Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Onychomycosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC88888/

  Onychomycosis (a fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by a dermatophyte) constitutes an important public health problem because of its high prevalence (about 10% of the U.S. population) and associated morbidity. […] Dermatophyte fungi are the predominant pathogens, but yeasts (especially Candida albicans) and nondermatophyte molds may also be implicated. […] This is the consequence of factors intrinsic to the nail—the hard, protective nail plate, sequestration of pathogens between the nail bed and plate, and slow growth of the nail—as well as of the relatively poor efficacy of the early pharmacologic agents. […] The fungal cells manufacture keratinolytic proteases, which provide a means of entry into living cells. […] Some dermatophytic species, which are basically soil saprophytes that have acquired the ability to digest keratinous debris in soil, have evolved to be capable of parasitizing keratinous tissues of animals.

• #2 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit. When dermatophytes cause onychomycosis, this condition is called tinea unguium. The term onychomycosis encompasses the dermatophytes, yeasts, and saprophytic mold infections. An abnormal nail not caused by a fungal infection is a dystrophic nail. Onychomycosis can infect both fingernails and toenails, but onychomycosis of the toenail is much more prevalent. […] The most frequent cause of onychomycosis is Trichophyton rubrum, but other dermatophytes, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, can also cause it. The dermatophytes are identified in 90% of the toenail and 50% of fingernail onychomycosis. Candida albicans cases account for 2% of onychomycosis, especially in fingernails. Nondermatophytic mold onychomycosis is cultured primarily from toenails.

• #2 Onychomycosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC88888/

  The families that include many of the known keratinolytic fungi are the Arthrodermataceae and Onygenaceae in the phylum Ascomycota. […] The dermatophytes are hyaline septated molds. […] Variability with respect to the causative microorganism is both geographic and, within a given region, temporal. […] The most common etiologic agent in WSO is T. mentagrophytes. […] Candida nail infections occur in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and are caused by C. albicans. […] The organism invades the entire nail plate. […] The incidence of true mixed infections (caused by dermatophytes plus nondermatophytes) is difficult to determine accurately. […] The most common yeast that is involved is C. albicans. […] The last three decades have seen unequivocal documentation of the role of nondermatophytes as causal agents in onychomycosis.

• #3 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html

  Dermatophytes cause 70% of onychomycosis infections in the United States, with the remaining 30% caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] One study showed that 39% of infections were mixed (caused by dermatophytes plus nondermatophyte mold and/or yeast), making diagnosis and treatment challenging.

• #4 Understanding the Science Behind Nail Fungus

  https://aesthetician-nasrin.com/blog/understanding-the-science-behind-nail-fungus/

  Nail fungus, scientifically known as onychomycosis, is a condition caused by fungal organisms that invade and thrive in the nail bed. These fungi break down keratin, the primary protein in nails, leading to discoloration, thickening, and brittleness. […] Fungi responsible for nail infections belong to the dermatophyte group, but yeasts and molds can also contribute. These fungi are opportunistic organisms that survive by feeding on keratin, which is abundant in nails. The most common dermatophytes include: […] These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, such as public showers, swimming pools, and sweaty shoes. Once they penetrate the nail, they establish colonies, producing enzymes that degrade keratin and allowing them to spread further. […] The process of nail fungal infection follows several stages: Adhesion and Penetration: Fungal spores attach to the nail surface and penetrate through small cracks or separations in the nail plate. Colonization: Once inside, the fungi begin breaking down keratin using specialized enzymes called keratinases. Proliferation: As the fungi consume keratin, they multiply rapidly, causing the nail to thicken, discolor, and become brittle. Invasion of Surrounding Tissues: If untreated, the infection can spread to surrounding skin and even other nails, leading to conditions like tinea pedis (athletes foot).

