Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] No sex or ethnic predominance has been reported in PV. PV may affect persons of any age. Nevertheless, it most often develops in adolescents and young adults due to increased sebum production by the sebaceous glands, responsible for the lipid-rich environment, optimal for the yeasts. Higher incidence has been noted in physically active individuals, patients suffering from diabetes and obesity, and immunocompromised individuals. The disease occurs globally, but it is most commonly found in tropical regions and shows a higher incidence during the summer seasons. The prevalence of PV reaches up to 50% in tropical regions, whereas it is estimated to be around 1–4% and 1% in moderate and cold climates, respectively.

• #2 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  Tinea versicolor occurs more frequently in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The national prevalence of this condition is 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence in the United States is difficult to assess because many individuals who are affected may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with prevalences reported to be as high as 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa and as low as 1.1% in the colder temperatures of Sweden. […] Although the alteration in skin pigmentation is more apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races. […] Several studies have addressed the frequency of tinea versicolor based on sex, and no dominance of either sex is apparent.

• #3 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is common worldwide but most prevalent in warm and humid regions. Tinea versicolor can reach a prevalence of up to 50% in tropical countries, while in colder climates such as Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. Adolescents and young adults experience the highest incidence, possibly because their sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which creates a lipid-rich environment that promotes the growth of Malassezia. However, there have been reported cases in infants and children. Tinea versicolor affects men and women equally, without any specific ethnic predominance. […] The cause of tinea versicolor is a fungus usually present on the skin. Generally, this fungus does not cause any problems, but a rash can develop in people living in hot and humid climates. Tinea versicolor causes multiple small patches of the skin to have more or less color than usual. The colors vary from white to light brown, dark brown, gray-black, or pinkish red. The rash most often appears on the upper back, chest, and upper arms. Tinea versicolor is not contagious.

• #4 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  Depending on the method and sensitivity of sampling methods, Malassezia species may be found in as many as 18% of infants and 90-100% of adults in the United States. Clinical tinea versicolor is more common in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The incidence of this condition is approximately 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence is difficult to assess because many affected individuals may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with incidence figures ranging from 1.1% in the cold environment of Sweden to 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa. In temperate zones, the onset typically occurs during the warmer months of the year, and the lesions generally fade in the cooler and drier months. In tropical countries, where heat and high humidity are more continuous, people develop more extensive and persistent disease.

• #5

  https://step1.medbullets.com/dermatology/112070/tinea-versicolor

  Epidemiology […] prevalence […] 30-40% in tropical climates […] 1-4% in temperate climates […] demographics […] most common in adolescents and young adults […] risk factors […] hot and humid weather […] excessive sweating […] immunosuppression

• #6 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia species. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of PV is influenced by geographic factors. The aim of the current study was to find the epidemiological characteristics of PV and distribution of Malassezia species in the secondary school students living in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. […] Pityriasis versicolor was diagnosed in 305 (22.48%) students and confirmed by clinical appearance and direct examination. A total of 293 (96.07%) samples grew on modified Dixon agar. With regard to demographic characteristics, 50.49% of the PV cases were female, and 57.38% of cases resided in urban areas. Furthermore, 88.52% of the subjects had the illness duration of more than 6 months. […] The findings of the present study were indicative of the high prevalence of Malassezia yeasts, mostly M. furfur, among the students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam.

• #7 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  Depending on the method and sensitivity of sampling methods, Malassezia species may be found in as many as 18% of infants and 90-100% of adults in the United States. Clinical tinea versicolor is more common in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The incidence of this condition is approximately 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence is difficult to assess because many affected individuals may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with incidence figures ranging from 1.1% in the cold environment of Sweden to 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa. In temperate zones, the onset typically occurs during the warmer months of the year, and the lesions generally fade in the cooler and drier months. In tropical countries, where heat and high humidity are more continuous, people develop more extensive and persistent disease.

• #8 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #9 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/9714

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common and chronic superficial mycosis seen in all age groups and characterized by dyspigmented lesions caused by dimorphic lipophilic yeast. […] The aim of the study was to study the clinical aspects, prevalence, and demographic data of patients with PV in Baghdad City. […] From 175 patients with PV, there were 71 (40.6%) males and 104 (59.4%) females. […] The majority of cases 71 (40.6%) were 21-30 years. […] Eighty-one (46.3%) patients were presented from April to June. […] The most common age group affected was 21-30 years. […] Peak incidence was observed in April-July months.

• #10 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  In the United States, tinea versicolor is most common in persons aged 15-24 years, when the sebaceous glands are more active. The occurrence of tinea versicolor before puberty or after age 65 years is uncommon. In more tropical countries, age frequency varies; most cases involve people aged 10-19 years who live in warmer, humid countries, such as Liberia and India.

• #11 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  In temperate zones (including most of the United States), tinea versicolor is rare in children. Affected infants or children often have an atypical presentation. In temperate areas, the disorder is common in young adults aged 17-24 years. In tropical climates, tinea versicolor is more common in individuals in the age range of 20-30 years. Beyond age 40 years, lipid levels in the skin gradually decrease, and tinea versicolor becomes uncommon. […] Females and males are equally affected. […] Although tinea versicolor is usually more apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races.

• #12 Pityriasis versicolor – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor occurs worldwide, with a higher incidence in tropical climates. […] More prevalent in healthy individuals 2130 years of age.

• #13 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/9714

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common and chronic superficial mycosis seen in all age groups and characterized by dyspigmented lesions caused by dimorphic lipophilic yeast. […] The aim of the study was to study the clinical aspects, prevalence, and demographic data of patients with PV in Baghdad City. […] From 175 patients with PV, there were 71 (40.6%) males and 104 (59.4%) females. […] The majority of cases 71 (40.6%) were 21-30 years. […] Eighty-one (46.3%) patients were presented from April to June. […] The most common age group affected was 21-30 years. […] Peak incidence was observed in April-July months.

• #14

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/5019

  Pityriasis versicolor, a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by lipophilic yeasts of the genus, Malassezia is a common infection in the tropical and subtropical regions. […] Objective was to study the epidemiology, clinical presentation, associations, etiological agents and clinico-mycological correlation of pityriasis versicolor. […] Out of the 100 patients with pityriasis versicolor (PV), 70% were males and 30% were females and the most affected age group was between 21-30 years (43%). […] Recurrence was observed in 35% of them. […] Achromic type of PV was the most common clinical presentation in 68% of patients. […] Malassezia globosa is the most common etiological agent of pityriasis versicolor.

