Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Evaluation and Treatment of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1763.html

  Galactorrhea, or inappropriate lactation, is a relatively common problem that occurs in approximately 20 to 25 percent of women. […] The differential diagnosis of galactorrhea includes pituitary adenomas, neurologic disorders, hypothyroidism, numerous medications, breast stimulation, chest wall irritation and physiologic causes. […] The differential diagnosis of galactorrhea includes conditions affecting many different organ systems, with causes ranging from physiologic to malignant. […] Galactorrhea may be considered physiologic. Pregnant women may lactate as early as the second trimester and may continue to produce milk for up to two years after cessation of breast-feeding. […] Although galactorrhea is not associated with breast cancer, it can be caused by neo-plastic processes in the brain and pituitary gland.

• #2 Galactorrhea

  https://fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Sx/Glctrh.htm

  Nonpuerperal Galactorrhea is defined as non-lactational milk production and discharge from the breast. […] In addition to post-menopausal or non-lactating women (12 months postpartum), it may be seen in men and in children. […] Causes of Hyperprolactinemia include medications, with oral contraceptives being the most common cause. […] Galactorrhea with amenorrhea is pathognomonic for hyperprolactinemia. […] Galactorrhea without amenorrhea is associated with normal serum prolactin. […] Increased prolactin levels indicate hyperprolactinemia, which may require further evaluation and management.

• #3 Galactorrhea – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea occurs when one or both breasts make milk or a milky discharge. It’s not related to milk production in breastfeeding. The breasts may leak only when touched, or on their own. It can occur in women or in men but is less common in men. Rarely, it can occur in newborns. […] Galactorrhea is not a disease but can be a symptom of an underlying health problem. […] There are many possible causes of galactorrhea. Someone who has it most likely has an underlying condition. Possible causes include: Pregnancy, Oral birth control pills, Over stimulation of the breasts, such as during sexual activity, Frequent (daily) breast self-exams, Clothing that irritates the breasts (may include scratchy wool shirts or bras that don’t fit well), Pituitary tumors. Often these are located in the pituitary gland in the brain. Most tumors are benign, meaning not cancerous, Certain medicines. These can include hormones, antidepressants, blood pressure medicines, and sedatives, Herbal supplements. These can include nettle, fennel, blessed thistle, anise, and fenugreek seed, Drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, and opiates, Kidney disease, An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). The thyroid is a gland that produces hormones, Injury or trauma to your chest or spinal cord. […] In some cases, the cause of galactorrhea is unknown.

• #4 Galactorrhea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/galactorrhea?content_id=CON-20154794

  Galactorrhea often results from having too much of the hormone that makes milk when you have a baby. This is called prolactin. Your pituitary gland, a small bean-shaped gland at the base of your brain involved with several hormones, makes prolactin. […] Possible causes of galactorrhea include: Medicines, such as certain sedatives, antidepressants, antipsychotics and high blood pressure medicines. Opioid use. Herbal supplements, such as fennel, anise or fenugreek seed. Birth control pills. A noncancerous pituitary tumor, called prolactinoma, or other condition of the pituitary gland. Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism. Long-term kidney disease. Too much handling of the breast. This may be linked with sex activity, having breast self-exams with nipple handling or long-lasting rubbing from clothing. Nerve damage to the chest wall from chest surgery, burns or other chest injuries. Spinal cord surgery, injury or tumors. Stress.

• #5 Hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea with combined oral contraceptive pill use: A refresher

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/june/hyperprolactinaemia-and-galactorrhoea

  Galactorrhoea is a milk-like discharge from the nipples when the patient is neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. It happens when abnormally high levels of serum prolactin stimulate the lactotroph cells in the mammillary glands of the breast, resulting in galactorrhoea. Prolactin secretion is regulated by stimulatory or inhibitory hormones produced in the hypothalamus. Stimulatory hormones include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and epidermal growth factor, while inhibitory hormones include dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Physiological causes include pregnancy, stress and nipple stimulation. Pathological causes of hyperprolactinaemia are due to anti-dopaminergic medications, such as antipsychotics. In the absence of these medications, pituitary tumours account for approximately 50% of hyperprolactinaemia cases. Additionally, subclinical hypothyroidism has been found to be associated with hyperprolactinaemia.