• #5 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  An asymptomatic, dry hyperkeratotic tinea pedis usually precedes onychomycosis. Over time, the dark, warm, moist environment of shoes and micro traumatic pressure on the nail unit compromise and break the hyponychial seal, allowing penetration of the dermatophyte into the nail bed. […] The primary site of the infection is the nail bed, where the acute infection occurs with a low-grade inflammatory response and progresses to a chronic phase of the nail bed infection as total dystrophic onychomycosis. Histologically, the acute lesion of onychomycosis manifests as spongiosis, acanthosis, papillomatosis with edema, and hyperkeratosis. […] Onychomycosis also eventually infects the viable nail matrix. The dermatophyte also invades the overlying nail plate, detaching and distorting it over time. The nail plate becomes elevated and misaligned as the infection enters the chronic total dystrophic clinical stage of onychomycosis. […] At this chronic stage of the infection, there are large amounts of compact hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, acanthosis, and papillomatosis with sparse perivascular infiltrate.

• #6 Trichophyton rubrum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum

  Genetic analyses ofT. rubrumhave revealed the presence of heat shock proteins, transporters, metabolic enzymes and a system of up-regulation of key enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle. […] These proteases allowT. rubrumto digest human keratin, collagen and elastin; they have an optimum pH of 8 and are calcium dependent.

• #6 Trichophyton rubrum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum

  Trichophyton rubrumis a dermatophytic fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is an exclusively clonal, anthropophilic saprotroph that colonizes the upper layers of dead skin, and is the most common cause of athlete’s foot, fungal infection of nail, jock itch, and ringworm worldwide. […] Approximately 8093% of chronic dermatophyte infections in many parts of the developed world are thought to be caused byT. rubrum, including cases of tinea pedis (foot), tinea unguium (nail), tinea manuum (hand), tinea cruris (groin), and tinea corporis (arms and leg), as well as some cases of tinea barbae (beard). […] Trichophyton rubruminfections do not elicit strong inflammatory responses, as this agent suppresses cellular immune responses involving lymphocytes particularly T cells. Mannan, a component of the fungal cell wall, can also suppress immune responses, although the mechanism of action remains unknown.

• #7 Understanding the Science Behind Nail Fungus

  https://aesthetician-nasrin.com/blog/understanding-the-science-behind-nail-fungus/

  Certain conditions create an ideal environment for fungal growth, including: Moisture and Humidity: Fungi flourish in damp conditions, making sweaty feet a prime target. Weakened Immune System: Individuals with compromised immunity (e.g., diabetes, HIV) are more susceptible. Poor Circulation: Reduced blood flow to the extremities weakens the body’s ability to fight infections. Nail Trauma: Minor injuries or cracks in the nail provide entry points for fungal spores. Aging: Older adults have slower-growing, thicker nails, which are more prone to fungal colonization. […] The human body attempts to fight nail fungal infections using the immune system, but fungi have evolved mechanisms to resist immune attacks. The body’s response includes: Inflammation: The immune system triggers localized inflammation to prevent the spread of infection. Cellular Defense: White blood cells release antifungal proteins to counteract fungal growth. Keratinocyte Response: Skin and nail cells produce protective barriers, but the slow growth of nails limits this defense mechanism.

• #8 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections

  Onychomycosis can be due to infection with dermatophytes or non-dermatophytes such as moulds and yeasts. […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence. […] The pattern of fungal invasion is further divided into: Superficial onychomycosis white patches affecting distal nail, Proximal subungual onychomycosis involvement of the proximal nail fold under surface to distal, Endonyx onychomycosis infection of the nail plate but not the nail bed, Mixed pattern onychomycosis. […] Histopathological assessment of nail clippings using haematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, or Grocott methenamine silver staining to visualise fungal hyphae is easy and sensitive. […] Fungal cultures can identify the causative organism and is the standard diagnostic test, however, results can take weeks and a large specimen collection may be required. […] PCR testing quickly identifies the offending organism and is highly sensitive and specific.

