Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Involutional ectropion

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/218-ectropion.htm

  Ectropion is one of the most commonly encountered eyelid disorders seen in ophthalmology. […] One of the most common oculoplastic disorders of the eyelids.

• #2 Ectropion in Dermatologic Surgery: Exploration and Reconstruction Techniques | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://actasdermo.org/en-ectropion-in-dermatologic-surgery-exploration-articulo-S1578219020300251

  Ectropion, or eyelid eversion, is the most common form of eyelid malposition. By impairing the eyelids protective function, ectropion can cause epiphora, lagophthalmos, keratinization, chronic irritation, pain, and ulceration. There are 5 types of ectropion, each with a different cause: congenital, paralytic, involutional, cicatricial, and mechanical. The most common presentation in dermatology is involutional eversion with a mechanical or tractional element. Several options exist for the surgical repair of ectropion and choice of technique will depend on the main pathogenic component. We review the basic anatomy of the eyelid and describe examination techniques for assessing risk and preventing ectropion and for identifying the main pathogenic component in order to select the most suitable repair technique.

• #3 Ectropion – College of Optometrists

  https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid becomes slack and turns outwards so that it is no longer in contact with the eyeball. It usually affects the lower eyelid, and occurs in around 0.3% of the population under 60, rising to around 16.7% of those aged 80 or over. […] This Clinical Management Guideline outlines the aetiology, signs and symptoms and evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating ectropion. […] Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower eyelid) becomes slack and is no longer in contact with the eyeball. […] The commonest cause is loss of elasticity and muscle tone of the eyelids which happens as part of the ageing process. […] If these measures do not help, one of a number of possible surgical operations, usually carried out under local anaesthetic, may solve the problem.

• #4 Ectropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/01/clinical-review/ectropion

  In ectropion, the eyelid margin typically the lower eyelid is turned outward. This condition is becoming increasingly common due to the ageing population. Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional, paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial subtypes. Involutional ectropion is the most common where there is no patient population bias. […] Age is the primary risk factor for the development of ectropion, and the prevalence increases with age. It has been reported that 1 % of people aged 6069 years have ectropion, which increases to 7 % for ages 7079 years and up to 17 % among those aged 80 and over. The prevalence is higher in men than women. […] Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional (age-related), paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial (scar-related) subtypes. This clinical review provides an overview of the condition and is based on a selective review of the literature and the authors’ experiences in clinical practice.

• #5 Ectropion – College of Optometrists

  https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid becomes slack and turns outwards so that it is no longer in contact with the eyeball. It usually affects the lower eyelid, and occurs in around 0.3% of the population under 60, rising to around 16.7% of those aged 80 or over. […] This Clinical Management Guideline outlines the aetiology, signs and symptoms and evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating ectropion. […] Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower eyelid) becomes slack and is no longer in contact with the eyeball. […] The commonest cause is loss of elasticity and muscle tone of the eyelids which happens as part of the ageing process. […] If these measures do not help, one of a number of possible surgical operations, usually carried out under local anaesthetic, may solve the problem.

• #6 Ectropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/01/clinical-review/ectropion

  In ectropion, the eyelid margin typically the lower eyelid is turned outward. This condition is becoming increasingly common due to the ageing population. Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional, paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial subtypes. Involutional ectropion is the most common where there is no patient population bias. […] Age is the primary risk factor for the development of ectropion, and the prevalence increases with age. It has been reported that 1 % of people aged 6069 years have ectropion, which increases to 7 % for ages 7079 years and up to 17 % among those aged 80 and over. The prevalence is higher in men than women. […] Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional (age-related), paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial (scar-related) subtypes. This clinical review provides an overview of the condition and is based on a selective review of the literature and the authors’ experiences in clinical practice.