• #5 Hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea with combined oral contraceptive pill use: A refresher

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/june/hyperprolactinaemia-and-galactorrhoea

  The incidence of COCP-associated galactorrhoea is unclear due to lack of recent data on newer agents. Literature from the 1980s suggest that 10-19% of women on a COCP experience galactorrhoea, with up to 30% experiencing hyperprolactinaemia. Some studies have found that COCPs use can increase serum prolactin levels, whereas other studies do not show any effect on prolactin levels. Galactorrhoea is usually seen in COCPs containing high oestrogen doses (35 g), and is most apparent in the week of the placebo pills. In recent newer contraceptives with lower oestrogen doses, this is rarely observed. The proposed mechanism is the stimulatory effect of oestrogen and progesterone on prolactin secretion and the oestrogen-induced proliferation of lactotroph in the anterior pituitary gland. […] In primary hypothyroidism, such as Hashimotos thyroiditis, there is an increase in serum TRH levels, which stimulates hyperprolactinaemia, as well as TSH secretion. Reduced metabolic clearance in patients is also believed to contribute to high serum prolactin levels. Therefore, it is always good practice to correct abnormalities in thyroid biochemistry in women with galactorrhoea to see if symptoms resolve. Referral to an endocrinologist might be also warranted.

• #6 Galactorrhea | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688531/all/Galactorrhea

  Milky nipple discharge not associated with lactation, defined as 1 year after pregnancy or cessation of breastfeeding. […] Galactorrhea results either from prolactin overproduction or loss of inhibitory regulation by dopamine. […] Physiologic galactorrhea can be due to pregnancy, nipple stimulation, nipple piercing, exercise, or sexual activity. […] Hyperprolactinemia can be due to overproduction by malignancy or mass effect, most commonly prolactinoma. […] Hyperprolactinemia secondary to systemic diseases: Hypothyroidism, Chronic renal failure (reduced clearance of prolactin leading to elevated serum levels), Cirrhosis, Adrenal insufficiency. […] Medications/substances: Cardiovascular (-methyldopa, reserpine, verapamil, spironolactone), GI (domperidone, metoclopramide), Herbal (anise [licorice], barley, blessed thistle, fenugreek seed, fennel, goats rue), Illicit (cocaine, marijuana), Antimicrobials (isoniazid, protease inhibitors), Opioids, Psych/neuro (neuroleptics, antipsychotics, stimulants, SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs), Reproductive (estrogens, copper IUD), DMARDs (azathioprine). […] Commonly associated with hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, hypogonadism, and pituitary adenoma.

• #7 Galactorrhoea: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/galactorrhoea

  Galactorrhoea is much more common in women than in men. […] Hyperprolactinaemia is the most common cause, and as many as 90% of women with hyperprolactinaemia have galactorrhoea. […] When galactorrhoea is accompanied by amenorrhoea, it is usually caused by hyperprolactinaemia. […] Idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia (40% of cases of hyperprolactinaemia). […] Prolactinomas (PRL levels are usually very high in this case as the tumour causes hypersecretion of PRL). […] Other causes of hypersecretion of PRL: Addison’s disease, Acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, Metastatic tumours, Infections such as tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Histiocytosis. […] Normoprolactinaemic causes of galactorrhoea: Idiopathic galactorrhoea. When all else has been excluded, what remains is labelled as idiopathic.

