Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myocardial ischemia | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/myocardial-ischemia

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. The reduced blood flow is usually the result of a partial or complete blockage of your heart’s arteries (coronary arteries). […] Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. Rarely, a blood clot might travel to the coronary artery from elsewhere in the body. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #2 Myocardial ischemia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia?content_id=CON-20375399

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). […] Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. […] Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #3 Ischemia Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/ischemia/article_em.htm

  Ischemia is a condition in which the blood vessels become blocked, and blood flow is stopped or reduced. […] Cardiac ischemia also called (ischemic heart disease and myocardial ischemia) is decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. […] A primary cause of ischemia is atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Plaque, a hard, sticky substance composed mostly of fat builds up within the arteries, causing narrowing and stiffening. This reduces blood flow. […] Other causes of ischemia may include: Low blood pressure (hypotension) as a result of heart attack or shock, congenital heart defects, sickle cell anemia, blood clots in arteries, compression or blockage of a blood vessel (from a tumor or musculoskeletal abnormality), anemia, microvascular blockages from blood abnormalities (abnormal cells in Sickle Cell disease, hyperviscosity syndromes from cancers, or septic emboli). […] Ischemia can be very serious, even fatal. […] Ischemia in the heart can lead to heart attack (myocardial infarction).

• #4 Myocardial ischemia

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/m/myocardial-ischemia2/?section=Causes

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more of your coronary arteries is decreased. The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscle receives. […] Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. Rarely, a blood clot might travel to the coronary artery from elsewhere in the body. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #5 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Myocardial ischemia is a condition that is characterized by inadequate blood flow in the coronary arteries (of the heart) owing to a partial or complete blockage of the arteries. […] The disease myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more coronary arteries is impaired. The ischemic condition develops gradually as the arteries become blocked over time. […] The conditions that cause myocardial ischemia are: Atherosclerosis: Coronary artery disease occur due to plaques of cholesterol that get deposited on the walls of your arteries. […] Blood Clot: Rupture of atherosclerotic plaques can lead to the formation of a blood clot and sudden myocardial ischemia. […] Coronary artery spasm: Spasms are the tightening of the muscles in the wall of the arteries. These temporary spasms can cause brief obstruction in the blood flow to that part of the heart muscle.

• #6 Myocardial Infarction: Practice Essentials, Background, Definitions

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155919-overview

  Atherosclerosis is the disease primarily responsible for most acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cases. Approximately 90% of myocardial infarctions (MIs) result from an acute thrombus that obstructs an atherosclerotic coronary artery. Plaque rupture and erosion are considered to be the major triggers for coronary thrombosis. […] Nonatherosclerotic causes of MI include the following: Coronary occlusion secondary to vasculitis, Ventricular hypertrophy (eg, left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), Coronary artery emboli, secondary to cholesterol, air, or the products of sepsis, Coronary trauma, Primary coronary vasospasm (variant angina), Drug use (eg, cocaine, amphetamines, ephedrine), Arteritis, Coronary anomalies, including aneurysms of coronary arteries, Factors that increase oxygen requirement, such as heavy exertion, fever, or hyperthyroidism, Factors that decrease oxygen delivery, such as hypoxemia of severe anemia, Aortic dissection, with retrograde involvement of the coronary arteries, Respiratory infections, particularly influenza. […] MI can also occur for causes other than atherosclerosis.

• #7 Myocardial Ischemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17848-myocardial-ischemia

  Myocardial ischemia is a lack of blood flow getting to your heart muscle. That means your heart muscle isnt getting enough blood to do what it needs to do. Often, the cause is a collection of fat and cholesterol (plaque) that doesnt let enough blood go through your coronary arteries. […] Causes of myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease. This is a buildup of plaque and cholesterol inside your coronary arteries, which supply blood to your heart muscle. The buildup narrows your artery so much that the oxygen-rich blood your heart needs cant get through, and your heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen. This causes ischemia and angina. Atherosclerotic plaque causes 70% of fatal heart attacks. […] Blood clot. When plaque that forms in your narrow coronary artery breaks apart, it can attract a blood clot. When a blood clot settles in a coronary artery thats already narrow, it can cause a blockage (thrombosis).

• #8 ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: General concepts – Pathology Made Simple

  https://ilovepathology.com/ischemic-heart-disease-general-concepts/

  Ischemic heart disease refers to a group of related conditions resulting from myocardial ischemia. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between the oxygen supply (through blood perfusion) to the heart muscle and the hearts demand for oxygenated blood. […] The primary cause is obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Over 90% of cases are attributed to atherosclerotic plaques in the epicardial coronary arteries. Other less common causes include: Emboli in the coronary arteries Inflammation of myocardial vessels Coronary artery spasms. […] Atherosclerosis, which involves the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, can begin during childhood or adolescence. However, its clinical manifestation as ischemic heart disease typically occurs much later in life. Progressive narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis reduces blood supply, leading to myocardial ischemia. When the obstruction becomes significant, it results in critical stenosis. Critical stenosis: Obstruction of more than 70% of the vascular cross-sectional area, causing ischemia during exercise. Severe stenosis: Obstruction of more than 90% of the vascular cross-sectional area, causing ischemia even at rest.

