Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7384703/

  Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACD), it manifests clinically as myocardial infarction and ischemic cardiomyopathy. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends of IHD globally. […] Our study estimated that globally, IHD affects around 126 million individuals (1,655 per 100,000), which is approximately 1.72% of the worlds population. Nine million deaths were caused by IHD globally. […] The global prevalence of IHD is rising. We estimated that the current prevalence rate of 1,655 per 100,000 population is expected to exceed 1,845 by the year 2030. Eastern European countries are sustaining the highest prevalence. […] IHD is the number one cause of death, disability, and human suffering globally.

• #2 Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742886/

  Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. […] This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends of IHD globally. […] Our study estimated that globally, IHD affects around 126 million individuals (1,655 per 100,000), which is approximately 1.72% of the world’s population. […] Nine million deaths were caused by IHD globally. […] The global prevalence of IHD is rising. […] We estimated that the current prevalence rate of 1,655 per 100,000 population is expected to exceed 1,845 by the year 2030. […] Eastern European countries are sustaining the highest prevalence. […] IHD is the number one cause of death, disability, and human suffering globally. […] Age-adjusted rates show a promising decrease. However, health systems have to manage an increasing number of cases due to population aging.

• #3 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] It is estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world’s population. […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. […] According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. […] After analysing data from 2 111 882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.095.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #4 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #5 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?lang=us

  The total prevalence of ischemic heart disease in the US is 6.7% for adults 20 years old and is more common in males than in females. Globally it is the leading cause of death and global mortality rates range from below 150/100,000 in most of the world up to 280/100,000 in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 1,2. […] Attributes, characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of developing myocardial ischemia are coronary artery disease (CAD) and all its associated risk factors 3-6: male sex, family history, increased age, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, tobacco smoking. […] Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia. […] Clinical conditions associated with myocardial ischemia include the following: stable/unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic cardiomyopathy.

• #6 Global Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/global-evolving-epidemiology-natural-history-and-treatment-trends-of-myocardial-infarction/

  Although global trends show a larger IHD burden in LMICs in comparison with HICs, significant variation in IHD burden is evident across the six LMIC regions, and among countries within a given region or World Bank income category. […] In 1990, IHD was the fourth major cause of death in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, but by 2010, it was the leading cause.

• #6 Global Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/global-evolving-epidemiology-natural-history-and-treatment-trends-of-myocardial-infarction/

  Age-adjusted IHD death rates in HICs are declining; however, the current high burden of IHD is primarily the consequence of deaths among 85% of the worlds population living in LMICs. […] Globally, the incidence of acute MI declined over the period 1990 to 2010, dropping from 222.7/100,000 to 195.3/100,000 for males and from 136.3/100,000 to 115.0/100,000 for females. […] Despite a meaningful decline in age-adjusted IHD deaths, the DALYs lost due to IHDs have decreased only marginally, by 0.6%, from 1895/100,000 to 1884/100,000. […] The reduction in MI mortality appears to be a result of a reduction in both the age-adjusted MI incidence and the case-fatality rate. […] In addition to the decline in incidence and case-fatality rates over recent decades, the morbidity associated with MI also has changed.

• #7 Global Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/global-evolving-epidemiology-natural-history-and-treatment-trends-of-myocardial-infarction/

  In 1990, IHD was the fourth major cause of death in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, but by 2010, it was the leading cause. […] The highest CVD mortality rate occurs in this region and was 866/100,000 in Eastern Europe and 604/100,000 in Central Europe. […] The Latin America and Caribbean (LAM) region has a high CVD burden; in 2010, CVD was responsible for 29% of all deaths, and IHD was the leading cause of DALYs lost, representing a 36% increase over 1990 rates. […] In 2010, IHD accounted for 93 deaths per 100,000 population, representing a 15% increase in IHD mortality rates. […] CVD accounts for 20% of all deaths in the South Asian Region (SAR), of which IHD is responsible for more than 50%. […] The economic burden of IHD is significant and can be measured in at least three ways: first, by financial costs incurred in the health care system and described in cost-of-illness studies; second, by microeconomic studies that assess the household impact of health events such as MIs; and, third, by macroeconomic analyses that assess worker productivity or loss of economic growth from individual patients or their caregivers being partially or completely out of work as a consequence of illness.