• #8 Galactorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537115/

  Galactorrhea is milk production from the breast unrelated to pregnancy or lactation. Milk production one year after cessation of breastfeeding is non-lactational and is considered galactorrhea. Various hormones including prolactin, estrogens, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) can affect the production of milk. […] The various causes of galactorrhea broadly divide into hypothalamic-pituitary causes and non-hypothalamic-pituitary causes. […] Prolactinomas are prolactin-secreting tumors and are the commonest hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary glands. Prolactinomas which are less than 1 cm in size are known as microprolactinomas, whereas those greater than 1 cm in size are known as macroprolactinomas. Prolactin levels correlate well with the size of the tumor with microprolactinomas having prolactin levels of 200 ng/ml and macroprolactinomas having higher prolactin levels of 1000 ng/ml.

• #9 What Is Galactorrhea? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-is-galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea is a condition in which there is milk production, or unwanted nipple discharge, from the breast that is not associated with pregnancy or lactation. […] It often occurs due to an underlying cause, mainly hyperprolactinemia, a pituitary gland tumour, chronic kidney disease, hypothalamic lesions and adverse effects of medication. […] Various hormones, such as prolactin, oestrogen, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), have an influence on causing galactorrhea. […] The underlying causes of galactorrhea can be classified into two categories: Hypothalamic-pituitary causes and Non-hypothalamic-pituitary causes. […] Hypothalamic-pituitary causes of galactorrhea are mainly characterised by a defect in the production and secretion of pituitary gland hormones due to a benign (non-cancerous) tumour in the pituitary gland or in the hypothalamus.

• #10 Diagnosis and Management of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0801/p543.html

  Pituitary tumors, the most common pathologic cause of galactorrhea, can result in hyperprolactinemia by producing prolactin or blocking the passage of dopamine from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary tumor and are associated with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and marked hyperprolactinemia. […] Hypothalamic lesions such as craniopharyngioma, primary hypothalamic tumor, metastatic tumor, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and empty sella syndrome, and pituitary stalk lesions are infrequent but significant causes of galactorrhea. […] Primary hypothyroidism is a rare cause of galactorrhea in children and adults. In patients with primary hypothyroidism, there is increased production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which may stimulate prolactin release.

• #11 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/galactorrhea-symptoms-types-causes-diagnose-and-treatment

  Galactorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the spontaneous and excessive discharge of breast milk from the nipples in individuals who are not pregnant or nursing a baby. […] Galactorrhea is not a disease but a signal of potential hormonal imbalances or other medical conditions. […] A study conducted in South India found that the most common cause of galactorrhea was drug-induced, accounting for 80% of cases. Other causes are prolactinoma (10%), idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (5%), and idiopathic galactorrhea (5%). […] Another study conducted in the United States found that the most common cause of galactorrhea was prolactinoma (40%), followed by drug-induced (30%), idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (20%), and idiopathic galactorrhea (10%). […] Galactorrhea can be due to a range of underlying factors, such as: 1. Prolactinomas – Chief Culprits from Within: Leading the roster of causes is prolactinoma, a non-cancerous pituitary gland tumor. These intruders disrupt the finely tuned hormonal balance by instigating excessive production of prolactin. Elevated prolactin levels stimulate lactation, resulting in galactorrhea, even when you are not pregnant or nursing.

• #12 Etiological Profile of Galactorrhoea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6085969/

  Drugs like antipsychotics, antidepressants, estrogen-containing drugs, prokinetics, antihypertensives, opioids that act by blocking D2 receptors or decrease synthesis of dopamine can reduce the hypothalamic inhibitory tone on pituitary and thereby can increase in prolactin secretion which may cause galactorrhea. […] The prevalence of drug-induced galactorrhea is on a rise and constituted 80% of galactorrhea cases in the present study. […] This change in the etiological pattern of drug-induced galactorrhea may be due to recent increase in the use of prokinetics either due to their rampant prescription by physicians for non-specific symptoms or due to easy availability of prokinetics as over the counter medications. […] Stopping the implicated drug for 72 hours or more and repeating serum prolactin level helps to confirm the drug-induced galactorrhea. However, it should be kept in mind that serum prolactin may not normalize by 72 hours in few patients and may take a week or more to do so. […] Although D2 agonists can normalize prolactin in few patients with drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, without stopping the implicated drug it may often fail to reduce galactorrhea and/or hyperprolactinemia as observed in our study.

