Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit. When dermatophytes cause onychomycosis, this condition is called tinea unguium. The term onychomycosis encompasses the dermatophytes, yeasts, and saprophytic mold infections. […] The most frequent cause of onychomycosis is Trichophyton rubrum, but other dermatophytes, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, can also cause it. The dermatophytes are identified in 90% of the toenail and 50% of fingernail onychomycosis. Candida albicans cases account for 2% of onychomycosis, especially in fingernails. Nondermatophytic mold onychomycosis is cultured primarily from toenails. Examples of these saprophytic molds include Fusarium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Scytalidium, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, accounting for about 8% of nail infections.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections

  Onychomycosis can be due to infection with dermatophytes or non-dermatophytes such as moulds and yeasts. […] Dermatophytes (over 75% of cases): Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum species, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton krajdenii, Trichophyton equinum, and Arthoderma species. […] Non-dermatophyte moulds (10% of cases): Aspergillus species, Scopulariopsis species, Fusarium species, Acremonium species, Syncephalastrum species, Scytalidium species, Paecilomyces species, Neoscytalidium species, Chaetomium species, Onchocola species, and Alternaria species. […] Yeasts (uncommon): Candida albicans, and rarely non-albicans candida yeasts (eg, tropicalis, or parapsilosis). […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence.

• #1 Causes of Nail Fungus | Orlando FL | Minneapolis & St Paul MN

  https://procedureclinic.com/nail-fungus/nail-fungus-causes-risk-factors/

  Nail fungus (onychomycosis) is caused by three main classes of fungal organisms: dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. All three classes cause the very similar symptoms or appearances in nails. Dermatophytes are, by far, the most common causes of nail fungus in Minnesota. Yeasts cause 8% of cases, and nondermatophyte molds cause 2% of onychomycosis cases. […] Candidal (yeast) infection type is a little different from onychomycosis related to other fungal infections. This is a species invasion of the fingernails which usually occurs in persons who frequently immerse their hands in water. It normally requires prior damage of the nail by infection or trauma. […] If you have a suppressed immune system due to medications, diabetes or other conditions such as, AIDS, leukemia or have had an organ transplant, you are at more serious risk for an infection that can spread beyond your toe nails.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html/1000

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails that causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. […] It is caused by a variety of organisms, but most cases are caused by dermatophytes. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] Onychomycosis is caused by various organisms, most often dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton. […] Other organisms include Candida, which is more common in fingernail infections and in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] Nondermatophyte molds are a less common cause in the general population. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that they are the predominant organisms in patients with onychomycosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. […] Onychomycosis may occur in patients with distorted nails, a history of nail trauma, genetic predisposition, hyperhidrosis, concurrent fungal infections, and psoriasis. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/fungal-nail-infections

  A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. […] You get an infection when a crack in your nail or the skin around it allows fungus to get inside and grow. […] Since fungus thrives in dark, warm places, your toenails are more likely to be affected than your fingernails. […] You’re more likely to get a fungal nail infection if you: […] Have a weak immune system or ongoing health problems like diabetes […] Have athletes foot, as the fungus that causes it can spread to your nails […] Recently had an injury or surgery on your nail, or had a previous infection.

• #1 Nail fungus: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/nail-fungus-causes

  Nail fungus is common, and anyone can get it. However, some people have a higher risk of developing a fungal nail infection. Your age, health, and even your lifestyle can increase your risk. […] The risk of developing a fungal nail infection increases with age. Its most common in old age and least common in children. […] Living in a hot, humid climate increases the risk of developing a fungal nail infection. […] You have an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection if you have one or more of the following: […] Tiny, microscopic organisms called fungi (the plural of fungus) cause a fungal nail infection. […] Many people pick up the fungi when they have skin-to-skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection such as athletes foot or ringworm on their hands. […] Another common way to get a fungal nail infection is by walking barefoot in a warm, moist area such as a pool deck or locker room. These fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. […] You can also get a fungal nail infection by sharing an infected nail clipper or towel. […] The fungi usually infect a nail by getting into a: […] The area under a nail gives fungi a warm, moist place to grow. The infection can then spread to other nails and even your skin.

• #1 Types of Nail Mold Fungus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-nail-fungus

  Fungal nail infections are called onychomycosis. Many types of fungi can cause nail infections, but some common types include Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. […] Dermatophytes are responsible for most nail fungal infections. Yeast and mold infections have been reported but aren’t as common. […] Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes is called tinea unguium. It most often affects your toenails but can also affect your fingernails. The most common causes are Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. […] About 90% of toenail fungal infections and 50% of fingernail fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes. […] Common causes of fungal nail infections include: skin-to-skin contact with people or animals who have it, shared towels, bedsheets, or other objects, shared surfaces like locker room floors, excessive sweating, tight socks and shoes, contact sports, walking barefoot in public showers or locker rooms.

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• #1 What Causes Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/causes/index.html

  Ringworm infections in the nails are caused by fungi getting in through cracks in the nails. […] Fungal nail infections can occur if fungi get under the nail through small cracks in the nail or surrounding skin. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of fungal nail infections that can become severe and lead to bacterial infections. […] The same fungi that cause ringworm can cause jock itch, athlete’s foot, and nail infections.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/fungal-toenails/

  Toenail fungus is also known as onychomycosis and is typically caused by dermatophytes, moulds or yeasts infecting the nail bed, matrix and plate of the nail. […] A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungal infection penetrates your nail. You can acquire this fungi from a number of sources including public swimming pools, unsterilised nail equipment, coming into contact with someone who has a fungal infection, and any other moist environments. […] Fungal nail infections are seven times more likely to occur on the toenails than on the fingernails as the inside of a shoe, where its dark, warm and moist, is the perfect environment for fungi to thrive. […] Fungal nail infections can be acquired at all ages and ethnicities however are more often present in men rather than women and in adults more so than children.

