Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Impetigo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23410

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin complaints in the pediatric population. […] Nonbullous impetigo is most commonly caused by S aureus which is responsible for 80% of cases. Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GABHS) accounts for 10% of cases and the causative agent is a combination of S. aureus and GABHS 10% of the time. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent, especially in hospitalized patients. Today, community-acquired MRSA is rapidly increasing. The condition is more common in populations living in close quarters, daycare centers and prisons. […] Bullous impetigo is caused almost exclusively by S aureus.

• #2 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. […] Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. […] Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. […] Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated. […] This systematic review provides comprehensive data and confirms an ongoing, high burden of impetigo in childhood, estimating more than 162 million children in low and low-middle income countries are affected at any one time.

• #3 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin problems observed in pediatric clinics. It is the most common bacterial skin infection and the third most common skin disease among children. […] Because it occurs more frequently in a warm, humid environment, impetigo is more common in the southeastern United States than in the cooler northern states. The prevalence of impetigo varies seasonally, with peak incidence during summer and fall; however, in regions that remain warm and humid throughout the year, seasonality may not occur. […] Impetigo occurs more frequently in tropical climates and at lower altitudes. Warm, humid conditions combined with frequent cutaneous disruption via biting insects favor its development throughout the year in tropical climates. Crowded conditions or poor hygiene also promote impetigo.

• #4 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  Impetigo (school sores) is a common superficial bacterial skin infection affecting around 162 million children worldwide, with the highest burden in Australian Aboriginal children. […] In Australia, up to 49% of Aboriginal children living in remote communities are affected by impetigo at any given time (median prevalence of 44.5%) […] Given impetigo is considered a disease of the poor (i.e., burden increases as socio-economic status decreases), and its contagious nature, inadequate housing, and poor hygiene practices contribute to the growing burden of impetigo in the community. […] The annual incidence of invasive S. aureus is 10 times higher (46.6 v 4.4 per 100,000 children) in the Indigenous paediatric population compared with the non-Indigenous counterparts living in impetigo endemic settings.

• #5 Impetigo epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Impetigo_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In 2010, 140 million people suffered from impetigo. Impetigo is more common among children. Impetigo is more prevalent in tropical and pacific countries.[1][2][3] […] The prevalence of impetigo in Australian Aboriginal communities is 49%.[2] […] The prevalence of impetigo in Solomon Islands is 43%.[4] […] In 2006-2007, 25.6% school going children and 12.2% infants had active impetigo in Fiji.[1] […] Impetigo is more common among young children between age 2 to 5. Particularly those who attend school or daycare centers.[5][6][1] […] A study showed that almost 69% of children below the age of 16 were affected by impetigo.[2] […] Impetigo is very common in Australian Aboriginal communities and Solomon Islands.[2]

• #6 Impetigo epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Impetigo_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In 2010, 140 million people suffered from impetigo. Impetigo is more common among children. Impetigo is more prevalent in tropical and pacific countries.[1][2][3] […] The prevalence of impetigo in Australian Aboriginal communities is 49%.[2] […] The prevalence of impetigo in Solomon Islands is 43%.[4] […] In 2006-2007, 25.6% school going children and 12.2% infants had active impetigo in Fiji.[1] […] Impetigo is more common among young children between age 2 to 5. Particularly those who attend school or daycare centers.[5][6][1] […] A study showed that almost 69% of children below the age of 16 were affected by impetigo.[2] […] Impetigo is very common in Australian Aboriginal communities and Solomon Islands.[2]

• #7 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin problems observed in pediatric clinics. It is the most common bacterial skin infection and the third most common skin disease among children. […] Because it occurs more frequently in a warm, humid environment, impetigo is more common in the southeastern United States than in the cooler northern states. The prevalence of impetigo varies seasonally, with peak incidence during summer and fall; however, in regions that remain warm and humid throughout the year, seasonality may not occur. […] Impetigo occurs more frequently in tropical climates and at lower altitudes. Warm, humid conditions combined with frequent cutaneous disruption via biting insects favor its development throughout the year in tropical climates. Crowded conditions or poor hygiene also promote impetigo.

• #8 Impetigo | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617770/all/Impetigo?q=sage

  Most frequently in tropical or subtropical regions […] Also prevalent in northern climates during summer months […] Found most commonly in children aged 2 to 5 years […] Can spread rapidly through child care centers and schools.

• #9 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  British statistics published in 1995 show an annual incidence of impetigo of 2.8% in children aged 4 years and younger and 1.69% in children aged 5-15 years. Impetigo has been reported as the third most frequent skin condition in children seen by general practitioners in the Netherlands, with a mean incidence of 10.8-22.2 cases per 1000 children per year, depending on the geographic region in the country. […] A Dutch study reported an increase in the annual incidence in children younger than 18 years from 1.65% in 1987 to 2.06% in 2001. […] In an observational study from Queensland, Australia, impetigo was diagnosed in 22 of 60 patients (37%) who presented with purulent skin infections; the median age was 19 years (range, 2 months to 91 years), and 38% of patients were male. […] A systematic review looking at the worldwide prevalence of scabies found that impetigo as a secondary bacterial skin infection to scabies was common, particularly in children, with the highest prevalence in Australian Aboriginal communities.

• #10 Causes, symptoms and details of Impetigo – Nursing In Practice Reference

  https://nursinginpracticereference.com/diagnoses/impetigo/

  Impetigo is common and predominantly affects children, particularly those aged 2 to 5 years. The annual incidence is around 2.8% in children up to 4 years of age. It is more common in warm, humid climates and often occurs in outbreaks within family groups or school settings. The prevalence is influenced by socio-economic factors and overcrowding. […] Good hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items are important to prevent the spread of impetigo.

• #11 Impetigo – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/impetigo/

  Primarily affects children (especially between 26 years of age) [1] […] Impetigo is highly contagious and can cause epidemics in preschools or schools. [2] […] Impetigo is the most common bacterial skin infection among children. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified.

• #12 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  British statistics published in 1995 show an annual incidence of impetigo of 2.8% in children aged 4 years and younger and 1.69% in children aged 5-15 years. Impetigo has been reported as the third most frequent skin condition in children seen by general practitioners in the Netherlands, with a mean incidence of 10.8-22.2 cases per 1000 children per year, depending on the geographic region in the country. […] A Dutch study reported an increase in the annual incidence in children younger than 18 years from 1.65% in 1987 to 2.06% in 2001. […] In an observational study from Queensland, Australia, impetigo was diagnosed in 22 of 60 patients (37%) who presented with purulent skin infections; the median age was 19 years (range, 2 months to 91 years), and 38% of patients were male. […] A systematic review looking at the worldwide prevalence of scabies found that impetigo as a secondary bacterial skin infection to scabies was common, particularly in children, with the highest prevalence in Australian Aboriginal communities.

• #13 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  British statistics published in 1995 show an annual incidence of impetigo of 2.8% in children aged 4 years and younger and 1.69% in children aged 5-15 years. Impetigo has been reported as the third most frequent skin condition in children seen by general practitioners in the Netherlands, with a mean incidence of 10.8-22.2 cases per 1000 children per year, depending on the geographic region in the country. […] A Dutch study reported an increase in the annual incidence in children younger than 18 years from 1.65% in 1987 to 2.06% in 2001. […] In an observational study from Queensland, Australia, impetigo was diagnosed in 22 of 60 patients (37%) who presented with purulent skin infections; the median age was 19 years (range, 2 months to 91 years), and 38% of patients were male. […] A systematic review looking at the worldwide prevalence of scabies found that impetigo as a secondary bacterial skin infection to scabies was common, particularly in children, with the highest prevalence in Australian Aboriginal communities.

• #14 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  Our study revises upwards the previous point-prevalence estimate of 111 million children with impetigo. […] The reported burden has remained high throughout the study period, with a median prevalence of 123% (IQR 42193%). […] Our estimate derived from 89 studies over 45 years is higher than previously published estimates, which were between 5 and 10%. […] Impetigo is more than a benign, nuisance condition and these numbers demonstrate the public health priority of impetigo. […] This will inform primary prevention of kidney and heart disease and gram-positive bacterial sepsis in resource poor contexts. […] Our study confirms that the greatest burden of impetigo is in children, with steady decreases in prevalence with increasing age. […] We also confirm childhood impetigo predominantly affects the lower limbs in these studies, and is caused by both S. pyogenes and S. aureus. […] Despite our study reflecting predominantly impoverished settings, increases in impetigo have also been reported in children in developed countries attending general practices for care. […] This combination of high prevalence and moderate morbidity makes impetigo a high population health priority.

