Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17924-galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is a condition where your breasts leak milk. […] Its difficult to prevent galactorrhea. The following tips could reduce your risk of developing it: […] Avoiding things that cause galactorrhea is the best way to keep it from occurring.

• #2 Galactorrhea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/symptoms-and-conditions/galactorrhea

  It is not always possible to prevent galactorrhea. […] However, to help prevent more severe galactorrhea, try to avoid overstimulating the breasts from sexual activity, wearing tight clothing, and completing breast self-exams more often than recommended by your doctor.

• #3 Galactorrhea | Encyclopedia.com

  https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is the secretion of breast milk in men, or in women who are not breastfeeding an infant. […] There is no way to prevent galactorrhea. If the condition is caused by the use of a particular drug, a patient may be able to switch to a different drug that does not have the side-effect of galactorrhea.

• #4 Galactorrhea – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/galactorrhea/

  You can’t prevent galactorrhea. However, once you know the cause, you may be able to avoid it. […] In many cases, no treatment is necessary. Over time, the condition may go away on its own. Until then, there are some things you can do to help. […] Avoid stimulating your breasts. […] Avoid touching your nipples during sexual activity. […] Don’t do breast self-exams more than once a month. […] Avoid clothes that are too tight or rub and irritate your skin. […] Wear pads in your bra (women) to absorb the milky discharge.

• #5

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1549

  Do not handle, touch, or squeeze your nipples or breasts, even „just to check.” This may cause the leakage to continue. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems with your medicine.

• #6 Galactorrhea | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688531/all/Galactorrhea

  Avoid frequent nipple stimulation. […] Avoid medications that can suppress dopamine.

• #7 Galactorrhea – 811.novascotia.ca

  https://811.novascotia.ca/health_topics/galactorrhea/

  You cant prevent galactorrhea. However, once you know the cause, you may be able to avoid it. […] Avoid stimulating your breasts. […] Avoid touching your nipples during sexual activity. […] Dont do breast self-exams more than one time a month. […] Avoid tight-fitting clothing or clothing that causes friction. […] Wear pads in your bra (women) to absorb the milky discharge.

• #8 Galactorrhea | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/galactorrhea/

  Avoid stimulating your breasts or touching your nipples during sex. […] Avoid wearing very tight clothing or clothing that irritates your skin. […] Do not perform breast self-exams more than once a month. […] Use bra pads to absorb the milky discharge.

• #9 Lactating Not Pregnant: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/lactating-not-pregnant

  Galactorrhea happens to around 20 to 25 percent of women, according to Dr. Sherry Ross, OB/GYN at Providence Saint Johns Health Center. […] Many of the causes of galactorrhea, like hormonal imbalances, tumors, or other medical conditions, are beyond our control. But there are a few things you can do at home to reduce your likelihood of lactating while not pregnant, including: avoiding bras or clothing that irritate your nipples, avoiding stimulating breasts too often, practicing healthy ways to relieve stress.

• #10 Galactorrhea – TeleHealth Pharmacy

  https://telehealthpharmacy.com/galactorrhea/

  To reduce your chance of galactorrhea: […] Avoid wearing clothing that irritates the breast. […] Avoid frequent breast self-exam; usually once a month is enough. […] Avoid excessive sexual stimulation of the breasts. […] Do not use illicit drugs.

• #11 Galactorrhea of the Newborn (Witch’s Milk) | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/galactorrhea-newborn-witch-s-milk

  Galactorrhea of the newborn (neonatal milk or witchs milk) occurs in about 5% of neonates and in both sexes. Galactorrhea is the result of the influence of the mothers hormones on the baby before birth. The mothers hormones can persist in the neonates body for weeks. Up to 2% of infants secrete milk until 2 months of age. […] The condition usually resolves spontaneously within a few months. No treatment is necessary unless the area becomes red or tender. Discourage massage or manipulation of the breast tissue because it may force bacteria into the milk glands, which can lead to mastitis. […] She was also cautioned against massaging or unnecessarily manipulating the breast tissue.