• #9 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105

  The great majority of superficial fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which belong to one of three genera (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum), with T. rubrum being the most prominent cause of nail infection. […] Among superficial fungal infections, by far the most difficult to cure is toenail onychomycosis. […] To successfully cure toenail onychomycosis requires long treatment duration that may extend to a full year. Even then, complete cure, defined as clinical cure (implying nail clearing) plus mycological cure (both negative microscopy and dermatophyte culture), is often unattainable. […] Arthroconidia, which are chains of fungal conidia that are formed by breakage of the fungal hyphae, are considered to be the primary means of nail invasion. These arthroconidia, which have thicker cell walls than conidia formed in vitro, have been shown to be more resistant to antifungals and, thus, may remain in the nail bed as a reservoir for recurrent disease. […] However, the incidence of innate resistance among dermatophytes is low. […] This study showed that failure to cure the infected nails may be due to host/family factors.

• #10 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  http://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/58?is_paper=y

  The anatomy of the nail allows fungal pathogens to evade the immune surveillance of the host. […] The anti-inflammatory milieu of the nail unit inhibits the appropriate defense system and results in persistent dermatophyte infection. […] Among superficial fungal infections, OM is the most resistant to treatment. […] Recent research suggests that the combination of innate traits of T. rubrum, existence of arthroconidia, structural and immunological features of the nail unit, and alteration of the defense system of the host contribute to the chronicity of onychomycosis.

• #10 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  http://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/58?is_paper=y

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit. […] However, recent research reveals the following crucial mechanisms contributing to the chronicity of nail dermatophytosis: innate characteristics of Trichophyton rubrum, formation of dormant spores called arthroconidia, physical and immunologic characteristics of the nail apparatus, and alteration of the defense system of the host. T. rubrum, the most common causative fungal pathogen for onychomycosis, acquires selective immune tolerance toward the host’s defense system. […] The anatomical and biological structures of the nail allow immune evasion, increase infection susceptibility, and promote biofilm formation. […] In summary, dormant spores highly contribute to treatment resistance observed in OM, and their eradication is of paramount importance in preventing recurrence.

• #11 How to treat fungal nail effectively – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-treat-fungal-nail-effectively

  Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis [OM]) is a mycotic infection caused by fungal invasion of the nail structure and is one of the most common nail disorders, representing half of nail abnormalities in adults. […] An increased incidence among older people may be attributed to multiple factors, including reduced peripheral circulation, diabetes, inactivity, relative immunosuppression, and reduced nail growth and quality. […] Damage to the nail structure can affect nail growth, shape, size and, consequently, predispose the nail to infection. OM can invade any part of the nail but typically enters the nail’s free edge, sulci or damaged cuticles. […] Where OM infects the area underneath the nail plate, the infection produces a thick hyperkeratotic nodule that contains clusters of branching filaments (hyphae) called dermatophytoma.

• #12 How to treat fungal nail effectively – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-treat-fungal-nail-effectively

  Consequently, the nail becomes severely deformed and can cause nail lifting, brittleness and discoloration, which may result in acute pain. […] The abnormal thickness of the nail may lead to soft tissue breakdown and/or infection resulting in inflamed subcutaneous tissue (cellulitis), ulceration in the nail bed (subungual ulceration) and/or bone infection (osteomyelitis). […] Around 85–90% of OM cases are caused by dermatophytes (fungal organisms that require keratin for growth), such as Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophtyes. […] Dermatophytes are highly resistant and can survive for long periods of time, especially in moist and dark environments, which may explain why toenails are more susceptible to OM than fingernails. […] The most common type of OM is distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO).

• #13 Can nail fungus indicate other health problems? – Bonum.lt

  https://www.bonum.lt/en/health/ar-nagu-grybelis-gali-rodyti-kitas-sveikatos-problemas.html

  As one ages, nails become slower growing and thicker, which can increase the risk of nail fungus. Also, blood circulation weakens with age, especially in the leg area, which can reduce the body’s ability to fight infections. […] Nail fungus is generally considered a local infection case, not revealing deeper health problems. However, in some cases, nail fungus can be a signal about other potential health issues or be related to certain systemic disease conditions. […] If a person is prone to recurrent nail fungus cases or difficult-to-treat onychomycosis, it may indicate a weakness of the immune system. […] Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases that can increase the risk of nail fungus. High blood sugar levels can promote fungal growth and reduce blood circulation in the feet, leading to poorer wound healing and resistance to infections.

