Hirsutyzm
Epidemiologia

Hirsutyzm, definiowany jako nadmierne owłosienie terminalne w obszarach wrażliwych na androgeny u kobiet, dotyka około 10% kobiet w wieku rozrodczym, z istotnymi różnicami etnicznymi i geograficznymi. Najczęstszą przyczyną jest zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS), odpowiadający za ponad 70% przypadków, z częstością występowania hirsutyzmu u pacjentek z PCOS na poziomie 65-75%. Inne przyczyny to idiopatyczny hiperandrogenizm (15%), idiopatyczny hirsutyzm (10%) oraz nieklasyczna postać wrodzonego przerostu nadnerczy (NCAH) stanowiąca 1-10% przypadków. Ocena nasilenia hirsutyzmu opiera się na zmodyfikowanej skali Ferrimana-Gallweya (mFG), z wartościami odcięcia różniącymi się w zależności od populacji (np. ≥7 punktów u kobiet filipińskich, ≥8 u kobiet rasy kaukaskiej i afrykańskiej). Czynniki ryzyka obejmują otyłość, pochodzenie etniczne, rodzinne występowanie PCOS lub hirsutyzmu oraz odstawienie doustnej antykoncepcji.

Hirsutyzm – Epidemiologia

Hirsutyzm, definiowany jako nadmierne owłosienie terminalne (grube, ciemne włosy) w obszarach wrażliwych na androgeny u kobiet, jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń endokrynologicznych. Według danych epidemiologicznych hirsutyzm dotyka od 5% do 15% kobiet w wieku rozrodczym, przy czym większość badań wskazuje na średnią częstość występowania na poziomie około 10% w populacji Stanów Zjednoczonych i Europy Północnej1234. W niektórych opracowaniach ocenia się, że w USA hirsutyzm dotyka co najmniej 4 miliony kobiet w wieku przedmenopauzalnym5. Dokładna częstość występowania hirsutyzmu nie jest jednak w pełni poznana i według niektórych źródeł może sięgać nawet 50%6.

Zróżnicowanie etniczne i geograficzne

Występowanie hirsutyzmu wykazuje istotne zróżnicowanie etniczne i geograficzne. Kobiety pochodzenia azjatyckiego, szczególnie z Dalekiego Wschodu, prezentują hirsutyzm znacznie rzadziej w porównaniu do innych grup etnicznych78. Z kolei kobiety o ciemniejszej karnacji, pochodzenia południowoeuropejskiego, śródziemnomorskiego czy bliskowschodniego, charakteryzują się większą predyspozycją do nadmiernego owłosienia91011. Kobiety północnoeuropejskie o jasnej karnacji mają naturalnie najmniejszą ilość włosów terminalnych12. Wśród kobiet pochodzenia latynoskiego z zespołem policystycznych jajników (PCOS) częstość hirsutyzmu jest znacząco wyższa (93,8%) w porównaniu do kobiet rasy białej nie-latynoskiej (86,8%)13.

Badania przeprowadzone na populacji ponad 1500 Afroamerykanek wykazały częstość występowania hirsutyzmu na poziomie 10%, co wskazuje, że częstość występowania tego zaburzenia nie różni się istotnie pomiędzy kobietami rasy białej i czarnej1415. Należy podkreślić, że z wyjątkiem wrodzonego przerostu nadnerczy (CAH), faktyczna częstość występowania chorób powodujących hiperandrogenizm i hirsutyzm nie wykazuje istotnych różnic między osobami różnych ras16.

Wiek i płeć

Hirsutyzm jako problem medyczny dominuje wśród kobiet, choć teoretycznie może występować również u mężczyzn. U mężczyzn jest jednak trudniejszy do rozpoznania ze względu na szeroką zmienność prawidłowego wzrostu włosów terminalnych1718. Wiek wystąpienia hirsutyzmu zależy od jego etiologii. Większość form hirsutyzmu niespowodowanego przez nowotwory staje się widoczna w okresie dojrzewania1920. Badania wskazują również na zwiększoną częstość występowania hirsutyzmu u kobiet po odstawieniu doustnych środków antykoncepcyjnych oraz po przybraniu na wadze21.

Narzędzia diagnostyczne w ocenie epidemiologicznej hirsutyzmu

W badaniach epidemiologicznych i praktyce klinicznej do oceny nasilenia hirsutyzmu powszechnie stosowana jest zmodyfikowana skala Ferrimana-Gallweya (mFG). System ten umożliwia standaryzację oceny nadmiernego owłosienia terminalnego, ułatwiając porównywanie danych z różnych badań2223. Należy jednak podkreślić, że ocena hirsutyzmu powinna uwzględniać różnice etniczne, typ skóry oraz inne czynniki, które mogą wpływać na dystrybucję owłosienia u kobiet z różnych populacji24.

W różnych populacjach przyjmuje się odmienne wartości punktów odcięcia dla rozpoznania hirsutyzmu. Na przykład, w badaniu przeprowadzonym wśród filipińskich kobiet, wartość odcięcia dla rozpoznania hirsutyzmu została ustalona na poziomie ≥7 punktów w skali mFG2526. Istotne jest również, by przy ocenie hirsutyzmu uwzględniać wiek pacjentki, ponieważ zarówno kliniczne, jak i biochemiczne cechy zmieniają się wraz z wiekiem u kobiet z PCOS27.