• #1 Nail fungal infection: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151952

  Nail fungal infections include onychomycosis and tinea unguium. […] Fungus is typically present on the body, but overgrowth can lead to a fungal infection. […] Microscopic organisms called fungi cause nail fungal infections; they do not require sunlight to survive so can thrive in these areas. […] Most commonly, a group of fungi called dermatophytes (such as Candida) is responsible for nail fungal infections. However, some yeasts and molds also cause these infections. […] Pathogens that cause nail fungus infection usually enter the skin through tiny cuts or small separations between the nail and nail bed. The fungi grow when the nail provides a suitably warm and moist environment.

• #1 Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis/Tinea Unguium): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11303-toenail-fungus

  A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium, the most common nail fungus. […] When a dermatophyte causes toenail fungus, the condition is called tinea unguium. A dermatophyte is a mold that needs a protein called keratin to grow. […] Dermatophytes cause 90% of toenail fungal infections. […] A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium. Dermatophytes are fungal microorganisms (too tiny to see with the naked eye). They feed off of keratin, a protein found in your fingernails and toenails. […] Dermatophytes are the cause behind 90% of toenail fungal infections. But other types of fungi can infect your toenails as well. […] Yes, many types of toenail fungi, including tinea unguium, are quite contagious. You can spread the fungus to someone else through direct contact. You can also get toenail fungus by touching an infected surface. […] Nail fungi like warm, moist, dark places. You can get toenail fungus by: […] Trauma due to accidental or aggressive clipping of the nails can turn into portals of entry for the fungus.

• #1 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. Initially, in the United States, Trichophyton rubrum was thought to be a culture contaminant. However, since the advent of international travel to Asia, T. rubrum has become the dominant causative organism in the United States. At least half of abnormal toenails are mycotic. Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. Patients are genetically susceptible to dermatophyte infections in an autosomal dominant pattern. Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection: Overview, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infections are common and are caused by fungi that live in the environment. They enter through small cracks in your nail or the nearby skin, causing infection. […] A fungal nail infection occurs from the overgrowth of fungi in, under, or on the nail. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, so this type of environment can cause them to naturally overpopulate. The same fungi that cause jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm can cause nail infections. […] There are many different causes of fungal nail infections. Each cause has a treatment of its own. […] Older adults have a high risk for getting fungal nail infections because they have poorer circulation. The nails also grow more slowly and thicken as we age. […] Left untreated, toenail fungus is unlikely to resolve by itself. The infection may stay in the same place on the nail, or it may spread and worsen. Some people, particularly those with diabetes or those who have a weakened immune system, may develop a bacterial infection as a result of nail fungus.

• #1 Fungal nail infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/fungal-nail-infection/

  Most fungal nail infections are caused by a fungi that causes athletes foot. This fungi can multiply in warm, dark and moist places like the feet. This leads to infections. […] You’re more likely to get a fungal nail infection if: your feet are constantly warm and damp, you wear shoes that make your feet hot and sweaty, you don’t keep your feet clean and dry, you have damaged your nails, you have a weakened immune system, you have certain other health conditions, like diabetes, psoriasis or peripheral arterial disease.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails that causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. […] It is caused by a variety of organisms, but most cases are caused by dermatophytes. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] Onychomycosis is caused by various organisms, most often dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton. […] Other organisms include Candida, which is more common in fingernail infections and in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] Nondermatophyte molds are a less common cause in the general population. […] Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that they are the predominant organisms in patients with onychomycosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

• #1 Fungal nail infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. They are most often seen in adults as they age. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/fungal-nail-infection-tinea-unguium

  There is an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection with various other conditions – for example: Diabetes. Psoriasis. Poor circulation. A weakened immune system (for example, if you have AIDS or are on chemotherapy). A general poor state of health such as heavy alcohol consumption. […] Nail infections are more common in people who live in hot or humid climates. […] Smoking also increases the risk of developing a nail infection. […] In some cases there is no apparent reason. Fungal germs are common and an infection can occur 'out of the blue’.

• #1 Nail Fungus Pictures, Types, Causes, Symptoms, Best Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/fungal_nails/article.htm

  Fungal Nails Nail fungus causes only 50% of abnormal-appearing nails. […] In normal, healthy people, fungal infections of the nails are most commonly caused by a fungus that is caught in moist, wet areas. […] Elderly people and people with certain underlying disease states are also at higher risk. Anything that impairs your immune system can make you prone to getting infected with the fungus. […] Although toenail fungus can affect anyone, certain risk factors can increase the chances of developing the condition: Older age, especially older than 60 years, Family history of nail infections, Tinea pedis (athletes foot), Nail injury or deformity, Diabetes, Hyperhidrosis (a disorder characterized by increased sweating), Psoriasis, Poor blood circulation due to peripheral vascular disease or venous insufficiency, Weakened immune system, such as from an autoimmune disorder or HIV. […] Tinea pedis, also known as athlete’s foot or foot fungus, can cause the recurrence of fungal nails. Therefore, it is important to manage this condition.