• #13 Diagnosis and Management of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0801/p543.html

  After infancy, galactorrhea usually is medication-induced. The most common pathologic cause of galactorrhea is a pituitary tumor. Other causes include hypothalamic and pituitary stalk lesions, neurogenic stimulation, thyroid disorders, and chronic renal failure. […] Pharmacologic agents are a common cause of galactorrhea. Some medications known to cause galactorrhea are listed in Table 1. These agents can block dopamine and histamine receptors, deplete dopamine stores, inhibit dopamine release, and stimulate lactotrophs. Estrogen in oral contraceptives can cause galactorrhea by suppressing the hypothalamic secretion of prolactin inhibitory factor and by direct stimulation of the pituitary lactotrophs. Galactorrhea also may develop following estrogen withdrawal because of the absence of the inhibitory effect on prolactin action at the breast.

• #14 Galactorrhea: Symptoms, Causes in Men and Women, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/galactorrhea

  Many other conditions can cause you to have too much prolactin. These include: hypothyroidism, which happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t work to full capacity; taking certain high blood pressure medications, such as methyldopa (Aldomet); long-term kidney conditions; liver disorders, such as cirrhosis; some types of lung cancer; taking opioid medications, such as oxycodone (Percocet) and fentanyl (Actiq); taking certain antidepressants, such as paroxetine (Paxil) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram (Celexa); using cocaine or marijuana; taking certain herbal supplements, including fennel or anise seed; taking prokinetics for gastrointestinal conditions; using phenothiazines to get rid of parasites. […] Taking birth control pills impacts different hormone levels, which can cause galactorrhea in some females.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2021/63060/selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor_induced.19.aspx

  Galactorrhea in nonpregnant woman of child-bearing age is related to various pathologies including the use of psychotropic. […] Although the incidence of galactorrhea with antidepressants, mostly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) was reported previously, they were very few in number and clear pharmacopathology cannot be postulated behind it. […] In all three cases, galactorrhea was associated with increased serum prolactin level which was normalized after discontinuation of medicines. […] Galactorrhea and elevated serum prolactin level was seen with the use of paroxetine 25 mg/day. […] In our 2nd and 3rd cases, we have seen galactorrhea along with markedly elevated serum prolactin level with the single use of fluvoxamine. […] Lactation is always due to increased serum prolactin level and galactorrhea in the presence of hyperprolactinemia points toward tuberoinfundibular dopamine (D2) blockade, leading to decrease the release of prolactin-inhibiting factor, likely to be dopamine.

• #16 Galactorrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is also a side effect associated with the use of the second-generation H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine (Tagamet). Galactorrhea can also be caused by antipsychotics that cause hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine receptors responsible for control of prolactin release. Of these, risperidone is the most notorious for causing this complication. Case reports suggest proton-pump inhibitors have been shown to cause galactorrhea.