• #7 Global Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/global-evolving-epidemiology-natural-history-and-treatment-trends-of-myocardial-infarction/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was the single most important cause of death worldwide in 2013, when it was responsible for 17 million deaths and the loss of 329 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Of all causes of CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the major contributor, accounting for half of all CVD-associated morbidity and mortality. […] Age-adjusted IHD death rates in HICs are declining; however, the current high burden of IHD is primarily the consequence of deaths among 85% of the worlds population living in LMICs. […] Globally, the incidence of acute MI declined over the period 1990 to 2010, dropping from 222.7/100,000 to 195.3/100,000 for males and from 136.3/100,000 to 115.0/100,000 for females. […] Although global trends show a larger IHD burden in LMICs in comparison with HICs, significant variation in IHD burden is evident across the six LMIC regions, and among countries within a given region or World Bank income category.

• #8 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  In Canada, heart disease is the second leading cause of death, after cancer, and accounted for almost 20% of all deaths in 2012. Also known as ischemic heart disease or coronary heart disease, heart disease refers to the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to a heart attack, a stroke or heart failure. Heart disease is the most common type of heart conditions in Canada and other industrialized countries, accounting for almost half of all heart-disease-related deaths. […] This report is the first publication to include administrative health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System to support the national surveillance of ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction (a subset of ischemic heart disease also known as heart attack) among Canadian adults aged 20 years and older as well as heart failure among Canadian adults aged 40 years and older. It features the most recent data available from the surveillance system (fiscal year 20122013), as well as trend data spanning over a decade.

• #9 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  In 20122013, about 2.4 million (or 1 in 12) Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with ischemic heart disease, including 578,000 with a history of an acute myocardial infarction. Another 669,600 (3.6%) Canadians adults aged 40 years and older were living with heart failure. […] Heart disease outcomes are improving over time. From 20002001 to 20122013, age-standardized ischemic heart disease and heart failure incidence and all-cause mortality rates declined, while the prevalence of both conditions remained relatively stable. Respectively, incidence rates declined by 45% and 35% and all-cause mortality rates fell by 24% and 26%. A similar pattern was observed for acute myocardial infarction, although the occurrence increased by about 67% over the study period. […] Rates of death from any cause are higher among those with a heart disease than those without. Canadian adults with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were three times more likely to die of any cause compared to those without the disease in a given year. The outcome was least favorable for younger women and men aged 20 to 39 years old with ischemic heart disease who were about 18 and 11 times more likely to die of any cause, respectively, than individuals of the same age without IHD. Overall, individuals with a history of an acute myocardial infarction and those with heart failure were four and six times more likely to die of any cause than those with neither condition in a given year.

• #10 The REGICOR Registry and the Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction in Spain: Forging a Path – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-regicor-registry-epidemiology-myocardial-articulo-13106367

  Cardiovascular disease is currently the primary cause of death in the industrialized world and constitutes a serious healthcare problem consuming a substantial proportion of resources. […] In this context, Spain occupies a privileged position having the second lowest rate of ischemic heart disease, only greater than that of France. Nonetheless, ischemic heart disease is an important cause of mortality which in Spain brought about the deaths of 22 072 men and 16 615 women during 2000, with overall mortality of 114 per 100 000 men and 82 per 100 000 women. […] Sources of information on ischemic heart disease include official statistics, population-wide registries, hospital registries, clinical trials, and post-hospital discharge data on morbidity. […] Disease registries seem a necessary complementary strategy. They permit us to establish the external validity of clinical trials, as well as offering a global approach to studying the effectiveness of the treatment of patients and measuring the frequency of the illness and its characteristics.

• #11 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  Heart disease differs by sex. Heart disease appears about 10 years later in women than in men. In addition, age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates of diagnosed ischemic heart disease and heart failure as well as the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction were higher among men than women over the 13-year period. Similarly, age-standardized all-cause mortality rates were higher in men than women, except for acute myocardial infarction where women aged 45 to 74 years old were about 30% more likely to die of any cause than men of the same age in a given year. […] The absolute number of people living with a heart condition is increasing, thus the need for management and treatment resources for heart disease will continue to be high. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally. In 2015, an estimated 8.9 million people died from heart disease, which represent 45% of all non-communicable disease deaths worldwide.