• #15

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. […] Strep A impetigo occurs most frequently in early childhood, with the burden of impetigo among persons varying between geographic areas. […] Differences in the severity and frequency of impetigo between settings lead to different surveillance approaches, particularly for ascertaining cases, surveillance frequency, and epidemiological measures used to describe the disease burden. […] An effective surveillance system for impetigo serves to monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence or prevalence of Strep A impetigo in a population of a defined geographic area; monitor trends in demographic and clinical characteristics of people with confirmed Strep A impetigo; and provide estimates of disease burden of Strep A impetigo.

• #16

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #17

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #18 Impetigo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23410

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin complaints in the pediatric population. […] Nonbullous impetigo is most commonly caused by S aureus which is responsible for 80% of cases. Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GABHS) accounts for 10% of cases and the causative agent is a combination of S. aureus and GABHS 10% of the time. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent, especially in hospitalized patients. Today, community-acquired MRSA is rapidly increasing. The condition is more common in populations living in close quarters, daycare centers and prisons. […] Bullous impetigo is caused almost exclusively by S aureus.

• #19 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  Impetigo is an endemic bacterial skin infection most commonly associated with the pediatric population; it is seen in more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of 2 and 5 years old. Geographically, this infection is mostly found in tropical areas around the globe. […] A global study on the population prevalence of impetigo concluded that more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of two and five years old have suffered from the disease. The study showed that these children tend to reside in low-income countries located in tropical regions. […] In general, the main causative pathogens of impetigo are Staphylococcus aureus and Group-A -hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). […] According to Koning S et al., in moderate climates, S. aureus was the predominant causative organism in the 1940s and 1950s, after which GABHS became more prevalent; in the past two decades, S. aureus has become more common again.

• #20 Impetigo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23410

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin complaints in the pediatric population. […] Nonbullous impetigo is most commonly caused by S aureus which is responsible for 80% of cases. Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GABHS) accounts for 10% of cases and the causative agent is a combination of S. aureus and GABHS 10% of the time. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent, especially in hospitalized patients. Today, community-acquired MRSA is rapidly increasing. The condition is more common in populations living in close quarters, daycare centers and prisons. […] Bullous impetigo is caused almost exclusively by S aureus.

• #21 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  To further validate the higher prevalence of S. aureus, according to data from the Dermatology Department of Heim Pl Childrens Hospital Budapest, more than 70% of the cases are caused by S. aureus, 20-25% are caused by a mixed infection of staphylococci and streptococci, and 5-10% of the cases are caused only by streptococci. […] The presence of MRSA as the causative agent of community-acquired impetigo is considered unusual and heterogeneous. […] Complications are rare, but local and systemic spread of infection may result in cellulitis, lymphangitis, septicemia, guttate psoriasis, scarlet fever, and postreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). […] PSGN can occur in up to 5% of patients with non-bullous impetigo and tends to manifest approximately 2 weeks after infection.

• #22 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  Impetigo is an endemic bacterial skin infection most commonly associated with the pediatric population; it is seen in more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of 2 and 5 years old. Geographically, this infection is mostly found in tropical areas around the globe. […] A global study on the population prevalence of impetigo concluded that more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of two and five years old have suffered from the disease. The study showed that these children tend to reside in low-income countries located in tropical regions. […] In general, the main causative pathogens of impetigo are Staphylococcus aureus and Group-A -hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). […] According to Koning S et al., in moderate climates, S. aureus was the predominant causative organism in the 1940s and 1950s, after which GABHS became more prevalent; in the past two decades, S. aureus has become more common again.

• #23 Current Microbiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Impetigo

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmrcr/clinical-medical-reviews-and-case-reports-cmrcr-5-205.php?jid=cmrcr

  Impetigo is a highly contagious infection, direct contact being the main mode of transmission. […] The incidence of impetigo is greatest during the summer time due to the close contact among children. […] Interestingly, in tropical regions GAS causes impetigo, while in temperate areas it leads to pharyngitis.

• #24 Current Microbiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Impetigo

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmrcr/clinical-medical-reviews-and-case-reports-cmrcr-5-205.php

  Impetigo is a highly contagious infection, direct contact being the main mode of transmission. Patients with impetigo can easily inoculate themselves and spread the infection to people in close contact after excoriating an infected area. This fact may lead to a rapid dissemination of infection, mostly in grade schools, kindergartens, nurseries and day care centers. It is known today that children usually become infected through contact with other children; however, fomites are another important source of infection. Adults may develop impetigo from contact with children or by fomites as seen when sharing grooming devices, in barber shops, in beauty parlors etc. […] The incidence of impetigo is greatest during the summer time due to the close contact among children. […] Interestingly, in tropical regions GAS causes impetigo, while in temperate areas it leads to pharyngitis.

• #25 Impetigo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23410

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin complaints in the pediatric population. […] Nonbullous impetigo is most commonly caused by S aureus which is responsible for 80% of cases. Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GABHS) accounts for 10% of cases and the causative agent is a combination of S. aureus and GABHS 10% of the time. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent, especially in hospitalized patients. Today, community-acquired MRSA is rapidly increasing. The condition is more common in populations living in close quarters, daycare centers and prisons. […] Bullous impetigo is caused almost exclusively by S aureus.

• #26 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  To further validate the higher prevalence of S. aureus, according to data from the Dermatology Department of Heim Pl Childrens Hospital Budapest, more than 70% of the cases are caused by S. aureus, 20-25% are caused by a mixed infection of staphylococci and streptococci, and 5-10% of the cases are caused only by streptococci. […] The presence of MRSA as the causative agent of community-acquired impetigo is considered unusual and heterogeneous. […] Complications are rare, but local and systemic spread of infection may result in cellulitis, lymphangitis, septicemia, guttate psoriasis, scarlet fever, and postreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). […] PSGN can occur in up to 5% of patients with non-bullous impetigo and tends to manifest approximately 2 weeks after infection.

• #27 SciELO Brazil – Impetigo – review Impetigo – review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/cpm9SxPg4rwGjq7Qf679Ffq/?lang=en

  Impetigo is a common cutaneous infection that is especially prevalent in children. […] Several decades of epidemiological studies indicate that there are some strains of group A streptococci that elicit oropharyngeal infections, but rarely cause impetigo. […] In studies conducted over the past three decades, there has been a resurgence of S. aureus as the main agent of crusted impetigo. […] Although we have not found any Brazilian studies conducted in recent decades regarding the epidemiology of impetigo, these data are corroborated in studies conducted in different countries, such as United States, Israel, Thailand, Guyana, India, Chile, and Japan. […] The presence of MRSA as impetigo’s causative agent in non-hospitalized patients is considered unusual and with heterogeneous distribution. […] The condition of staphylococcal nasal carriage was found in up to 62% of patients with impetigo. […] Crusted impetigo can occur in normal skin or impetiginisation may appear over a previous dermatosis such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, insect bites, pediculosis and scabies.

• #28 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  According to the 2019 Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Australia (AURA) report, about 85–90% of S. aureus strains are now resistant to penicillin. […] Given the rapid emergence of these resistant bacteria to the current topical antibiotics, a post-antibiotic era is fast approaching, requiring alternative means of treatments with an intention to break the cycle, and prevent further resistance. […] Given the enormous burden of impetigo in Australian aboriginal children, this review aims to explore the potential of promising alternative selections for impetigo treatment.

• #29 Current Microbiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Impetigo

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmrcr/clinical-medical-reviews-and-case-reports-cmrcr-5-205.php

  Impetigo is a highly contagious infection, direct contact being the main mode of transmission. Patients with impetigo can easily inoculate themselves and spread the infection to people in close contact after excoriating an infected area. This fact may lead to a rapid dissemination of infection, mostly in grade schools, kindergartens, nurseries and day care centers. It is known today that children usually become infected through contact with other children; however, fomites are another important source of infection. Adults may develop impetigo from contact with children or by fomites as seen when sharing grooming devices, in barber shops, in beauty parlors etc. […] The incidence of impetigo is greatest during the summer time due to the close contact among children. […] Interestingly, in tropical regions GAS causes impetigo, while in temperate areas it leads to pharyngitis.