• #9 Causes of IHD (Ischemic heart disease). Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/367767-causes-of-ihd-ischemic-heart-disease.html

  IHD (ischemic heart disease) is one of the main reasons causing death in society today. […] IHD occurs as a result of the narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries. As a result, the access of blood and oxygen to the myocardium decreases. The reasons for reducing the diameter of the vessels may be different. The most frequent is atherosclerosis. […] The causes of death in IHD are necrosis (withering) of the heart. As a result, severe heart failure develops. Blood circulation throughout the body is decreased, the brain does not receive enough oxygen and the person dies. […] Thus, we have found out what IHD is and what causes this illness. […] The diameter of the coronary arteries depends on the size of the atherosclerotic plaques that accumulate inside them, as well as the tone of the muscle layer. Spasm of blood vessels in patients with IHD aggravates the manifestations of the disease.

• #10 Myocardial ischemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375417

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). […] Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more of your coronary arteries is decreased. The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscle receives. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #11 Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/myocardial-ischemia-infarction-reaction-ecg-changes-symptoms/

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently disruption of cellular metabolism. […] In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood flow and cause symptoms during increased myocardial workload (exercise). The more severe the stenosis, the more pronounced the symptoms. […] In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. […] The duration of ischemia is crucial when an occlusion has occurred. Myocardium supplied by the occluded artery immediately becomes ischemic and ceases to contract. […] If coronary flow is not restored, infarction will commence and the necrosis will spread like a wavefront in water, starting in the most ischemic area, which is the subendocardium. From there the infarction will spread towards the epicardium. […] Total occlusions (which result in acute STEMI) are generally persistent until virtually all ischemic myocardium is infarcted (unless reperfusion therapy is successful).

• #12 Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Signs, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_attack/article.htm

  When the surface of a cholesterol plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, a blood clot may form on its surface, completely blocking the flow of blood in the artery beyond the clot. The lack of oxygen immediately causes the affected heart muscle tissue to suffer (myocardial ischemia), become irritable, and have difficulty contracting. If the situation is not reversed quickly, heart muscle will begin to die. […] Ischemia: The lack of blood flow leads to ischemia, a condition where heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen. Ischemia causes the cells to become damaged and can lead to their death if the blood flow is not restored quickly.

• #13 Myocardial ischemia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia?content_id=CON-20375399

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). […] Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. […] Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #14 Myocardial ischemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375417

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). […] Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more of your coronary arteries is decreased. The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscle receives. […] Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include: […] Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis). Plaques made up mostly of cholesterol build up on your artery walls and restrict blood flow. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. […] Blood clot. The plaques that develop in atherosclerosis can rupture, causing a blood clot. The clot might block an artery and lead to sudden, severe myocardial ischemia, resulting in a heart attack. […] Coronary artery spasm. This temporary tightening of the muscles in the artery wall can briefly decrease or even prevent blood flow to part of the heart muscle. Coronary artery spasm is an uncommon cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #15

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/myocardial-ischemia/

  Arterial embolism: An embolism, such as a blood clot or a piece of plaque, can break off from another part of the body and travel to the coronary arteries, blocking blood flow. […] Coronary artery dissection: This is a rare condition where a tear occurs in the wall of a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow. […] Aortic valve disease: Aortic valve disease, particularly aortic stenosis, can restrict blood flow out of the heart, reducing oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure): High blood pressure can cause the heart to work harder, leading to increased oxygen demand. If the supply of oxygen-rich blood is insufficient to meet this demand, myocardial ischemia can occur. […] Coronary artery spasm: Some individuals experience spasms in their coronary arteries, causing temporary reductions in blood flow. This can occur in individuals with or without underlying coronary artery disease.

• #16 Myocardial Ischemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/myocardial-ischemia/

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by partial or complete blockage of the heart’s arteries (coronary arteries). If not addressed promptly, this condition can lead to heart muscle damage. […] Several factors can contribute to the development of myocardial ischemia. Understanding these causes can help in early diagnosis and effective management. […] Atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the coronary arteries, is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia. The plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. […] Blood clots can form on the surface of a plaque or within an artery, further obstructing blood flow. This can lead to sudden and severe myocardial ischemia, often resulting in a heart attack. […] A temporary spasm of the coronary artery can reduce blood flow to the heart muscle. Stress, smoking, or certain medications can trigger this spasm. […] Myocardial ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.

• #17 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.).

• #18 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255Dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.). […] Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia.

• #19 Myocardial Ischemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17848-myocardial-ischemia

  Coronary artery spasm. This happens when the coronary arteries spasm, which temporarily reduces or cuts off blood supply to your heart. […] Cocaine use. […] Coronary artery dissection. This rare condition can keep blood from getting to your heart. […] Ischemia is most likely to happen when your heart needs more oxygen and nutrients than its getting. It happens when your heart cant keep up with your bodys increased demand for blood.

• #20 How Ischemia Affects Different Parts of the Body

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-ischemia-p2-1745825

  Ischemia can affect the heart. When this happens, it’s called cardiac ischemia. […] Also called myocardial ischemia, ischemia of the heart is most often caused by plaques in the coronary arteries. These are the arteries that supply the heart muscle. […] However, cardiac ischemia may also result from other conditions such as: Coronary artery spasms, Coronary microvascular disease, Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries, Coronary artery dissection.

• #21

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/myocardial-ischemia/

  Arterial embolism: An embolism, such as a blood clot or a piece of plaque, can break off from another part of the body and travel to the coronary arteries, blocking blood flow. […] Coronary artery dissection: This is a rare condition where a tear occurs in the wall of a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow. […] Aortic valve disease: Aortic valve disease, particularly aortic stenosis, can restrict blood flow out of the heart, reducing oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure): High blood pressure can cause the heart to work harder, leading to increased oxygen demand. If the supply of oxygen-rich blood is insufficient to meet this demand, myocardial ischemia can occur. […] Coronary artery spasm: Some individuals experience spasms in their coronary arteries, causing temporary reductions in blood flow. This can occur in individuals with or without underlying coronary artery disease.