• #15 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is common worldwide but most prevalent in warm and humid regions. Tinea versicolor can reach a prevalence of up to 50% in tropical countries, while in colder climates such as Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. Adolescents and young adults experience the highest incidence, possibly because their sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which creates a lipid-rich environment that promotes the growth of Malassezia. However, there have been reported cases in infants and children. Tinea versicolor affects men and women equally, without any specific ethnic predominance. […] The cause of tinea versicolor is a fungus usually present on the skin. Generally, this fungus does not cause any problems, but a rash can develop in people living in hot and humid climates. Tinea versicolor causes multiple small patches of the skin to have more or less color than usual. The colors vary from white to light brown, dark brown, gray-black, or pinkish red. The rash most often appears on the upper back, chest, and upper arms. Tinea versicolor is not contagious.

• #16 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  The secondary school students in Vietnam (10-16 years old) begin to go through puberty; therefore, they have highly active sebaceous glands. These students are at a playful age with excessive sweating. Based on the literature, Malassezia exists in different countries, including Vietnam. Nevertheless, there are limited data on Malassezia infections in the secondary students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. […] The prevalence of PV was found to be higher in the secondary students (22.48%) investigated in this study, compared to the values reported for other countries, such as Iran and Nigeria. However, out of the 305 samples collected from PV lesions, a positive growth rate only accounted for 96.07% (n=293) of the cases. […] Malassezia furfur was found in both rural and urban areas, while M. japonica was only found in urban areas. The predominance of M. furfur in tropical climates is probably explained by its pityriacitrin production.

• #17 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  In the United States, tinea versicolor is most common in persons aged 15-24 years, when the sebaceous glands are more active. The occurrence of tinea versicolor before puberty or after age 65 years is uncommon. In more tropical countries, age frequency varies; most cases involve people aged 10-19 years who live in warmer, humid countries, such as Liberia and India.

• #18 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  Tinea versicolor occurs more frequently in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The national prevalence of this condition is 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence in the United States is difficult to assess because many individuals who are affected may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with prevalences reported to be as high as 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa and as low as 1.1% in the colder temperatures of Sweden. […] Although the alteration in skin pigmentation is more apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races. […] Several studies have addressed the frequency of tinea versicolor based on sex, and no dominance of either sex is apparent.

• #19 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  In temperate zones (including most of the United States), tinea versicolor is rare in children. Affected infants or children often have an atypical presentation. In temperate areas, the disorder is common in young adults aged 17-24 years. In tropical climates, tinea versicolor is more common in individuals in the age range of 20-30 years. Beyond age 40 years, lipid levels in the skin gradually decrease, and tinea versicolor becomes uncommon. […] Females and males are equally affected. […] Although tinea versicolor is usually more apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races.

• #20 Tinea Versicolor | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688471/2/Tinea_Versicolor

  Common, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical climates. […] Predominant age: adolescents and young adults. […] Predominant sex: male = female. […] Prevalence can reach up to 50%, especially in warm climates.

• #21 Pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor most frequently affects young adults and is slightly more common in men than in women. […] Pityriasis versicolor is more common in hot, humid climates than in cool, dry climates. It often affects people who perspire heavily. It may clear in the winter months and recur each summer. […] Although it is not considered infectious in the conventional sense, pityriasis versicolor sometimes affects more than one member of a family.

• #22 Causes, symptoms and details of Pityriasis Versicolor – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/pityriasis-versicolor/

  The prevalence of Pityriasis versicolor is higher in hot and humid climates but it is also encountered in the UK. It affects individuals of all races and ages, although it is most common in adolescents and young adults. It has a slight male predominance.

• #23

  https://www.ijord.com/index.php/ijord/article/view/82

  Pityriasis versicolor is a Malassezia-associated opportunistic skin infection prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions like India. […] Subjects in the 2nd and 3rd decade of life were most commonly infected with cases also showing a female preponderance. […] The study elucidates the behaviour of tinea versicolor in a clinical setting by describing its basic demographic data, clinical presentation, and association with some common co-morbidities relevant to an Indian clinical setting.

• #24 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #25

  https://step1.medbullets.com/dermatology/112070/tinea-versicolor

  Epidemiology […] prevalence […] 30-40% in tropical climates […] 1-4% in temperate climates […] demographics […] most common in adolescents and young adults […] risk factors […] hot and humid weather […] excessive sweating […] immunosuppression

• #26 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #27

  https://ukinstitute.org/journals/2/jchs/article/view/46

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia species. It is the most common dermatologic disorder in tropical countries including Ethiopia and skin discoloration is the principal morbidity resulting from pityriasis versicolor. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence and associated factors of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The overall magnitude of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology OPD at the UGCSH was 12.6% (95%CI; 9.2%, 15.0%). Those who had a diploma and above education [AOR: 95% CI; 4.67 (1.18, 18.47)], excessive sweating [AOR: 95% CI; 4.75 ( 1.92, 8.76)] being male [AOR: 95%CI; 4.19 (1.92, 9.14)], practicing regular exercise [AOR: 95% CI; 4.11 (1.93, 8.76)] and wearing heavy clothes [AOR: 95% CI; 2.53 (1.24, 5.15)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with PV. The study revealed that educational status (diploma and above), male gender, habit of regular exercise, excessive sweating and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor. Tinea versicolor distributed worldwide, predominantly in tropical countries. A 30-40% prevalence of PV had been reported in tropical areas worldwide. The prevalence of PV is dissimilar among different countries for instance in South America 50%, Egypt 11.6%, and Ethiopia 6.1%. A significant rise in disease prevalence between childhood and adolescence had been reported and it may be due to hormonal changes that increase sebum production and this lipid-rich environment prefers fungal growth. In both tropical and temperate regions PV is infrequent in childhood and it becomes common in the late teens, with a peak incidence in the early twenties. Recurrence rate of Malassezia infection is high, approximately 60% in first year and 80% in the second year. This study found that the magnitude of Pityriasis versicolor was relatively lower than a study conducted in tropical regions. The current study finding revealed that male gender, educational status (diploma and above), habit of exercise regularly, sweating excessively and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor.

• #28 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] No sex or ethnic predominance has been reported in PV. PV may affect persons of any age. Nevertheless, it most often develops in adolescents and young adults due to increased sebum production by the sebaceous glands, responsible for the lipid-rich environment, optimal for the yeasts. Higher incidence has been noted in physically active individuals, patients suffering from diabetes and obesity, and immunocompromised individuals. The disease occurs globally, but it is most commonly found in tropical regions and shows a higher incidence during the summer seasons. The prevalence of PV reaches up to 50% in tropical regions, whereas it is estimated to be around 1–4% and 1% in moderate and cold climates, respectively.