• #14 Can nail fungus indicate other health problems? – Bonum.lt

  https://www.bonum.lt/en/health/ar-nagu-grybelis-gali-rodyti-kitas-sveikatos-problemas.html

  Peripheral arterial disease, which reduces blood flow to the limbs, can cause nail changes, including nail fungus. […] Certain nutritional deficiencies, such as iron deficiency anemia, can cause changes in nail structure and increase susceptibility to infections, including nail fungus. […] Aging is associated with an increased risk of nail fungus. This may be due to natural changes in the immune system, reduced blood circulation, and slower nail growth, all of which together increase the likelihood of infection. […] Some other skin diseases, such as psoriasis or eczema, can increase the risk of nail infections, including fungus.

• #15 Nail Pathogens | Patients Choice Laboratories

  https://www.pclabsdx.com/nail

  Increasing evidence suggests fungal nail infections are significant predictors in the development of foot ulcers. This can be a concern for people with diabetes where foot ulcers are a leading cause of foot amputation and hospitalizations. […] Fungal nail infections can cause the nails to become brittle and crack, or fall off completely, creating an entry point for bacteria to enter. This bacteria can cause painful acute and chronic infections around the nail called, Paronychia, which is most commonly caused by staph.

• #16 Fungal Nail Infection: Overview, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-nail-infection

  This infection can commonly occur in people with compromised immune systems. […] Candida yeasts cause this type of infection. It can invade nails previously damaged by a prior infection or injury. […] Treatment isnt guaranteed to completely rid your body of the fungal infection. Complications from fungal infection are also possible. […] The main complications of a fungal nail infection are: a resurgence of the infection, a permanent loss of the affected nail, a discoloration of the infected nail, the spread of infection to other areas of the body and possibly the bloodstream, the development of a bacterial skin infection called cellulitis.

• #17 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html

  Identification of hyphae, pseudohyphae, or spores confirms infection but does not identify the organism. To identify the organism, culture can be performed in a laboratory. […] Periodic acidSchiff (PAS) staining and methenamine silver stains are used. PAS staining is less expensive, and in a study of 1,146 nail clippings comparing PAS histologic examination with KOH light microscopy and culture, PAS staining was the most sensitive test. […] Antifungals from the azole and allylamine classes are the most widely used oral medications for the treatment of onychomycosis. […] A meta-analysis of treatments for toenail onychomycosis determined that mycotic cure rates were 76% for terbinafine, 63% for itraconazole with pulse dosing, 59% for itraconazole with continuous dosing, and 48% for fluconazole. […] Despite the number of available treatments, not all patients with onychomycosis are cured. Numerous factors have been cited to explain the lack of response to therapy, such as nonadherence to treatment, incorrect diagnosis, or advanced disease.

• #18 Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis/Tinea Unguium): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11303-toenail-fungus

  Toenail fungus is notoriously tricky to treat. You may need to treat tinea unguium for several months to get rid of the fungus. Still, toenail fungus often comes back. […] Overall, oral antifungal medications may offer the most treatment potential. Pairing oral drugs with topical antifungal medication may make treatment more effective.

• #19 Nail Fungus & Underlying Health Issues | Prevention and Tips

  https://thefootpractice.com/prevent-nail-fungus-for-people-with-underlying-health-conditions/

  Onychomycosis, known as nail fungal infections, are a chronic condition that remains on toenails or fingernails for a very long time. […] Its widespread nature can also be attributed to genetics: one study found that children of people prone to onychomycosis are more likely to catch it. […] Other risk factors include diabetes, arterial disease, and neuropathy or immunodeficient conditions like undergoing chemotherapy. […] Diabetics or immunosuppressed individuals are even more susceptible to recurrence, potentially leading to years of continuous treatment. […] One study found that contracting a fungal infection of the foot can potentially lead to lower limb cellulitis, a more advanced condition that can cause infections in the blood, joints, bones, and heart chamber. […] Onychomycosis is only one form of nail infection; untreated cases can develop into other types of infections harder to treat, such as psoriasis. […] Toenail fungal infections are notoriously resilient and are highly likely to recur without the proper care or treatment.