• #7 Ectropion – College of Optometrists

  https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid becomes slack and turns outwards so that it is no longer in contact with the eyeball. It usually affects the lower eyelid, and occurs in around 0.3% of the population under 60, rising to around 16.7% of those aged 80 or over. […] This Clinical Management Guideline outlines the aetiology, signs and symptoms and evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating ectropion. […] Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower eyelid) becomes slack and is no longer in contact with the eyeball. […] The commonest cause is loss of elasticity and muscle tone of the eyelids which happens as part of the ageing process. […] If these measures do not help, one of a number of possible surgical operations, usually carried out under local anaesthetic, may solve the problem.

• #8 Ectropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441929/

  The prevalence of involutional lower lid ectropion in elderly patients has been reported as high as 2%. It may be associated with trauma. […] Morbidity is primarily associated with corneal/conjunctival exposure.

• #9 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #10 Eyelid Malpositions | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/eyelid-malpositions/

  Epidemiology and Etiology Age: More common in older patient population Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: More common in older patient population Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: More common in males because of higher incidence of traumatic events […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Older patients Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: More frequent in women

• #11 Ectropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/01/clinical-review/ectropion

  In ectropion, the eyelid margin typically the lower eyelid is turned outward. This condition is becoming increasingly common due to the ageing population. Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional, paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial subtypes. Involutional ectropion is the most common where there is no patient population bias. […] Age is the primary risk factor for the development of ectropion, and the prevalence increases with age. It has been reported that 1 % of people aged 6069 years have ectropion, which increases to 7 % for ages 7079 years and up to 17 % among those aged 80 and over. The prevalence is higher in men than women. […] Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional (age-related), paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial (scar-related) subtypes. This clinical review provides an overview of the condition and is based on a selective review of the literature and the authors’ experiences in clinical practice.

• #12 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #13 Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia – Eyelid aging: pathophysiology and clinical management

  https://www.aboonline.org.br/details/2117/en-US/eyelid-aging–pathophysiology-and-clinical-management

  Dermatochalasis, ptosis, ectropion, and entropion are common disorders in middle-aged and older adults. The overall prevalence of sagging eyelids among individuals aged 45 years is reported to be 16%, comprising 19% of men and 14% of women. Two large epidemiologic studies – the Rotterdam study and the Twins UK study – dealt with the prevalence and risk factors for sagging eyelids. By studying these populations, many non-genetic risk factors for sagging eyelids could be discerned, including age, high body mass index, lighter skin color, smoking, male gender, and heritability. Genetic analysis showed the C allele of rs11876749 on chromosome 18 to be a defensive risk factor for sagging eyelids. […] The prevalence of involutional ectropion seems to be similar to that of involutional entropion. The literature suggests that the prevalence of ectropion is about 4% in patients older than 49 years, not differing among the different ectropion forms or regarding the underlying etiology. This involutional malformation is the most common form of ectropion and entropion. Males are more often affected by involutional ectropion. In contrast, involutional entropion is more often seen in women. The involutional forms of ectropion and entropion affect whites more often than blacks. The prevalence of involutional ectropion and entropion increases with the patient’s age, which is the logical order for involutional malformations to increase with age.

• #14 Eyelid Malpositions | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/eyelid-malpositions/

  Epidemiology and Etiology Age: More common in older patient population Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: More common in older patient population Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: More common in males because of higher incidence of traumatic events […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Older patients Gender: Equal occurrence in males and females […] Epidemiology and Etiology Age: Any age Gender: More frequent in women

• #15 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  Cicatricial ectropion may be a consequence of certain systemic diseases as well as the result of drug use. […] A detailed PubMed literature search indicated many different etiologies were associated with cicatricial ectropion development, from severe cases of systemic diseases, such as ichthyosis and lupus erythematosus, to reversible scenarios secondary to anti-glaucomatous drug use. […] Indeed, cicatricial ectropion may be highly symptomatic; being able to determine its real etiology is imperative to managing patients properly. […] A recent report on cicatricial ectropion demographics in 145 patients requiring full-thickness skin grafts showed a mean age of 75, 70% male, and 90% Caucasian (self-reported). […] For 35% of these cases, the cause was unknown; however, another 35% had a previous transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty, 20% had a surgical history of lower eyelid or midface reconstruction after Mohs surgery, and 10% had experienced some type of earlier trauma.