• #22 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.).

• #23 Myocardial ischemia: From disease to syndrome – International Heart Spasms Alliance

  https://www.internationalheartspasmsalliance.org/myocardial-ischemia-from-disease-to-syndrome/

  Although current guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease acknowledge that multiple mechanisms may precipitate myocardial ischemia, recommended diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic algorithms are still focused on obstructive epicardial atherosclerotic lesions, and little progress has been made in identifying management strategies for non-atherosclerotic causes of myocardial ischemia. […] The hypothesis of obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) as the prevalent if not the only cause of myocardial ischemia is now being reconsidered, acknowledging that other mechanisms may precipitate myocardial ischemia, alone or in combination. […] In addition to vascular mechanisms, non-vascular factors, including abnormalities in cardiac energy metabolism and changes in blood rheology secondary to platelet activation and/or inflammation will probably be considered in the near future among the mechanisms responsible for myocardial ischemic syndromes.

• #24 Ischemic Heart Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And Prevention

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/ischemic-heart-disease-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention?srsltid=AfmBOoq4zLToxCrpwVFFi-K13vf0TIvjcdYs83Pxs_NdvVif3a5d4uIa

  Atherosclerotic plaque causes fatal heart attacks and is a primary cause of ischemia and angina. […] Blood Clot. When plaque formation in the coronary artery breaks it apart, a blood clot happens. […] This kind of blood clot when settles in a coronary artery that is already narrow can cause thrombosis. […] Coronary Artery Spasm. This happens when the coronary arteries reduce or cut off blood supply to your heart. […] Cocaine Use: When cocaine in the body goes into excess, the blood supply to your heart gets affected. […] High Cholesterol: One of the primary reasons for a disrupted blood supply which leads to a heart attack.

• #25 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  Stress and anxiety trigger hormonal mechanisms that can, in the long term, damage arteries. […] Some drugs, e.g., cocaine or amphetamines, can modify how the arteries work and cause a vascular spasm; the artery contracts and stops the blood flow. […] Women who experience pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases, may have an increased risk of suffering a future infarction.

• #26 Angina Pectoris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150215-overview

  Angina pectoris is the result of myocardial ischemia caused by an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia develops when coronary blood flow becomes inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia can result from (1) a reduction of coronary blood flow caused by fixed and/or dynamic epicardial coronary artery (ie, conductive vessel) stenosis, (2) abnormal constriction or deficient relaxation of coronary microcirculation (ie, resistance vessels), or (3) reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. […] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of epicardial coronary artery stenosis and, hence, angina pectoris. […] Myocardial ischemia can also be the result of factors affecting blood composition, such as reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, as is observed with severe anemia (hemoglobin, 8 g/dL), or elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin.

• #27 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255Dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.). […] Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia.

• #28 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255Dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.). […] Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia.

• #29 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255Dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.). […] Beyond that coronary artery anomalies and certain cardiomyopathies might carry an increased risk for myocardial ischemia.

• #30

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/myocardial-ischemia/

  Arterial embolism: An embolism, such as a blood clot or a piece of plaque, can break off from another part of the body and travel to the coronary arteries, blocking blood flow. […] Coronary artery dissection: This is a rare condition where a tear occurs in the wall of a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow. […] Aortic valve disease: Aortic valve disease, particularly aortic stenosis, can restrict blood flow out of the heart, reducing oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. […] Hypertension (high blood pressure): High blood pressure can cause the heart to work harder, leading to increased oxygen demand. If the supply of oxygen-rich blood is insufficient to meet this demand, myocardial ischemia can occur. […] Coronary artery spasm: Some individuals experience spasms in their coronary arteries, causing temporary reductions in blood flow. This can occur in individuals with or without underlying coronary artery disease.

• #31 Myocardial infarction or ischemia with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myocardial-infarction-or-ischemia-with-no-obstructive-coronary-atherosclerosis

  Myocardial infarction or ischemia with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis […] Most cases of ischemia or acute myocardial infarction (MI) are caused by a stable or unstable atherosclerotic plaque. This topic will discuss the potential causes of ischemia and MI that occur in the absence of obstructive atherosclerosis. […] MI with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis (MINOCA) – This is a distinct clinical syndrome characterized by evidence of MI with normal or near normal coronary arteries on angiography (stenosis severity ≤50 percent) in the absence of obvious noncoronary causes of MI such as severe hemorrhage or severe respiratory failure. There are several well-defined causes/pathophysiologic mechanisms for MINOCA; the prognosis and management differ for each of these causes. […] […]

• #32 Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/acute-myocardial-infarction-mi

  Myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) is found in about 5 to 6% of patients with acute MI who undergo coronary angiography (3). […] Plaque disruption and coronary vasospasm are common in MINOCA. Coronary thrombosis or embolism and spontaneous coronary artery dissection are causes of MINOCA.

• #33 Myocardial infarction or ischemia with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myocardial-infarction-or-ischemia-with-no-obstructive-coronary-atherosclerosis

  Causes of MINOCA: […] – Epicardial […] – Coronary artery spasm […] – Acute thrombosis at the site of nonobstructive eccentric plaque […] – Spontaneous coronary artery dissection […] – Microvascular […] – Takotsubo cardiomyopathy […] – Coronary microvascular dysfunction […] – Viral myocarditis […] – Coronary artery embolism […] […] […] Causes of INOCA: […] – Coronary artery spasm […] – Microvascular disease […] – Coronary artery anomaly

• #34

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/myocardial-ischemia/

  One of the primary causes of myocardial ischemia is atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries supplying blood to the heart. These deposits, known as plaques, can narrow or block the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. […] Several factors contribute to an increased risk of developing myocardial ischemia. One of the primary risk factors is coronary artery disease (CAD), which occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. Other significant risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle.