• #1 Nail fungus | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nail-fungus

  Nail fungus is caused by various fungal organisms (fungi). The most common is a type called dermatophyte. Yeast, bacteria and molds also can cause nail infections. The discoloration from a bacterial infection tends to be green or black. […] Fungal infection of the foot (athlete’s foot) can spread to the nail, and a fungal infection of the nail can spread to the foot. You can also get the infection from contact with spaces where fungi can thrive, such as the floor tile in a gym shower or inside dark, sweaty, moist shoes.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview

  OM is caused by the following three main classes of fungi: […] Dermatophytes are by far the most common cause of OM. Two major pathogens have been found to be responsible for the majority (~90%) of OM cases: T rubrum and T mentagrophytes. […] However, OM caused by nondermatophyte molds (eg, Fusarium species, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and Aspergillus species) is becoming more common worldwide, accounting for as many an estimated 6.9% of cases. […] OM due to Candida is rare. […] T rubrum is the most common pathogen in DLSO. PSO due to T rubrum is typical of immunosuppressed patients. […] Risk factors for OM include family history, increasing age, poor health, prior trauma, warm climate, participation in fitness activities, immunosuppression (eg, HIV- or drug-induced), communal bathing, and occlusive footwear. Biomechanical problems with repetitive microtraumas to the nails cause onycholysis and other nail dystrophies that favor nail invasion by fungi.

• #1 Fungal nail infection

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/fungal-nail-infection/

  If you have athlete’s foot, the fungus causing athlete’s foot can spread to your toenails. This will cause a fungal nail infection. […] You can get a fungal nail infection by: walking barefoot where someone with a fungal nail infection or athletes foot has walked, such as in changing rooms and showers […] touching your foot against the affected skin of someone with a fungal nail infection or athlete’s foot. […] You’re more likely to get it if you have wet or sweaty feet.

• #1 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  About 10% of us (including 20% of people over 60 and 50% of people over 70) suffer from fungal nail infections. […] Fungal nail infections are caused by different types of fungi, yeasts (such as Candida) and moulds. Fingernail fungal infections are typically caused by yeast fungi, especially Candida. […] Fungal nail infections are more common among people who are of lower socioeconomic background, older, male, diabetic, obese, immune deficient (such as HIV or cancer), lacking personal hygiene, and environmental factors such as fungal contamination of swimming pools, public toilets and communal bathing facilities. […] One of the problems with treating fungal nail infections is the fungus that causes it is difficult if not impossible to eliminate from the environment. […] Fungal infection occurs when the organism invades through an opening in the nail, meaning fungi will usually attack nails that are already damaged.

• #1 Toenail Fungus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/toenail-fungus-5226039

  Toenail fungal infections (onychomycosis) are a common toenail problem. An estimated 10% of the population is affected by nail fungus. […] Toenail fungus occurs when an overgrowth of fungus gets into your nail and causes an infection. […] Microscopic organisms cause toenail fungus. You can come into contact with fungi that can cause an infection in various ways, including skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection (like athlete’s foot or ringworm) and skin contact with moist areas where fungus thrives (pool decks, locker rooms). […] While anyone can get toenail fungus, some people are more susceptible, including older adults, those who live in a hot, humid climate, and people with chronic health conditions, like cancer, diabetes, psoriasis, HIV, or other immunocompromised people. […] Toenail fungus is caused by microscopic organisms that get into your nail and cause an infection. Anyone can get toenail fungus, but it is more common in older adults and those with chronic health conditions.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Fungal nail infections are one of the most common dermatological conditions in the United Kingdom. Nearly 3 in 100 in the UK suffer from fungal nail infections at some point in their lives. […] In the UK the prevalence of fungal nail infections is as high as 26.9%. In the United States the prevalence of the condition is 18.5% and is said to be on the rise. […] The rise is due to the rising numbers of people with diabetes and poor immunity. Also since this condition affects the elderly the rise is due to increasing numbers of aging individuals. […] Causes and risk factors of getting fungal nail infections include (1-5): Those with fungal skin infections. Athletes foot is a fungal skin infection of the skin between the toes. This infection left untreated often spreads to toenails. […] Fungal skin infections are responsible for spread to finger nails due to scratching the lesions and spread of the fungal spores to the finger nails.

• #1 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  The space underneath the nail can then serve as a reservoir for bacteria and moulds, which can cause the nail to become discoloured. […] Fungal nail infections are thought to have become more prevalent during the 20th century thanks to people migration, longer life expectancy, increasing numbers of people with compromised immune systems (such as HIV sufferers), use of stifling foot wear and locker rooms in the gym.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection: Overview, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-nail-infection

  The main complications of a fungal nail infection are: a resurgence of the infection, a permanent loss of the affected nail, a discoloration of the infected nail, the spread of infection to other areas of the body and possibly the bloodstream, the development of a bacterial skin infection called cellulitis.

• #1 Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/toenail-fungus-onychomycosis-a-to-z

  Toenail fungus can be caused by several different types of fungi. Fungi are microscopic organisms related to mold and mildew. […] Factors that increase the risk of developing toenail fungus include wearing tight-fitting shoes or tight hosiery, practicing poor foot hygiene, wearing layers of toenail polish, being a military service member, athlete, or miner, having a chronic illness, such as diabetes, and having a circulatory problem that decreases blood flow to the toes. […] However, many people with toenail fungus have no clear risk factors. […] Toenails on the big toe and little toe are the most likely to develop a toenail fungus. This may be partly because the big toe and little toe are constantly exposed to friction from the sides of shoes. […] A history of illness that may decrease your resistance to infection or interfere with blood flow to your toes, such as poor circulation or diabetes, can increase the risk of toenail fungus. […] Toenail fungus rarely heals on its own. It is usually a chronic (long-lasting) condition. […] The fungus returns in some people even after successful treatment with an oral antifungal medication.