• #16 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #17 Ectropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/01/clinical-review/ectropion

  In ectropion, the eyelid margin typically the lower eyelid is turned outward. This condition is becoming increasingly common due to the ageing population. Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional, paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial subtypes. Involutional ectropion is the most common where there is no patient population bias. […] Age is the primary risk factor for the development of ectropion, and the prevalence increases with age. It has been reported that 1 % of people aged 6069 years have ectropion, which increases to 7 % for ages 7079 years and up to 17 % among those aged 80 and over. The prevalence is higher in men than women. […] Ectropion is classified as either acquired or congenital, with the former being the most prevalent. Acquired ectropion is further divided into involutional (age-related), paralytic, mechanical and cicatricial (scar-related) subtypes. This clinical review provides an overview of the condition and is based on a selective review of the literature and the authors’ experiences in clinical practice.

• #18 Ectropion – College of Optometrists

  https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid becomes slack and turns outwards so that it is no longer in contact with the eyeball. It usually affects the lower eyelid, and occurs in around 0.3% of the population under 60, rising to around 16.7% of those aged 80 or over. […] This Clinical Management Guideline outlines the aetiology, signs and symptoms and evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating ectropion. […] Ectropion is a condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower eyelid) becomes slack and is no longer in contact with the eyeball. […] The commonest cause is loss of elasticity and muscle tone of the eyelids which happens as part of the ageing process. […] If these measures do not help, one of a number of possible surgical operations, usually carried out under local anaesthetic, may solve the problem.

• #19 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  We found a strong association between periocular and ocular surface inflammatory diseases and involutional ectropion. […] Chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium were identified as risk factors for the development of ectropion, with chronic conjunctivitis increasing the risk by 2.4 times compared to control group M1 and by 2.9 times compared to control group M2. […] The present study identified statistically significant associations between involutional ectropion and both hypertension and dyslipidemia, suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the development of paralytic ectropion. […] Additionally, we report statistically significant associations between ectropion and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the precise mechanisms connecting inflammatory systemic diseases to ocular ectropion remain unclear. […] This study provides compelling evidence that various inflammatory conditions affecting the eyelids and the ocular surface, as well as systemic inflammatory diseases, significantly increase the risk of developing ectropion.

• #20 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #21 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  We found a strong association between periocular and ocular surface inflammatory diseases and involutional ectropion. […] Chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium were identified as risk factors for the development of ectropion, with chronic conjunctivitis increasing the risk by 2.4 times compared to control group M1 and by 2.9 times compared to control group M2. […] The present study identified statistically significant associations between involutional ectropion and both hypertension and dyslipidemia, suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the development of paralytic ectropion. […] Additionally, we report statistically significant associations between ectropion and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the precise mechanisms connecting inflammatory systemic diseases to ocular ectropion remain unclear. […] This study provides compelling evidence that various inflammatory conditions affecting the eyelids and the ocular surface, as well as systemic inflammatory diseases, significantly increase the risk of developing ectropion.

• #22 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #23 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #24 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #25 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #26 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #27 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  We found a strong association between periocular and ocular surface inflammatory diseases and involutional ectropion. […] Chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium were identified as risk factors for the development of ectropion, with chronic conjunctivitis increasing the risk by 2.4 times compared to control group M1 and by 2.9 times compared to control group M2. […] The present study identified statistically significant associations between involutional ectropion and both hypertension and dyslipidemia, suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the development of paralytic ectropion. […] Additionally, we report statistically significant associations between ectropion and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the precise mechanisms connecting inflammatory systemic diseases to ocular ectropion remain unclear. […] This study provides compelling evidence that various inflammatory conditions affecting the eyelids and the ocular surface, as well as systemic inflammatory diseases, significantly increase the risk of developing ectropion.