• #17 Galactorrhea – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea or galactorrhoea is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing. […] Common Causes include Ahumada-del castillo syndrome, Domperidone, Fluoxetine, Hypothyroidism, Meningoencephalitis, Methyldopa, Metoclopramide, Prolactinomas, and Verapamil. […] Causes by Organ System include Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Licorice, Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome, Cushing disease, Excessive prolactin, Forbes-albright syndrome, Hyperoestrogenic states, Hypothyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Pineal tumour, Pituitary adenomas, Pituitary cancer, Craniopharyngiomas, Intracranial space-occupying lesion, Insulin receptor defect with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, and more. […] Causes in Alphabetical Order include Ahumada-del castillo syndrome, Alimemazine, Amisulpride, Amoxapine, Anterior pituitary hyperhormonotrophic syndrome, Antihypertensive medication, Antipsychotics, Birth control, Breast feeding, Breast stimulation, Chest wall stimulation, Chiari-frommel syndrome, Chlorpromazine, Cimetidine, Craniopharyngiomas, Cushing disease, Deserpidine, Domperidone, Dutetrabenazine, Ethinylestradiol, Excessive prolactin, Fluoxetine, Flupentixol, Forbes-albright syndrome, Haloperidol, Head trauma, Hyperoestrogenic states, Hypothyroidism, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Insulin receptor defect with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, Intracranial space-occupying lesion, Levomepromazine, Licorice, Loxapine, Meningoencephalitis, Metastatic breast carcinoma, Methyldopa, Methyldopate, Metoclopramide, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Neoplasm, Nipple stimulation, Olanzapine, Opiates, Opioids, Oral contraceptives, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Perazine, Phenothiazines, Physical exertion, Pimozide, Pineal tumour, Pipothiazine, Pituitary adenomas, Pituitary cancer, Pregnancy, Prolactin overproduction, Prolactinomas, Reserpine, Risperidone, Sarcoidosis, Sexual intercourse, Shingles, Stress, Tetrabenazine, Trifluperidol, Verapamil, and Zotepine.

• #18 Galactorrhea

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Sx/Glctrh.htm

  Galactorrhea is typically milky white, bilateral and multi-ductal. […] Oral Contraceptives are the most common cause. […] Galactorrhea with Amenorrhea is pathognomonic for Hyperprolactinemia. […] Galactorrhea without Amenorrhea is associated with normal Serum Prolactin. […] Increased Prolactin (Hyperprolactinemia) leads to further evaluation.

• #19 Galactorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537115/

  Elevated levels of TRH in hypothyroidism can stimulate the lactotrophs resulting in hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. […] Several medications can cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. In most instances, the level of prolactin is less than 200 ng/ml; however, atypical antipsychotics like risperidone carry associations with prolactin levels of 200 ng/ml, which can be confused for a microprolactinoma. […] Hyperprolactinemia in renal failure is due to the failure of the kidneys to clear prolactin. […] Various chest wall lesions including burns, surgeries, herpes zoster have associations with hyperprolactinemia. […] Occasionally hyperprolactinemia with no known cause has been reported. These could be secondary to small undiagnosed microprolactinomas. […] Prolactin is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of milk. Prolactin is secreted by the lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary.

• #20 Galactorrhoea – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/breast/presentations/galactorrhoea/

  Galactorrhoea is defined as is defined as copious, bilateral, multi-ductal, milky discharge, not associated with pregnancy or lactation. […] Hyperprolactinaemia is the most common cause. Causes of hyperprolactinaemic galactorrhoea include: Idiopathic, occurring in around 40% cases; Pituitary Adenoma, whereby benign tumours of the pituitary gland can secrete excessive prolactin hormone, often termed prolactinomas; Drug-Induced, with medications such as SSRIs, anti-psychotics, or H2-antagonists all stimulating prolactin release; Neurological, whereby neurogenic pathways are activated to inhibit dopamine levels, such as varicella zoster infection or spinal cord injury; Hypothyroidism, as elevated thyrotropin-releasing hormone can also stimulate prolactin related. Cushings disease, Acromegaly, and Addisons disease have also been associated with the condition.

• #21 What is Galactorrhea? – Doç. Dr. Çağlar Helvacıoğlu

  https://caglarhelvacioglu.com/en/what-is-galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea is a condition that occurs in women or men who are not breastfeeding, in which milk is produced in the breast and this milk flows out of the nipple. In galactorrhea, which is usually caused by overproduction of the hormone prolactin, a milk hormone produced by the pituitary gland, many different factors can cause overproduction of the hormone. […] Galactorrhea, which often occurs as a side effect of medication, can be caused by many different psychological or physiological reasons. The most common causes of galactorrhea are as follows: […] Brain tumors that cause milk from the breast due to impaired secretions in the body […] Hormone medications used by thyroid patients […] Kidney diseases that prevent the adrenal glands from working or cause them to overwork […] Sarcoidosis of the pituitary gland […] Polycystic ovary syndrome […] Medicines used to treat depression, birth control pills or some blood pressure medicines […] Environmental factors such as stress, protein-oriented diet, too frequent stimulation of the nipple, sudden or prolonged hormonal changes.