Etiologia hirsutyzmu w kontekście epidemiologicznym

Większość przypadków hirsutyzmu u kobiet jest spowodowana funkcjonalnymi przyczynami nadmiaru androgenów. Zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) stanowi najczęstszą przyczynę hirsutyzmu, odpowiadając za ponad 70% przypadków2829. Szacuje się, że PCOS występuje u 6-12% kobiet w wieku rozrodczym, a hirsutyzm jest jednym z jego głównych objawów klinicznych, występującym u 65-75% pacjentek z tym zespołem3031.

Inne istotne przyczyny hirsutyzmu w kontekście epidemiologicznym to:

  • Idiopatyczny hiperandrogenizm – odpowiada za około 15% przypadków hirsutyzmu32
  • Idiopatyczny hirsutyzm – stanowi około 10% przypadków i jest rozpoznaniem z wykluczenia u kobiet z regularnym cyklem miesiączkowym, prawidłową morfologią jajników i prawidłowym poziomem androgenów w surowicy3334
  • Nieklasyczna postać wrodzonego przerostu nadnerczy (NCAH) – najczęstsza autosomalnie recesywna choroba genetyczna u ludzi, stanowiąca 1-10% przypadków kobiet z hiperandrogenizmem35

W badaniu przeprowadzonym na dużej kohorcie portugalskich kobiet z hirsutyzmem, częstość występowania poszczególnych przyczyn kształtowała się następująco: PCOS – 56,2%, hirsutyzm idiopatyczny – 20,2%, idiopatyczna hiperandrogenemia – 17,3%, nieklasyczna postać wrodzonego przerostu nadnerczy – 6,2%36.

Czynniki ryzyka

Zidentyfikowano kilka czynników ryzyka związanych z występowaniem hirsutyzmu:

  • Otyłość – wykazano związek między otyłością a zwiększonym występowaniem hirsutyzmu3738
  • Występowanie PCOS lub hirsutyzmu w rodzinie – wskazuje na genetyczne uwarunkowanie39
  • Pochodzenie etniczne – jak wspomniano wcześniej, kobiety pochodzenia śródziemnomorskiego, bliskowschodniego i południowoazjatyckiego mają większą predyspozycję40
  • Odkładanie masy ciała według typu androidalnego (otyłość brzuszna)41
  • Odstawienie doustnej antykoncepcji42

Wpływ hirsutyzmu na zdrowie fizyczne i psychiczne

Śmiertelność i chorobowość związana z hirsutyzmem jest determinowana przez jego przyczynę podstawową. Większość kobiet z idiopatycznym hirsutyzmem nie ma związanej z nim zwiększonej śmiertelności czy chorobowości. Na drugim końcu spektrum znajduje się niewielka liczba kobiet z chorobą nowotworową, która może mieć poważne rokowanie4344.

Badania wskazują, że przedmenopauzalny hirsutyzm i/lub skąpe miesiączkowanie mogą być czynnikami ryzyka złamań kości w okresie pomenopauzalnym, szczególnie w obrębie kości ramiennej i podudzia4546. Ponadto, prospektywne badania wykazały, że istnieje związek między hirsutyzmem u matki a problemami behawioralnymi u potomstwa4748.

Hirsutyzm ma znaczący negatywny wpływ na jakość życia i może powodować poważny stres psychologiczny u kobiet4950. Badania przeprowadzone wśród irańskich kobiet z PCOS wykazały, że spośród wszystkich objawów PCOS, hirsutyzm miał najsilniejszy wpływ na jakość życia związaną ze zdrowiem5152. Analiza regresji wykazała, że hirsutyzm miał najsilniejszy związek z jakością życia, gdzie wzrost o jedną jednostkę odchylenia standardowego w skali mFG był związany ze spadkiem o 0,3 w wyniku jakości życia (p<0,001)53.

Znaczenie kliniczne i monitorowanie epidemiologiczne

Hirsutyzm, choć często postrzegany przez pacjentki jako problem kosmetyczny, może być pierwszym i niekiedy jedynym objawem zaburzeń endokrynologicznych54. Wytyczne Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego zalecają leczenie hirsutyzmu ważnego dla pacjentki, czyli takiego owłosienia typu męskiego, które jest na tyle nasilone, że powoduje dyskomfort psychiczny55.

Monitorowanie epidemiologiczne hirsutyzmu ma istotne znaczenie, ponieważ w większości przypadków jest to zaburzenie przewlekłe wymagające długotrwałej obserwacji5657. Diagnostyka i leczenie powinny obejmować nie tylko łagodzenie objawów hirsutyzmu, ale także leczenie podstawowej przyczyny58.