• #35 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #36 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  The chance of suffering an infarction increases with age. […] Smoking produces a very significant increase in the risk of suffering an infarction. […] High blood pressure damages artery walls and can accelerate the atherosclerosis process. […] Elevated LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or triglyceride levels have been linked to a greater risk of coronary disease. […] Increased blood glucose levels (sugar levels) have been associated with a greater risk of an infarction. […] A family history of angina pectoris or infarction (heart attack) can imply a genetic predisposition. […] A sedentary lifestyle is associated with a higher rate of obesity, high blood pressure and less control over diabetes and cholesterol levels. […] Being overweight is increasingly common in today’s society and worsens the other risk factors.

• #37 Myocardial Infarction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/

  Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as „heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. […] Most myocardial infarctions are due to underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. […] Myocardial infarction is closely associated with coronary artery disease. […] The INTERHEART study showed that all the above risk factors were significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction except for alcohol consumption, which showed a weaker association. […] Other risk factors include a moderately high level of plasma homocysteine, which is an independent risk factor of MI. […] Some non-modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction include advanced age, male gender (males tend to have myocardial infarction earlier in life), genetics (there is an increased risk of MI if a first-degree relative has a history of cardiovascular events before the age of 50). […] The most common cause of death and disability in the western world and worldwide is coronary artery disease.

• #38 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ischemic-cardiomyopathy

  Ischemic cardiomyopathy (IC) is typically caused by a heart attack or coronary artery disease. Risk factors for these conditions include: family history of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes mellitus, end-stage kidney disease, amyloidosis, a condition in which abnormal proteins build up in your tissues and organs, including blood vessels, sedentary lifestyle, history of smoking tobacco, alcohol or drug abuse. […] You’re more likely to develop coronary artery disease if you’re a man, but after women reach menopause, the gap between the two genders tends to close. If you’re a woman over the age of 35 who takes oral contraceptives and smokes tobacco, you’re also at higher risk.

• #39 Myocardial Infarction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/

  Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as „heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. […] Most myocardial infarctions are due to underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. […] Myocardial infarction is closely associated with coronary artery disease. […] The INTERHEART study showed that all the above risk factors were significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction except for alcohol consumption, which showed a weaker association. […] Other risk factors include a moderately high level of plasma homocysteine, which is an independent risk factor of MI. […] Some non-modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction include advanced age, male gender (males tend to have myocardial infarction earlier in life), genetics (there is an increased risk of MI if a first-degree relative has a history of cardiovascular events before the age of 50). […] The most common cause of death and disability in the western world and worldwide is coronary artery disease.

• #40 Myocardial Infarction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/

  Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as „heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. […] Most myocardial infarctions are due to underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. […] Myocardial infarction is closely associated with coronary artery disease. […] The INTERHEART study showed that all the above risk factors were significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction except for alcohol consumption, which showed a weaker association. […] Other risk factors include a moderately high level of plasma homocysteine, which is an independent risk factor of MI. […] Some non-modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction include advanced age, male gender (males tend to have myocardial infarction earlier in life), genetics (there is an increased risk of MI if a first-degree relative has a history of cardiovascular events before the age of 50). […] The most common cause of death and disability in the western world and worldwide is coronary artery disease.

• #41 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  The chance of suffering an infarction increases with age. […] Smoking produces a very significant increase in the risk of suffering an infarction. […] High blood pressure damages artery walls and can accelerate the atherosclerosis process. […] Elevated LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or triglyceride levels have been linked to a greater risk of coronary disease. […] Increased blood glucose levels (sugar levels) have been associated with a greater risk of an infarction. […] A family history of angina pectoris or infarction (heart attack) can imply a genetic predisposition. […] A sedentary lifestyle is associated with a higher rate of obesity, high blood pressure and less control over diabetes and cholesterol levels. […] Being overweight is increasingly common in today’s society and worsens the other risk factors.

• #42 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #43 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  The chance of suffering an infarction increases with age. […] Smoking produces a very significant increase in the risk of suffering an infarction. […] High blood pressure damages artery walls and can accelerate the atherosclerosis process. […] Elevated LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or triglyceride levels have been linked to a greater risk of coronary disease. […] Increased blood glucose levels (sugar levels) have been associated with a greater risk of an infarction. […] A family history of angina pectoris or infarction (heart attack) can imply a genetic predisposition. […] A sedentary lifestyle is associated with a higher rate of obesity, high blood pressure and less control over diabetes and cholesterol levels. […] Being overweight is increasingly common in today’s society and worsens the other risk factors.

• #44 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #45

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/

  Coronary heart disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. […] Atherosclerosis can be caused by lifestyle factors, such as smoking and regularly drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. […] You’re also more at risk of getting atherosclerosis if you have conditions like high cholesterol, high blood pressure (hypertension) or diabetes.

• #46 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #47 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  The chance of suffering an infarction increases with age. […] Smoking produces a very significant increase in the risk of suffering an infarction. […] High blood pressure damages artery walls and can accelerate the atherosclerosis process. […] Elevated LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or triglyceride levels have been linked to a greater risk of coronary disease. […] Increased blood glucose levels (sugar levels) have been associated with a greater risk of an infarction. […] A family history of angina pectoris or infarction (heart attack) can imply a genetic predisposition. […] A sedentary lifestyle is associated with a higher rate of obesity, high blood pressure and less control over diabetes and cholesterol levels. […] Being overweight is increasingly common in today’s society and worsens the other risk factors.