• #30

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is a common skin infection that mostly affects children. It is treated with antibiotics. Practising good hygiene can help to stop the spread of impetigo. […] Impetigo is highly infectious. […] Impetigo spreads when people directly touch impetigo sores or the fluid from sores, and spread the infection via their hands to other parts of their body. It also spreads by touching surfaces or objects which have been contaminated by the sores, including clothing, sheets and towels. […] To avoid spreading impetigo: keep sores clean and covered with a waterproof dressing until they have healed. This stops people from touching or scratching them. […] Schools and childcare centres are encouraged to contact their local Public Health Unit (PHU) on 1300 066 055 if advice on outbreak control is required.

• #31 Impetigo, Contagious Skin Infection: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15134-impetigo

  Impetigo is the most common skin infection in kids between the ages of 2 and 5. Older children can also get it. It accounts for about 10% of skin conditions in children. […] Impetigo is highly contagious. Most people get it through direct skin-to-skin contact. You can get impetigo by coming into contact with sores, mucus or nasal discharge from someone who has it. […] Without treatment, impetigo can be contagious for weeks. After starting impetigo treatment, the condition is contagious until: The rash disappears. Scabs fall off. You’ve finished at least two days of antibiotics. […] The bacteria that cause impetigo can live on dry surfaces for weeks or even months.

• #32

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is a common skin infection that mostly affects children. It is treated with antibiotics. Practising good hygiene can help to stop the spread of impetigo. […] Impetigo is highly infectious. […] Impetigo spreads when people directly touch impetigo sores or the fluid from sores, and spread the infection via their hands to other parts of their body. It also spreads by touching surfaces or objects which have been contaminated by the sores, including clothing, sheets and towels. […] To avoid spreading impetigo: keep sores clean and covered with a waterproof dressing until they have healed. This stops people from touching or scratching them. […] Schools and childcare centres are encouraged to contact their local Public Health Unit (PHU) on 1300 066 055 if advice on outbreak control is required.

• #33 Impetigo, Contagious Skin Infection: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15134-impetigo

  Impetigo is the most common skin infection in kids between the ages of 2 and 5. Older children can also get it. It accounts for about 10% of skin conditions in children. […] Impetigo is highly contagious. Most people get it through direct skin-to-skin contact. You can get impetigo by coming into contact with sores, mucus or nasal discharge from someone who has it. […] Without treatment, impetigo can be contagious for weeks. After starting impetigo treatment, the condition is contagious until: The rash disappears. Scabs fall off. You’ve finished at least two days of antibiotics. […] The bacteria that cause impetigo can live on dry surfaces for weeks or even months.

• #34 Impetigo, Contagious Skin Infection: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15134-impetigo

  Impetigo is the most common skin infection in kids between the ages of 2 and 5. Older children can also get it. It accounts for about 10% of skin conditions in children. […] Impetigo is highly contagious. Most people get it through direct skin-to-skin contact. You can get impetigo by coming into contact with sores, mucus or nasal discharge from someone who has it. […] Without treatment, impetigo can be contagious for weeks. After starting impetigo treatment, the condition is contagious until: The rash disappears. Scabs fall off. You’ve finished at least two days of antibiotics. […] The bacteria that cause impetigo can live on dry surfaces for weeks or even months.

• #35 Impetigo (school sores, skin infections): Images, Causes, and Symptoms — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/impetigo

  Impetigo is most common in young children but can occur at any age. It is usually transmitted through direct contact. […] Risk factors which may predispose an individual to impetigo include: Skin conditions: atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, scabies, chickenpox; Skin trauma: lacerations, insect bites, thermal burns, abrasions; Immunosuppression; Warm, humid climate; Poor hygiene; Crowded environments. […] Impetigo is usually a clinical diagnosis based on the features described above. A skin swab for culture and sensitivity may be beneficial if the impetigo is recurrent, widespread or there is concern of MRSA infection. Nasal swabs should be carried out in recurrent infection as they can identify staphylococcal nasal carriage which requires specific management. […] Impetigo is usually self-limiting without serious complications. Without treatment, impetigo usually heals in 2-3 weeks; with treatment lesions resolve within 10 days.

• #36 Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors [PeerJ]

  https://peerj.com/articles/14154/

  Risk factors for developing impetigo are wide ranging and include tropical climate, overcrowding, poverty, scabies co-infection, insect bites and trauma. […] The broad anatomical distribution of skin sores has been understood as affecting the lower limbs more commonly than the upper limbs and other body regions (scalp, face, neck and torso). […] We have provided a detailed description of the anatomical locations of impetigo lesions in children from an area with endemic rates of impetigo. Exposed areas of the lower and upper limbs were the most commonly affected areas, followed by relatively equal distribution on the face, scalp and upper posterior lower limbs. […] The call for more targeted preventative measures for impetigo may be further supported by our results. […] Appropriate examination of children for impetigo is important for both opportunistic clinical encounters and for healthy skin screening programs.

• #37 Impetigo (school sores, skin infections): Images, Causes, and Symptoms — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/impetigo

  Impetigo is most common in young children but can occur at any age. It is usually transmitted through direct contact. […] Risk factors which may predispose an individual to impetigo include: Skin conditions: atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, scabies, chickenpox; Skin trauma: lacerations, insect bites, thermal burns, abrasions; Immunosuppression; Warm, humid climate; Poor hygiene; Crowded environments. […] Impetigo is usually a clinical diagnosis based on the features described above. A skin swab for culture and sensitivity may be beneficial if the impetigo is recurrent, widespread or there is concern of MRSA infection. Nasal swabs should be carried out in recurrent infection as they can identify staphylococcal nasal carriage which requires specific management. […] Impetigo is usually self-limiting without serious complications. Without treatment, impetigo usually heals in 2-3 weeks; with treatment lesions resolve within 10 days.

• #38 The Epidemiology of Scabies and Impetigo in Relation to Demographic and Residential Characteristics: Baseline Findings from the Skin Health Intervention Fiji Trial in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 97 Issue 3 (2017)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/97/3/article-p845.xml

  Scabies and associated impetigo are under-recognized causes of morbidity in many developing countries. […] Impetigo prevalence was 23.4% (95% CI 21.525.2) highest in children aged 1014 (39.0%). […] People with scabies were 2.8 more likely to have impetigo. […] The population attributable risk of scabies as a cause of impetigo was 36.3% and 71.0% in children aged less than five years. […] Households with four or more people sharing the same room were more likely to have scabies and impetigo (odds ratios [OR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.22.2 and OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.63.2 respectively) compared to households with rooms occupied by a single individual. […] This study confirms the high burden of scabies and impetigo in Fiji and the association between these two conditions, particularly in young children. […] Overcrowding, young age, and clinical distribution of lesion are important risk factors for scabies and impetigo.

• #39

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is usually diagnosed clinically. Swabs may be required for recurrent infections, treatment failure with oral antibiotics, or where there is a community outbreak. […] Impetigo is highly contagious and can be transmitted by direct contact, often spreading rapidly through families, day-care or schools. […] Impetigo is more common in hot humid weather, conditions of poor hygiene, people who have skin conditions or experience trauma that impairs the normal skin barrier, people with diabetes mellitus, people who are immunocompromised, and people who use intravenous drugs. […] The prevalence of impetigo caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is unknown, but is likely to be increasing. […] Oral antibiotics are recommended to treat patients with more than three to five lesions/clusters, bullous impetigo, systemic symptoms or when topical treatment is ineffective.

• #40 The Epidemiology of Scabies and Impetigo in Relation to Demographic and Residential Characteristics: Baseline Findings from the Skin Health Intervention Fiji Trial in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 97 Issue 3 (2017)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/97/3/article-p845.xml

  Scabies and associated impetigo are under-recognized causes of morbidity in many developing countries. […] Impetigo prevalence was 23.4% (95% CI 21.525.2) highest in children aged 1014 (39.0%). […] People with scabies were 2.8 more likely to have impetigo. […] The population attributable risk of scabies as a cause of impetigo was 36.3% and 71.0% in children aged less than five years. […] Households with four or more people sharing the same room were more likely to have scabies and impetigo (odds ratios [OR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.22.2 and OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.63.2 respectively) compared to households with rooms occupied by a single individual. […] This study confirms the high burden of scabies and impetigo in Fiji and the association between these two conditions, particularly in young children. […] Overcrowding, young age, and clinical distribution of lesion are important risk factors for scabies and impetigo.