• #29

  https://ukinstitute.org/journals/2/jchs/article/view/46

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia species. It is the most common dermatologic disorder in tropical countries including Ethiopia and skin discoloration is the principal morbidity resulting from pityriasis versicolor. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence and associated factors of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The overall magnitude of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology OPD at the UGCSH was 12.6% (95%CI; 9.2%, 15.0%). Those who had a diploma and above education [AOR: 95% CI; 4.67 (1.18, 18.47)], excessive sweating [AOR: 95% CI; 4.75 ( 1.92, 8.76)] being male [AOR: 95%CI; 4.19 (1.92, 9.14)], practicing regular exercise [AOR: 95% CI; 4.11 (1.93, 8.76)] and wearing heavy clothes [AOR: 95% CI; 2.53 (1.24, 5.15)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with PV. The study revealed that educational status (diploma and above), male gender, habit of regular exercise, excessive sweating and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor. Tinea versicolor distributed worldwide, predominantly in tropical countries. A 30-40% prevalence of PV had been reported in tropical areas worldwide. The prevalence of PV is dissimilar among different countries for instance in South America 50%, Egypt 11.6%, and Ethiopia 6.1%. A significant rise in disease prevalence between childhood and adolescence had been reported and it may be due to hormonal changes that increase sebum production and this lipid-rich environment prefers fungal growth. In both tropical and temperate regions PV is infrequent in childhood and it becomes common in the late teens, with a peak incidence in the early twenties. Recurrence rate of Malassezia infection is high, approximately 60% in first year and 80% in the second year. This study found that the magnitude of Pityriasis versicolor was relatively lower than a study conducted in tropical regions. The current study finding revealed that male gender, educational status (diploma and above), habit of exercise regularly, sweating excessively and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor.

• #30 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #31

  https://ukinstitute.org/journals/2/jchs/article/view/46

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia species. It is the most common dermatologic disorder in tropical countries including Ethiopia and skin discoloration is the principal morbidity resulting from pityriasis versicolor. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence and associated factors of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The overall magnitude of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology OPD at the UGCSH was 12.6% (95%CI; 9.2%, 15.0%). Those who had a diploma and above education [AOR: 95% CI; 4.67 (1.18, 18.47)], excessive sweating [AOR: 95% CI; 4.75 ( 1.92, 8.76)] being male [AOR: 95%CI; 4.19 (1.92, 9.14)], practicing regular exercise [AOR: 95% CI; 4.11 (1.93, 8.76)] and wearing heavy clothes [AOR: 95% CI; 2.53 (1.24, 5.15)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with PV. The study revealed that educational status (diploma and above), male gender, habit of regular exercise, excessive sweating and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor. Tinea versicolor distributed worldwide, predominantly in tropical countries. A 30-40% prevalence of PV had been reported in tropical areas worldwide. The prevalence of PV is dissimilar among different countries for instance in South America 50%, Egypt 11.6%, and Ethiopia 6.1%. A significant rise in disease prevalence between childhood and adolescence had been reported and it may be due to hormonal changes that increase sebum production and this lipid-rich environment prefers fungal growth. In both tropical and temperate regions PV is infrequent in childhood and it becomes common in the late teens, with a peak incidence in the early twenties. Recurrence rate of Malassezia infection is high, approximately 60% in first year and 80% in the second year. This study found that the magnitude of Pityriasis versicolor was relatively lower than a study conducted in tropical regions. The current study finding revealed that male gender, educational status (diploma and above), habit of exercise regularly, sweating excessively and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor.

• #32 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #33

  https://step1.medbullets.com/dermatology/112070/tinea-versicolor

  Epidemiology […] prevalence […] 30-40% in tropical climates […] 1-4% in temperate climates […] demographics […] most common in adolescents and young adults […] risk factors […] hot and humid weather […] excessive sweating […] immunosuppression

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2008/53040/pityriasis_versicolor__a_clinicomycological_and.6.aspx

  Pityriasis versicolor is a mild, chronic, usually asymptomatic superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum, caused by Malassezia yeasts. […] The purpose of the present study is to assess the clinical profile of a group of patients with pityriasis versicolor and to find out the epidemiological characteristics in this part of India as well as any association, if any, with other diseases. […] There is prominent seasonal variation of the patients with a peak in August and September months. […] Pityriasis versicolor may be variably associated with various systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, immunosuppressive conditions and corticosteroid intake. […] The objective of the present study is to find out the clinical pattern, epidemiological characteristics of pityriasis versicolor as well as any significant associations with other diseases from this part of India.

• #35 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] No sex or ethnic predominance has been reported in PV. PV may affect persons of any age. Nevertheless, it most often develops in adolescents and young adults due to increased sebum production by the sebaceous glands, responsible for the lipid-rich environment, optimal for the yeasts. Higher incidence has been noted in physically active individuals, patients suffering from diabetes and obesity, and immunocompromised individuals. The disease occurs globally, but it is most commonly found in tropical regions and shows a higher incidence during the summer seasons. The prevalence of PV reaches up to 50% in tropical regions, whereas it is estimated to be around 1–4% and 1% in moderate and cold climates, respectively.

• #36 Pityriasis Versicolor: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro

  It occurs worldwide but is most common in hot and humid climates. It occurs more often in the summer than in the winter months in temperate zones. […] Prevalence may be up to 50% in some tropical countries compared with less than 1% in temperate climates. […] It most often affects teenagers and young adults. It is less common in infants and the elderly. […] It occurs in people of all skin types but the changes in pigment are more obvious in those with darker skin. […] Most infections occur in normal healthy people but the following factors increase the risk: Hyperhidrosis or increased physical activity causing sweating. […] Occlusive clothes, dressings or ointments. […] Immunosuppression or immune deficiency. […] Malnutrition.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2008/53040/pityriasis_versicolor__a_clinicomycological_and.6.aspx

  A descriptive epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design was carried out at Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata – a tertiary health care set up. […] The present study was done at a tertiary care hospital and it revealed a number of facts, many of which were in conformity with those of previous workers, while some were justified to draw attention for further studies. […] In the present study, family history was present in approximately 25% of patients. […] We conclude that the overall clinicomycological and epidemiological profile of pityriasis versicolor infection in eastern India as observed in a tertiary care hospital does not differ significantly from those observed by previous workers.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2022/09000/epidemiological,_clinical_and_mycological.45.aspx

  Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin which leads to the formation of scaly and discoloured small lesions on skin. The main objective of this study is to describe clinical and mycological characteristics and the predisposing factors in patients with pityriasis versicolor. A total of 113 patients [78 (69.0%) male; 35 (31%) female] were included in the study. A total of 87 (76.9%) patients were from rural area. Outdoor occupation and positive family history of pityriasis versicolor was present in 65 (57.5%) and 38 (33.6%) patients, respectively. Recurrent episodes were reported by 66 (60%) patients. Pityriasis versicolor is more common in young adults and males with the most common presentation of hypopigmentation lesions. In our study population, presentation with large patches was more common than macular lesions. Insufficient studies from India reporting clinico epidemiology of p. versicolor creates a knowledge gap which needs to be fulfilled. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill existing research gap by providing recent data on epidemiology and mycology of p. versicolor from Northern India. Positive family history was present in almost one-third cases in our study. Other authors have also reported presence of positive family history in many patients with p. versicolor suggesting role of hereditary factors which need to be explored further.

• #39

  https://journal.utripoli.edu.ly/index.php/Alqalam/article/view/11

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common worldwide superficial fungal infection of the skin, caused by several species of a lipophilic dimorphic fungus, Malassezia. The study was aimed to determine epidemiological, clinical and mycological profile of PV among patients attending out-patient dermatology clinic in Tripoli Central Hospital (TCH). Of 110 suspected cases of PV, 51.82% were females and 48.18% were males, with slight female preponderance (F:M = 1.08:1). High frequency of infection (54.55%) was reported among age group 16-25 years and frequency of disease was inversely associated with older age (2.7%). The disease mostly reported among Libyans (95.6%), outdoor workers (54%), students (48.2%), 31.8% had positive family history of disease, 81.8% had negative past medical history, 80% hadn’t associated skin disease, 80.9% hadn’t drug history, and 52.7% had used treatment previously. Majority of cases (87%) were complained from cosmetic effect and 57.3% from itching. The back, chest, back of the neck and arms were most common affected sites with a frequency of (60%, 50.9%, 51.8% 42.7%, respectively), and symptoms were aggravated in summer time. KOH mount test has the higher diagnostic value (80%) followed by woods lamp (77%), and cello-tap (71%). Study concluded that the clinic-mycological and epidemiological parameters on PV does not differ significantly from those observed by other studies.

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2022/09000/epidemiological,_clinical_and_mycological.45.aspx

  Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin which leads to the formation of scaly and discoloured small lesions on skin. The main objective of this study is to describe clinical and mycological characteristics and the predisposing factors in patients with pityriasis versicolor. A total of 113 patients [78 (69.0%) male; 35 (31%) female] were included in the study. A total of 87 (76.9%) patients were from rural area. Outdoor occupation and positive family history of pityriasis versicolor was present in 65 (57.5%) and 38 (33.6%) patients, respectively. Recurrent episodes were reported by 66 (60%) patients. Pityriasis versicolor is more common in young adults and males with the most common presentation of hypopigmentation lesions. In our study population, presentation with large patches was more common than macular lesions. Insufficient studies from India reporting clinico epidemiology of p. versicolor creates a knowledge gap which needs to be fulfilled. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill existing research gap by providing recent data on epidemiology and mycology of p. versicolor from Northern India. Positive family history was present in almost one-third cases in our study. Other authors have also reported presence of positive family history in many patients with p. versicolor suggesting role of hereditary factors which need to be explored further.

• #41 Tinea Versicolor: Pityriasis Versicolor… – Academic Dermatology of Nevada

  https://acadderm.com/tinea-versicolor-pityriasis-versicolor/

  Tinea Versicolor (TV), also known as Pityriasis Versicolor, is a benign, superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by Malassezia species, particularly M. furfur, M. obtusa, and M. slooffiae. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY: TV is reported worldwide, but most commonly is observed in humid and warm conditions. The prevalence may be as high as 50% in tropical countries and as low as 1.1% in cold countries, such as Sweden. It tends to occur more frequently in adolescents and young adults, probably due to increase in sebum production by sebaceous glands. TV affects men and women equally and no specific ethnic predominance has been noted. […] It should also be noted that there may be a genetic predisposition to being susceptible to TV, and that the fungal organisms like to grow on certain types of keratin, since some patients are susceptible while others appear to be completely immune to the superficial skin infection.

• #42 Study of the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran, Iran | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-5945-4-5

  Pityriasis versicolor is uncommon in children. […] The role of sex in propensity to development of PV is still unclear. […] Although Malassezia species are considered as normal microflora of the human skin, these lipophilic yeasts are associated with many skin disorders in particular PV, in some circumstances. […] In this survey, the most affected areas were the trunk and neck, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide. […] Culture is necessary to distinguish the Malassezia species by morphological and physiological methods. […] In the present study, the recovery rate of Malassezia species from the PV lesions was 87%, which was most comparable to recent study by Nakabayashi et al. […] In this survey, the most common isolated species in PV lesions was M. globosa, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide.

• #43 Prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor in central India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/prevalence-of-different-malassezia-species-in-pityriasis-versicolor-in-central-india/

  In the last 10 years, different studies have shown interesting geographical variations in the prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor. […] The most common disease caused by Malassezia is pityriasis versicolor, it has also been implicated in seborrheic dermatitis. […] The differences in frequencies of Malassezia species among different studies may be attributed to different culture media (modified Dixon agar/Leeming-Notman agar) and perhaps to ethnic and geographic factors. […] The identification of Malassezia yeast to species level is of importance to determine which species are implicated in certain skin disease and whether there is variation in the distribution of the yeast with clinical data, body site, origin of the population etc. […] Because the number of patients with hyperpigmented lesions of pityriasis versicolor was only nine, no definite conclusions could be drawn about the relationship of species and the pigmentory changes produced.

• #44

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/5019

  Pityriasis versicolor, a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by lipophilic yeasts of the genus, Malassezia is a common infection in the tropical and subtropical regions. […] Objective was to study the epidemiology, clinical presentation, associations, etiological agents and clinico-mycological correlation of pityriasis versicolor. […] Out of the 100 patients with pityriasis versicolor (PV), 70% were males and 30% were females and the most affected age group was between 21-30 years (43%). […] Recurrence was observed in 35% of them. […] Achromic type of PV was the most common clinical presentation in 68% of patients. […] Malassezia globosa is the most common etiological agent of pityriasis versicolor.