• #20 How to treat fungal nail effectively – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-treat-fungal-nail-effectively

  It is characterised by build-up of soft yellow keratin between the nail plate and nail bed (subungual hyperkeratosis), detachment of the nail from the nail bed (onychosis) and skin infection around the nail (paronychia). […] The management of OM depends on the type, extent and severity of nail involvement, symptoms and pre-existing conditions. […] The aim of treatment is to eradicate the pathogen, restore the nail and prevent re-infection. […] OM is challenging to treat and affected nails may never return to normal as the infection may have caused permanent damage. […] As OM has a high relapse rate of 40–70%, advice on preventative and appropriate self-care strategies to avoid re-infection should be offered to patients. […] Topical drug penetration can be poor, with the concentration reducing by 1,000 times from the outer to inner areas.

• #21 Unveiling the Mystery: The Mechanism Behind Laser Treatment for Toenail Fungus – Oklahoma Foot & Ankle Associates

  https://www.okfootandankle.com/unveiling-the-mystery-the-mechanism-behind-laser-treatment-for-toenail-fungus/

  Laser treatment for toenail fungus has gained popularity as a non-invasive and effective method to combat this stubborn condition. […] Toenail fungus, medically known as onychomycosis, is a common condition caused by fungal infections. […] Targeted Energy: Laser treatment involves the use of a specific wavelength of light that targets and heats up fungal cells without harming the surrounding tissue or the nail itself. […] Disruption of Fungal Growth: The laser light penetrates through the nail and nail bed to reach the fungal infection underneath. When the laser energy is absorbed by the fungus, it disrupts its cellular processes and inhibits its ability to grow and spread. […] Stimulating the Immune Response: In addition to directly killing the fungus, laser treatment also stimulates the body’s immune response. This helps the immune system recognize and attack the remaining fungal cells more effectively.

• #22 Toenail Fungus Treatment | Annapolis Podiatrist | Annapolis Foot & Ankle Center

  https://www.annapolisfootandanklecenter.com/practice_areas/toenail-fungus-treatment-annapolis-maryland.cfm

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection that primarily affects the nails, particularly toenails. It is predominantly caused by dermatophyte fungi but can also be triggered by yeasts and molds. […] The effectiveness of Remy Laser therapy lies in its precise mechanism of action. When the laser energy is applied to the infected nail, it generates heat, which disrupts the fungal cells’ metabolic processes and structural integrity. This thermal effect effectively eradicates the fungus while promoting the growth of healthy nail tissue. Furthermore, the laser energy stimulates the body’s immune response, enhancing its ability to combat the infection and prevent recurrence. […] Remy Laser therapy represents a groundbreaking approach that addresses the shortcomings of conventional treatments and offers new hope to individuals struggling with toenail fungus.

• #23 Toenail Fungus Treatment Using Laser Technology | Cold Laser Nail Clinic

  https://www.coldlasernailclinic.nz/about/the-science

  The 405nm beam damages the fungus itself, causing changes in its outer wall, weakening it significantly, and allowing the body to attack and effectively clear the fungal infection. […] The increased hydrogen peroxide damages the fungus (cell wall and membrane) and impairs its function. This can destroy the fungus, and if not, it’ll make it susceptible to the body’s immune system to clear it. […] The increased hydrogen peroxide (due to the increased reactive oxygen species) also weakens the fungus and boosts the immune response against the fungus.