• #41 Impetigo | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23410

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin complaints in the pediatric population. […] Nonbullous impetigo is most commonly caused by S aureus which is responsible for 80% of cases. Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GABHS) accounts for 10% of cases and the causative agent is a combination of S. aureus and GABHS 10% of the time. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent, especially in hospitalized patients. Today, community-acquired MRSA is rapidly increasing. The condition is more common in populations living in close quarters, daycare centers and prisons. […] Bullous impetigo is caused almost exclusively by S aureus.

• #42 Impetigo: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview

  Impetigo accounts for approximately 10% of skin problems observed in pediatric clinics. It is the most common bacterial skin infection and the third most common skin disease among children. […] Because it occurs more frequently in a warm, humid environment, impetigo is more common in the southeastern United States than in the cooler northern states. The prevalence of impetigo varies seasonally, with peak incidence during summer and fall; however, in regions that remain warm and humid throughout the year, seasonality may not occur. […] Impetigo occurs more frequently in tropical climates and at lower altitudes. Warm, humid conditions combined with frequent cutaneous disruption via biting insects favor its development throughout the year in tropical climates. Crowded conditions or poor hygiene also promote impetigo.

• #43 Impetigo | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617770/all/Impetigo?q=sage

  Most frequently in tropical or subtropical regions […] Also prevalent in northern climates during summer months […] Found most commonly in children aged 2 to 5 years […] Can spread rapidly through child care centers and schools.

• #44 Current Microbiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Impetigo

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmrcr/clinical-medical-reviews-and-case-reports-cmrcr-5-205.php

  Impetigo is a highly contagious infection, direct contact being the main mode of transmission. Patients with impetigo can easily inoculate themselves and spread the infection to people in close contact after excoriating an infected area. This fact may lead to a rapid dissemination of infection, mostly in grade schools, kindergartens, nurseries and day care centers. It is known today that children usually become infected through contact with other children; however, fomites are another important source of infection. Adults may develop impetigo from contact with children or by fomites as seen when sharing grooming devices, in barber shops, in beauty parlors etc. […] The incidence of impetigo is greatest during the summer time due to the close contact among children. […] Interestingly, in tropical regions GAS causes impetigo, while in temperate areas it leads to pharyngitis.

• #45 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. […] Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. […] Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. […] Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated. […] This systematic review provides comprehensive data and confirms an ongoing, high burden of impetigo in childhood, estimating more than 162 million children in low and low-middle income countries are affected at any one time.

• #46 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  Impetigo is an endemic bacterial skin infection most commonly associated with the pediatric population; it is seen in more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of 2 and 5 years old. Geographically, this infection is mostly found in tropical areas around the globe. […] A global study on the population prevalence of impetigo concluded that more than an estimated 162 million children between the ages of two and five years old have suffered from the disease. The study showed that these children tend to reside in low-income countries located in tropical regions. […] In general, the main causative pathogens of impetigo are Staphylococcus aureus and Group-A -hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). […] According to Koning S et al., in moderate climates, S. aureus was the predominant causative organism in the 1940s and 1950s, after which GABHS became more prevalent; in the past two decades, S. aureus has become more common again.

• #47 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. […] Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. […] Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. […] Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated. […] This systematic review provides comprehensive data and confirms an ongoing, high burden of impetigo in childhood, estimating more than 162 million children in low and low-middle income countries are affected at any one time.

• #48 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  Our study revises upwards the previous point-prevalence estimate of 111 million children with impetigo. […] The reported burden has remained high throughout the study period, with a median prevalence of 123% (IQR 42193%). […] Our estimate derived from 89 studies over 45 years is higher than previously published estimates, which were between 5 and 10%. […] Impetigo is more than a benign, nuisance condition and these numbers demonstrate the public health priority of impetigo. […] This will inform primary prevention of kidney and heart disease and gram-positive bacterial sepsis in resource poor contexts. […] Our study confirms that the greatest burden of impetigo is in children, with steady decreases in prevalence with increasing age. […] We also confirm childhood impetigo predominantly affects the lower limbs in these studies, and is caused by both S. pyogenes and S. aureus. […] Despite our study reflecting predominantly impoverished settings, increases in impetigo have also been reported in children in developed countries attending general practices for care. […] This combination of high prevalence and moderate morbidity makes impetigo a high population health priority.

• #49 Impetigo – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo

  Globally, impetigo affects more than 162 million children in low- to middle-income countries. The rates are highest in countries with low available resources and is especially prevalent in the region of Oceania. The tropical climate and high population in lower socioeconomic regions contribute to these high rates. […] Children under the age of 4 in the United Kingdom are 2.8% more likely than average to contract impetigo; this decreases to 1.6% for children up to 15 years old. As age increases, the rate of impetigo declines, but all ages are still susceptible.

• #50 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma.

  https://digitallibrary.health.nt.gov.au/entities/publication/b3c8f3f2-0848-4c5f-9256-e0e9d9db1896

  We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. […] Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. […] Fifty-eight (65%) studies were from low or low-middle income countries, where median childhood prevalences were 84% (IQR 42-161%) and 145% (IQR 83-209%), respectively. […] However, the highest burden was seen in underprivileged children from marginalised communities of high-income countries; median prevalence 194%, (IQR 39-433%). […] Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. […] Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated.

• #51 Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y

  A prevalence of 7% was reported among children in Africa compared to 29.7% and 15.5% in Oceania and Latin America respectively. […] The most common presentation is the appearance of red sores or blisters, which can be itchy or painful. […] Scabies, a pruritic skin infestation of the skin, is common in low resource settings and has been reported to increase the risk of impetigo. […] This study aimed to establish the prevalence of impetigo among individuals with scabies in different regions and settings in Ghana, and to investigate the characteristics and epidemiologic associations/ determinants of impetigo. […] This study found an overall impetigo prevalence of 14% in 1327 participants evaluated in Ghana. […] Scabies and impetigo commonly occurred together, and scabies was found to strongly predispose to the development of impetigo.

• #52 Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y

  Skin diseases such as impetigo pose a significant public health challenge in low resource settings. Despite this, there is a dearth of epidemiological data on the prevalence of this condition in Ghana. […] We conducted a cross sectional study in three settings in Ghana: community members in East Mamprusi district in the North East region, a secondary school in Sekyere East district, and inmates of the Kumasi central prisons both in the Ashanti region. […] Of the 1327 participants [males 64.1% and median age 22 (1629) years], 746 (56.2%) had scabies and 186 (14%) had impetigo which was usually very mild or mild in severity. […] There is substantial burden of impetigo and scabies in Ghana. […] Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection that affects millions of people around the world, particularly children.

• #53 Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y

  A prevalence of 7% was reported among children in Africa compared to 29.7% and 15.5% in Oceania and Latin America respectively. […] The most common presentation is the appearance of red sores or blisters, which can be itchy or painful. […] Scabies, a pruritic skin infestation of the skin, is common in low resource settings and has been reported to increase the risk of impetigo. […] This study aimed to establish the prevalence of impetigo among individuals with scabies in different regions and settings in Ghana, and to investigate the characteristics and epidemiologic associations/ determinants of impetigo. […] This study found an overall impetigo prevalence of 14% in 1327 participants evaluated in Ghana. […] Scabies and impetigo commonly occurred together, and scabies was found to strongly predispose to the development of impetigo.

• #54 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  Community estimates of impetigo point prevalence ranged from 5.5-66.1%, with a pooled prevalence of 27.9% [95% CI: 20.0-36.5%]. […] Observed prevalence of impetigo as diagnosed in healthcare encounters was lower, with a pooled estimate of 10.6% [95% CI: 3.1-21.8%], and a range of 0-50.0%. […] Community prevalence estimates for pharyngitis ranged from 0.2-39.4%, with a pooled estimate of 12.5% [95% CI: 3.5-25.9%], higher than the prevalence of pharyngitis in healthcare encounters; ranging from 1.0-5.0%, and a pooled estimate of 2.0% [95% CI: 1.3-2.8%]. […] The review was limited by heterogeneity in study design and lack of comparator studies for some populations. […] Superficial Streptococcal A infections contribute to an inequitable burden of disease in Australia and persists despite public health interventions.