Na uwagę zasługuje fakt, że u kobiet z PCOS ryzyko zespołu metabolicznego jest co najmniej dwukrotnie wyższe niż u kobiet bez PCOS59. Pacjentki te mają również zwiększone ryzyko raka endometrium60. Dlatego kompleksowa ocena i długoterminowe monitorowanie kobiet z hirsutyzmem, szczególnie spowodowanym przez PCOS, ma kluczowe znaczenie dla identyfikacji i zarządzania potencjalnymi powikłaniami metabolicznymi i onkologicznymi.

Strategie diagnostyczne w kontekście epidemiologicznym

Wytyczne towarzystw naukowych, w tym Towarzystwa Nadmiaru Androgenów i Zespołu Policystycznych Jajników oraz Europejskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego, zalecają badania przesiewowe u kobiet z dodatnim wynikiem w skali hirsutyzmu (mFG ≥8 u kobiet rasy kaukaskiej i pochodzenia afrykańskiego) przy podejrzeniu podwyższonego poziomu androgenów (np. skąpe miesiączkowanie lub hirsutyzm o nasileniu umiarkowanym do ciężkiego z wynikiem mFG ≥15)61.

Kobiety z hirsutyzmem, które mają zwiększone ryzyko przerostu nadnerczy ze względu na rasę lub pochodzenie etniczne, powinny być badane poprzez pomiar wczesnoporannego stężenia 17-hydroksyprogesteronu w fazie folikularnej, nawet jeśli poziomy całkowitego i wolnego testosteronu w surowicy są prawidłowe62.

Najnowsze badania wskazują na potrzebę opracowania uniwersalnej strategii badań przesiewowych w kierunku PCOS na poziomie populacji, aby poprawić porównywalność i potencjalną wartość publikowanych badań. Konieczne jest również uzasadnienie szeroko zakrojonych badań przesiewowych łagodnych i subklinicznych fenotypów PCOS63.

Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki badań

Hirsutyzm jest powszechnym zaburzeniem endokrynologicznym o złożonej etiologii, którego częstość występowania wynosi około 10% w większości populacji, z istotnymi różnicami etnicznymi i geograficznymi. Najczęstszą przyczyną hirsutyzmu jest zespół policystycznych jajników, odpowiadający za ponad 70% przypadków64.

Dane epidemiologiczne potwierdzają koncepcję, że hirsutyzm idiopatyczny i PCOS są dwoma najczęstszymi endokrynopatiami ginekologicznymi wśród kobiet w wieku rozrodczym65. Szacowana częstość występowania tych stanów jest silnie uzależniona od metod badań przesiewowych na poziomie populacji66.

Przyszłe badania epidemiologiczne powinny koncentrować się na:

  • Opracowaniu zwalidowanych metod przesiewowych dla różnych grup etnicznych
  • Lepszym zrozumieniu naturalnej historii hirsutyzmu i jego skutków długoterminowych
  • Badaniu związków między hirsutyzmem a zaburzeniami metabolicznymi
  • Ocenie wpływu różnych strategii terapeutycznych na jakość życia pacjentek z hirsutyzmem
  • Badaniu genetycznych uwarunkowań hirsutyzmu w różnych populacjach