• #12 Myocardial infarction | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/myocardial-infarction-45012095/45012095

  EPIDEMIOLOGY: In industrial countries MI accounts for 10-25% of all deaths. Incidence is higher in elderly people, about 5% occurs at people under age 40. Males have higher risk. Women during reproductive period have low risk. In 2006, studies revealed a prediction that India would account for 40-60% of cardiovascular diseases burden within next 10-15 years. Over last 30 years, the rate of diseases increased from 2- 6% in rural population and 4-12% in urban population. […] […] false

• #13 Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7384703/

  The increasing incidence of IHD is expected to continue, due not only to the increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome but also to population aging. […] Despite the high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of IHD, relatively few studies have quantified current epidemiological trends and global forecasts for IHD. […] In 2017, around nine million deaths were attributed to IHD, making it the leading cause of mortality worldwide. IHD has retained this leading position for more than two decades. […] A key finding of our study is that age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of suffering (as indicated by DALYs) have declined over the past two decades in many regions. […] IHD remains the leading cause of death and premature mortality worldwide, with economic development and urbanization having the greatest impact on disease development.

• #14 Myocardial infarction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction

  Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries. Worldwide, more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. […] Rates of death from ischemic heart disease (IHD) have slowed or declined in most high-income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for one in three of all deaths in the US in 2008. For example, rates of death from cardiovascular disease have decreased almost a third between 2001 and 2011 in the United States.

• #15 Myocardial infarction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction

  In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in India, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985-2015. Globally, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second-most-important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.

• #16 Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/59778

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The most common form of CHD is the myocardial infarction. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is higher in men in all age-specific groups than women. […] Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors represent over 90% of the risk for acute MI. The risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI.

• #17 Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/59778

  It is evident that MI is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from NSTEMI than STEMI. The prevalence of MI is higher among men in all age-specific groups than women. Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors account for more than 90% of the risk for acute MI. Nine risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI in the 52 countries.

• #18 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischemia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255D&lang=us

  Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia. […] Clinical conditions associated with myocardial ischemia include stable/unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic cardiomyopathy. […] The main complication of prolonged myocardial ischemia is myocardial infarction and all of its complications including tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, heart failure, mitral insufficiency, cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes.

• #19 Silent myocardial ischemia: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/silent-myocardial-ischemia-epidemiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-prognosis

  Silent myocardial ischemia is the most common manifestation of coronary heart disease (CHD), accounting for more than 75 percent of ischemic episodes during daily life as assessed by electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of silent myocardial ischemia will be reviewed here. […] Silent myocardial ischemia is defined as the presence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of chest discomfort or another anginal equivalent symptom (eg, dyspnea, nausea, diaphoresis, etc). […] Objective evidence of silent myocardial ischemia may be obtained in several ways: ST segment changes consistent with ischemia seen during exercise treadmill testing or ambulatory monitoring. […] Reversible myocardial perfusion defects noted during radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging.

• #20 Silent myocardial ischemia: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis – UpToDate

  http://www.uptodate.com/contents/silent-myocardial-ischemia-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis

  Silent myocardial ischemia is the most common manifestation of coronary heart disease (CHD), accounting for more than 75 percent of ischemic episodes during daily life as assessed by electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of silent myocardial ischemia will be reviewed here. […] Silent myocardial ischemia is defined as the presence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of chest discomfort or another anginal equivalent symptom (eg, dyspnea, nausea, diaphoresis, etc). […] Objective evidence of silent myocardial ischemia may be obtained in several ways: ST segment changes consistent with ischemia seen during exercise treadmill testing or ambulatory monitoring. […] Reversible myocardial perfusion defects noted during radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. […] Silent ischemia increases mortality in patients with coronary risk factors.

• #21 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is characterized by objective evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of angina or its equivalents, such as dyspnea, nausea, and diaphoresis, in patients with CAD. […] Estimating the prevalence of SMI is challenging due to its silent nature, but it is believed to affect 2–4% of the general population, with higher prevalence in certain patient groups, such as those with stable angina or diabetes. […] When considering silent MI prevalence in the general population, it ranges from 0.5% (in younger individuals) to 6.4% (in the elderly). […] Patients with type 2 diabetes are at a heightened risk of developing SMI, contributing to worse long-term outcomes in female patients particularly. […] In a recent analysis of the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study involving individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, further evidence was provided concerning the association of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and SMI.

• #22 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  The prevalence of SMI in this cohort was approximately 18%. […] SMI demonstrated a higher prevalence among individuals with CKD, and its incidence correlated with the stage of CKD in the asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus. […] Perioperative SMI deserves an honorable mention as it is relatively common. […] Prognostically, a silent MI might also signify an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). […] The risk of SCD associated with silent MI is more pronounced in white individuals, males, and those of younger age. […] While the evidence surrounding the prognostic importance of silent MI is mounting, a recent study has questioned this hypothesis.