• #22 Galactorrhea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/galactorrhea?content_id=CON-20154794

  Sometimes healthcare professionals can’t find a cause for galactorrhea. This is called idiopathic galactorrhea. This may mean that the breast tissue is very sensitive to the milk-making hormone prolactin. If so, even typical prolactin levels can lead to galactorrhea. […] In people assigned male at birth, galactorrhea may be linked with too little of the hormone testosterone. Called male hypogonadism, this most often also causes breasts that are enlarged or tender, called gynecomastia. Not being able to get and keep an erection, called erectile dysfunction, and not wanting to have sex also are linked with too little testosterone.

• #23 Galactorrhea and What Causes It

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-galactorrhea-2721950

  Though rare, galactorrhea can occur in people with end-stage kidney disease. The reasons are unclear, but some researchers believe it happens because kidneys that aren’t functioning correctly will allow prolactin to remain in the body for a longer period of time. […] Tumors in the pituitary gland can cause elevated levels of prolactin, a condition known as hyperprolactinemia. Elevated levels of prolactin due to a pituitary tumor will cause galactorrhea and amenorrhea or no menstrual periods. […] Chronic stress can cause changes in your body that can result in increased levels of prolactin. […] Repetitive and intense nipple stimulation when you are not pregnant or breastfeeding can trigger hormonal changes that result in elevated prolactin levels and galactorrhea. […] Cases of galactorrhea in males can have similar causes as in females, such as certain medications and pituitary tumors. […] Galactorrhea happens when there is too much of the hormone prolactin, which stimulates the production of milk. This may occur due to medication use, stress, overstimulation of the nipples, or health conditions such as hypothyroidism or a pituitary tumor.

• #24 Diagnosis and Management of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0801/p543.html

  Approximately 30 percent of patients with chronic renal failure have elevated prolactin levels, possibly because of decreased renal clearance of prolactin. […] Neurogenic stimulation may repress the secretion of hypothalamic prolactin inhibitory factor, which results in hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. […] Idiopathic galactorrhea is a diagnosis of exclusion. Galactorrhea is considered idiopathic if no cause is found after a thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation.

• #25 Non-Pregnant Breast Discharge Causes | Galactorrhea

  https://www.thewomenschoice.com/non-pregnant-breast-discharge-causes-galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea occurs due to high levels of Prolactin. Prolactin is the hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which initiates lactation. […] Various health conditions can lead to breast milky discharge. However, in some cases the real cause cant be determined and the condition may resolve on its own. […] Prolactinoma a benign type of tumor that affects the pituitary gland. It is one of the most common causes of hyperprolactinemia. […] Head trauma as the pituitary gland is settles in an osseous space on the skull base, it can be easily damaged during head trauma. […] Medications like antidepressants, antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, H2 antagonists, etc. […] Hypothyroidism. […] Liver diseases like liver cirrhosis may increase the levels of prolactin due to poor elimination.

• #26 Quick Facts:Galactorrhea – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is usually caused by a tumor in your pituitary gland. […] The most common cause of galactorrhea in men and women is: A tumor on your pituitary gland that causes the gland to make too much prolactin. […] Other causes of having too much prolactin include: Certain medicines (some high blood pressure medicines and birth control pills), Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), Chronic kidney disease, Liver disease, Certain lung cancers. […] Having too much prolactin also can affect sexual function and fertility in men and women.