Dokładne poznanie epidemiologii hirsutyzmu ma kluczowe znaczenie dla opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych oraz poprawy jakości życia kobiet dotkniętych tym zaburzeniem6768.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hirsutism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470417/
    Hirsutism is the most common endocrine disorder affecting nearly 10% of women in the United States. […] The exact prevalence of hirsutism is not well known. It may be 10% or even higher than 50%. The psychological problem that this disease causes depends on ethnic and socio-cultural factors. […] Hirsutism appears to be most common in dark-skinned individuals. […] Hirsutism is also known to occur in women who discontinue the oral contraceptive pill and gain weight.
  • #2 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] Ethnic origin significantly affects terminal hair growth in healthy women. Northern, fair-skinned Europeans have the least amount of terminal hair, whereas southern European, dark-skinned Mediterranean women have the greatest amount of terminal hair.
  • #3 Pathophysiology and causes of hirsutism – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-causes-of-hirsutism
    Hirsutism, defined as excessive terminal hair growth, affects between 5 and 10 percent of females of reproductive age. […] The pathophysiology and causes of androgen-mediated hair growth are reviewed here. […] Hyperandrogenism in postmenopausal females and the evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal females are discussed separately.
  • #4 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #5 Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hirsutism_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics […] In the United States, the prevalence of hirsutism is about 10,000 per 100,000 individual. […] In the United States, there are at least 4 million premenopausal women who suffer from hirsutism. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, European, and South Asian races. […] Hirsutism usually affects Hispanic women with polycystic ovarian cysts more than the non-Hispanic women. […] There is no difference in the prevalence of hirsutism between the white and black races. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in women, and it is mainly described as a phenomenon in women rather than men. […] Prevalence of hirsutism increases during puberty ages.
  • #6 Hirsutism | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22904
    Hirsutism is the most common endocrine disorder affecting nearly 10% of women in the United States. […] The exact prevalence of hirsutism is not well known. It may be 10% or even higher than 50%. […] Hirsutism appears to be most common in dark-skinned individuals. […] Hirsutism is also known to occur in women who discontinue the oral contraceptive pill and gain weight.
  • #7 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22064667/
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up. […] Accordingly, we provide evidence-based guidelines for the etiological diagnosis and for the management of this frequent medical complaint.
  • #8 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA
    https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7351070
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] We conducted a systematic review and critical assessment of the available evidence pertaining to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up.
  • #9 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] Ethnic origin significantly affects terminal hair growth in healthy women. Northern, fair-skinned Europeans have the least amount of terminal hair, whereas southern European, dark-skinned Mediterranean women have the greatest amount of terminal hair.
  • #10 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    Ethnic origin significantly affects terminal hair growth in healthy women. Northern, fair-skinned Europeans have the least amount of terminal hair, whereas southern European, dark-skinned Mediterranean women have the greatest amount of terminal hair. […] A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races.
  • #11 Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hirsutism_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics […] In the United States, the prevalence of hirsutism is about 10,000 per 100,000 individual. […] In the United States, there are at least 4 million premenopausal women who suffer from hirsutism. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, European, and South Asian races. […] Hirsutism usually affects Hispanic women with polycystic ovarian cysts more than the non-Hispanic women. […] There is no difference in the prevalence of hirsutism between the white and black races. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in women, and it is mainly described as a phenomenon in women rather than men. […] Prevalence of hirsutism increases during puberty ages.
  • #12 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #13 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #14 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #15 Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hirsutism_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Hirsutism epidemiology and demographics […] In the United States, the prevalence of hirsutism is about 10,000 per 100,000 individual. […] In the United States, there are at least 4 million premenopausal women who suffer from hirsutism. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, European, and South Asian races. […] Hirsutism usually affects Hispanic women with polycystic ovarian cysts more than the non-Hispanic women. […] There is no difference in the prevalence of hirsutism between the white and black races. […] Hirsutism is more prevalent in women, and it is mainly described as a phenomenon in women rather than men. […] Prevalence of hirsutism increases during puberty ages.
  • #16 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #17 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #18 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #19 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    A study by Engmann et al reported that among patients with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, the prevalence of hirsutism was significantly greater in Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white patients (93.8% vs 86.8%, respectively). […] A retrospective study by Afifi et al also found hirsutism in women with PCOS to be linked to ethnicity, as well as to Fitzpatrick skin type. […] A study by Chin et al found the prevalence of hirsutism to be 10% within a community sample of over 1500 African American women. […] With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), the actual prevalence of diseases that cause hyperandrogenism and hirsutism has not been shown to differ among persons of different races. […] As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #20 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    As a medical problem, hirsutism predominates in women. […] Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth. […] The age of onset of hirsutism depends on the etiology. Most forms of nonneoplastic hirsutism become evident around puberty.
  • #21 Hirsutism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470417/
    Hirsutism is the most common endocrine disorder affecting nearly 10% of women in the United States. […] The exact prevalence of hirsutism is not well known. It may be 10% or even higher than 50%. The psychological problem that this disease causes depends on ethnic and socio-cultural factors. […] Hirsutism appears to be most common in dark-skinned individuals. […] Hirsutism is also known to occur in women who discontinue the oral contraceptive pill and gain weight.