• #24 Scientists Approach Nail Fungus through Low-temperature Plasma Technology—-Chinese Academy of Sciences

  https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/research_news/phys/201912/t20191223_228360.shtml

  Chinese scientists in HUANG Qing’s research group from Hefei Institutes of Physical Science used low-temperature plasma combined with persulfate in the treatment of onychomycosis, and further studied the treatment effect and involved mechanism. […] Their study showed that the additive persulfate solution had a promoting effect on the plasma treatment of onychomycosis. Low-temperature plasma could activate persulfate to produce SO4 – which greatly improved the inactivation efficiency of T. rubrum. […] „Although the therapeutic effect was presently only based on the in vitro onychomycosis model, it showed its potential of curing onychomycosis. In practice, clinical treatment may also depend on the degree of the infection and some specific circumstances of the patients, which certainly needs further investigation”, as explained by Prof. HUANG.

• #25 New plasma jet technology effectively treats fungal nail infections

  https://phys.org/news/2024-07-plasma-jet-technology-effectively-fungal.html

  Recently, the team led by Prof. Huang Qing from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed using a portable pulsed cold air plasma jet (PP-CAPJ) to treat Trichophyton rubrum in nails. They revealed that the shock wave from PP-CAPJ could effectively kill this fungus. […] In this study, the researchers used a portable pulsed cold air plasma jet device to kill Trichophyton rubrum in nails, and studied the related mechanism. […] Furthermore, researchers experimentally verified the velocity and pressure of the shock wave generated by PP-CAPJ, finding that the device could generate instantaneous pressure greater than 1 MPa at the nail surface. They found that the shock wave generated by PP-CAPJ destroyed the cell membrane of Trichophyton rubrum in nails. […] This represents a new type of application of low-temperature plasma technology, as well as a new mechanism for killing fungi using PP-CAPJ.

• #26 How to treat fungal nail effectively – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/how-to-treat-fungal-nail-effectively

  The BAD advises the use of monotherapy topical antifungal agents to be restricted to superficial white onychomycosis, early DLSO without lunula involvement and where less than 80% of the nail plate is affected, and when systemic antifungals are contraindicated. […] For adults with confirmed OM, systemic therapy is advised when self-care strategies with or without topical therapy are unsuccessful or inappropriate. […] Terbinafine and itraconazole are considered the mainstay of oral therapy for OM, although terbinafine is generally preferred over itraconazole owing to better cure rates compared with azole in toenail OM. […] Topical and systematic combination therapy may provide synergistic antimicrobial activity. […] Photodynamic therapy combines light irradiation and a photosensitising drug to cause destruction of selected cells. […] These alternative therapies may be appropriate because they are selective to local infection and avoid systemic side effects; however, robust data are scarce.

• #27 Options for Fungal Nail Treatment

  https://www.footcentregroup.com.au/blog-fungal-nail-treatment/

  Fungal nails also known as onychomycosis are very common affecting approximately 1 billion people globally and 1.6 million being Australian. The risk of having nail fungus increases as we age. […] Fungal nail infections can be caused by many things such as yeasts, moulds or dermophytes which are a unique group of cells that grow fungi on nails and skin. […] The only way to definitely diagnose a fungal infection is to take a nail sample from the nail and any skin build up from the nail bed. […] A positive result leads us to the gold standard treatment of an oral antifungal medication. […] Terbinafine. Is the ‘Gold standard treatment’, if you are able to take this medication. […] PACT treatment works on bacteria, fungi and virus cells to destroy the cell wall. This is a painless procedure and uses light therapy as it’s mechanism.

• #28 Options for Fungal Nail Treatment

  https://www.footcentregroup.com.au/blog-fungal-nail-treatment/

  The use of photosensitive agents kills the biofilm and promotes healthy cell regeneration and collagen growth. PACT is a great alternative to oral treatment as has up to 99.99% killing rate of binding cells. […] Ensure that the nail infection is not being delayed with treatment as the skin is involved such as the presence of Tinea pedis also known as Athlete’s foot. […] Advice: a fungal nail infection takes time, antifungal treatments work to treat the nail bed, nail surface and nail plate to resolve the infection and may be required to continue treatment up to one month post infection to prevent re infection. Treatment for fungal nail should be individualised.

Zobacz więcej