• #1 Nail Fungus Infections: Myths vs. Facts Explained by Dermatology Affiliates | Dermatology Affiliates

  https://www.dermatologyaffiliates.com/blog/nail-fungus-myths-vs-facts

  A fungal nail infection, or onychomycosis, occurs when fungi overgrow in, under, or on the nail, causing nails to become discolored, thick and/or brittle. […] Approximately 10 percent of people are afflicted with fungal nails, and that percentage increases to approximately 50% by age 70 or above. […] Fungal nail infections are often considered a trivial cosmetic issue. However, this condition can cause significant pain and embarrassment, nail loss and ingrown nails, and increase your risk for secondary fungal infections. […] Fungal nails can affect anyone through ill-fitting shoes, nail injury, exposure to damp, humid environments and even chronic medical conditions. […] They can be transmitted from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact and via towels, clothing, socks, shoes, nail clippers and moist surfaces. Fungal nail infections can also spread from one nail to your other nails and skin.

• #1 Nail Fungus Infections: Myths vs. Facts Explained by Dermatology Affiliates | Dermatology Affiliates

  https://www.dermatologyaffiliates.com/blog/nail-fungus-myths-vs-facts

  A weakened immune system, cancer, diabetes, athletes foot, psoriasis and poor circulation can increase the risk of infection. […] Trauma can damage the nails and cause cracks or separation from the nail bed, providing entry for the fungi. […] This is likely because of the warm, moist environment of shoes. […] Without treatment, a fungal infection can worsen, cause structural damage to your nail beds, and even spread to the skin and other areas. Only active, sustained treatment will eliminate the infection. […] Fungal nail infections can be challenging to treat and often do not go away without prescription antifungal medications. It can get into and around the nail, grow underneath it, and may cause the nail to thicken and break down, making it difficult for the medication to penetrate. Treatment typically lasts up to three months, and it usually takes six to nine months for a nail to grow out.

• #1 Nail fungus – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300

  Your health care provider will examine your nails and perhaps take some nail clippings or scrape debris from under your nail. These samples are sent to a lab to identify the cause of your symptoms. […] Knowing the cause of your infection helps determine the best treatment. […] Treatment depends on the severity of your condition and the type of fungus causing it. […] What is likely causing my symptoms or condition? […] What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?

• #2 Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis/Tinea Unguium): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11303-toenail-fungus

  A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium, the most common nail fungus. […] When a dermatophyte causes toenail fungus, the condition is called tinea unguium. A dermatophyte is a mold that needs a protein called keratin to grow. […] Dermatophytes cause 90% of toenail fungal infections. […] A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium. Dermatophytes are fungal microorganisms (too tiny to see with the naked eye). They feed off of keratin, a protein found in your fingernails and toenails. […] Dermatophytes are the cause behind 90% of toenail fungal infections. But other types of fungi can infect your toenails as well. […] Yes, many types of toenail fungi, including tinea unguium, are quite contagious. You can spread the fungus to someone else through direct contact. You can also get toenail fungus by touching an infected surface. […] Nail fungi like warm, moist, dark places. You can get toenail fungus by: […] Trauma due to accidental or aggressive clipping of the nails can turn into portals of entry for the fungus.

• #2 Mycotic Nails: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21712-mycotic-nails

  Fungal organisms cause mycotic nails. They can get into your toenail or fingernail through small cracks in the keratin or the nearby skin and cause an infection. […] A variety of organisms can get into your nails and cause an infection, including: Dermatophytes. Dermatophytes cause 80 to 90% of mycotic nails. […] Nondermatophyte molds. This microorganism causes 2 to 10% of mycotic nails cases. […] Yeast. Yeast causes 2 to 11% of mycotic nails. […] Epidermophyton floccosum. […] Microsporum species. […] Trichophyton interdigitale. […] Trichophyton mentagrophytes. […] Trichophyton rubrum. […] Trichophyton tonsurans.

• #2 Types of Nail Mold Fungus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-nail-fungus

  Fungal nail infections are called onychomycosis. Many types of fungi can cause nail infections, but some common types include Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. […] Dermatophytes are responsible for most nail fungal infections. Yeast and mold infections have been reported but aren’t as common. […] Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes is called tinea unguium. It most often affects your toenails but can also affect your fingernails. The most common causes are Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. […] About 90% of toenail fungal infections and 50% of fingernail fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes. […] Common causes of fungal nail infections include: skin-to-skin contact with people or animals who have it, shared towels, bedsheets, or other objects, shared surfaces like locker room floors, excessive sweating, tight socks and shoes, contact sports, walking barefoot in public showers or locker rooms.

• #2 Nail Fungus & Ingrown Toenails: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/nail-problems

  Nail fungus, or onychomycosis, is a condition that occurs when a microscopic fungus enters either a fingernail or toenail. Fungal infections occur in toenails more often than in fingernails. […] Usually, nail fungus occurs when fungus enters the nail through a small trauma (cut or break) in the nail. Nail fungus is not caused by poor hygiene. Nail fungus can be spread from person to person. It may be hard to determine exactly where or how a fungal infection is acquired. However, a warm, wet place (for example, a locker room) is a good place for a fungus to grow.