  • #22 Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1922
    Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal hair with male pattern distribution in women. While in the general population, hirsutism affects around 4–11% of women, it is the main manifestation of hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with a prevalence estimated at 65–75%. […] The modified Ferriman–Gallwey (mFG) scoring system has been widely used in clinical practice to visually score excessive terminal hair, thus standardizing hirsutism evaluation and facilitating data comparison. […] Although a universal mFG score cutoff would be useful for comparisons, ethnic variations, as well as skin type and other factors, should be considered when evaluating hirsutism in distinct populations. […] Most women with androgen levels more than twice the upper limit of the reference range have some degree of hirsutism, but it has been demonstrated that androgen levels, measured by conventional techniques, correlate poorly with the severity of hirsutism.
  • #23 The Modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score and Hirsutism among Filipino Women
    https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=1992
    Hirsutism is defined as excessive terminal hair that appears in a male pattern or in androgen-sensitive areas in women. It is present in 5% to 20% of the general population, and current data suggest that the majority of hirsute patients have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine problem among women of reproductive age. […] The clinical evaluation of hirsutism entails the use of visual scoring tools, of which the most widely used is the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score. […] This study found that the fifth to the 95th percentile of the total mFG score among women in the non-PCOS group ranged from 0 and 7. Based on the 95th percentile of the total mFG score in this group, a cut-off value of 7 or above constituted hirsutism in this population. […] The mFG score is considered the gold standard for evaluating hirsutism. While it is inexpensive and easy to use, a significant limitation of this tool is the variation in hair distribution among racial groups. Thus, it is currently recommended to define hirsutism according to race-specific mFG cut-off scores determined in unselected populations of premenopausal women.
  • #24 Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1922
    Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal hair with male pattern distribution in women. While in the general population, hirsutism affects around 4–11% of women, it is the main manifestation of hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with a prevalence estimated at 65–75%. […] The modified Ferriman–Gallwey (mFG) scoring system has been widely used in clinical practice to visually score excessive terminal hair, thus standardizing hirsutism evaluation and facilitating data comparison. […] Although a universal mFG score cutoff would be useful for comparisons, ethnic variations, as well as skin type and other factors, should be considered when evaluating hirsutism in distinct populations. […] Most women with androgen levels more than twice the upper limit of the reference range have some degree of hirsutism, but it has been demonstrated that androgen levels, measured by conventional techniques, correlate poorly with the severity of hirsutism.
  • #25 The Modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score and Hirsutism among Filipino Women
    https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=1992
    Hirsutism is defined as excessive terminal hair that appears in a male pattern or in androgen-sensitive areas in women. It is present in 5% to 20% of the general population, and current data suggest that the majority of hirsute patients have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine problem among women of reproductive age. […] The clinical evaluation of hirsutism entails the use of visual scoring tools, of which the most widely used is the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score. […] This study found that the fifth to the 95th percentile of the total mFG score among women in the non-PCOS group ranged from 0 and 7. Based on the 95th percentile of the total mFG score in this group, a cut-off value of 7 or above constituted hirsutism in this population. […] The mFG score is considered the gold standard for evaluating hirsutism. While it is inexpensive and easy to use, a significant limitation of this tool is the variation in hair distribution among racial groups. Thus, it is currently recommended to define hirsutism according to race-specific mFG cut-off scores determined in unselected populations of premenopausal women.
  • #26 The Modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score and Hirsutism among Filipino Women
    https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=1992
    In conclusion, among normal Filipino women, the fifth to 95th percentile of total mFG scores fell between 0 and 7. Thus, a total mFG score of 7 or higher represented hirsutism in this population. This cut-off score was significantly associated with calculated FT, and Filipino women with a total mFG score of 7 and above were six times more likely than non-hirsute women to have elevated calculated FT.
  • #27 Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1922
    The Ferriman–Gallwey (FG) scoring system has been widely used in clinical practice to visually score excessive terminal hair, thus standardizing hirsutism evaluation and facilitating data comparison. […] Importantly, the data reported by Ferriman and Gallwey were derived from women attending a northern London general medical outpatient clinic, a selected homogeneous population. […] Indeed, the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS, published in 2018, proposes to consider ethnic origin when evaluating mFG scores in different populations. […] In addition to ethnicity, skin type might be of some relevance to the hirsutism evaluation. […] Age should also be considered when evaluating hirsutism, since it is well known that both clinical and biochemical characteristics change with age in women with PCOS. […] The concept of hyperandrogenism should be based primarily on clinical findings.
  • #28 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #29 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP
    https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP
    Hirsutism is a common clinical presentation of hyperandrogenism occurring in up to 70% of women with PCOS. […] More than 80% of women presenting with symptoms of androgen excess have PCOS. […] Over 90% of normally menstruating women with hirsutism are identified through ultrasound to have polycystic ovaries. […] An increased frequency of reproductive disorders, including PCOS, has been reported in women with epilepsy. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used.
  • #30 Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/8/1922
    Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal hair with male pattern distribution in women. While in the general population, hirsutism affects around 4–11% of women, it is the main manifestation of hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with a prevalence estimated at 65–75%. […] The modified Ferriman–Gallwey (mFG) scoring system has been widely used in clinical practice to visually score excessive terminal hair, thus standardizing hirsutism evaluation and facilitating data comparison. […] Although a universal mFG score cutoff would be useful for comparisons, ethnic variations, as well as skin type and other factors, should be considered when evaluating hirsutism in distinct populations. […] Most women with androgen levels more than twice the upper limit of the reference range have some degree of hirsutism, but it has been demonstrated that androgen levels, measured by conventional techniques, correlate poorly with the severity of hirsutism.
