but luckily there are ways to manage it. […] Taking regular breaks, reducing near-vision tasks and spending time outdoors can help slow the progression of myopia.
  • #52 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Standard single vision glasses and contact lenses commonly correct shortsightedness BUT they dont address its progression. […] Progressive myopia calls for specialised visual aids to correct distance vision AND control the further elongation of a childs eyes. […] Nearly all children wearing ZEISS MyoCare claim that their distance vision is very good. […] With ZEISS MyoCare, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 70% on average closer to that observed in normal-sighted children. […] With ZEISS MyoCare S, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 68% on average closer to the normal physiological development of the eye. […] Its normal for childrens eyes to change as they grow older. Their eyesight might get worse as their vision system develops whether or not they wear glasses. A dramatic change in vision in a short period of time, however, is a telling sign of progressive myopia. In this case, a lack of treatment could cause myopia to get worse faster especially in children under age seven. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to reverse myopia in children, but luckily there are ways to manage it. […] Taking regular breaks, reducing near-vision tasks and spending time outdoors can help slow the progression of myopia.
  • #53 ZEISS Myopia management lenses
    https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html
    Standard single vision glasses and contact lenses commonly correct shortsightedness BUT they dont address its progression. […] Progressive myopia calls for specialised visual aids to correct distance vision AND control the further elongation of a childs eyes. […] Nearly all children wearing ZEISS MyoCare claim that their distance vision is very good. […] With ZEISS MyoCare, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 70% on average closer to that observed in normal-sighted children. […] With ZEISS MyoCare S, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 68% on average closer to the normal physiological development of the eye. […] Its normal for childrens eyes to change as they grow older. Their eyesight might get worse as their vision system develops whether or not they wear glasses. A dramatic change in vision in a short period of time, however, is a telling sign of progressive myopia. In this case, a lack of treatment could cause myopia to get worse faster especially in children under age seven. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to reverse myopia in children, but luckily there are ways to manage it. […] Taking regular breaks, reducing near-vision tasks and spending time outdoors can help slow the progression of myopia.
  • #54 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    Axial length (AXL) has been well established as an important, critical measurement in studies looking at the progression and control of myopia. […] When the axial length reaches and lengthens beyond 26mm the risk of posterior pole complications and potential vision impairment is much higher. […] Axial length measurement is considered the gold standard in the research context when investigating myopia control strategies, and is becoming increasingly important in the clinical setting where reducing axial elongation to reduce lifelong eye health risk is the key goal. […] The authors suggested that growth charts could be a tool for predicting high myopia and identifying children at risk of developing myopia, but not necessarily for tracking myopic growth or comparing efficacy of myopia treatments without addition of many more datasets to improve accuracy.
  • #55 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    Axial length (AXL) has been well established as an important, critical measurement in studies looking at the progression and control of myopia. […] When the axial length reaches and lengthens beyond 26mm the risk of posterior pole complications and potential vision impairment is much higher. […] Axial length measurement is considered the gold standard in the research context when investigating myopia control strategies, and is becoming increasingly important in the clinical setting where reducing axial elongation to reduce lifelong eye health risk is the key goal. […] The authors suggested that growth charts could be a tool for predicting high myopia and identifying children at risk of developing myopia, but not necessarily for tracking myopic growth or comparing efficacy of myopia treatments without addition of many more datasets to improve accuracy.
  • #56 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    A child who is -3.00D and 25mm may need more proactive treatment and closer monitoring than the same -3.00D who is 24mm. […] One large-scale, multicentre analysis has indicated that axial length is more closely related to myopic complications than refractive error. […] Here the data is striking among people aged 75 years or older, cumulative risk of vision impairment or blindness from any cause increases from 3.8% in eyes less than 26mm to 25% in eyes longer than 26mm; and to more than 90% in eyes longer than 30mm. […] There is no doubt that measurement of axial length will provide the more accurate indicator of myopia progression and control as described above, optical biometry methods are likely to be 5-10 times more accurate than refraction. […] As accessibility to axial length measurement technology becomes easier, and more evidence is developed to support normative and typical myopic patterns for axial length growth across a variety of ethnicities and populations, axial length measurement will become increasingly important in myopia prediction and management.
  • #57 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    A child who is -3.00D and 25mm may need more proactive treatment and closer monitoring than the same -3.00D who is 24mm. […] One large-scale, multicentre analysis has indicated that axial length is more closely related to myopic complications than refractive error. […] Here the data is striking among people aged 75 years or older, cumulative risk of vision impairment or blindness from any cause increases from 3.8% in eyes less than 26mm to 25% in eyes longer than 26mm; and to more than 90% in eyes longer than 30mm. […] There is no doubt that measurement of axial length will provide the more accurate indicator of myopia progression and control as described above, optical biometry methods are likely to be 5-10 times more accurate than refraction. […] As accessibility to axial length measurement technology becomes easier, and more evidence is developed to support normative and typical myopic patterns for axial length growth across a variety of ethnicities and populations, axial length measurement will become increasingly important in myopia prediction and management.