• #28 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #29 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. […] Significant associations were found between involutional ectropion and several local inflammatory eyelid diseases: blepharitis (OR 4.66), chalazion (OR 2.94), hordeolum (OR 2.26), and dermatitis of the eyelid (OR 2.46). […] Ocular surface diseases associated with ectropion included chronic conjunctivitis (OR2.89) and pterygium (OR 2.48). […] Systemic diseases such as hypertension (OR 1.46), dyslipidemia (OR 1.45), and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (OR 1.43) were also associated with involutional ectropion. […] This study found that localized chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the periocular tissues and ocular surface are significantly associated with the development of involutional ectropion.

• #30 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. […] Significant associations were found between involutional ectropion and several local inflammatory eyelid diseases: blepharitis (OR 4.66), chalazion (OR 2.94), hordeolum (OR 2.26), and dermatitis of the eyelid (OR 2.46). […] Ocular surface diseases associated with ectropion included chronic conjunctivitis (OR2.89) and pterygium (OR 2.48). […] Systemic diseases such as hypertension (OR 1.46), dyslipidemia (OR 1.45), and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (OR 1.43) were also associated with involutional ectropion. […] This study found that localized chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the periocular tissues and ocular surface are significantly associated with the development of involutional ectropion.

• #31 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #32 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. […] Significant associations were found between involutional ectropion and several local inflammatory eyelid diseases: blepharitis (OR 4.66), chalazion (OR 2.94), hordeolum (OR 2.26), and dermatitis of the eyelid (OR 2.46). […] Ocular surface diseases associated with ectropion included chronic conjunctivitis (OR2.89) and pterygium (OR 2.48). […] Systemic diseases such as hypertension (OR 1.46), dyslipidemia (OR 1.45), and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (OR 1.43) were also associated with involutional ectropion. […] This study found that localized chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the periocular tissues and ocular surface are significantly associated with the development of involutional ectropion.

• #33 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #34 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. […] Significant associations were found between involutional ectropion and several local inflammatory eyelid diseases: blepharitis (OR 4.66), chalazion (OR 2.94), hordeolum (OR 2.26), and dermatitis of the eyelid (OR 2.46). […] Ocular surface diseases associated with ectropion included chronic conjunctivitis (OR2.89) and pterygium (OR 2.48). […] Systemic diseases such as hypertension (OR 1.46), dyslipidemia (OR 1.45), and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (OR 1.43) were also associated with involutional ectropion. […] This study found that localized chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the periocular tissues and ocular surface are significantly associated with the development of involutional ectropion.

• #35 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #36 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  We found a strong association between periocular and ocular surface inflammatory diseases and involutional ectropion. […] Chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium were identified as risk factors for the development of ectropion, with chronic conjunctivitis increasing the risk by 2.4 times compared to control group M1 and by 2.9 times compared to control group M2. […] The present study identified statistically significant associations between involutional ectropion and both hypertension and dyslipidemia, suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the development of paralytic ectropion. […] Additionally, we report statistically significant associations between ectropion and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the precise mechanisms connecting inflammatory systemic diseases to ocular ectropion remain unclear. […] This study provides compelling evidence that various inflammatory conditions affecting the eyelids and the ocular surface, as well as systemic inflammatory diseases, significantly increase the risk of developing ectropion.

• #37 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #38 The relationship between involutional ectropion and inflammatory disorders of the eyelids and ocular surface: insights from a large-scale national study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88138-6

  This study investigated potential associations between ectropion and various chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the eyelids and ocular surface. […] Significant associations were found between involutional ectropion and several local inflammatory eyelid diseases: blepharitis (OR 4.66), chalazion (OR 2.94), hordeolum (OR 2.26), and dermatitis of the eyelid (OR 2.46). […] Ocular surface diseases associated with ectropion included chronic conjunctivitis (OR2.89) and pterygium (OR 2.48). […] Systemic diseases such as hypertension (OR 1.46), dyslipidemia (OR 1.45), and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (OR 1.43) were also associated with involutional ectropion. […] This study found that localized chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the periocular tissues and ocular surface are significantly associated with the development of involutional ectropion.