• #12 What is Galactorrhea? Treatment, Causes, Symptoms, Surgery

  https://anavara.com/treatment/galactorrhea

  To prevent galactorrhea is difficult, but the measures that you can take to reduce the risk of developing the condition include: […] Avoid taking medications that are associated with hormones such as antidepressants, sedatives, blood pressure drugs, etc. […] Reduce wearing tight bras or clothes that rub or scratch your nipples and compress your breasts. […] Reduce the overstimulation of breasts and nipples during sexual activity. […] Avoid opioid medications and hard drugs. […] Avoid herbal supplements.

• #13 Galactorrhea – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/galactorrhea.html

  Galactorrhea can go away on its own. […] Avoid breast stimulation. Wear loose clothing, and do not squeeze or rub your breasts. Stimulation signals hormones to produce the milky discharge.

• #14 What Do You Do If You Have Galactorrhea? Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_do_you_do_if_you_have_galactorrhea/article.htm

  In most cases, your doctor may recommend treatment depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Treatment may include: […] Avoiding activities that may be causing galactorrhea such as: […] Using breast pads (absorbent liners placed in the bra) can help absorb milk leakage.

• #15 Evaluation and Management of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0601/p1073.html

  Galactorrhea is commonly caused by hyperprolactinemia, especially when it is associated with amenorrhea. […] Those with hyperprolactinemia should have pregnancy ruled out, and thyroid and renal function assessed. […] Medications causing hyperprolactinemia should be discontinued or replaced with a medication from a similar class with lower potential for causing hyperprolactinemia. […] Treatment of hyperprolactinemia should be targeted primarily to correct the cause (e.g., treatment of hypothyroidism, replacement or discontinuation of offending medications). […] Patients with symptomatic prolactinomas should be treated with dopamine agonists, with cabergoline preferred over bromocriptine. […] Treatment is not recommended for patients with asymptomatic microprolactinoma. […] For medication-induced hyperprolactinemia, ideally the causative medication should be discontinued.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/amhe/fulltext/2021/22020/fluvoxamine_induced_galactorrhea__a_case_series.16.aspx

  Galactorrhea is a very distressing symptom, especially for unmarried females, and medication-induced galactorrhea is a common etiological factor. […] However, there are only few reports of use of fluvoxamine-causing galactorrhea. […] In both the cases, the galactorrhea was at probable level of causality based on Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability, with a score of 6 each. […] As in our cases, previous studies reporting galactorrhea with fluvoxamine use have reported self-resolution of the adverse effect after stopping the offending medicine. […] A psychiatrist should be well aware of the possibility of occurrence of galactorrhea as an adverse event and should enquire about the same while treating patients with fluvoxamine. Further research trying to elucidate prolactin metabolism and possible causes for normoprolactinemic galactorrhea is very much required.

• #17 Evaluation and Management of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0601/p1073.html

  If the underlying condition warrants continuation of such medications, switching to another medication in a similar class that has lower or no potential to cause hyperprolactinemia would be the most appropriate management option. […] Dopamine agonists have been shown to be effective in normalizing PRL, restoring reproductive hormones, shrinking adenomas, and increasing bone density via normalization of estrogen/testosterone levels. […] Treatment is not recommended for patients with asymptomatic microprolactinoma. […] If the galactorrhea is bothersome, treatment with a low-dose dopamine agonist, such as 0.5 mg of cabergoline once weekly, will generally cause the galactorrhea to resolve, usually within a couple of months.

• #18 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/galactorrhea-symptoms-types-causes-diagnose-and-treatment

  Galactorrhea can be managed and possibly prevented by taking proactive steps to maintain hormonal equilibrium. Since it is a symptom of underlying issues, focusing on the root causes can significantly reduce the risk of galactorrhea. Here are practical measures to consider: […] Regular Health Check-ups: Stay on top of your health with regular medical check-ups. These screenings can detect hormonal imbalances or underlying conditions early on, preventing the development of galactorrhea. […] Medication Management: If the prescribed medications are known to elevate prolactin levels, adhere to your doctor’s instructions diligently. Promptly report any unusual symptoms, such as nipple discharge, for timely evaluation. […] Stress Reduction: Manage stress effectively through relaxation techniques, exercise, and sufficient rest. You can help maintain hormonal harmony and minimize the risk of galactorrhea by reducing chronic stress.