• #45 (PDF) Epidemiology of pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey

  https://www.academia.edu/17167331/Epidemiology_of_pityriasis_versicolor_in_Adana_Turkey

  Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial mycoses of the skin. It is now recognized that the causative organisms of this infection are different species of Malassezia. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey. In total, 97 patients positive for Malassezia elements, namely, yeast cells and short hyphae in microscopic examination, were included in the study. All samples were inoculated in plates containing modified Dixon’s medium. However, only 44 of the patients (45.4%) showed Malassezia spp. in culture. Malassezia globosa (47.7%) was the most commonly isolated species followed by Malassezia furfur (36.4%) and Malassezia slooffiae (15.9%). Mixed Malassezia species were not isolated. In conclusion, M. globosa was found to be the predominant PV isolate in Adana, Turkey.

• #46 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia species. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of PV is influenced by geographic factors. The aim of the current study was to find the epidemiological characteristics of PV and distribution of Malassezia species in the secondary school students living in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. […] Pityriasis versicolor was diagnosed in 305 (22.48%) students and confirmed by clinical appearance and direct examination. A total of 293 (96.07%) samples grew on modified Dixon agar. With regard to demographic characteristics, 50.49% of the PV cases were female, and 57.38% of cases resided in urban areas. Furthermore, 88.52% of the subjects had the illness duration of more than 6 months. […] The findings of the present study were indicative of the high prevalence of Malassezia yeasts, mostly M. furfur, among the students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam.

• #47 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  As the findings indicated, the prevalence of PV was higher in the students living in Hai Phong city than in those residing in other parts of the world. In the present study, M. furfur and M. japonica were identified as the etiological agents, with M. furfur being more common than M. japonica. However, no other Malassezia species was detected.

• #48 Prevalence of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Rosario, Argentina | Revista Iberoamericana de Micología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-iberoamericana-micologia-290-articulo-prevalence-malassezia-species-in-patients-S1130140611000350

  Prevalence of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Rosario, Argentina […] The highest prevalence of PV in this study was observed in the 25- to 45-year-old group. […] The most affected areas of body were the trunk and face. […] The success for a correct identification of these yeasts is important to improve our knowledge about their epidemiological role in PV and also to detect the appearance of strains which are resistant to the commonly used antifungal drugs. […] The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of Malassezia species in the superficial infection of the stratum corneum (pityriasis versicolor) in Rosario city, and to analyze their distribution according to patients characteristics such as age, gender and site of lesions. […] The role of sex in propensity to develop of PV is still unclear.

• #49 Prevalence of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Rosario, Argentina | Revista Iberoamericana de Micología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-iberoamericana-micologia-290-articulo-prevalence-malassezia-species-in-patients-S1130140611000350

  In the present study, the most frequently isolated species in PV lesions were M. sympodialis (51%) and M. globosa (40%), followed by M. furfur (7%), M. obtusa (1%), and M. slooffiae (1%). […] The usefulness of the study of morphological characteristics for the differentiation of Malassezia species is rather subjective since it depends, to a large extent, on the observer and the conditions of the test, which can be subject to variation according to the culture medium employed and the temperature at which it is performed. […] Isolation and identification of the different species is necessary to deepen the knowledge of regional epidemiology and ecology of the strains of Malassezia and their relationship with dermatologic disorders.

• #50 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  As the findings indicated, the prevalence of PV was higher in the students living in Hai Phong city than in those residing in other parts of the world. In the present study, M. furfur and M. japonica were identified as the etiological agents, with M. furfur being more common than M. japonica. However, no other Malassezia species was detected.

• #51 (PDF) Epidemiology of pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey

  https://www.academia.edu/17167331/Epidemiology_of_pityriasis_versicolor_in_Adana_Turkey

  Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial infection of the stratum corneum which caused by a group of yeasts formerly named pityrosporium. […] Malassezia species as skin microflora of humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates are the lipophilic yeasts associated with various human diseases, especially pityriasis versicolor (PV). […] The genus Malassezia has been recently enlarged to include seven distinct species. […] Pityriasis versicolor is a chronic recurrent skin disease occurring primarily in tropical regions. […] The presence of the disease was confirmed on the basis of the observation of budding yeast cells and short curved hyphae in skin specimens by direct microscopy. […] The most commonly isolated Malassezia species in the pityriasis versicolor lesions were; Malassezia globosa (66%), M. furfur (26%), M. restricta (3%), M. sympodialis (3%), and M. slooffiae (2%).

• #52 Prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor in central India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/prevalence-of-different-malassezia-species-in-pityriasis-versicolor-in-central-india/

  In the last 10 years, different studies have shown interesting geographical variations in the prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor. […] The most common disease caused by Malassezia is pityriasis versicolor, it has also been implicated in seborrheic dermatitis. […] The differences in frequencies of Malassezia species among different studies may be attributed to different culture media (modified Dixon agar/Leeming-Notman agar) and perhaps to ethnic and geographic factors. […] The identification of Malassezia yeast to species level is of importance to determine which species are implicated in certain skin disease and whether there is variation in the distribution of the yeast with clinical data, body site, origin of the population etc. […] Because the number of patients with hyperpigmented lesions of pityriasis versicolor was only nine, no definite conclusions could be drawn about the relationship of species and the pigmentory changes produced.

• #53 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is common worldwide but most prevalent in warm and humid regions. Tinea versicolor can reach a prevalence of up to 50% in tropical countries, while in colder climates such as Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. Adolescents and young adults experience the highest incidence, possibly because their sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which creates a lipid-rich environment that promotes the growth of Malassezia. However, there have been reported cases in infants and children. Tinea versicolor affects men and women equally, without any specific ethnic predominance. […] The cause of tinea versicolor is a fungus usually present on the skin. Generally, this fungus does not cause any problems, but a rash can develop in people living in hot and humid climates. Tinea versicolor causes multiple small patches of the skin to have more or less color than usual. The colors vary from white to light brown, dark brown, gray-black, or pinkish red. The rash most often appears on the upper back, chest, and upper arms. Tinea versicolor is not contagious.