• #2 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  About 10% of us (including 20% of people over 60 and 50% of people over 70) suffer from fungal nail infections. […] Fungal nail infections are caused by different types of fungi, yeasts (such as Candida) and moulds. Fingernail fungal infections are typically caused by yeast fungi, especially Candida. […] Fungal nail infections are more common among people who are of lower socioeconomic background, older, male, diabetic, obese, immune deficient (such as HIV or cancer), lacking personal hygiene, and environmental factors such as fungal contamination of swimming pools, public toilets and communal bathing facilities. […] One of the problems with treating fungal nail infections is the fungus that causes it is difficult if not impossible to eliminate from the environment. […] Fungal infection occurs when the organism invades through an opening in the nail, meaning fungi will usually attack nails that are already damaged.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections

  Onychomycosis can be due to infection with dermatophytes or non-dermatophytes such as moulds and yeasts. […] Dermatophytes (over 75% of cases): Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum species, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton krajdenii, Trichophyton equinum, and Arthoderma species. […] Non-dermatophyte moulds (10% of cases): Aspergillus species, Scopulariopsis species, Fusarium species, Acremonium species, Syncephalastrum species, Scytalidium species, Paecilomyces species, Neoscytalidium species, Chaetomium species, Onchocola species, and Alternaria species. […] Yeasts (uncommon): Candida albicans, and rarely non-albicans candida yeasts (eg, tropicalis, or parapsilosis). […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence.

• #2 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis

  Onychomycosis, also known as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail. […] A number of different types of fungus can cause onychomycosis, including dermatophytes and Fusarium. […] The causative pathogens of onychomycosis are all in the fungus kingdom and include dermatophytes, Candida (yeasts), and nondermatophytic molds. […] Dermatophytes are the fungi most commonly responsible for onychomycosis in the temperate western countries; while Candida and nondermatophytic molds are more frequently involved in the tropics and subtropics with a hot and humid climate. […] When onychomycosis is due to a dermatophyte infection, it is termed tinea unguium. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte involved in onychomycosis. […] Other causative pathogens include Candida and nondermatophytic molds, in particular members of the mold genus Scytalidium, Scopulariopsis, and Aspergillus.

• #2 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview

  OM is caused by the following three main classes of fungi: […] Dermatophytes are by far the most common cause of OM. Two major pathogens have been found to be responsible for the majority (~90%) of OM cases: T rubrum and T mentagrophytes. […] However, OM caused by nondermatophyte molds (eg, Fusarium species, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and Aspergillus species) is becoming more common worldwide, accounting for as many an estimated 6.9% of cases. […] OM due to Candida is rare. […] T rubrum is the most common pathogen in DLSO. PSO due to T rubrum is typical of immunosuppressed patients. […] Risk factors for OM include family history, increasing age, poor health, prior trauma, warm climate, participation in fitness activities, immunosuppression (eg, HIV- or drug-induced), communal bathing, and occlusive footwear. Biomechanical problems with repetitive microtraumas to the nails cause onycholysis and other nail dystrophies that favor nail invasion by fungi.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infection: Overview, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infections are common and are caused by fungi that live in the environment. They enter through small cracks in your nail or the nearby skin, causing infection. […] A fungal nail infection occurs from the overgrowth of fungi in, under, or on the nail. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, so this type of environment can cause them to naturally overpopulate. The same fungi that cause jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm can cause nail infections. […] There are many different causes of fungal nail infections. Each cause has a treatment of its own. […] Older adults have a high risk for getting fungal nail infections because they have poorer circulation. The nails also grow more slowly and thicken as we age. […] Left untreated, toenail fungus is unlikely to resolve by itself. The infection may stay in the same place on the nail, or it may spread and worsen. Some people, particularly those with diabetes or those who have a weakened immune system, may develop a bacterial infection as a result of nail fungus.

• #2 Nail fungus | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nail-fungus

  Nail fungus is caused by various fungal organisms (fungi). The most common is a type called dermatophyte. Yeast, bacteria and molds also can cause nail infections. The discoloration from a bacterial infection tends to be green or black. […] Fungal infection of the foot (athlete’s foot) can spread to the nail, and a fungal infection of the nail can spread to the foot. You can also get the infection from contact with spaces where fungi can thrive, such as the floor tile in a gym shower or inside dark, sweaty, moist shoes.

• #2 Causes, symptoms and complications of toenail fungus

  https://www.sj-r.com/story/news/columns/2014/04/16/causes-symptoms-complications-toenail-fungus/37601621007/

  Causes of toenail fungus Toenail fungus, medically known as Onychomycosis (On-i-ko-mi-KO-sis), is one of the most frequently treated foot problems that accounts for more than half of the nail abnormalities. It is a fungal infection in one or more of your nails that is primarily caused by a group of fungi called Dermatophytes (der-mat-o-phtes). […] It is difficult to determine exactly where how or where an infection is acquired, but it is spread through direct contact with a fungi or yeast spores and mold. This can happen when walking barefoot or wearing contaminated shoes or socks. […] Toenail fungus is not caused by genetics or poor hygiene. Not all people are equally susceptible to getting toenail fungus. […] Your risk of developing nail fungus increases if any of the following conditions are present: diabetes, weakened immune system, poor circulation, athletes foot and hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hi-drosis) excessive perspiring. Your risk also increases if you work in a moist or humid environment, wear improper footwear with poor ventilation and moisture absorption, have trauma to the nail or another infection, or walk barefoot in public places or a household occupied by an infected person. It can also be contracted from sharing nail clippers, nail files, nail polish or towels.

• #2 Common Causes of Nail Fungus: Insights from SpaGo Medspa

  https://spagoerie.com/what-are-the-common-causes-of-nail-fungus/

  The fungal infection is primarily caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or molds that find their way into the nail bed, often triggered by exposure to warm, moist environments. […] Common causes of nail fungus include: […] Fungi thrive in moist and warm environments, making sweaty or damp shoes and socks a risk factor. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems are more vulnerable to fungal infections, including nail fungus. […] Inadequate foot hygiene, such as not keeping the feet dry and clean, can contribute to developing nail fungus. […] Nails can become more brittle and dry as people age, increasing the likelihood of fungal infections.