• #19 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/galactorrhea-symptoms-types-causes-diagnose-and-treatment

  Thyroid Health: Monitor and manage thyroid conditions, especially hypothyroidism, with proper medication and regular thyroid function tests. This proactive approach can prevent disruptions in hormone levels that may contribute to galactorrhea. […] Mindful Nipple Stimulation: While nipple stimulation is natural in intimate relationships, moderate its frequency and intensity to avoid excessive prolactin release, potentially leading to galactorrhea. […] Breast Self-Examination: Regularly examine your breasts to stay aware of any changes, including nipple discharge. Early detection can aid in addressing galactorrhea or other breast-related concerns promptly. […] Hormone Management: If you have conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperprolactinemia, collaborate closely with healthcare professionals to manage them effectively. Proper hormone management can help prevent galactorrhea.

• #20 Evaluation and Treatment of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1763.html

  The prevention of osteoporosis is a concern in any patient with hyperprolactinemia. High prolactin levels, through their effect on gonadotropins and resulting low estrogen levels, decrease bone density and thereby increase the risk of osteoporosis. This risk can be reduced with medical therapy using dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine [Parlodel], cabergoline [Dostinex]), even in the absence of a tumor. […] Patients with idiopathic or physiologic galactorrhea and normal prolactin levels should be reassured. All patients with galactorrhea should be advised to avoid excessive breast stimulation, including repeated self-examinations or excessive nipple manipulation during sexual activity. If galactorrhea is caused by a medication, the agent should be discontinued if possible.

• #21 Pituitary Microadenomas Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126702-treatment

  For symptomatic microprolactinomas, therapy with a dopamine agonist (D2-receptor agonist) is the treatment of choice (see Hyperprolactinemia). The goal is to restore prolactin levels to normal, with return to a eugonadal state, and to reduce the tumor size, preserve pituitary function, improve bone mineral density, stop galactorrhea, and prevent disease progression and recurrence. […] Cabergoline normalizes prolactin levels in patients with microprolactinomas in 83% of cases, shrinks the tumor in 80%, leads to resolution of amenorrhea and restoration of fertility in 72%, and results in resolution of galactorrhea in 86% of patients. […] In post-menopausal women with microprolactinomas, treatment is not necessary. Similarly, in patients with microprolactinomas who are not seeking fertility and in the absence of hypogonadism and galactorrhea, treatment with a dopamine agonist is not indicated.

• #22 SciELO Brazil – Galactorreia: como abordar essa complicação incomum após mamoplastia de aumento Galactorreia: como abordar essa complicação incomum após mamoplastia de aumento

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcp/a/5Cdnb57G5HcfyQCZWGHpnqS/?lang=en

  Cabergoline is an ergot dopaminergic derivative, which is a potent and prolonged suppressant of prolactin. The recommended dose is 0.5 mg per week, administered in 1 or 2 doses. […] Most of the studies in the literature report drainage as the approach to galactorrhea and galactocele, when necessary, and the use of lactation suppressants.

• #23 Pituitary Microadenomas Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126702-treatment

  For men with microprolactinomas and hypogonadism who do not seek fertility, testosterone administration without dopamine agonists will usually suffice. […] It is recommended, if the dose of cabergoline is higher than 2 mg per week, that echocardiograms be performed periodically to monitor for heart valve abnormalities. […] During pregnancy, dopamine agonists should be discontinued; the incidence of growth of microprolactinomas during pregnancy is very low, at approximately 2.4%. […] Dopamine agonists used for the treatment of microprolactinomas should be stopped at the diagnosis of pregnancy.