• #54

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2022/09000/epidemiological,_clinical_and_mycological.45.aspx

  Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin which leads to the formation of scaly and discoloured small lesions on skin. The main objective of this study is to describe clinical and mycological characteristics and the predisposing factors in patients with pityriasis versicolor. A total of 113 patients [78 (69.0%) male; 35 (31%) female] were included in the study. A total of 87 (76.9%) patients were from rural area. Outdoor occupation and positive family history of pityriasis versicolor was present in 65 (57.5%) and 38 (33.6%) patients, respectively. Recurrent episodes were reported by 66 (60%) patients. Pityriasis versicolor is more common in young adults and males with the most common presentation of hypopigmentation lesions. In our study population, presentation with large patches was more common than macular lesions. Insufficient studies from India reporting clinico epidemiology of p. versicolor creates a knowledge gap which needs to be fulfilled. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill existing research gap by providing recent data on epidemiology and mycology of p. versicolor from Northern India. Positive family history was present in almost one-third cases in our study. Other authors have also reported presence of positive family history in many patients with p. versicolor suggesting role of hereditary factors which need to be explored further.

• #55 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is common worldwide but most prevalent in warm and humid regions. Tinea versicolor can reach a prevalence of up to 50% in tropical countries, while in colder climates such as Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. Adolescents and young adults experience the highest incidence, possibly because their sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which creates a lipid-rich environment that promotes the growth of Malassezia. However, there have been reported cases in infants and children. Tinea versicolor affects men and women equally, without any specific ethnic predominance. […] The cause of tinea versicolor is a fungus usually present on the skin. Generally, this fungus does not cause any problems, but a rash can develop in people living in hot and humid climates. Tinea versicolor causes multiple small patches of the skin to have more or less color than usual. The colors vary from white to light brown, dark brown, gray-black, or pinkish red. The rash most often appears on the upper back, chest, and upper arms. Tinea versicolor is not contagious.

• #56 (PDF) Epidemiology of pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey

  https://www.academia.edu/17167331/Epidemiology_of_pityriasis_versicolor_in_Adana_Turkey

  The highest prevalence of tinea versicolor was seen in patients 21-30 years-of-age. […] The most affected areas of body were the trunk and face. […] The success for a correct identification of these yeasts is important to improve our knowledge about their epidemiological role in PV and also to detect the appearance of strains which are resistant to the commonly used antifungal drugs.

• #57 Study of the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran, Iran | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-5945-4-5

  Pityriasis versicolor is uncommon in children. […] The role of sex in propensity to development of PV is still unclear. […] Although Malassezia species are considered as normal microflora of the human skin, these lipophilic yeasts are associated with many skin disorders in particular PV, in some circumstances. […] In this survey, the most affected areas were the trunk and neck, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide. […] Culture is necessary to distinguish the Malassezia species by morphological and physiological methods. […] In the present study, the recovery rate of Malassezia species from the PV lesions was 87%, which was most comparable to recent study by Nakabayashi et al. […] In this survey, the most common isolated species in PV lesions was M. globosa, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide.

• #58 Tinea Versicolor – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482500/

  Tinea versicolor is common worldwide but most prevalent in warm and humid regions. Tinea versicolor can reach a prevalence of up to 50% in tropical countries, while in colder climates such as Sweden, it can be as low as 1.1%. Adolescents and young adults experience the highest incidence, possibly because their sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which creates a lipid-rich environment that promotes the growth of Malassezia. However, there have been reported cases in infants and children. Tinea versicolor affects men and women equally, without any specific ethnic predominance. […] The cause of tinea versicolor is a fungus usually present on the skin. Generally, this fungus does not cause any problems, but a rash can develop in people living in hot and humid climates. Tinea versicolor causes multiple small patches of the skin to have more or less color than usual. The colors vary from white to light brown, dark brown, gray-black, or pinkish red. The rash most often appears on the upper back, chest, and upper arms. Tinea versicolor is not contagious.

• #59 (PDF) Epidemiology of pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey

  https://www.academia.edu/17167331/Epidemiology_of_pityriasis_versicolor_in_Adana_Turkey

  The highest prevalence of tinea versicolor was seen in patients 21-30 years-of-age. […] The most affected areas of body were the trunk and face. […] The success for a correct identification of these yeasts is important to improve our knowledge about their epidemiological role in PV and also to detect the appearance of strains which are resistant to the commonly used antifungal drugs.

• #60 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] No sex or ethnic predominance has been reported in PV. PV may affect persons of any age. Nevertheless, it most often develops in adolescents and young adults due to increased sebum production by the sebaceous glands, responsible for the lipid-rich environment, optimal for the yeasts. Higher incidence has been noted in physically active individuals, patients suffering from diabetes and obesity, and immunocompromised individuals. The disease occurs globally, but it is most commonly found in tropical regions and shows a higher incidence during the summer seasons. The prevalence of PV reaches up to 50% in tropical regions, whereas it is estimated to be around 1–4% and 1% in moderate and cold climates, respectively.

• #61

  https://journal.utripoli.edu.ly/index.php/Alqalam/article/view/11

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common worldwide superficial fungal infection of the skin, caused by several species of a lipophilic dimorphic fungus, Malassezia. The study was aimed to determine epidemiological, clinical and mycological profile of PV among patients attending out-patient dermatology clinic in Tripoli Central Hospital (TCH). Of 110 suspected cases of PV, 51.82% were females and 48.18% were males, with slight female preponderance (F:M = 1.08:1). High frequency of infection (54.55%) was reported among age group 16-25 years and frequency of disease was inversely associated with older age (2.7%). The disease mostly reported among Libyans (95.6%), outdoor workers (54%), students (48.2%), 31.8% had positive family history of disease, 81.8% had negative past medical history, 80% hadn’t associated skin disease, 80.9% hadn’t drug history, and 52.7% had used treatment previously. Majority of cases (87%) were complained from cosmetic effect and 57.3% from itching. The back, chest, back of the neck and arms were most common affected sites with a frequency of (60%, 50.9%, 51.8% 42.7%, respectively), and symptoms were aggravated in summer time. KOH mount test has the higher diagnostic value (80%) followed by woods lamp (77%), and cello-tap (71%). Study concluded that the clinic-mycological and epidemiological parameters on PV does not differ significantly from those observed by other studies.

• #62 Pityriasis Versicolor—A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2097

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. The diagnosis of PV is often simple. It solely relies on the clinical appearance and hardly ever requires biopsy. However, in clinically ambiguous cases, additional non-invasive work-up (e.g., dermatoscopy, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, Wood’s light examination or direct microscopy) may facilitate the diagnostic process. […] No sex or ethnic predominance has been reported in PV. PV may affect persons of any age. Nevertheless, it most often develops in adolescents and young adults due to increased sebum production by the sebaceous glands, responsible for the lipid-rich environment, optimal for the yeasts. Higher incidence has been noted in physically active individuals, patients suffering from diabetes and obesity, and immunocompromised individuals. The disease occurs globally, but it is most commonly found in tropical regions and shows a higher incidence during the summer seasons. The prevalence of PV reaches up to 50% in tropical regions, whereas it is estimated to be around 1–4% and 1% in moderate and cold climates, respectively.