• #2 Nail Fungus Pictures, Types, Causes, Symptoms, Best Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/fungal_nails/article.htm

  Fungal Nails Nail fungus causes only 50% of abnormal-appearing nails. […] In normal, healthy people, fungal infections of the nails are most commonly caused by a fungus that is caught in moist, wet areas. […] Elderly people and people with certain underlying disease states are also at higher risk. Anything that impairs your immune system can make you prone to getting infected with the fungus. […] Although toenail fungus can affect anyone, certain risk factors can increase the chances of developing the condition: Older age, especially older than 60 years, Family history of nail infections, Tinea pedis (athletes foot), Nail injury or deformity, Diabetes, Hyperhidrosis (a disorder characterized by increased sweating), Psoriasis, Poor blood circulation due to peripheral vascular disease or venous insufficiency, Weakened immune system, such as from an autoimmune disorder or HIV. […] Tinea pedis, also known as athlete’s foot or foot fungus, can cause the recurrence of fungal nails. Therefore, it is important to manage this condition.

• #2 Fungal nail infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fungal-nail-infection/

  Fungal nail infections usually start at the edge of the nail. […] The infection often spreads to all of the nail, making it thicker and turning it white or yellow. […] You can get a fungal nail infection if your feet are constantly warm and damp. […] You’re more likely to get an infection if you wear trainers for a long time and have hot, sweaty feet.

• #2 What Causes Toenail Fungus?

  https://www.drrafa.com/blog/172376-what-causes-toenail-fungus

  Toenail fungus is a common problem that can be rather challenging to get rid of. […] A toenail fungal infection, known as onychomycosis, is the result of a fungal known as a dermatophyte. […] The reason older adults are more prone to fungal nail infections is because nails dry out as we age, which leads to cracks within the nail. […] Fungal is all around us. They are more often found in warm, dark, and damp places such as communal locker rooms and showers, gyms, and local swimming pools. […] Its also possible to get a toenail fungus from a nail salon so its important to know the hygiene and sterilization practices of your local nail salon to make sure that you arent at risk for developing a fungal infection.

• #2 Nail fungal infection: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151952

  Nail fungal infections include onychomycosis and tinea unguium. […] Fungus is typically present on the body, but overgrowth can lead to a fungal infection. […] Microscopic organisms called fungi cause nail fungal infections; they do not require sunlight to survive so can thrive in these areas. […] Most commonly, a group of fungi called dermatophytes (such as Candida) is responsible for nail fungal infections. However, some yeasts and molds also cause these infections. […] Pathogens that cause nail fungus infection usually enter the skin through tiny cuts or small separations between the nail and nail bed. The fungi grow when the nail provides a suitably warm and moist environment.

• #2 What Causes Fungal Nail Infection? Treatment, Symptoms & more

  https://drfoot.com.sg/what-causes-fungal-nail-infection/

  Fungal nail infection is caused by the growth of fungi within, on or under the nail. Fungi thrive in warmer environments (like Singapore) as opposed to colder ones. […] It comes from the same type of fungus that causes athletes foot or ringworm. You can also contract a fungal nail infection from someone that already has it. […] Although you can avoid getting fungal infections, there are certain risk factors that increase your likelihood of contracting one. […] Nail injuries can expose the nail bed to nail fungus. If the nail injury is not adequately cleaned and dried, the fungi may have the perfect conditions to flourish. […] When an individuals immune system is compromised, their body is less effective at fending off pathogens like fungus. […] If you have one or more of the factors above, you should take even greater care of your nails to prevent fungal infections!

• #2 Fungal Nail: Five Possible Causes for Nail Infection – Foot and Ankle Clinic

  https://drfootpain.com/fungal-nail-infection/

  Although most cases can be traced to this cause, some yeasts and molds can also contract an infection. […] These pathogens will come in through any small separation or cut found located between the nail bed and the actual nail, itself. As soon as they enter, they will stay there, growing with the encouragement of a warm and moister environment. […] When a person has lower blood circulation or a weaker immune system, then it will make it that much harder to fight the invasion or the infection in the toenail or fingernail. […] It can also spread from one nail to the next nail, as well as being contagious from other people, (as well as pets) which is why it is definitely recommended to always wear shower shoes or sandals while in the public shower. It can also start off from athletes foot or foot fungus in general.

• #2

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/nail-fungus/

  Nail fungus, medically known as onychomycosis, is a common fungal infection that affects the toenails and sometimes the fingernails. […] Nail fungus thrives in warm, moist environments such as shoes, socks, and locker rooms. […] Fungi like dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds can invade nails through cuts or separations between the nail and the nail bed. […] Insufficient washing and drying of feet, especially after being in damp or humid environments, can contribute to fungal growth. […] Fungi thrive in warm, moist places, making places like swimming pools, showers, and locker rooms common sources of infection. […] Shoes that don’t allow for proper ventilation can create a warm, damp environment that encourages fungal growth. […] Injuries to nails, such as repetitive trauma (e.g., from running or sports), or even minor cuts around the nails can make them more susceptible to fungal infections.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/fungal-nail-infections

  A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. […] You get an infection when a crack in your nail or the skin around it allows fungus to get inside and grow. […] Since fungus thrives in dark, warm places, your toenails are more likely to be affected than your fingernails. […] You’re more likely to get a fungal nail infection if you: […] Have a weak immune system or ongoing health problems like diabetes […] Have athletes foot, as the fungus that causes it can spread to your nails […] Recently had an injury or surgery on your nail, or had a previous infection.