  • #31 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
    Prevalence: 612% of women in their reproductive years in the US [1] […] Women with PCOS are at least twice as likely to have metabolic syndrome as women without PCOS. [6] […] Women with PCOS are also at increased risk for endometrial cancer. Screening is not routinely recommended, but clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and conduct a transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial sampling if there are suggestive features (e.g., thickened endometrium, abnormal vaginal bleeding). [7]
  • #32 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #33 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #34 Idiopathic hirsutism: Is it really idiopathic or is it misnomer?
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i2/292.htm
    Hirsutism is a common clinical condition which affects approximately 5%-15% of premenopausal women. It is typically defined as excessive growth of terminal hair in a male pattern. Hirsutism has a significant negative impact on quality of life and makes a severe psychological distress in women. The occurrence of hirsutism is affected from local androgen concentrations, the interaction between various androgens in serum, and ultimately, sensitivity of the hair follicle to androgens. Hirsutism may be seen as a result of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ovarian or adrenal tumors or it may be idiopathic. […] The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism has been reported between 6%-16% in various populations. […] Currently, idiopathic hirsutism is defined as hirsutism associated with normal serum androgen levels, normal ovarian morphology and ovulatory functions.
  • #35 Androgens and Hirsutism in a Large Cohort of Portuguese Women
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/3/673
    NCAH is the most prevalent autosomal recessive genetic disorder in humans, accounting for 1–10% of hyperandrogenic women. […] Our primary aim was to estimate the prevalence of PCOS, NCAH, IHA, and IH, the diseases primarily associated with hirsutism, in a cohort of women referred for hirsutism to an endocrinology consultation at a tertiary care medical center. […] Hirsutism is a reliable cutaneous indicator of hyperandrogenism, which is most frequently associated with PCOS. […] This study sheds new light on the fine hormonal regulation of these diseases.
  • #36 Androgens and Hirsutism in a Large Cohort of Portuguese Women
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/3/673
    Hirsutism is excessive male-patterned hair in postpubertal women with multifactorial etiology and is an indicator of hyperandrogenism associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] In the cohort, we found a prevalence of PCOS of 56.2%, IH of 20.2%, IHA of 17.3%, and NCAH of 6.2%. […] Hirsutism refers to the presence of excessive male-pattern terminal hair in women after puberty, affecting facial and other androgenic-dependent areas. […] Hirsutism is often caused by high levels of androgens secreted from the ovaries/adrenal glands or an increased sensitivity of hair follicles to normal androgen levels. […] Despite the majority of hirsute women having either PCOS or IH, there are other rarer hirsutism-related hyperandrogenic syndromes, such as non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) and idiopathic hyperandrogenemia (IHA).
  • #37 Hirsutism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hirsutism
    Hirsutism is a common disorder affecting between 5% and 10% of women of reproductive age. […] It is less common in Asian people. […] There is variation in amount of terminal body hair amongst different ethnicities. […] The Ferriman-Gallwey score is used in evaluation of hirsutism. It reflects the amount of hair over different body areas. This may require adjustment for ethnic group. […] Obesity is associated with increased hirsutism.
  • #38 Hirsutism | Endocrine Society
    https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hirsutism
    Hirsutism is common and is usually a sign of an underlying endocrine disorder, most commonly polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Hirsutism is very common, affecting 5% – 10% of all women. […] Some studies have found weight loss is associated with slight improvement in unwanted hair growth.
  • #39 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP
    https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP
    Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. […] A high prevalence of PCOS or its features among first-degree relatives is suggestive of genetic influences. […] An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. […] Obese women referred for assistance with weight loss had a prevalence of PCOS of 28.3%. […] However, in an unselected population, prevalence of PCOS did not vary significantly based on obesity class. […] The authors concluded that obesity may increase the risk of PCOS but that the effect was modest.
  • #40 PCOS Doctor In Mumbai, India, PCOS And Hirsutism
    https://www.gynaecworld.com/pcos-and-hirsutism.html
    Hirsutism affects 5-10 per cent of all women and has a much higher percentage of women with ovarian cysts. […] Studies have revealed that women of European ancestry have higher rates than women of African descent and that Asian women have the lowest rate.
  • #41 SciELO Brazil – Hirsutism: diagnosis and treatment Hirsutism: diagnosis and treatment
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abem/a/t5GTrmpRNGJ7nDzYkqwtmpL/
    Testing of androgen levels is recommended in women with moderate to severe hirsutism and in women with any degree of hirsutism when it is sudden in onset, rapidly progressive, or when it is associated with any of the following: menstrual irregularity, central obesity, acanthosis nigricans, or clitoromegaly. […] Monitoring should be carried out throughout the medical follow-up. The assessment of therapeutic responses should be evaluated by the patient herself, by declaring whether there was a decrease in the growth of hair or less need to use other methods to remove the hair.
  • #42 Hirsutism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470417/
    Hirsutism is the most common endocrine disorder affecting nearly 10% of women in the United States. […] The exact prevalence of hirsutism is not well known. It may be 10% or even higher than 50%. The psychological problem that this disease causes depends on ethnic and socio-cultural factors. […] Hirsutism appears to be most common in dark-skinned individuals. […] Hirsutism is also known to occur in women who discontinue the oral contraceptive pill and gain weight.
  • #43 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] Ethnic origin significantly affects terminal hair growth in healthy women. Northern, fair-skinned Europeans have the least amount of terminal hair, whereas southern European, dark-skinned Mediterranean women have the greatest amount of terminal hair.
  • #44 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] A prospective study by Robinson et al indicated that an association exists between maternal hirsutism and behavioral problems in offspring.