• #63

  https://journal.utripoli.edu.ly/index.php/Alqalam/article/view/11

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common worldwide superficial fungal infection of the skin, caused by several species of a lipophilic dimorphic fungus, Malassezia. The study was aimed to determine epidemiological, clinical and mycological profile of PV among patients attending out-patient dermatology clinic in Tripoli Central Hospital (TCH). Of 110 suspected cases of PV, 51.82% were females and 48.18% were males, with slight female preponderance (F:M = 1.08:1). High frequency of infection (54.55%) was reported among age group 16-25 years and frequency of disease was inversely associated with older age (2.7%). The disease mostly reported among Libyans (95.6%), outdoor workers (54%), students (48.2%), 31.8% had positive family history of disease, 81.8% had negative past medical history, 80% hadn’t associated skin disease, 80.9% hadn’t drug history, and 52.7% had used treatment previously. Majority of cases (87%) were complained from cosmetic effect and 57.3% from itching. The back, chest, back of the neck and arms were most common affected sites with a frequency of (60%, 50.9%, 51.8% 42.7%, respectively), and symptoms were aggravated in summer time. KOH mount test has the higher diagnostic value (80%) followed by woods lamp (77%), and cello-tap (71%). Study concluded that the clinic-mycological and epidemiological parameters on PV does not differ significantly from those observed by other studies.

• #64 Study of the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran, Iran | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-5945-4-5

  Pityriasis versicolor is uncommon in children. […] The role of sex in propensity to development of PV is still unclear. […] Although Malassezia species are considered as normal microflora of the human skin, these lipophilic yeasts are associated with many skin disorders in particular PV, in some circumstances. […] In this survey, the most affected areas were the trunk and neck, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide. […] Culture is necessary to distinguish the Malassezia species by morphological and physiological methods. […] In the present study, the recovery rate of Malassezia species from the PV lesions was 87%, which was most comparable to recent study by Nakabayashi et al. […] In this survey, the most common isolated species in PV lesions was M. globosa, which is concordant with the majority of studies worldwide.

• #65 Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888515/

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia species. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of PV is influenced by geographic factors. The aim of the current study was to find the epidemiological characteristics of PV and distribution of Malassezia species in the secondary school students living in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. […] Pityriasis versicolor was diagnosed in 305 (22.48%) students and confirmed by clinical appearance and direct examination. A total of 293 (96.07%) samples grew on modified Dixon agar. With regard to demographic characteristics, 50.49% of the PV cases were female, and 57.38% of cases resided in urban areas. Furthermore, 88.52% of the subjects had the illness duration of more than 6 months. […] The findings of the present study were indicative of the high prevalence of Malassezia yeasts, mostly M. furfur, among the students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam.

• #66 SciELO Brazil – SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/wVVfqZFzL35VKdt9xD47tyx/?lang=en

  Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malassezia yeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. […] Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. […] In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease. […] Pityriasis versicolor is one of the dermatologic diseases most frequently observed in clinical practice in the extreme south of Brazil, and therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pitiryasis versicolor and its etiological aspects.

• #67 SciELO Brazil – SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/wVVfqZFzL35VKdt9xD47tyx/?lang=en

  Of the 71,463 examined cases, 38,520 (53.9%) were positive for fungi and 5.8% (2,239) of these were positive for Malassezia sp. presenting with typical structures of pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/ year, showing a decrease over the years when compared with the direct mycological examination results (p<0.001). [...] In the literature, there are no studies on the monitoring of this disease over the years. We found a decrease of 0.3% per year in pityriasis versicolor prevalence. [...] Therefore, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.

• #68 Hyperchromic and Erythematous Pityriasis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijdrt/journal-of-dermatology-research-and-therapy-ijdrt-5-073.php?jid=ijdrt

  Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal infection of the skin, characterized by pigmentary changes secondary to the colonization of the stratum corneum by a lipophilic dimorphic fungus known as Malassezia sp. This skin disease occurs worldwide but predominates in the tropical, warm, and humid climate. This dermatosis has a worldwide distribution, but is more frequent in tropical zones, with warm and wet weather, where have been reported in 40% of population. In Mexico, pityriasis is frequent in the coasts, and in Venezuela have a prevalence of 15.52%. It is developed in any socio-economic level and races. In a study developed in the Centro Dermatologico Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua, in Mexico during 1980, an increased incidence in July and August was reported, with 44% of the cases registered from February to September. It presents more frequently in young men, between 18 to 24 years old, the age with more activity in the sebaceous glands. The hospitalized patients could have some risk factors like immunocompromise, more significant sweating, shower with less frequency, and clothes change. Epidemiologic studies realized in Canada and Buenos Aires reveal that M. Sympodialis is more common (more than 50%) followed by M. globosa (19.6%) and M. furfur (10.9%). The recurrence rate can be as high as 60% in the first year and 80% in the second year.

• #69

  https://ukinstitute.org/journals/2/jchs/article/view/46

  Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia species. It is the most common dermatologic disorder in tropical countries including Ethiopia and skin discoloration is the principal morbidity resulting from pityriasis versicolor. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence and associated factors of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The overall magnitude of PV among patients attending Dermatovenereology OPD at the UGCSH was 12.6% (95%CI; 9.2%, 15.0%). Those who had a diploma and above education [AOR: 95% CI; 4.67 (1.18, 18.47)], excessive sweating [AOR: 95% CI; 4.75 ( 1.92, 8.76)] being male [AOR: 95%CI; 4.19 (1.92, 9.14)], practicing regular exercise [AOR: 95% CI; 4.11 (1.93, 8.76)] and wearing heavy clothes [AOR: 95% CI; 2.53 (1.24, 5.15)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with PV. The study revealed that educational status (diploma and above), male gender, habit of regular exercise, excessive sweating and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor. Tinea versicolor distributed worldwide, predominantly in tropical countries. A 30-40% prevalence of PV had been reported in tropical areas worldwide. The prevalence of PV is dissimilar among different countries for instance in South America 50%, Egypt 11.6%, and Ethiopia 6.1%. A significant rise in disease prevalence between childhood and adolescence had been reported and it may be due to hormonal changes that increase sebum production and this lipid-rich environment prefers fungal growth. In both tropical and temperate regions PV is infrequent in childhood and it becomes common in the late teens, with a peak incidence in the early twenties. Recurrence rate of Malassezia infection is high, approximately 60% in first year and 80% in the second year. This study found that the magnitude of Pityriasis versicolor was relatively lower than a study conducted in tropical regions. The current study finding revealed that male gender, educational status (diploma and above), habit of exercise regularly, sweating excessively and wearing heavy cloths were significantly associated with Pityriasis Versicolor.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2008/53040/pityriasis_versicolor__a_clinicomycological_and.6.aspx