• #23 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS IN IMPRISONED MEN | Elgarov | Russian Journal of Cardiology

  https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/192/0?locale=en_US

  A high prevalence of CHD was established (15,6%), myocardial infarction (7,6%), AH (49,8%), cardiac rhythm disorders (CRD, 35,3%), borderline psychic disorders (89,2%), smoking (96,0%), alcohol consumption (AC, 96,9%), low physical activity (89,2%), left ventricle hypertrophy (52,3%), anxiety (49,7%), depression (39,5%) and their concomitance (85,0-92,0%); very low level of an existence of AH acknowledgement (10,3%), of CHD (1,6%) and CRD (4,7%). […] First time a significant prevalence revealed of CHD and AH, of CRD and RFA, significant deviations of peripheral and coronary flow in isolated persons, therapeutical efficacy of secondary prevention (80,0%-93,3%) among prisoners with CHD and AH.

• #24 Myocardial Ischemia Risks in Critically Ill Adults | Clinical View

  https://clinicalview.gehealthcare.com/article/frequency-and-outcomes-transient-myocardial-ischemia-critically-ill-adults-admitted

  Critically ill adults admitted for noncardiac conditions are at risk for acute myocardial ischemia. […] The aim of this study was to detect myocardial ischemia and injury in patients admitted for noncardiac conditions and to examine the relationship of myocardial ischemia, injury, and acuity to cardiac events. […] Transient myocardial ischemia and advanced age are predictors of cardiac events and may indicate patients at risk for cardiac events. […] A total of 37 ischemic events were detected in 8 patients (10.5%); 32 (86%) were ST-segment depressions, and 35 (96%) were silent. […] Transient myocardial ischemia, elevated troponin I levels, and advanced age were significant predictors of cardiac complications (R2 = 0.387, F = 15.2, P .001). […] Patients with transient myocardial ischemia had significantly higher rates of elevations in troponin I (P .001) and cardiac events (P .001) than did patients without.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Fulltext/2003/09000/Sensitivity_of_routine_intensive_care_unit.7.aspx?generateEpub=Article%7Cccmjournal:2003:09000:00007%7C10.1097/01.ccm.0000084857.87446.dd%7C

  Routine intensive care unit surveillance has low sensitivity for detecting electrocardiogram evidence suggestive of prolonged myocardial ischemia compared with frequent 12-lead electrocardiograms. […] The sensitivity of routine intensive care unit surveillance for detecting the first episode of electrocardiogram evidence suggestive of prolonged myocardial ischemia in a patient was 12% (95% confidence interval, 717%), and the specificity was 98% (95% confidence interval, 95100%) with a positive predictive value of 40% (95% confidence interval, 3248%), a negative predictive value of 90% (95% confidence interval, 8594%), a positive likelihood ratio of 6, and a negative likelihood ratio of 1. […] The sensitivity of routine intensive care unit surveillance for detecting all episodes was 3% (95% confidence interval, 23%) and the specificity 99% (95% confidence interval, 99100%) per 20-min monitoring interval, with a positive predictive value of 17% (95% confidence interval, 1618%), negative predictive value of 95% (95% confidence interval, 9596%), positive likelihood ratio of 3, and negative likelihood ratio of 1.

• #26 Surveillance of myocardial infarction in pregnancy | NPEU

  https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/57-ukoss-myocardial-infarction

  Cardiac disease is a leading cause of maternal deaths in the developed world, responsible for one fifth of all maternal deaths in the UK. Myocardial infarction (MI) in pregnancy is known to be associated with significant maternal and fetal mortality. The widely quoted incidence estimate of 1 in 10,000 births is based on a study conducted in 1970. However, with current trends in lifestyle factors associated with cardiovascular disease and increasing age at childbirth, the incidence of MI during pregnancy can be expected to have increased. This study, conducted using UKOSS, provided a national picture of the incidence of the disease, its epidemiology and management. […] Twenty-five cases of MI in pregnancy were reported, giving an estimated incidence of 0.7 per 100,000 maternities (95%CI 0.5-1.1), which may represent an underestimate of the true incidence.

• #27 Surveillance of myocardial infarction in pregnancy | NPEU

  https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/57-ukoss-myocardial-infarction

  Many risk factors identified were both recognisable and modifiable: maternal age (aOR 1.3 for every one year increase, 95%CI 1.2-1.4, p0.001), smoking (aOR 3.1 95%CI 1.3-7.5, p=0.014), hypertension (aOR 8.1 95%CI 1.5-42.3, p=0.018), twin pregnancy (aOR 11.3 95%CI 2.9-44.6, p=0.002) and pre-eclampsia (aOR 4.5 95%CI 1.2-17.2, p=0.038) were all independently associated with MI in pregnancy. […] Management of MI in pregnancy was highly variable, indicating a clear need for further information regarding the safety and outcomes of different interventions.