• #48 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #49

  https://clarity-medical.com/blogs/updates/quick-guide-to-myocardial-ischemia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia due to elevated blood sugar levels and metabolic abnormalities. […] Obesity: Excess body weight and abdominal obesity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. […] Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise and sedentary lifestyle habits can predispose individuals to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, increasing the risk of myocardial ischemia.

• #50 Myocardial Ischemia – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Certain factors can enhance your risk of developing myocardial ischemia. […] The presence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to various heart problems including, heart attack and myocardial ischemia. […] Increasingly high blood pressure and hypertension can accelerate forming atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque rupture. […] High blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides, occur due to increased intake of saturated fats in the diet. […] Obesity associated with other illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol can precipitate atherosclerotic events and cause myocardial ischemia. […] Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of injury to the arteries walls from the inside. […] The chest pain occurring in myocardial ischemia is usually triggered by factors such as physical exertion, emotional stress, consumption of heavy meals, use of cocaine, and cold temperatures. […] Severe complications that can occur as a result of myocardial ischemia are: Heart Failure, Irregular rhythms of the heart, Heart attack. […] Treatment of myocardial ischemia generally is accomplished by medications, bypass surgery, and other procedures intended to improve the blood flow.

• #51

  https://clarity-medical.com/blogs/updates/quick-guide-to-myocardial-ischemia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia due to elevated blood sugar levels and metabolic abnormalities. […] Obesity: Excess body weight and abdominal obesity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. […] Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise and sedentary lifestyle habits can predispose individuals to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, increasing the risk of myocardial ischemia.

• #52

  https://clarity-medical.com/blogs/updates/quick-guide-to-myocardial-ischemia-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia due to elevated blood sugar levels and metabolic abnormalities. […] Obesity: Excess body weight and abdominal obesity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. […] Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise and sedentary lifestyle habits can predispose individuals to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, increasing the risk of myocardial ischemia.

• #53 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  The chance of suffering an infarction increases with age. […] Smoking produces a very significant increase in the risk of suffering an infarction. […] High blood pressure damages artery walls and can accelerate the atherosclerosis process. […] Elevated LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or triglyceride levels have been linked to a greater risk of coronary disease. […] Increased blood glucose levels (sugar levels) have been associated with a greater risk of an infarction. […] A family history of angina pectoris or infarction (heart attack) can imply a genetic predisposition. […] A sedentary lifestyle is associated with a higher rate of obesity, high blood pressure and less control over diabetes and cholesterol levels. […] Being overweight is increasingly common in today’s society and worsens the other risk factors.

• #54 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  Stress and anxiety trigger hormonal mechanisms that can, in the long term, damage arteries. […] Some drugs, e.g., cocaine or amphetamines, can modify how the arteries work and cause a vascular spasm; the artery contracts and stops the blood flow. […] Women who experience pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases, may have an increased risk of suffering a future infarction.

• #55 Understanding Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia | CVRTI

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/how-stress-contributes-to-cardiac-ischemia/

  Cardiac ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, often due to narrowed or blocked arteries. […] While factors like high cholesterol and hypertension are well-known causes, stress is also a major contributor. […] Chronic stress can trigger physiological responses that strain the heart, increasing the risk of ischemia, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular conditions. […] Stress-induced myocardial ischemia is when emotional or physical stress reduces blood supply to the heart. […] Stress can contribute to this: Increased Blood Pressure: Chronic stress causes high blood pressure, leading to arterial damage and plaque buildup, contributing to heart disease. […] Hormonal Response: The release of cortisol and adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, making the heart work harder.

• #56 Ischemia: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/ischemia

  Ischemia happens because something is keeping blood from reaching the tissues the blocked artery supplies. […] Ischemia causes include: Atherosclerosis. Blood clots. Abdominal hernia that becomes strangulated. Very low blood pressure. Vasculitis. Medical equipment (for procedures or life support) that a provider inserts into your arteries. […] Risk factors for ischemia include: Having ischemia in another part of your body. High or low blood pressure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Lack of physical activity. Obesity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Use of tobacco products. History of a heart attack. History of a stroke. Sleep apnea. Blood clotting disorders. Certain medicines, like birth control pills. […] Ischemia can lead to: Heart attack. Critical limb ischemia. Stroke. Transient ischemic attack (TIA). Perforation of your small intestine. Gangrene, including infections.

• #57 Ischemia: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/ischemia

  Ischemia happens because something is keeping blood from reaching the tissues the blocked artery supplies. […] Ischemia causes include: Atherosclerosis. Blood clots. Abdominal hernia that becomes strangulated. Very low blood pressure. Vasculitis. Medical equipment (for procedures or life support) that a provider inserts into your arteries. […] Risk factors for ischemia include: Having ischemia in another part of your body. High or low blood pressure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Lack of physical activity. Obesity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Use of tobacco products. History of a heart attack. History of a stroke. Sleep apnea. Blood clotting disorders. Certain medicines, like birth control pills. […] Ischemia can lead to: Heart attack. Critical limb ischemia. Stroke. Transient ischemic attack (TIA). Perforation of your small intestine. Gangrene, including infections.