• #2 Fungal nail infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/fungal-nail-infection/

  Most fungal nail infections are caused by a fungi that causes athletes foot. This fungi can multiply in warm, dark and moist places like the feet. This leads to infections. […] You’re more likely to get a fungal nail infection if: your feet are constantly warm and damp, you wear shoes that make your feet hot and sweaty, you don’t keep your feet clean and dry, you have damaged your nails, you have a weakened immune system, you have certain other health conditions, like diabetes, psoriasis or peripheral arterial disease.

• #2 Nail fungus: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/nail-fungus-causes

  Nail fungus is common, and anyone can get it. However, some people have a higher risk of developing a fungal nail infection. Your age, health, and even your lifestyle can increase your risk. […] The risk of developing a fungal nail infection increases with age. Its most common in old age and least common in children. […] Living in a hot, humid climate increases the risk of developing a fungal nail infection. […] You have an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection if you have one or more of the following: […] Tiny, microscopic organisms called fungi (the plural of fungus) cause a fungal nail infection. […] Many people pick up the fungi when they have skin-to-skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection such as athletes foot or ringworm on their hands. […] Another common way to get a fungal nail infection is by walking barefoot in a warm, moist area such as a pool deck or locker room. These fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. […] You can also get a fungal nail infection by sharing an infected nail clipper or towel. […] The fungi usually infect a nail by getting into a: […] The area under a nail gives fungi a warm, moist place to grow. The infection can then spread to other nails and even your skin.

• #2 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis

  Candida species mainly cause fingernail onychomycosis in people whose hands are often submerged in water. […] Other molds more commonly affect people older than 60 years, and their presence in the nail reflects a slight weakening in the nail’s ability to defend itself against fungal invasion. […] Advancing age (usually over the age of 60) is the most common risk factor for onychomycosis due to diminished blood circulation, longer exposure to fungi, nails which grow more slowly and thicken, and reduced immune function increasing susceptibility to infection. […] Nail fungus tends to affect men more often than women and is associated with a family history of this infection. […] Other risk factors include perspiring heavily, being in a humid or moist environment, psoriasis, wearing socks and shoes that hinder ventilation and do not absorb perspiration, going barefoot in damp public places such as swimming pools, gyms and shower rooms, having athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), minor skin or nail injury, damaged nail, or other infection, and having diabetes, circulation problems, which may also lead to lower peripheral temperatures on hands and feet, or a weakened immune system.

• #2 Fungal nail infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. They are most often seen in adults as they age. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/fungal-nail-infection-tinea-unguium

  There is an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection with various other conditions – for example: Diabetes. Psoriasis. Poor circulation. A weakened immune system (for example, if you have AIDS or are on chemotherapy). A general poor state of health such as heavy alcohol consumption. […] Nail infections are more common in people who live in hot or humid climates. […] Smoking also increases the risk of developing a nail infection. […] In some cases there is no apparent reason. Fungal germs are common and an infection can occur 'out of the blue’.

• #2 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html/1000

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails that causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. […] It is caused by a variety of organisms, but most cases are caused by dermatophytes. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] Onychomycosis is caused by various organisms, most often dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton. […] Other organisms include Candida, which is more common in fingernail infections and in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] Nondermatophyte molds are a less common cause in the general population. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that they are the predominant organisms in patients with onychomycosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. […] Onychomycosis may occur in patients with distorted nails, a history of nail trauma, genetic predisposition, hyperhidrosis, concurrent fungal infections, and psoriasis. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities.

• #2 Fungal nail infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001330.htm

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. They are most often seen in adults as they age. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet. […] Fungal nail infections may be hard to treat. Medicines clear up fungus in about one half of the people who try them. Even when treatment works, the fungus may return.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/fungal-nail-infection-tinea-unguium

  Fungal nail infection (tinea unguium) is common, particularly in toenails in the elderly. […] What causes fungal nail infections? […] Spread from a fungal skin infection. For example, athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection of the toes. This may spread to the toenails if the skin infection is not treated early. […] Fingernail infection may occur after a toenail infection has become established. The fungus may spread to a finger after scratching itchy toes and toenails. […] Fingernail infections are also more likely to occur in someone who washes their hands frequently or has them in water a lot, for example, cooks or cleaners. Constant washing may damage the protective skin at the base of the nail. This may allow fungi to enter. […] A nail that has recently been damaged is also more likely to become infected.

• #2 Why Is Toenail Fungus So Difficult to Treat? | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2023/04/why-is-toenail-fungus-so-difficult-to-treat

  Fungal infections of the toenails are very common, affecting up to 20 percent of people. Medically known as onychomycosis, it can affect both men and women, young and old and is very difficult to cure once it starts. […] Damaged, injured or loosened toenails offer the perfect entry point for fungi. These microscopic organisms are everywhere, living on surfaces both indoors and outdoors and always looking for a new place to live and reproduce, says Dr. Milliman. […] Toenail damage may be caused by repetitive friction experienced with sports such as running or it can be the result of injury. However the damage occurs, it provides a way for fungi to enter and take hold under and between the layers of the nail. […] Additional risk factors for the development of toenail fungus include: Wearing tight shoes, walking barefoot in moist areas like swimming pools, saunas and public showers, poor circulation in the legs, weakened immune system, other skin conditions, such as psoriasis, other medical conditions, such as diabetes and cancer.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/fungal-toenails/