  • #45 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-overview
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] Ethnic origin significantly affects terminal hair growth in healthy women. Northern, fair-skinned Europeans have the least amount of terminal hair, whereas southern European, dark-skinned Mediterranean women have the greatest amount of terminal hair.
  • #46 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] A prospective study by Robinson et al indicated that an association exists between maternal hirsutism and behavioral problems in offspring.
  • #47 Hirsutism: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121038-questions-and-answers
    Hirsutism affects approximately 10% of women in the United States. […] The prevalence rates of hirsutism in northern Europe are similar to those in the United States; in other places, rates are not known with certainty. […] The mortality and morbidity of hirsutism are determined by the underlying cause. Most women with idiopathic hirsutism have no associated mortality or morbidity. On the other extreme, a small number of women may have malignant disease with a grave prognosis. […] A study by Comim et al suggested that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea are risk factors for postmenopausal fractures, especially in the humerus and lower leg. […] A prospective study by Robinson et al indicated that an association exists between maternal hirsutism and behavioral problems in offspring.
  • #48 Research Spotlight: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism in Mothers | University at Albany
    https://www.albany.edu/cihs/news/2020-research-spotlight-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-and-hirsutism-mothers
    Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age and is often associated with infertility. One potential criteria of having PCOS is hirsutism, which refers to the presence of excess body hair. […] In addition, maternal hirsutism was associated with a higher risk of ADHD, conduct disorder, borderline emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems and conduct problems in children. […] These findings suggest that PCOS and hirsutism in mothers may be associated with anxiety and behavioral problems in children, respectively, and may be used to develop hypotheses for future studies.
  • #49 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #50 Idiopathic hirsutism: Is it really idiopathic or is it misnomer?
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i2/292.htm
    Hirsutism is a common clinical condition which affects approximately 5%-15% of premenopausal women. It is typically defined as excessive growth of terminal hair in a male pattern. Hirsutism has a significant negative impact on quality of life and makes a severe psychological distress in women. The occurrence of hirsutism is affected from local androgen concentrations, the interaction between various androgens in serum, and ultimately, sensitivity of the hair follicle to androgens. Hirsutism may be seen as a result of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ovarian or adrenal tumors or it may be idiopathic. […] The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism has been reported between 6%-16% in various populations. […] Currently, idiopathic hirsutism is defined as hirsutism associated with normal serum androgen levels, normal ovarian morphology and ovulatory functions.
  • #51 Of PCOS Symptoms, Hirsutism Has the Most Significant Impact on the Quality of Life of Iranian Women | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0123608
    Hirsutism, was reported to have the strongest impact on the patients health-related quality of life, followed in descending order by body mass index, irregular menses and infertility. […] The results of the study found that hirsutism had the strongest impact on the health-related quality of life measures in Iranian women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. […] The questionnaire data was analyzed using a regression model adjusted for age, BMI, education, occupation and chief complaint. This analysis revealed that hirsutism had the strongest association with QoL where a one unit increase in standard deviation of mFG score was associated with a 0.3 decrease in the HRQoL score (p0.001). […] The hirsutism score could significantly predict reductions in all domain scores, including body hair, emotions, menstrual problems, weight and infertility problems, in their order of severity (p0.001).
  • #52 Of PCOS Symptoms, Hirsutism Has the Most Significant Impact on the Quality of Life of Iranian Women | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0123608
    The present study demonstrated that while HRQoL scores for Iranian women diagnosed with PCOS are negatively affected by various manifestations of PCOS, including hirsutism, obesity, AnOvu and infertility, the most significant association was with hirsutism. […] In conclusion, the QoL of Iranian women with PCOS seems to be affected more by the severity of hirsutism, as compared to other PCOS symptoms.
  • #53 Of PCOS Symptoms, Hirsutism Has the Most Significant Impact on the Quality of Life of Iranian Women | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0123608
    Hirsutism, was reported to have the strongest impact on the patients health-related quality of life, followed in descending order by body mass index, irregular menses and infertility. […] The results of the study found that hirsutism had the strongest impact on the health-related quality of life measures in Iranian women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. […] The questionnaire data was analyzed using a regression model adjusted for age, BMI, education, occupation and chief complaint. This analysis revealed that hirsutism had the strongest association with QoL where a one unit increase in standard deviation of mFG score was associated with a 0.3 decrease in the HRQoL score (p0.001). […] The hirsutism score could significantly predict reductions in all domain scores, including body hair, emotions, menstrual problems, weight and infertility problems, in their order of severity (p0.001).
  • #54 Evaluation of premenopausal females with hirsutism – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-premenopausal-females-with-hirsutism
    Hirsutism is defined as excessive male-pattern hair growth in females of reproductive age. It may be the initial, and possibly only, sign of an underlying androgen disorder, the cutaneous manifestations of which may also include acne and female-pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia). The most common cause of hirsutism is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In some cases, hirsutism is mild and requires only reassurance and local (nonsystemic) therapy, while in others, it causes significant psychological distress and requires more extensive therapy. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis defined by the presence of excess terminal hair growth (dark, coarse hairs) in androgen-dependent areas (eg, upper lip, chin, midsternum, upper and lower abdomen, upper arms, upper and lower back, and inner thigh/buttocks) in which females typically have little or no hair.
  • #55 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #56 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22064667/
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up. […] Accordingly, we provide evidence-based guidelines for the etiological diagnosis and for the management of this frequent medical complaint.
  • #57 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA
    https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7351070