• #58 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ischemic-cardiomyopathy

  Ischemic cardiomyopathy (IC) is typically caused by a heart attack or coronary artery disease. Risk factors for these conditions include: family history of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes mellitus, end-stage kidney disease, amyloidosis, a condition in which abnormal proteins build up in your tissues and organs, including blood vessels, sedentary lifestyle, history of smoking tobacco, alcohol or drug abuse. […] You’re more likely to develop coronary artery disease if you’re a man, but after women reach menopause, the gap between the two genders tends to close. If you’re a woman over the age of 35 who takes oral contraceptives and smokes tobacco, you’re also at higher risk.

• #59 Ischemia: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/ischemia

  Ischemia happens because something is keeping blood from reaching the tissues the blocked artery supplies. […] Ischemia causes include: Atherosclerosis. Blood clots. Abdominal hernia that becomes strangulated. Very low blood pressure. Vasculitis. Medical equipment (for procedures or life support) that a provider inserts into your arteries. […] Risk factors for ischemia include: Having ischemia in another part of your body. High or low blood pressure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Lack of physical activity. Obesity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Use of tobacco products. History of a heart attack. History of a stroke. Sleep apnea. Blood clotting disorders. Certain medicines, like birth control pills. […] Ischemia can lead to: Heart attack. Critical limb ischemia. Stroke. Transient ischemic attack (TIA). Perforation of your small intestine. Gangrene, including infections.

• #60 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  Stress and anxiety trigger hormonal mechanisms that can, in the long term, damage arteries. […] Some drugs, e.g., cocaine or amphetamines, can modify how the arteries work and cause a vascular spasm; the artery contracts and stops the blood flow. […] Women who experience pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases, may have an increased risk of suffering a future infarction.

• #61 Ischemic heart disease risk factors | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/risk-factors

  Stress and anxiety trigger hormonal mechanisms that can, in the long term, damage arteries. […] Some drugs, e.g., cocaine or amphetamines, can modify how the arteries work and cause a vascular spasm; the artery contracts and stops the blood flow. […] Women who experience pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases, may have an increased risk of suffering a future infarction.

• #62 Myocardial Infarction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537076/

  Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as „heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. […] Most myocardial infarctions are due to underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. […] Myocardial infarction is closely associated with coronary artery disease. […] The INTERHEART study showed that all the above risk factors were significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction except for alcohol consumption, which showed a weaker association. […] Other risk factors include a moderately high level of plasma homocysteine, which is an independent risk factor of MI. […] Some non-modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction include advanced age, male gender (males tend to have myocardial infarction earlier in life), genetics (there is an increased risk of MI if a first-degree relative has a history of cardiovascular events before the age of 50). […] The most common cause of death and disability in the western world and worldwide is coronary artery disease.

• #63 Angina Pectoris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150215-overview

  Causes of angina pectoris include the following: Decrease in myocardial blood supply due to increased coronary resistance in large and small coronary arteries. […] Significant coronary atherosclerotic lesion in the large epicardial coronary arteries (ie, conductive vessels) with at least a 50% reduction in arterial diameter. […] Coronary spasm (ie, Prinzmetal angina). […] Abnormal constriction or deficient endothelial-dependent relaxation of resistant vessels associated with diffuse vascular disease (ie, microvascular angina). […] Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include a family history of premature coronary artery disease, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, or systemic hypertension. […] Other risk factors include LV hypertrophy, obesity, and elevated serum levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), plasminogen activator inhibitor, fibrinogen, serum triglycerides, or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

• #64 Ischemia: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/ischemia

  Ischemia happens because something is keeping blood from reaching the tissues the blocked artery supplies. […] Ischemia causes include: Atherosclerosis. Blood clots. Abdominal hernia that becomes strangulated. Very low blood pressure. Vasculitis. Medical equipment (for procedures or life support) that a provider inserts into your arteries. […] Risk factors for ischemia include: Having ischemia in another part of your body. High or low blood pressure. High cholesterol. Diabetes. Lack of physical activity. Obesity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Use of tobacco products. History of a heart attack. History of a stroke. Sleep apnea. Blood clotting disorders. Certain medicines, like birth control pills. […] Ischemia can lead to: Heart attack. Critical limb ischemia. Stroke. Transient ischemic attack (TIA). Perforation of your small intestine. Gangrene, including infections.

• #65 Angina Pectoris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150215-overview

  Angina pectoris is the result of myocardial ischemia caused by an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia develops when coronary blood flow becomes inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia can result from (1) a reduction of coronary blood flow caused by fixed and/or dynamic epicardial coronary artery (ie, conductive vessel) stenosis, (2) abnormal constriction or deficient relaxation of coronary microcirculation (ie, resistance vessels), or (3) reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. […] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of epicardial coronary artery stenosis and, hence, angina pectoris. […] Myocardial ischemia can also be the result of factors affecting blood composition, such as reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, as is observed with severe anemia (hemoglobin, 8 g/dL), or elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin.

• #66 Myocardial ischemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myocardial-ischaemia?lang=us

  Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged and associated with a loss of contractile function. […] Major causes of myocardial ischemia include: coronary plaque disruption or erosion with thrombus formation, coronary artery disease/coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery spasms, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection with the involvement of coronaries, supply-demand mismatch of other causes (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia, anemia, hypotension, shock, severe hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc.).

• #67 Angina Pectoris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150215-overview

  Angina pectoris is the result of myocardial ischemia caused by an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia develops when coronary blood flow becomes inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand. […] Myocardial ischemia can result from (1) a reduction of coronary blood flow caused by fixed and/or dynamic epicardial coronary artery (ie, conductive vessel) stenosis, (2) abnormal constriction or deficient relaxation of coronary microcirculation (ie, resistance vessels), or (3) reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. […] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of epicardial coronary artery stenosis and, hence, angina pectoris. […] Myocardial ischemia can also be the result of factors affecting blood composition, such as reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, as is observed with severe anemia (hemoglobin, 8 g/dL), or elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin.