  • #58 Six questions on axial length measurement in myopia management | Myopia Profile
    https://www.myopiaprofile.com/articles/axial-measurement-in-clinical-practice
    A child who is -3.00D and 25mm may need more proactive treatment and closer monitoring than the same -3.00D who is 24mm. […] One large-scale, multicentre analysis has indicated that axial length is more closely related to myopic complications than refractive error. […] Here the data is striking among people aged 75 years or older, cumulative risk of vision impairment or blindness from any cause increases from 3.8% in eyes less than 26mm to 25% in eyes longer than 26mm; and to more than 90% in eyes longer than 30mm. […] There is no doubt that measurement of axial length will provide the more accurate indicator of myopia progression and control as described above, optical biometry methods are likely to be 5-10 times more accurate than refraction. […] As accessibility to axial length measurement technology becomes easier, and more evidence is developed to support normative and typical myopic patterns for axial length growth across a variety of ethnicities and populations, axial length measurement will become increasingly important in myopia prediction and management.
  • #59 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Many studies have suggested that the environment plays a pivotal role in the development of nonsyndromic myopia forms; associations have been found with time spent in outdoor activities or near work, use of LED lamps for homework, population density, socioeconomic status, and use of video terminals. […] The rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia, especially in Asian and Western countries, has made it a significant public health concern. […] Various options have been assessed to prevent or slow myopia progression in children. […] Environmental modifications, such as spending more time outdoors, can decrease the risk of the onset of myopia. […] Optical interventions such as bifocal/progressive spectacle lenses, soft bifocal/multifocal/EDOF contact lenses, and orthokeratology lenses show moderate reduction in the myopia progression rate compared to single-vision lenses.
  • #60 Myopia – Myopia Institute
    https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/
    Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. Myopia has also been shown to increase the risk of sight threatening complications for example, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] Early intervention and detection in children with myopia is the key to reducing the impact of myopia on their long term ocular health and improving their future lives.
  • #61 The Impact of Myopia on Individuals and Society
    https://www.zeiss.com/myopia/en/articles–insights/the-impact-of-myopia.html
    Around 30 percent of the world’s population suffers from myopia. And it is expected that this number will grow in the future. […] Myopia predisposes the eye to develop certain other complications in later adult life (for example, myopic macular degeneration). Each additional diopter is associated with an increase in risk of +58 percent for myopic macular degeneration, +20 percent for open-angle glaucoma, +21 percent for posterior subcapsular cataract and +30 percent for retinal detachment. […] It is expected that the burden of myopia and high myopia will rise due to the growing prevalence of myopia. […] Thus, when it comes to practicing myopia management, prevention where possible and if not early detection and approaches to slow progression are the key to reducing the impact of myopia.
  • #62 The Impact of Myopia on Individuals and Society
    https://www.zeiss.com/myopia/en/articles–insights/the-impact-of-myopia.html
    Around 30 percent of the world’s population suffers from myopia. And it is expected that this number will grow in the future. […] Myopia predisposes the eye to develop certain other complications in later adult life (for example, myopic macular degeneration). Each additional diopter is associated with an increase in risk of +58 percent for myopic macular degeneration, +20 percent for open-angle glaucoma, +21 percent for posterior subcapsular cataract and +30 percent for retinal detachment. […] It is expected that the burden of myopia and high myopia will rise due to the growing prevalence of myopia. […] Thus, when it comes to practicing myopia management, prevention where possible and if not early detection and approaches to slow progression are the key to reducing the impact of myopia.
  • #63 Myopia: Mechanisms and Strategies to Slow Down Its Progression
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9213207/
    Myopia is the commonest ocular abnormality; reinstated interest is associated with high and increasing prevalence, especially but not, in the Asian population and progressive nature in children. […] Various options have been assessed to prevent or reduce myopia progression in children. […] All these options for controlling myopia progression in children have various degrees of efficacy. Atropine, orthokeratology/peripheral defocus contact and spectacle lenses, bifocal or progressive addition spectacles, and increased outdoor activities have been associated with the highest, moderate, and lower efficacies, respectively. […] The growing interest in understanding myopia is justified due to possibility of stopping or slowing the disease through concrete mitigation strategies or new therapies.
  • #64 Myopia prediction: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/
    The studies mentioned above suggested that baseline SE was the single best predictor for myopia onset, and preceding SE change was the best predictor for future myopia progression. […] The critical advantage of genetic data over refraction in myopia prediction is that the genotype is fixed at conception, and genetic data could be combined with age, gender and other risk factors (e.g., parental SE) for myopia risk prediction at very young ages. Existing studies suggested a very limited added value of genetic data in myopia prediction, this could be due to the current limited understanding of myopia-related SNPs and gene-environmental interaction, or environment solely plays a dominant role. […] Successful myopia prediction has an important reference value for effective myopia control in real-world clinical practice.