• #55 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  Impetigo (school sores) is a common superficial bacterial skin infection affecting around 162 million children worldwide, with the highest burden in Australian Aboriginal children. […] In Australia, up to 49% of Aboriginal children living in remote communities are affected by impetigo at any given time (median prevalence of 44.5%) […] Given impetigo is considered a disease of the poor (i.e., burden increases as socio-economic status decreases), and its contagious nature, inadequate housing, and poor hygiene practices contribute to the growing burden of impetigo in the community. […] The annual incidence of invasive S. aureus is 10 times higher (46.6 v 4.4 per 100,000 children) in the Indigenous paediatric population compared with the non-Indigenous counterparts living in impetigo endemic settings.

• #56 Prevalence of scabies and impetigo in school-age children in Timor-Leste | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04645-1

  Scabies and impetigo are endemic in many tropical, low- and middle-income countries. […] In 2019, Timor-Leste Ministry of Health planned to implement MDA including ivermectin for the control of lymphatic filariasis, so we undertook a baseline assessment of scabies and impetigo to better understand local epidemiology and contribute to future surveys assessing the impact of MDA. […] The overall weighted prevalence of impetigo was 11.3%. […] Impetigo was twice as common in children with scabies than in those without, corresponding to an attributable risk of scabies as a cause of impetigo of 22.7%. […] Scabies and impetigo prevalence in Timor-Leste is among the highest reported globally, particularly in rural areas. […] Comprehensive control strategies are urgently needed in Timor-Leste.

• #57 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  To further validate the higher prevalence of S. aureus, according to data from the Dermatology Department of Heim Pl Childrens Hospital Budapest, more than 70% of the cases are caused by S. aureus, 20-25% are caused by a mixed infection of staphylococci and streptococci, and 5-10% of the cases are caused only by streptococci. […] The presence of MRSA as the causative agent of community-acquired impetigo is considered unusual and heterogeneous. […] Complications are rare, but local and systemic spread of infection may result in cellulitis, lymphangitis, septicemia, guttate psoriasis, scarlet fever, and postreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). […] PSGN can occur in up to 5% of patients with non-bullous impetigo and tends to manifest approximately 2 weeks after infection.

• #58 Impetigo in the Pediatric Population

  https://www.jscimedcentral.com/jounal-article-info/Journal-of%C2%A0Dermatology%C2%A0and-Clinical-Research/Impetigo-in-the-Pediatric–Population-8660

  To further validate the higher prevalence of S. aureus, according to data from the Dermatology Department of Heim Pl Childrens Hospital Budapest, more than 70% of the cases are caused by S. aureus, 20-25% are caused by a mixed infection of staphylococci and streptococci, and 5-10% of the cases are caused only by streptococci. […] The presence of MRSA as the causative agent of community-acquired impetigo is considered unusual and heterogeneous. […] Complications are rare, but local and systemic spread of infection may result in cellulitis, lymphangitis, septicemia, guttate psoriasis, scarlet fever, and postreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). […] PSGN can occur in up to 5% of patients with non-bullous impetigo and tends to manifest approximately 2 weeks after infection.

• #59 The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136789

  Our study revises upwards the previous point-prevalence estimate of 111 million children with impetigo. […] The reported burden has remained high throughout the study period, with a median prevalence of 123% (IQR 42193%). […] Our estimate derived from 89 studies over 45 years is higher than previously published estimates, which were between 5 and 10%. […] Impetigo is more than a benign, nuisance condition and these numbers demonstrate the public health priority of impetigo. […] This will inform primary prevention of kidney and heart disease and gram-positive bacterial sepsis in resource poor contexts. […] Our study confirms that the greatest burden of impetigo is in children, with steady decreases in prevalence with increasing age. […] We also confirm childhood impetigo predominantly affects the lower limbs in these studies, and is caused by both S. pyogenes and S. aureus. […] Despite our study reflecting predominantly impoverished settings, increases in impetigo have also been reported in children in developed countries attending general practices for care. […] This combination of high prevalence and moderate morbidity makes impetigo a high population health priority.

• #60 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  Impetigo (school sores) is a common superficial bacterial skin infection affecting around 162 million children worldwide, with the highest burden in Australian Aboriginal children. […] In Australia, up to 49% of Aboriginal children living in remote communities are affected by impetigo at any given time (median prevalence of 44.5%) […] Given impetigo is considered a disease of the poor (i.e., burden increases as socio-economic status decreases), and its contagious nature, inadequate housing, and poor hygiene practices contribute to the growing burden of impetigo in the community. […] The annual incidence of invasive S. aureus is 10 times higher (46.6 v 4.4 per 100,000 children) in the Indigenous paediatric population compared with the non-Indigenous counterparts living in impetigo endemic settings.

• #61

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. […] Strep A impetigo occurs most frequently in early childhood, with the burden of impetigo among persons varying between geographic areas. […] Differences in the severity and frequency of impetigo between settings lead to different surveillance approaches, particularly for ascertaining cases, surveillance frequency, and epidemiological measures used to describe the disease burden. […] An effective surveillance system for impetigo serves to monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence or prevalence of Strep A impetigo in a population of a defined geographic area; monitor trends in demographic and clinical characteristics of people with confirmed Strep A impetigo; and provide estimates of disease burden of Strep A impetigo.

• #62

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #63

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #64

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #65 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169007&h=Pknu0msCtn%2B9KOGBqllTcBMGuLMjmb4nDmeWZsKmp4%2Bp1p0hizpy14M2g%2BxJzEsRa2%2FF7oNDP7boH75htmTkVA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. Impetigo is caused by group A Streptococcus (Strep A) and Staphylococcus aureus, alone or in combination, with the former predominating in many tropical climates. Strep A impetigo occurs mainly in early childhood, and the burden varies worldwide. […] We present a standardized surveillance protocol including case definitions for impetigo including both active (purulent, crusted) and resolving (flat, dry) phases and discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with impetigo. […] The type of surveillance methodology depends on the burden of impetigo in the community. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection, particularly in endemic settings.

• #66

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9474945/

  Specialized (nonroutine) surveillance that has the capacity to conduct concurrent throat culture in addition to serial swabbing may seek to understand transmission dynamics and the interaction with Strep A throat carriage and whether this is important in ongoing cycles of skin infection. […] The selection of surveillance strategies depends on the burden of skin sores within the community (endemic vs nonendemic settings), surveillance objectives, the surveillance location, services accessibility, and the resources available to conduct surveillance. […] In endemic settings with a high burden of impetigo, skin infections are prevalent and recurrent. […] Active surveillance is the preferred method for optimizing case detection of impetigo. […] Surveillance can be optimized by predefining a data collection protocol before starting the surveillance period that specifies case definitions, data requirements, and the criteria/process for obtaining cultures. […] A surveillance protocol should clearly describe enrollment eligibility criteria. […] The surveillance population is the total number of eligible at-risk people from which cases of impetigo are identified. […] The burden of Strep A impetigo can be described in terms of incidence or prevalence.

• #67 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169007&h=Pknu0msCtn%2B9KOGBqllTcBMGuLMjmb4nDmeWZsKmp4%2Bp1p0hizpy14M2g%2BxJzEsRa2%2FF7oNDP7boH75htmTkVA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. Impetigo is caused by group A Streptococcus (Strep A) and Staphylococcus aureus, alone or in combination, with the former predominating in many tropical climates. Strep A impetigo occurs mainly in early childhood, and the burden varies worldwide. […] We present a standardized surveillance protocol including case definitions for impetigo including both active (purulent, crusted) and resolving (flat, dry) phases and discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with impetigo. […] The type of surveillance methodology depends on the burden of impetigo in the community. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection, particularly in endemic settings.

• #68 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169007&h=Pknu0msCtn%2B9KOGBqllTcBMGuLMjmb4nDmeWZsKmp4%2Bp1p0hizpy14M2g%2BxJzEsRa2%2FF7oNDP7boH75htmTkVA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Participant eligibility, surveillance population and additional considerations for surveillance of impetigo, including examination of lesions, use of photographs to document lesions, and staff training requirements (including cultural awareness), are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for impetigo are presented and guidance for recording the course and severity of impetigo provided.