• #68 Myocardial ischemia: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/myocardial-ischemia

  Myocardial ischemia, also called cardiac ischemia, is a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart. A common cause is plaque buildup in the coronary arteries. […] Myocardial ischemia primarily occurs due to a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle, typically due to atherosclerosis. This is a condition in which the arteries narrow and harden due to a buildup of plaque. […] Other causes include coronary artery disease, coronary artery spasm, and blood clot. […] Several risk factors may contribute to the development of myocardial ischemia, including smoking tobacco, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, low level of exercise, stress, and family history of cardiovascular disease. […] Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of myocardial ischemia.

• #69 Ischaemic Heart Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/ischaemic-heart-disease

  Ischaemic Heart Disease can be a result of coronary artery disease but not in all cases. […] For example, a heart can become ischaemic if the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply that can be provided in the blood flowing through the coronary arteries. […] One can have coronary artery disease without having ischaemic heart disease. […] For example, plaque may be present, which means the patient has coronary artery disease, but it is not large enough to limit blood flow sufficiently to cause the heart to become ischaemic.

• #70 Understanding Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia | CVRTI

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/how-stress-contributes-to-cardiac-ischemia/

  Cardiac ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, often due to narrowed or blocked arteries. […] While factors like high cholesterol and hypertension are well-known causes, stress is also a major contributor. […] Chronic stress can trigger physiological responses that strain the heart, increasing the risk of ischemia, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular conditions. […] Stress-induced myocardial ischemia is when emotional or physical stress reduces blood supply to the heart. […] Stress can contribute to this: Increased Blood Pressure: Chronic stress causes high blood pressure, leading to arterial damage and plaque buildup, contributing to heart disease. […] Hormonal Response: The release of cortisol and adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, making the heart work harder.

• #71 Myocardial ischemia: current concepts and future perspectives – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18922380/

  Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in a worldwide epidemic. Myocardial ischemia is characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Various clinical ischemic manifestations are caused by obstruction of coronary blood flow by coronary plaques, thrombosis, and/or hyperconstriction/vasospasm of epicardial and microvascular coronary arteries, in which gender difference also is involved due in part to estrogen hormonal state. […] The impaired endothelial regulation is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases and therefore is an important therapeutic target. Activation of Rho-kinase pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of both endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle hypercontraction and also should be an important therapeutic target.

• #72 Understanding Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia | CVRTI

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/how-stress-contributes-to-cardiac-ischemia/

  Inflammation: Long-term stress can increase inflammation in the body, contributing to arterial plaque instability. […] Coronary Artery Spasms: Emotional stress can cause arteries to constrict suddenly, reducing blood flow to the heart. […] Stress is a key factor in the development and worsening of cardiac ischemia. […] Whether through chronic high blood pressure, arterial spasms, or hormonal responses, prolonged stress can lead to serious heart complications, including myocardial infarction and ischemia.

• #73 Myocardial Ischemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention – Longmore Clinic

  https://longmoreclinic.org/myocardial-ischemia-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Myocardial ischemia is a medical condition characterized by a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients. It is typically caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) and may result in angina or a heart attack if left untreated. […] Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is reduced, resulting in an insufficient oxygen supply. This reduction in blood flow usually occurs because of a partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying the heart with oxygen-rich blood. […] Myocardial ischemia can occur suddenly, as in the case of a heart attack, or it may be chronic, presenting as stable or unstable angina. It is often associated with CAD, a condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing or blocking the blood flow. Other causes of myocardial ischemia include coronary artery spasms or severe blood loss (shock). […] The primary cause of myocardial ischemia is CAD, which results from a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. Other causes include coronary artery spasm, aortic valve stenosis, anemia, and shock.

• #74 Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/myocardial-ischemia-infarction-reaction-ecg-changes-symptoms/

  Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently disruption of cellular metabolism. […] In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood flow and cause symptoms during increased myocardial workload (exercise). The more severe the stenosis, the more pronounced the symptoms. […] In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. […] The duration of ischemia is crucial when an occlusion has occurred. Myocardium supplied by the occluded artery immediately becomes ischemic and ceases to contract. […] If coronary flow is not restored, infarction will commence and the necrosis will spread like a wavefront in water, starting in the most ischemic area, which is the subendocardium. From there the infarction will spread towards the epicardium. […] Total occlusions (which result in acute STEMI) are generally persistent until virtually all ischemic myocardium is infarcted (unless reperfusion therapy is successful).

• #75 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI), characterized by a lack of overt symptoms despite an inadequate blood supply to the myocardium, remains a challenging entity in cardiovascular medicine. […] The pathogenesis involves intricate interactions of vascular, neurohormonal, and metabolic factors, contributing to perfusion deficits without the characteristic chest pain. […] SMI is characterized by objective evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of angina or its equivalents, such as dyspnea, nausea, and diaphoresis, in patients with CAD. […] Mechanistically, SMI involves the occurrence of myocardial ischemia without angina or its equivalents. […] The ischemic burden, reflecting the combined presence of overt and silent ischemia, correlates with the magnitude, duration, and severity of ischemic episodes.