• #27 Galactorrhea | Encyclopedia.com

  https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is the secretion of breast milk in men, or in women who are not breastfeeding an infant. […] Galactorrhea, or hyperlactation, however, is a rare condition that can occur in both men and women, where a white or grayish fluid is secreted by the nipples of both breasts. […] Galactorrhea is associated with a number of conditions. The normal production of breast milk is controlled by a hormone called prolactin, which is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain. […] A tumor in the pituitary gland can cause this overproduction of prolactin. At least 30% of women with galactorrhea, menstrual abnormalities, and high prolactin levels have a pituitary gland tumor. […] Other types of brain tumors, head injuries, or encephalitis (an infection of the brain) can also cause galactorrhea.

• #28

  https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20141203/galactorrhea-with-normal-prolactin

  Chronic renal failure can cause elevated prolactin and galactorrhea due to decreased renal excretion of prolactin. […] Chest wall trauma or irritation can cause galactorrhea with or without hyperprolactinemia. […] Other causes of galactorrhea include tight-fitting clothing, surgery to the breast or chest wall, herpes zoster and burns. […] However, these women were both new mothers. […] I reassured both of them that they had benign physiologic galactorrhea. Women may lactate for as long as two years after cessation of breast feeding.

• #29 Galactorrhea: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/health-topics/focused-health-topics/galactorrhea-understanding-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Galactorrhea can be caused by various factors, including: […] The most common cause of galactorrhea is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland called a prolactinoma. These tumors secrete excessive amounts of prolactin, leading to milk production. […] Certain medications, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, hormonal contraceptives, and some herbal supplements, can increase prolactin levels and trigger galactorrhea. […] Imbalances in other hormones, such as thyroid hormones, estrogen, or progesterone, can disrupt the normal regulation of prolactin and contribute to galactorrhea. […] Chronic stress, anxiety, and emotional disturbances can impact hormone levels and contribute to galactorrhea. […] Excessive nipple stimulation, such as frequent breast self-examinations, sexual activity, or use of certain nipple-piercing jewelry, can cause galactorrhea.

• #30 Galactorrhea – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea often results from having too much prolactin — the hormone responsible for milk production when you have a baby. Prolactin is produced by your pituitary gland, a small bean-shaped gland at the base of your brain that secretes and regulates several hormones. […] Possible causes of galactorrhea include: […] Medications, such as certain sedatives, antidepressants, antipsychotics and high blood pressure drugs […] Opioid use […] Herbal supplements, such as fennel, anise or fenugreek seed […] Birth control pills […] A noncancerous pituitary tumor (prolactinoma) or other disorder of the pituitary gland […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Chronic kidney disease […] Excessive breast stimulation, which may be associated with sexual activity, frequent breast self-exams with nipple manipulation or prolonged clothing friction

• #31 Evaluation and Treatment of Galactorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1763.html

  Any disruption of the communication between the pituitary and hypothalamus glands can result in increased prolactin secretion and milk production. […] Systemic diseases must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of galactorrhea. The most common is hypothyroidism. […] Galactorrhea can be caused by numerous medications and some herbs. […] Many antipsychotic medications and metoclopramide (Reglan) have lactogenic activity because of their antidopaminergic effects. […] Galactorrhea can occur because of chest wall irritation from clothing or ill-fitting brassieres. […] Idiopathic galactorrhea is a diagnosis of exclusion, and patients may have normal or elevated levels of prolactin.

• #32 Emotionally induced galactorrhoea in a non-lactating female –“Pseudo- Lactation”? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-14-98

  Stress is known to cause hyperprolactinaemia. […] Our patient is a schoolgirl preparing for the advanced level examination scheduled in 6 months. Therefore exam stress could have played a major component in her hyperprolactinaemia. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case report of this interesting phenomenon of emotionally induced pseudo-lactation in humans. […] Though a rare incident, we believe emotionally induced pseudo lactation may be an important secondary cause for transient hyperprolactinaemia in a non-lactating female.