  Although being common in such a diverse group, there are certain risk factors that heighten your chance of acquiring it. These include: Being over the age of 65, Frequent use of shellac as the nail does not have time to break and it can become weakened and susceptible to infections, Recurrent use of unsterilised equipment, especially if it has been in contact with other nails, Public swimming pools and change rooms, Tight fitting footwear, Current nail injuries, Foot deformities, Certain sporting activities e.g. running or swimming, Existing medical conditions such as diabetes, HIV or tinea pedis (fungus on the skin of the foot), Being immunocompromised or peripheral arterial disease, Obesity, Smoking. […] It is important to consult your podiatrist for advice and preferred treatment plans as there are multiple factors that must be considered before starting a treatment pathway to resolve your fungal infection.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Fingernail infection may occur after a toenail infection has become established. This also occurs due to excessive scratching. […] Damaged and broken nails allow fungi to infect them. Constant nail biting and use of artificial and cosmetic nails may also raise the risk of fungal nail infections. […] Those who wash hands repeatedly e.g. cleaners, cooks and other occupations where working with water for long durations is necessary are also at risk. […] Constant washing may damage the protective skin at the base of the nail. This may allow fungi to enter and infect the nails. […] Individuals living in hot and humid climates are at an increased risk. […] Those with chronic health conditions are at risk of fungal nail infections. This includes individuals with: diabetes, psoriasis, poor blood circulation in the fingers and toes, suppressed or poor immune system for example in individuals with AIDS or those on cancer or other chemotherapy, those with a generally poor state of health.

• #2 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  The space underneath the nail can then serve as a reservoir for bacteria and moulds, which can cause the nail to become discoloured. […] Fungal nail infections are thought to have become more prevalent during the 20th century thanks to people migration, longer life expectancy, increasing numbers of people with compromised immune systems (such as HIV sufferers), use of stifling foot wear and locker rooms in the gym.

• #2 Nail Fungus Infections: Myths vs. Facts Explained by Dermatology Affiliates | Dermatology Affiliates

  https://www.dermatologyaffiliates.com/blog/nail-fungus-myths-vs-facts

  A weakened immune system, cancer, diabetes, athletes foot, psoriasis and poor circulation can increase the risk of infection. […] Trauma can damage the nails and cause cracks or separation from the nail bed, providing entry for the fungi. […] This is likely because of the warm, moist environment of shoes. […] Without treatment, a fungal infection can worsen, cause structural damage to your nail beds, and even spread to the skin and other areas. Only active, sustained treatment will eliminate the infection. […] Fungal nail infections can be challenging to treat and often do not go away without prescription antifungal medications. It can get into and around the nail, grow underneath it, and may cause the nail to thicken and break down, making it difficult for the medication to penetrate. Treatment typically lasts up to three months, and it usually takes six to nine months for a nail to grow out.

• #2 Nail Fungus | Dermatology Associates

  https://www.mydermatologyassociates.com/nail-fungus/

  Fungal infections can affect any body area. While fungi are normally present both on and inside of the body, as well as bacteria, infections can occur when a fungus overgrows. Nail fungus is a fungal infection affecting the fingernails and toenails. Fungal infections usually take time to develop. As a result, you might not notice the initial signs of a fingernail or toenail fungus infection. In rare cases, toenail fungus can cause cellulitis, an infection that can seriously harm your health. […] There are different possible nail fungus causes, including the overgrowth of fungi within, underneath, or on top of the nail. Fungi typically thrive in warm, moist environments, which can create an ideal situation for them to overpopulate the skin and nails. Nail infections can be caused by the same fungi that cause other conditions, such as jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm. Naturally present fungi in or on the body can also cause nail infections.

• #2 Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections Basics | Ringworm | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/about/index.html

  Ringworm is a common type of fungal nail infection (onychomycosis). It can cause nails to change colors, become thick, and break easily. […] Ringworm is caused by fungi (not a worm). The scientific names for the most common fungi that cause ringworm are Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. […] Fungal diseases and antifungal resistance are increasing worldwide. Misdiagnosis is common.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Smokers also have a high risk of fungal nail infections. This could be due to poor blood circulation in fingers and toes due to long term smoking. […] Age of the person is a risk factor. Adults are nearly 30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. Fungal nail infections affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years, but as many as 90% of people older than 70 years. […] Sometimes the cause of the infection is unknown and perfectly healthy individuals may get fungal nail infections due to contact with other people with the infection. […] Organisms that lead to fungal nail infections include (2, 3): Dermatophytes this includes Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes that causes over 90% of cases. Of these T. rubrum is responsible for about 70% cases. […] Epidermophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. are other organisms that may cause fungal nail infections. […] Around 8% (5 to 17% cases) of total infections is caused by yeast infections like Candida albicans in the UK and Malassezia furfur in tropical countries. […] Some Non-dermatophyte moulds like Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Acremonium spp and Fusarium spp. may lead to 3 to 5% of infections.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Fungal nail infections are one of the most common dermatological conditions in the United Kingdom. Nearly 3 in 100 in the UK suffer from fungal nail infections at some point in their lives. […] In the UK the prevalence of fungal nail infections is as high as 26.9%. In the United States the prevalence of the condition is 18.5% and is said to be on the rise. […] The rise is due to the rising numbers of people with diabetes and poor immunity. Also since this condition affects the elderly the rise is due to increasing numbers of aging individuals. […] Causes and risk factors of getting fungal nail infections include (1-5): Those with fungal skin infections. Athletes foot is a fungal skin infection of the skin between the toes. This infection left untreated often spreads to toenails. […] Fungal skin infections are responsible for spread to finger nails due to scratching the lesions and spread of the fungal spores to the finger nails.

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