• #69 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=23288957&AN=159169007&h=Pknu0msCtn%2B9KOGBqllTcBMGuLMjmb4nDmeWZsKmp4%2Bp1p0hizpy14M2g%2BxJzEsRa2%2FF7oNDP7boH75htmTkVA%3D%3D&crl=f

  Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. Impetigo is caused by group A Streptococcus (Strep A) and Staphylococcus aureus, alone or in combination, with the former predominating in many tropical climates. Strep A impetigo occurs mainly in early childhood, and the burden varies worldwide. […] We present a standardized surveillance protocol including case definitions for impetigo including both active (purulent, crusted) and resolving (flat, dry) phases and discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with impetigo. […] The type of surveillance methodology depends on the burden of impetigo in the community. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection, particularly in endemic settings.

• #70

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is usually diagnosed clinically. Swabs may be required for recurrent infections, treatment failure with oral antibiotics, or where there is a community outbreak. […] Impetigo is highly contagious and can be transmitted by direct contact, often spreading rapidly through families, day-care or schools. […] Impetigo is more common in hot humid weather, conditions of poor hygiene, people who have skin conditions or experience trauma that impairs the normal skin barrier, people with diabetes mellitus, people who are immunocompromised, and people who use intravenous drugs. […] The prevalence of impetigo caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is unknown, but is likely to be increasing. […] Oral antibiotics are recommended to treat patients with more than three to five lesions/clusters, bullous impetigo, systemic symptoms or when topical treatment is ineffective.

• #71 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  Streptoccocal A (Strep A, GAS) infections in Australia are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality through both invasive (iGAS) and post-streptococcal (postGAS) diseases as well as preceding superficial (sGAS) skin and throat infection. […] The burden of iGAS and postGAS are addressed in some jurisdictions by mandatory notification systems; in contrast, the burden of preceding sGAS has no reporting structure, and is less well defined. […] This review provides valuable, contemporaneous evidence on the epidemiology of sGAS presentations in Australia, informing preventative health projects such as a Streptococcal A vaccine and standardisation of primary care notification. […] The majority of data was collected for impetigo in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, remote communities, and in the Northern Territory, Australia.

• #72 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  The available, reported epidemiology is heterogeneous. […] Standardised nation-wide notification for sGAS disease surveillance must be considered in combination with the development of a Communicable Diseases Network of Australia (CDNA) Series of National Guideline (SoNG), to accurately define and address disease burden across populations in Australia.

• #73 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  Community estimates of impetigo point prevalence ranged from 5.5-66.1%, with a pooled prevalence of 27.9% [95% CI: 20.0-36.5%]. […] Observed prevalence of impetigo as diagnosed in healthcare encounters was lower, with a pooled estimate of 10.6% [95% CI: 3.1-21.8%], and a range of 0-50.0%. […] Community prevalence estimates for pharyngitis ranged from 0.2-39.4%, with a pooled estimate of 12.5% [95% CI: 3.5-25.9%], higher than the prevalence of pharyngitis in healthcare encounters; ranging from 1.0-5.0%, and a pooled estimate of 2.0% [95% CI: 1.3-2.8%]. […] The review was limited by heterogeneity in study design and lack of comparator studies for some populations. […] Superficial Streptococcal A infections contribute to an inequitable burden of disease in Australia and persists despite public health interventions.

• #74 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review – ADS

  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PLoSO..1888016W/abstract

  The burden of iGAS and postGAS are addressed in some jurisdictions by mandatory notification systems; in contrast, the burden of preceding sGAS has no reporting structure, and is less well defined. […] This review provides valuable, contemporaneous evidence on the epidemiology of sGAS presentations in Australia, informing preventative health projects such as a Streptococcal A vaccine and standardisation of primary care notification. […] Community estimates of impetigo point prevalence ranged from 5.5-66.1%, with a pooled prevalence of 27.9% [95% CI: 20.0-36.5%]. […] Observed prevalence of impetigo as diagnosed in healthcare encounters was lower, with a pooled estimate of 10.6% [95% CI: 3.1-21.8%], and a range of 0.1-50.0%. […] The burden in community studies is generally higher than in health-services settings, suggesting under-recognition, possible normalisation and missed opportunities for treatment to prevent postGAS. […] Standardised nation-wide notification for sGAS disease surveillance must be considered in combination with the development of a Communicable Diseases Network of Australia (CDNA) Series of National Guideline (SoNG), to accurately define and address disease burden across populations in Australia.

• #75 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review – ADS

  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PLoSO..1888016W/abstract

  The burden of iGAS and postGAS are addressed in some jurisdictions by mandatory notification systems; in contrast, the burden of preceding sGAS has no reporting structure, and is less well defined. […] This review provides valuable, contemporaneous evidence on the epidemiology of sGAS presentations in Australia, informing preventative health projects such as a Streptococcal A vaccine and standardisation of primary care notification. […] Community estimates of impetigo point prevalence ranged from 5.5-66.1%, with a pooled prevalence of 27.9% [95% CI: 20.0-36.5%]. […] Observed prevalence of impetigo as diagnosed in healthcare encounters was lower, with a pooled estimate of 10.6% [95% CI: 3.1-21.8%], and a range of 0.1-50.0%. […] The burden in community studies is generally higher than in health-services settings, suggesting under-recognition, possible normalisation and missed opportunities for treatment to prevent postGAS. […] Standardised nation-wide notification for sGAS disease surveillance must be considered in combination with the development of a Communicable Diseases Network of Australia (CDNA) Series of National Guideline (SoNG), to accurately define and address disease burden across populations in Australia.

• #76 Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e057296

  Group A -haemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive bacterium, causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. […] Despite this, the contemporaneous prevalence and incidence of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Australia remains unknown. […] The Missing Piece Study aims to document the epidemiology of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo through collection of clinical, serological, microbiological and bacterial genomic data among remote-living Australian children. […] A well-designed prospective surveillance programme with predefined research questions, using feasible clinical assessment methodologies, provides a platform to concurrently study the epidemiology of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, and explore additional pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology questions of interest. […] The Missing Piece Surveillance study is a project designed to understand the concurrent burden of laboratory-confirmed GAS pharyngitis and impetigo infections in remote Australian settings.

• #77 Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e057296

  Group A -haemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive bacterium, causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. […] Despite this, the contemporaneous prevalence and incidence of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Australia remains unknown. […] The Missing Piece Study aims to document the epidemiology of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo through collection of clinical, serological, microbiological and bacterial genomic data among remote-living Australian children. […] A well-designed prospective surveillance programme with predefined research questions, using feasible clinical assessment methodologies, provides a platform to concurrently study the epidemiology of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, and explore additional pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology questions of interest. […] The Missing Piece Surveillance study is a project designed to understand the concurrent burden of laboratory-confirmed GAS pharyngitis and impetigo infections in remote Australian settings.

• #78 Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e057296

  This school-based, prospective surveillance programme is the only one of its kind collecting clinical, microbiological and bacterial genomic information on GAS impetigo and pharyngitis in children in Australia and in the world. […] The study objectives are to: Determine the prevalence and incidence of laboratory-confirmed GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote-living school children aged 5-15 years. […] The performance of rapid tests will be evaluated by calculating the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values and will be compared with gold standard laboratory culture methods for identifying GAS. […] This study is a key informant for the primary prevention aspects of the roadmap towards the elimination of ARF and RHD in Australia. […] Our surveillance study will directly address these critical gaps in scientific knowledge to improve primary prevention strategies for ARF by collecting comprehensive information to investigate (1) the concurrent burden of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (2) genomic and molecular data associated with GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (3) the performance of GAS rapid tests in remote populations, (4) potential for environmental transmission of GAS and (5) treatment practices in remote populations. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective school-based surveillance study of epidemiological, clinical, serological, microbiological and molecular characteristics of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote settings within Australia.