• #28 Epidemiology of heart failure in myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: Analysis of the Codi IAM registry | REC: CardioClinics

  https://www.reccardioclinics.org/en-epidemiology-heart-failure-in-myocardial-articulo-resumen-S2605153219300226

  Epidemiology of heart failure (HF) that complicates ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not well defined. […] Our aim was to analyze the epidemiology and prognosis of HF that complicates STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). […] Patients with HF were older, more frequently female, and diabetic and had chronic ischaemic heart disease. […] Only 10.3% of patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI had HF on admission and the majority of them had the mildest form (Killip-Kimball II 77.8%). […] HF was associated with high mortality (30-day mortality was 2.9% of patients in Killip-Kimball I, 9.5% of Killip-Kimball II and 17.4% in Killip-Kimball III, P.005, and 1-year mortality in patients who survived 30 days was 2.9%, 9.3% and 14.3%, P.005, respectively).

• #29 Epidemiology of heart failure in myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: Analysis of the Codi IAM registry | REC: CardioClinics

  https://www.reccardioclinics.org/en-epidemiology-heart-failure-in-myocardial-articulo-S2605153219300226

  Epidemiology of heart failure in myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: Analysis of the Codi IAM registry […] The epidemiology of heart failure (HF) that complicates ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not well defined. Our aim was to analyze the epidemiology and prognosis of HF that complicates STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). […] Patients with HF were older, more frequently female, and diabetic and had chronic ischaemic heart disease. Only 10.3% of patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI had HF on admission and the majority of them had the mildest form (KillipKimball II 77.8%). HF was associated with high mortality (30-day mortality was 2.9% of patients in KillipKimball I, 9.5% of KillipKimball II and 17.4% in KillipKimball III, P.005, and 1-year mortality in patients who survived 30 days was 2.9%, 9.3% and 14.3%, P.005, respectively).

• #30 Epidemiology of heart failure in myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: Analysis of the Codi IAM registry | REC: CardioClinics

  https://www.reccardioclinics.org/en-epidemiology-heart-failure-in-myocardial-articulo-resumen-S2605153219300226

  Both the presence of Killip-Kimball class II and III were independently associated with 30-day and 1-year mortality in 30-day survivors. […] Up to 6% and 15% of patients in Killip-Kimball II and III on admission worsened to cardiogenic shock, and the onset of cardiogenic shock during hospitalization was independently associated with mortality at 30-day and 1-year follow-up. […] HF complicates 10.3% of patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI and it was associated with a higher risk of developing cardiogenic shock and with 30-day and 1-year mortality in 30-day survivors. […] In this high-risk population, primary PCI and posterior medical treatment should be prioritized to avoid worsening of HF.

• #31 Surveillance of ischemic heart disease should include physician billing claims: population-based evidence from administrative health data across seven Canadian provinces | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-13-88

  Canadian provinces and territories routinely collect health information for administrative purposes. This study used Canadian medical and hospital administrative data for population-based surveillance of diagnosed ischemic heart disease (IHD). […] IHD prevalence and incidence varied by province, were consistently higher among males than females, and increased with age. Prevalence and incidence were lower using the 1H method compared to using the 1H2P or 1H3P methods in all provinces studied for all age groups. […] Study findings show that incidence and prevalence of diagnosed IHD will be underestimated by as much as 50% using inpatient data alone. The addition of physician claims data are needed to better assess the burden of IHD in Canada. […] Currently no formal mechanism to track prevalence and incidence of IHD exists in Canada.

• #32 Surveillance of ischemic heart disease should include physician billing claims: population-based evidence from administrative health data across seven Canadian provinces | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-13-88

  Routinely collected administrative hospital data are commonly used for the surveillance of many health conditions in Canada. […] Therefore, combining two administrative health data files: 1) hospital discharge abstract database, and 2) physician billing database may provide a more comprehensive description of diagnosed IHD and may be more suitable for monitoring the disease burden in the population. […] Our objective is to describe the process and methods used to establish national population-based surveillance of diagnosed IHD using administrative health databases from seven provinces covering approximately 95% of Canada’s total population. […] This population-based study demonstrated that the prevalence and incidence of IHD were underestimated using hospital data alone compared with a combination of hospital and physician records. […] The findings of this study indicate that chronic disease surveillance can benefit from using multiple data sources, including physician claims and hospital administrative data.

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