• #33 Emotionally induced galactorrhoea in a non-lactating female –“Pseudo- Lactation”? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-14-98

  Galactorrhoea is a common clinical problem in endocrinology. […] However, hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea in a non-lactating female due to visual and auditory stimuli from an unrelated newborn has not been reported in the past. […] The strong temporal relationship between her symptoms and emotional attachment to the newborn with exclusion of other causes on clinical, biochemical and radiological evidence, raise the possibility that transient hyperprolactinaemia was due to a transient lactotroph hyperplasia and hyper function which had been triggered by the stimulatory cues from the newborn. […] Emotionally induced pseudo lactation may be a rare but important cause for transient hyperprolactinaemia in a non-lactating female. […] Causes for hyperprolactinaemia are numerous; nipple stimulation, chest wall injury, breast feeding, co-morbid psychiatric disorders and treatment with dopamine antagonists are some of them.

• #34 Galactorrhea – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/diseases/galactorrhea/

  Galactorrhea without an identified cause is called idiopathic galactorrhea. This may mean that the breast tissue is particularly sensitive to the milk-producing hormone prolactin in the blood. […] Galactorrhea in men may be associated with testosterone deficiency (male hypogonadism) and it usually occurs with breast enlargement or tenderness (gynecomastia). […] Galactorrhea can sometimes occur in newborns. This may be the result of high maternal estrogen levels crossing the placenta into the baby’s blood. This may cause enlargement of the baby’s breast tissue, which may lead to a milky nipple discharge.

• #35 Galactorrhea

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/g/galactorrhea/

  In males, galactorrhea may be associated with testosterone deficiency (male hypogonadism) and usually occurs with breast enlargement or tenderness (gynecomastia). […] Galactorrhea sometimes occurs in newborns. High maternal estrogen levels cross the placenta into the baby’s blood. This can cause enlargement of the baby’s breast tissue, which may be associated with a milky nipple discharge. This milky discharge is temporary and resolves on its own. If the discharge is persistent, the newborn should be evaluated by a doctor.

• #36 Galactorrhea Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea affects around 20 to 25 % of women. Hyperprolactinemia is the cause in about 75% of the patients having galactorrhea with amenorrhea, of which 30% are attributed to prolactin-secreting tumors. […] When treatment is needed, it depends on the cause. Often treating the cause, treats galactorrhea. Stopping or changing medications that cause the condition will resolve galactorrhea as well. Similar is true for thyroid disorders. Treating them can stop galactorrhea also.

• #37 Galactorrhea and What Causes It

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-galactorrhea-2721950

  Galactorrhea can have a number of triggers and causes, but the root cause is abnormal levels of prolactin, the hormone responsible for breast growth and lactation. […] Elevated prolactin levels can inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the hormone that regulates your menstrual cycle, which can lead to irregular periods or stopped periods, a condition known as amenorrhea. This could cause problems if you are trying to get pregnant. […] Galactorrhea is very often caused by certain types of medications that affect your body’s prolactin balance. These medications either interfere with dopamine, the hormone that inhibits prolactin release, or they directly stimulate the pituitary gland to produce prolactin. […] Hypothyroidism when your thyroid produces too little thyroid hormone can cause galactorrhea. This occurs because a person with an underactive thyroid will produce too much of a hormone called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which can sometimes stimulate the release of prolactin.

• #38 What Do You Do If You Have Galactorrhea? Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_do_you_do_if_you_have_galactorrhea/article.htm

  Galactorrhea often results from excess production of prolactin, which is a hormone secreted by your pituitary gland. Your pituitary gland is located at the base of your brain, stimulating milk production in women. Other causes of galactorrhea include: […] Prolactinoma (a noncancerous pituitary tumor) or other disorders of the pituitary gland […] Hypothyroidism […] Chronic kidney disease […] Medications such as: Sedatives, Antacids, Antidepressants, High blood pressure drugs […] Opioid use […] Birth control pills […] Excessive breast stimulation, which may be associated with: Sexual activity, Frequent breast self-exams with nipple manipulation, Prolonged clothing friction […] Spinal cord surgery, injury, or tumors […] Stress […] Testosterone deficiency (in men).

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