• #79 Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e057296

  This school-based, prospective surveillance programme is the only one of its kind collecting clinical, microbiological and bacterial genomic information on GAS impetigo and pharyngitis in children in Australia and in the world. […] The study objectives are to: Determine the prevalence and incidence of laboratory-confirmed GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote-living school children aged 5-15 years. […] The performance of rapid tests will be evaluated by calculating the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values and will be compared with gold standard laboratory culture methods for identifying GAS. […] This study is a key informant for the primary prevention aspects of the roadmap towards the elimination of ARF and RHD in Australia. […] Our surveillance study will directly address these critical gaps in scientific knowledge to improve primary prevention strategies for ARF by collecting comprehensive information to investigate (1) the concurrent burden of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (2) genomic and molecular data associated with GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (3) the performance of GAS rapid tests in remote populations, (4) potential for environmental transmission of GAS and (5) treatment practices in remote populations. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective school-based surveillance study of epidemiological, clinical, serological, microbiological and molecular characteristics of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote settings within Australia.

• #80 Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/4/e057296

  This school-based, prospective surveillance programme is the only one of its kind collecting clinical, microbiological and bacterial genomic information on GAS impetigo and pharyngitis in children in Australia and in the world. […] The study objectives are to: Determine the prevalence and incidence of laboratory-confirmed GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote-living school children aged 5-15 years. […] The performance of rapid tests will be evaluated by calculating the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values and will be compared with gold standard laboratory culture methods for identifying GAS. […] This study is a key informant for the primary prevention aspects of the roadmap towards the elimination of ARF and RHD in Australia. […] Our surveillance study will directly address these critical gaps in scientific knowledge to improve primary prevention strategies for ARF by collecting comprehensive information to investigate (1) the concurrent burden of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (2) genomic and molecular data associated with GAS pharyngitis and impetigo, (3) the performance of GAS rapid tests in remote populations, (4) potential for environmental transmission of GAS and (5) treatment practices in remote populations. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective school-based surveillance study of epidemiological, clinical, serological, microbiological and molecular characteristics of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote settings within Australia.

• #81 Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors [PeerJ]

  https://peerj.com/articles/14154/

  Impetigo or skin sores are estimated to affect 162 million people worldwide. Detailed descriptions of the anatomical location of skin sores are lacking. […] We used prospectively collected data from a randomised control trial of treatments for impetigo in Aboriginal children in Australia. […] There were 663 episodes of impetigo infections among 508 children enrolled in the trial. For all 663 episodes, the lower limbs were the most affected body sites followed by the distal upper limbs, face and scalp. […] Skin sores were predominantly found on exposed regions of the lower leg and distal upper limbs. The distribution of sores varied by age group and pathogen. These results highlight key areas of the body for clinicians to pay attention to when examining children for skin sores. […] Impetigo (also known as skin sores) is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogens Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus or GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus. The disease is estimated to affect more than 162 million people worldwide with remote Indigenous communities of Australia regarded as one of the highest areas of disease prevalence.

• #82 Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors [PeerJ]

  https://peerj.com/articles/14154/

  Risk factors for developing impetigo are wide ranging and include tropical climate, overcrowding, poverty, scabies co-infection, insect bites and trauma. […] The broad anatomical distribution of skin sores has been understood as affecting the lower limbs more commonly than the upper limbs and other body regions (scalp, face, neck and torso). […] We have provided a detailed description of the anatomical locations of impetigo lesions in children from an area with endemic rates of impetigo. Exposed areas of the lower and upper limbs were the most commonly affected areas, followed by relatively equal distribution on the face, scalp and upper posterior lower limbs. […] The call for more targeted preventative measures for impetigo may be further supported by our results. […] Appropriate examination of children for impetigo is important for both opportunistic clinical encounters and for healthy skin screening programs.

• #83 Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors [PeerJ]

  https://peerj.com/articles/14154/

  Impetigo or skin sores are estimated to affect 162 million people worldwide. Detailed descriptions of the anatomical location of skin sores are lacking. […] We used prospectively collected data from a randomised control trial of treatments for impetigo in Aboriginal children in Australia. […] There were 663 episodes of impetigo infections among 508 children enrolled in the trial. For all 663 episodes, the lower limbs were the most affected body sites followed by the distal upper limbs, face and scalp. […] Skin sores were predominantly found on exposed regions of the lower leg and distal upper limbs. The distribution of sores varied by age group and pathogen. These results highlight key areas of the body for clinicians to pay attention to when examining children for skin sores. […] Impetigo (also known as skin sores) is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogens Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus or GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus. The disease is estimated to affect more than 162 million people worldwide with remote Indigenous communities of Australia regarded as one of the highest areas of disease prevalence.

• #84 Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors [PeerJ]

  https://peerj.com/articles/14154/

  We have visually represented the distribution of impetigo on the human body in remote Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory, Australia, with stratification by sex, age and causative pathogen. These results highlight key areas of the body for clinicians to pay attention to when examining children for impetigo.

• #85 Impetigo Market Size, Industry Trends and Forecast 2025-2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/impetigo-market

  The impetigo market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Impetigo Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2025-2035”. Impetigo refers to a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that causes red sores on various parts of the body. It is mostly common in children between the ages of 2 and 6 but can also occur at any age. […] The increasing prevalence of irritated skin disorders, which enhance the likelihood of bacterial growth in the superficial layers of the epidermis, is primarily driving the impetigo market. […] IMARC Group’s new report provides an exhaustive analysis of the impetigo market in the United States, EU4 (Germany, Spain, Italy, and France), United Kingdom, and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc.

• #86 Impetigo Market Size, Industry Trends and Forecast 2025-2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/impetigo-market

  According to the report, the United States has the largest patient pool for impetigo and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] Historical, current, and future epidemiology scenario […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2019-2035) of impetigo across the seven major markets? […] What is the size of the impetigo patient pool (2019-2024) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2025-2035) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of impetigo? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?

• #87 Impetigo Market Size, Industry Trends and Forecast 2025-2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/impetigo-market

  According to the report, the United States has the largest patient pool for impetigo and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] Historical, current, and future epidemiology scenario […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2019-2035) of impetigo across the seven major markets? […] What is the size of the impetigo patient pool (2019-2024) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2025-2035) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of impetigo? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?

• #88 Impetigo – Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5523954/impetigo-market-insight-epidemiology-and?srsltid=AfmBOop3JUgCWL1N7v7HmUSeo7u8PPH7y0uNKT2kJWF-sQ3dyX5hdcKa

  The Impetigo epidemiology division provide insights about historical and current Impetigo patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Impetigo epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2020 to 2034. […] The epidemiology segment also provides the Impetigo epidemiology data and findings across the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] What is the historical Impetigo patient pool in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool of Impetigo in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan? […] Out of all 7MM countries, which country would have the highest prevalent population of Impetigo during the forecast period (2020-2034)?

• #89 Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y

  The findings show a substantial burden of scabies and impetigo among the study population. […] There is a need for coordinated strategies to help address the scourge of these twin communicable diseases within resource limited settings like Ghana. […] Most individuals with impetigo in our study had not been diagnosed or received appropriate treatment. […] There is a need to increase awareness of impetigo and increase public health efforts to address the scourge of the disease in Ghana.

• #90

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is a common skin infection that mostly affects children. It is treated with antibiotics. Practising good hygiene can help to stop the spread of impetigo. […] Impetigo is highly infectious. […] Impetigo spreads when people directly touch impetigo sores or the fluid from sores, and spread the infection via their hands to other parts of their body. It also spreads by touching surfaces or objects which have been contaminated by the sores, including clothing, sheets and towels. […] To avoid spreading impetigo: keep sores clean and covered with a waterproof dressing until they have healed. This stops people from touching or scratching them. […] Schools and childcare centres are encouraged to contact their local Public Health Unit (PHU) on 1300 066 055 if advice on outbreak control is required.

• #91 Impetigo: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0815/p229.html

  Impetigo is the most common bacterial skin infection in children two to five years of age. […] In the United States, more than 11 million skin and soft tissue infections are caused by S. aureus annually. […] One-third of skin and soft tissue infections in returning travelers are attributable to impetigo, usually secondary to infected mosquito bites. […] The highly contagious nature of impetigo also allows spread from patients to close contacts. […] Although impetigo is considered a self-limited infection, antibiotic treatment is often initiated for a quicker cure and to prevent the spread to others. […] Hygienic practices such as cleaning minor injuries with soap and water, handwashing, regular bathing, and avoiding contact with infected children can help prevent infection. […] The incidence of MRSA-related skin and soft tissue infections was increasing, but more recent studies show it may be declining. […] No studies have specifically identified a problem with MRSA-related impetigo in adults or children, but cultures may still be useful in some settings.