  Pityriasis versicolor is a mild, chronic, usually asymptomatic superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum, caused by Malassezia yeasts. […] The purpose of the present study is to assess the clinical profile of a group of patients with pityriasis versicolor and to find out the epidemiological characteristics in this part of India as well as any association, if any, with other diseases. […] There is prominent seasonal variation of the patients with a peak in August and September months. […] Pityriasis versicolor may be variably associated with various systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, immunosuppressive conditions and corticosteroid intake. […] The objective of the present study is to find out the clinical pattern, epidemiological characteristics of pityriasis versicolor as well as any significant associations with other diseases from this part of India.

• #71

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/5019

  Pityriasis versicolor, a chronic superficial fungal infection caused by lipophilic yeasts of the genus, Malassezia is a common infection in the tropical and subtropical regions. […] Objective was to study the epidemiology, clinical presentation, associations, etiological agents and clinico-mycological correlation of pityriasis versicolor. […] Out of the 100 patients with pityriasis versicolor (PV), 70% were males and 30% were females and the most affected age group was between 21-30 years (43%). […] Recurrence was observed in 35% of them. […] Achromic type of PV was the most common clinical presentation in 68% of patients. […] Malassezia globosa is the most common etiological agent of pityriasis versicolor.

• #72 Pityriasis versicolor. Tinea versicolor

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pityriasis-versicolor

  Pityriasis versicolor most frequently affects young adults and is slightly more common in men than in women. […] Pityriasis versicolor is more common in hot, humid climates than in cool, dry climates. It often affects people who perspire heavily. It may clear in the winter months and recur each summer. […] Although it is not considered infectious in the conventional sense, pityriasis versicolor sometimes affects more than one member of a family.

• #73 (PDF) Epidemiology of pityriasis versicolor in Adana, Turkey

  https://www.academia.edu/17167331/Epidemiology_of_pityriasis_versicolor_in_Adana_Turkey

  The highest prevalence of tinea versicolor was seen in patients 21-30 years-of-age. […] The most affected areas of body were the trunk and face. […] The success for a correct identification of these yeasts is important to improve our knowledge about their epidemiological role in PV and also to detect the appearance of strains which are resistant to the commonly used antifungal drugs.

• #74 Prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor in central India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/prevalence-of-different-malassezia-species-in-pityriasis-versicolor-in-central-india/

  In the last 10 years, different studies have shown interesting geographical variations in the prevalence of different Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor. […] The most common disease caused by Malassezia is pityriasis versicolor, it has also been implicated in seborrheic dermatitis. […] The differences in frequencies of Malassezia species among different studies may be attributed to different culture media (modified Dixon agar/Leeming-Notman agar) and perhaps to ethnic and geographic factors. […] The identification of Malassezia yeast to species level is of importance to determine which species are implicated in certain skin disease and whether there is variation in the distribution of the yeast with clinical data, body site, origin of the population etc. […] Because the number of patients with hyperpigmented lesions of pityriasis versicolor was only nine, no definite conclusions could be drawn about the relationship of species and the pigmentory changes produced.

• #75 Tinea Versicolor: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091575-overview

  Tinea versicolor occurs more frequently in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The national prevalence of this condition is 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence in the United States is difficult to assess because many individuals who are affected may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with prevalences reported to be as high as 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa and as low as 1.1% in the colder temperatures of Sweden. […] Although the alteration in skin pigmentation is more apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races. […] Several studies have addressed the frequency of tinea versicolor based on sex, and no dominance of either sex is apparent.

• #76 Pediatric Tinea Versicolor: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911138-overview

  Depending on the method and sensitivity of sampling methods, Malassezia species may be found in as many as 18% of infants and 90-100% of adults in the United States. Clinical tinea versicolor is more common in areas with higher temperatures and higher relative humidities. The incidence of this condition is approximately 2-8% of the population. The exact incidence is difficult to assess because many affected individuals may not seek medical attention. […] Tinea versicolor occurs worldwide, with incidence figures ranging from 1.1% in the cold environment of Sweden to 50% in the humid, hot environment of Western Samoa. In temperate zones, the onset typically occurs during the warmer months of the year, and the lesions generally fade in the cooler and drier months. In tropical countries, where heat and high humidity are more continuous, people develop more extensive and persistent disease.

• #77 Prevalence of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Rosario, Argentina | Revista Iberoamericana de Micología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-iberoamericana-micologia-290-articulo-prevalence-malassezia-species-in-patients-S1130140611000350

  In the present study, the most frequently isolated species in PV lesions were M. sympodialis (51%) and M. globosa (40%), followed by M. furfur (7%), M. obtusa (1%), and M. slooffiae (1%). […] The usefulness of the study of morphological characteristics for the differentiation of Malassezia species is rather subjective since it depends, to a large extent, on the observer and the conditions of the test, which can be subject to variation according to the culture medium employed and the temperature at which it is performed. […] Isolation and identification of the different species is necessary to deepen the knowledge of regional epidemiology and ecology of the strains of Malassezia and their relationship with dermatologic disorders.

• #78 Prevalence of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Rosario, Argentina | Revista Iberoamericana de Micología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-iberoamericana-micologia-290-articulo-prevalence-malassezia-species-in-patients-S1130140611000350

  In the present study, the most frequently isolated species in PV lesions were M. sympodialis (51%) and M. globosa (40%), followed by M. furfur (7%), M. obtusa (1%), and M. slooffiae (1%). […] The usefulness of the study of morphological characteristics for the differentiation of Malassezia species is rather subjective since it depends, to a large extent, on the observer and the conditions of the test, which can be subject to variation according to the culture medium employed and the temperature at which it is performed. […] Isolation and identification of the different species is necessary to deepen the knowledge of regional epidemiology and ecology of the strains of Malassezia and their relationship with dermatologic disorders.

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