• #24 Quick Facts:Galactorrhea – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/galactorrhea

  Doctors treat galactorrhea with medicine to stop your pituitary gland from making prolactin. […] Surgery to remove a tumor, if you have one and if medicine doesn’t work. […] Radiation therapy, if both medicine and surgery don’t work. […] If your symptoms are mild and don’t bother you, doctors may not treat your galactorrhea. You may need to take estrogen for low estrogen levels, and doctors will do follow-up CT scans (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) each year to make sure your pituitary tumor isn’t growing larger.

• #25 Galactorrhea – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/breast/galactorrhea/

  Management is targeted at the underlying cause. […] Dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline) can be used to treat the symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia. They block prolactin secretion and improve symptoms. […] Trans-sphenoidal surgical removal of the pituitary tumour is the definitive treatment of hyperprolactinaemia secondary to a prolactinoma. The pituitary gland and tumour are accessed and removed through the nose and sphenoid bone.

• #26 A Case of Galactorrhea With Escitalopram: A Biopsychosocial Phenomenon

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/case-galactorrhea-escitalopram-biopsychosocial-phenomenon/

  To the Editor: Galactorrhea with the use of escitalopram has been described in previous case reports. This phenomenon has been explained by various mechanisms: inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, direct stimulation of prolactin release through postsynaptic serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the hypothalamus, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) hyperresponsiveness in euprolactinemic galactorrhea. However, it is well known that some cases of galactorrhea in women are psychosomatic in origin, with galactorrhea occurring with menarche, marriage, and loss of a meaningful person or situation. […] The literature suggests that there is a significant temporal correlation of external events with the onset or worsening of galactorrhea and that exposure during childhood to an environment characterized by an absent or an alcoholic, violent father conditions some women to develop galactorrhea later in life as a response to specific life events such as marriage and actual or threatened loss of an important person or situation. Furthermore, an interaction of psychogenic, pharmacologic, and endocrinologic factors is said to be responsible for galactorrhea, with the latter occurring when these factors combine to reach a certain threshold. Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in treatment of galactorrhea in which psychogenic factors are operative. […] This case highlights the importance of a biopsychosocial approach to evaluation and treatment in all cases of galactorrhea.

• #27 Understanding Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/galactorrhea-understanding-unusual-milk-production-and-its-causes

  Can galactorrhea be prevented? […] Preventing galactorrhea isn’t always possible, but you can reduce risk by informing your doctor of medications, attending regular check-ups to monitor hormonal health, and avoiding excessive breast stimulation. Discuss preventive options with your healthcare provider if at risk.

• #28 Galactorrhea | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688531/all/Galactorrhea?q=Cirrhosis

  Avoid frequent nipple stimulation. […] Avoid medications that can suppress dopamine.

• #29 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/obstetrics-and-gynaecology/galactorrhea-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Is galactorrhea preventable? […] It’s challenging to prevent galactorrhea. You may be less likely to have it if you follow these tips: […] Causing frequent stimulation to your breasts and nipples. […] Doing breast exams more frequently than once each month. […] Avoid wearing clothes that irritate or scratch your breasts.

• #30

  https://step2.medbullets.com/evidence/22962879

  Galactorrhea is commonly caused by hyperprolactinemia, especially when it is associated with amenorrhea. […] Medications causing hyperprolactinemia should be discontinued or replaced with a medication from a similar class with lower potential for causing hyperprolactinemia. […] Normoprolactinemic patients with idiopathic, nonbothersome galactorrhea can be reassured and do not need treatment; however, those with bothersome galactorrhea usually respond to a short course of a low-dose dopamine agonist.

• #31

  https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20141203/galactorrhea-with-normal-prolactin

  Not all elevations of prolactin are due to prolactinoma. Not every case of galactorrhea is associated with high-serum prolactin. […] I reassured both of them that they had benign physiologic galactorrhea. Women may lactate for as long as two years after cessation of breast feeding. I encouraged them to avoid nipple stimulation. With time and patience, breast milk production should stop.

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