• #92

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is a common skin infection that mostly affects children. It is treated with antibiotics. Practising good hygiene can help to stop the spread of impetigo. […] Impetigo is highly infectious. […] Impetigo spreads when people directly touch impetigo sores or the fluid from sores, and spread the infection via their hands to other parts of their body. It also spreads by touching surfaces or objects which have been contaminated by the sores, including clothing, sheets and towels. […] To avoid spreading impetigo: keep sores clean and covered with a waterproof dressing until they have healed. This stops people from touching or scratching them. […] Schools and childcare centres are encouraged to contact their local Public Health Unit (PHU) on 1300 066 055 if advice on outbreak control is required.

• #93 Causes, symptoms and details of Impetigo – Nursing In Practice Reference

  https://nursinginpracticereference.com/diagnoses/impetigo/

  Impetigo is common and predominantly affects children, particularly those aged 2 to 5 years. The annual incidence is around 2.8% in children up to 4 years of age. It is more common in warm, humid climates and often occurs in outbreaks within family groups or school settings. The prevalence is influenced by socio-economic factors and overcrowding. […] Good hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items are important to prevent the spread of impetigo.

• #94 Prevalence and Factors Influencing Impetigo in Saudi Arabian Children: | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-socio-demographic-and-hygiene-factors-influencing-impet-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  To determine the prevalence of impetigo among children in Saudi Arabia as well as to identify socio-demographic factors associated with impetigo. […] A significant association was found between the occurrence of impetigo in children and personal hygiene scores (p 0.001). […] Socio-demographic factors, including child’s gender, parental education level, employment status, and geographic location, emerge as significant determinants of impetigo occurrence. […] The study underscores the importance of public health initiatives aimed at increasing awareness of impetigo and promoting effective personal hygiene practices. […] A significant association was found between impetigo occurrence and personal hygiene, with 34.1% reporting involvement in activities that might increase exposure to impetigo-causing bacteria.

• #95 Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y

  The findings show a substantial burden of scabies and impetigo among the study population. […] There is a need for coordinated strategies to help address the scourge of these twin communicable diseases within resource limited settings like Ghana. […] Most individuals with impetigo in our study had not been diagnosed or received appropriate treatment. […] There is a need to increase awareness of impetigo and increase public health efforts to address the scourge of the disease in Ghana.

• #96 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  The available, reported epidemiology is heterogeneous. […] Standardised nation-wide notification for sGAS disease surveillance must be considered in combination with the development of a Communicable Diseases Network of Australia (CDNA) Series of National Guideline (SoNG), to accurately define and address disease burden across populations in Australia.

• #97 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review – ADS

  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PLoSO..1888016W/abstract

  The burden of iGAS and postGAS are addressed in some jurisdictions by mandatory notification systems; in contrast, the burden of preceding sGAS has no reporting structure, and is less well defined. […] This review provides valuable, contemporaneous evidence on the epidemiology of sGAS presentations in Australia, informing preventative health projects such as a Streptococcal A vaccine and standardisation of primary care notification. […] Community estimates of impetigo point prevalence ranged from 5.5-66.1%, with a pooled prevalence of 27.9% [95% CI: 20.0-36.5%]. […] Observed prevalence of impetigo as diagnosed in healthcare encounters was lower, with a pooled estimate of 10.6% [95% CI: 3.1-21.8%], and a range of 0.1-50.0%. […] The burden in community studies is generally higher than in health-services settings, suggesting under-recognition, possible normalisation and missed opportunities for treatment to prevent postGAS. […] Standardised nation-wide notification for sGAS disease surveillance must be considered in combination with the development of a Communicable Diseases Network of Australia (CDNA) Series of National Guideline (SoNG), to accurately define and address disease burden across populations in Australia.

• #98

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/impetigo.aspx

  Impetigo is a common skin infection that mostly affects children. It is treated with antibiotics. Practising good hygiene can help to stop the spread of impetigo. […] Impetigo is highly infectious. […] Impetigo spreads when people directly touch impetigo sores or the fluid from sores, and spread the infection via their hands to other parts of their body. It also spreads by touching surfaces or objects which have been contaminated by the sores, including clothing, sheets and towels. […] To avoid spreading impetigo: keep sores clean and covered with a waterproof dressing until they have healed. This stops people from touching or scratching them. […] Schools and childcare centres are encouraged to contact their local Public Health Unit (PHU) on 1300 066 055 if advice on outbreak control is required.

• #99 JMIR Dermatology – From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Impetigo

  https://derma.jmir.org/2021/2/e33433/

  Impetigo is a contagious, superficial skin infection, most commonly affecting children, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), or both pathogens in combination. […] Due to the prevalence and risks associated with impetigo, evidence-based research to inform treatment guidelines is critical to decreasing its disease burden. […] Of note, the authors of the Cochrane review pointed to a lack of evidence regarding impetigo treatment in developing countries and endemic populations—a significant data gap given that impetigo disproportionately affects children in resource-poor communities and has the highest prevalence among Australian Aboriginal children (up to 49%). […] Currently, there are no trials of topical antibiotics for impetigo in high-burden settings, highlighting the need for further studies. […] The commonality of impetigo and its rapidly changing antibiotic resistance patterns make it a moving target. Its contagious nature and associated morbidity further emphasize the need for updated guidelines.

• #100 JMIR Dermatology – From the Cochrane Library: Interventions for Impetigo

  https://derma.jmir.org/2021/2/e33433/

  Impetigo is a contagious, superficial skin infection, most commonly affecting children, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), or both pathogens in combination. […] Due to the prevalence and risks associated with impetigo, evidence-based research to inform treatment guidelines is critical to decreasing its disease burden. […] Of note, the authors of the Cochrane review pointed to a lack of evidence regarding impetigo treatment in developing countries and endemic populations—a significant data gap given that impetigo disproportionately affects children in resource-poor communities and has the highest prevalence among Australian Aboriginal children (up to 49%). […] Currently, there are no trials of topical antibiotics for impetigo in high-burden settings, highlighting the need for further studies. […] The commonality of impetigo and its rapidly changing antibiotic resistance patterns make it a moving target. Its contagious nature and associated morbidity further emphasize the need for updated guidelines.

• #101 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  According to the 2019 Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Australia (AURA) report, about 85–90% of S. aureus strains are now resistant to penicillin. […] Given the rapid emergence of these resistant bacteria to the current topical antibiotics, a post-antibiotic era is fast approaching, requiring alternative means of treatments with an intention to break the cycle, and prevent further resistance. […] Given the enormous burden of impetigo in Australian aboriginal children, this review aims to explore the potential of promising alternative selections for impetigo treatment.

• #102 Intolerable Burden of Impetigo in Endemic Settings: A Review of the Current State of Play and Future Directions for Alternative Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/12/909

  According to the 2019 Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Australia (AURA) report, about 85–90% of S. aureus strains are now resistant to penicillin. […] Given the rapid emergence of these resistant bacteria to the current topical antibiotics, a post-antibiotic era is fast approaching, requiring alternative means of treatments with an intention to break the cycle, and prevent further resistance. […] Given the enormous burden of impetigo in Australian aboriginal children, this review aims to explore the potential of promising alternative selections for impetigo treatment.

• #103 The epidemiology of superficial Streptococcal A (impetigo and pharyngitis) infections in Australia: A systematic review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288016

  Streptoccocal A (Strep A, GAS) infections in Australia are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality through both invasive (iGAS) and post-streptococcal (postGAS) diseases as well as preceding superficial (sGAS) skin and throat infection. […] The burden of iGAS and postGAS are addressed in some jurisdictions by mandatory notification systems; in contrast, the burden of preceding sGAS has no reporting structure, and is less well defined. […] This review provides valuable, contemporaneous evidence on the epidemiology of sGAS presentations in Australia, informing preventative health projects such as a Streptococcal A vaccine and standardisation of primary care notification. […] The majority of data was collected for impetigo in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, remote communities, and in the Northern Territory, Australia.

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