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] We conducted a systematic review and critical assessment of the available evidence pertaining to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up.
  • #58 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22064667/
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up. […] Accordingly, we provide evidence-based guidelines for the etiological diagnosis and for the management of this frequent medical complaint.
  • #59 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
    Prevalence: 612% of women in their reproductive years in the US [1] […] Women with PCOS are at least twice as likely to have metabolic syndrome as women without PCOS. [6] […] Women with PCOS are also at increased risk for endometrial cancer. Screening is not routinely recommended, but clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and conduct a transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial sampling if there are suggestive features (e.g., thickened endometrium, abnormal vaginal bleeding). [7]
  • #60 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
    Prevalence: 612% of women in their reproductive years in the US [1] […] Women with PCOS are at least twice as likely to have metabolic syndrome as women without PCOS. [6] […] Women with PCOS are also at increased risk for endometrial cancer. Screening is not routinely recommended, but clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and conduct a transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial sampling if there are suggestive features (e.g., thickened endometrium, abnormal vaginal bleeding). [7]
  • #61
    https://journals.lww.com/jdds/fulltext/2023/27010/an_evaluation_of_the_management_of_hirsutism_in.1.aspx
    The majority of patients in both public and private settings in our study did not present to physicians and were under-investigated. […] The guidelines of the Endocrine Society, Androgen Excess and PCOS Society and European Society of Endocrinology all recommend screening women with a positive hirsutism score defined as mFG 8 in Caucasian and women of African descent when there is a suspicion of elevated androgens (e.g., oligomenorrhea or moderate-to-severe hirsutism with mFG score 15). […] Assessment and management of hirsutism is generally similar in public and private clinics, although there were fewer hormonal testing and pelvic imaging in the private compared to public clinic setting.
  • #62 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Women with hirsutism who are at higher risk of adrenal hyperplasia because of their race or ethnicity should be screened by measuring early morning follicular phase 17-hydroxyprogesterone, even if serum total and free testosterone levels are normal. […] Hirsutism is most often due to benign conditions, although it can be a sign of an underlying hyperandrogenic disorder that requires specific treatment and has implications for reproduction, adverse health effects, or even life-threatening neoplasia. […] Clinical practice guidelines suggest testing for elevated androgen levels in women with an abnormal hirsutism score.
  • #63 The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-9-144
    The reported prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism varies between 5-20% […] The main strength of the present study is its methodology as it is a community-based prevalence study on a primarily ethnically homogeneous population with a response rate of more than 90%. […] A universal strategy for screening of PCOS at the community level needs to be developed for improving the comparability and potentially the value of published research and the widespread screening of mild and sub clinical phenotypes of PCOS have to be justified.
  • #64 Hirsutism in Women | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p168.html
    Hirsutism has been reported in 5% to 15% of women and is often associated with decreased quality of life and significant psychological stress. […] Hirsutism is a clinical diagnosis, and prevalence depends on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The Endocrine Society recommends treating patient-important hirsutism, which is unwanted sexual hair growth of sufficient extent to cause patient distress. […] Most cases of hirsutism are due to functional causes of excess androgens. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hirsutism, accounting for more than 70% of cases. […] Idiopathic hyperandrogenism accounts for approximately 15% of hirsutism cases. […] Idiopathic hirsutism is a diagnosis of exclusion that accounts for approximately 10% of cases in women who have normal menses, normal ovarian morphology, and normal levels of serum androgens.
  • #65 The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-9-144
    The estimated prevalences of idiopathic hirsutism and pure menstrual dysfunction were 13.0% (95% CI: 10.9%-15.1%) and 1.5%(95% CI: 1.1%-1.9%), respectively. […] The prevalence of PCOS was 8.5% (95% CI: 6.8% – 10.2%); more than one third of these cases would possibly have remained undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, had we not assessed them for subclinical menstrual dysfunction or biochemical hyperandrogenemia. […] These data from a large representative and non selected population of women confirm the concept that IH and PCOS are the two most common gynecological endocrinopathies among reproductive aged women. […] The estimated prevalence of these conditions is highly influenced by their screening methods at the community level. […] The reported prevalence range of PCOS is between 2.2% to 26%
  • #66 The prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-9-144
    The estimated prevalences of idiopathic hirsutism and pure menstrual dysfunction were 13.0% (95% CI: 10.9%-15.1%) and 1.5%(95% CI: 1.1%-1.9%), respectively. […] The prevalence of PCOS was 8.5% (95% CI: 6.8% – 10.2%); more than one third of these cases would possibly have remained undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, had we not assessed them for subclinical menstrual dysfunction or biochemical hyperandrogenemia. […] These data from a large representative and non selected population of women confirm the concept that IH and PCOS are the two most common gynecological endocrinopathies among reproductive aged women. […] The estimated prevalence of these conditions is highly influenced by their screening methods at the community level. […] The reported prevalence range of PCOS is between 2.2% to 26%
  • #67 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22064667/
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up. […] Accordingly, we provide evidence-based guidelines for the etiological diagnosis and for the management of this frequent medical complaint.
  • #68 Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA
    https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7351070
    Hirsutism, defined by the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body, is one of the most common disorders in women during reproductive age. […] We conducted a systematic review and critical assessment of the available evidence pertaining to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism. […] The prevalence of hirsutism is ~10% in most populations, with the important exception of Far-East Asian women who present hirsutism less frequently. […] Following evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies that address not only the amelioration of hirsutism but also the treatment of the underlying etiology is essential for the proper management of affected women, especially considering that hirsutism is, in most cases, a chronic disorder needing long-term follow-up.