• #76 The Silent Threat: Unraveling the Hidden Dangers of Silent Myocardial Ischemia – CVRTI

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/the-silent-threat-unraveling-the-hidden-dangers-of-silent-cardiac-ischemia/

  Silent Myocardial ischemia and related chronic coronary artery disease are more common than many people think. […] The CDC also reports that someone dies of a heart attack every 40 seconds in the United States, and as many as 20% of them are silent, symptom-free, and completely unexpected. […] Silent ischemia is a concerning thought for anyone. However, its usually only silent because people arent aware of their bodies or taking proper care of their health.

• #77 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  The pain threshold may be elevated, leading to a lack of pain sensation, as seen in conditions such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, particularly in diabetic patients. […] In summary, the etiology of silent ischemia in the context of diabetes appears to involve anatomical disruptions in cardiac sensory nerve fibers. […] Estimating the prevalence of SMI is challenging due to its silent nature, but it is believed to affect 2–4% of the general population, with higher prevalence in certain patient groups, such as those with stable angina or diabetes. […] Patients with type 2 diabetes are at a heightened risk of developing SMI, contributing to worse long-term outcomes in female patients particularly. […] SMI might be a prominent feature in patients after coronary revascularization.

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• #79 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  The pain threshold may be elevated, leading to a lack of pain sensation, as seen in conditions such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, particularly in diabetic patients. […] In summary, the etiology of silent ischemia in the context of diabetes appears to involve anatomical disruptions in cardiac sensory nerve fibers. […] Estimating the prevalence of SMI is challenging due to its silent nature, but it is believed to affect 2–4% of the general population, with higher prevalence in certain patient groups, such as those with stable angina or diabetes. […] Patients with type 2 diabetes are at a heightened risk of developing SMI, contributing to worse long-term outcomes in female patients particularly. […] SMI might be a prominent feature in patients after coronary revascularization.

• #80 Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/acute-myocardial-infarction-mi

  Myocardial infarction is defined as myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting consistent with myocardial ischemia (1). […] MI can be classified into 5 types based on etiology and circumstances (1): Type 1: Spontaneous MI caused by ischemia due to a primary coronary event (eg, plaque rupture, erosion, or fissuring; coronary dissection) […] Type 2: Ischemia due to increased oxygen demand (eg, hypertension), or decreased supply (eg, coronary artery spasm or embolism, arrhythmia, hypotension) […] Type 3: Related to sudden unexpected cardiac death […] Type 4a: Associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction with cTn values 5 99th percentile URL) […] Type 4b: Associated with documented stent thrombosis […] Type 5: Associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction with cTn values 10 99th percentile URL).

• #81 Clinical significance of chronic myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients – Rezende – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/27749/html

  Myocardial ischemia is considered the cornerstone of the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). […] The most frequent cause of coronary blood flow limitation is obstruction due to atherosclerosis. […] The presence of collaterals may also play a role in coronary circulation. […] It is believed that upon ischemic stimulation, these channels go through a process of arteriogenesis to form vascular vessels, with the 3 layers (intima, median layer, and adventitia) that are anatomically indistinguishable from other epicardial vessels. […] The diagnosis of hibernating myocardium occurs after myocardial tissue reverses its contractile deficit after a revascularization procedure, confirming that ischemia was the etiology of the myocardial dysfunction. […] The previous thinking that treating ischemia by interventions would reduce cardiovascular events is still controversial.

• #82 Myocardial ischemia: From disease to syndrome – International Heart Spasms Alliance

  https://www.internationalheartspasmsalliance.org/myocardial-ischemia-from-disease-to-syndrome/

  Current management is focused on the “epicardial coronary obstruction-first” approach, assuming that obstructive atherosclerosis remains the primary and proximate cause of myocardial ischemia, and that, in the presence of obstructive atherosclerosis, there is no need to search for other possible alternative or coexisting mechanisms of ischemia. […] In the future, the identification of the precipitating mechanisms(s) of myocardial ischemia in the individual patient and the prevalence of non-obstructive mechanisms in patients with or without obstructive coronary atherosclerosis is expected to become a key step in the management of patients with chronic ischemic syndromes.

• #83 Myocardial ischemia: From disease to syndrome – International Heart Spasms Alliance

  https://www.internationalheartspasmsalliance.org/myocardial-ischemia-from-disease-to-syndrome/

  Current management is focused on the “epicardial coronary obstruction-first” approach, assuming that obstructive atherosclerosis remains the primary and proximate cause of myocardial ischemia, and that, in the presence of obstructive atherosclerosis, there is no need to search for other possible alternative or coexisting mechanisms of ischemia. […] In the future, the identification of the precipitating mechanisms(s) of myocardial ischemia in the individual patient and the prevalence of non-obstructive mechanisms in patients with or without obstructive coronary atherosclerosis is expected to become a key step in the management of patients with chronic ischemic syndromes.

• #84 Silent Myocardial Ischemia: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/259

  The identification of SMI might have therapeutic implications. […] While optimal medical therapy is widely recommended for these patients, the performance of PCI is a matter of ongoing debate. […] Silent myocardial ischemia represents a challenging entity in everyday clinical practice due to its asymptomatic nature.

• #85 Silent Ischemia | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/silent-ischemia/

  Ischemia is a condition where the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a part of the body is restricted. […] Cardiac ischemia refers to lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. […] Cardiac ischemia happens when an artery becomes narrowed or blocked for a short time, preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart. […] Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) caused by silent ischemia is among the more common causes of heart failure in the United States. […] Major risk factors include previous heart attacks, coronary artery disease, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), coronary artery anomalies (CAAs), smoking, obesity, cardiomyopathy, and alcohol and drug abuse. […] Silent ischemia has no symptoms. […] The goals of treatment include improving blood flow to your heart and reducing your heart’s need for oxygen.

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