• #39 Various Chronic Inflammatory Conditions Linked to Involutional Ectropion

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/news/article/various-chronic-inflammatory-conditions-linked-to-involutional-ectropion

  Patients with any of the following inflammatory conditions are at greater risk of developing involutional ectropion, according to a recent study: blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum, dermatitis of the eyelid, chronic conjunctivitis, pterygium, dyslipidemia or rheumatic disease. […] A relatively common, often age-related condition affecting 2% to 3% of the elderly population is involutional ectropion, characterized by an outward malposition of the eyelid margin due to tarsal laxity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. […] The analysis revealed significant associations between involutional ectropion and several inflammatory diseases, including blepharitis (odds ratio, OR: 4.25), chalazion (OR: 3.01), hordeolum (OR: 2.27), dermatitis of the eyelid (OR: 1.69), chronic conjunctivitis (OR: 3.49), pterygium (OR: 2.21), hypertension (OR: 1.5), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.46) and rheumatic disease (OR: 1.9). All were found to be independent risk factors.

• #40 Cell-mediated immunity in the course of cervical ectropion

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/21/2/pii/1994021

  In the present study we evaluated cellular immunitary response in course of asymptomatic ectropion. […] Our preliminary findings showed a reduction of CD4, CD8 and CD1 lymphocytic subpopulations in ectropion zones, while these subpopulations are normally present in healthy zones of the exocervix. […] These findings support the hypothesis that, in ectropion, as in HPV infections and in CIN, a localized immuno-deficiency may appear and depress immuno-surveillance and cell-mediated response. […] In conclusion, it may be supposed that ectropion represents a non-stable lesion, which therefore needs suitable therapeutic intervention.

• #41 Cell-mediated immunity in the course of cervical ectropion

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/21/2/pii/1994021

  In the present study we evaluated cellular immunitary response in course of asymptomatic ectropion. […] Our preliminary findings showed a reduction of CD4, CD8 and CD1 lymphocytic subpopulations in ectropion zones, while these subpopulations are normally present in healthy zones of the exocervix. […] These findings support the hypothesis that, in ectropion, as in HPV infections and in CIN, a localized immuno-deficiency may appear and depress immuno-surveillance and cell-mediated response. […] In conclusion, it may be supposed that ectropion represents a non-stable lesion, which therefore needs suitable therapeutic intervention.

• #42 Cell-mediated immunity in the course of cervical ectropion

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/21/2/pii/1994021

  In the present study we evaluated cellular immunitary response in course of asymptomatic ectropion. […] Our preliminary findings showed a reduction of CD4, CD8 and CD1 lymphocytic subpopulations in ectropion zones, while these subpopulations are normally present in healthy zones of the exocervix. […] These findings support the hypothesis that, in ectropion, as in HPV infections and in CIN, a localized immuno-deficiency may appear and depress immuno-surveillance and cell-mediated response. […] In conclusion, it may be supposed that ectropion represents a non-stable lesion, which therefore needs suitable therapeutic intervention.

• #43 Ectropion in Dermatologic Surgery: Exploration and Reconstruction Techniques | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://actasdermo.org/en-ectropion-in-dermatologic-surgery-exploration-articulo-S1578219020300251

  Appropriate eyelid examination should be conducted prior to all types of periocular surgery. This will determine the risk of postoperative ectropion and enable compensatory elements to be included when planning the operation. When ectropion is already present, examination will serve to determine the predominant pathogenic component and enable the most appropriate repair technique to be chosen. […] Knowledge of basic eyelid anatomy and adequate preoperative examination will enable the dermatologic surgeon to design the most effective surgical procedures to avoid ectropion, or, if applicable, choose the best type of repair surgery according to the predominant causal component.

• #44 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #45 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #46 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #47 A Clinical Guide to Ectropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-ectropion/

  The prevalence of ectropion is the same between genders but presents at a higher rate in men aged 80 and older. Factors that lead to ectropion development include a history of systemic hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and stroke. The risk of ectropion development is increased when there is a history of skin cancer and sun sensitivity. […] Physical and slit lamp examination can be used to efficiently assess ectropion appearance and its’ potential progression. Assessment of risk factors and co-morbid conditions remains valuable in reducing the incidence of ectropion progression. Early detection can play a role in the conservative management of ectropion, which often leads to improved outcomes. For long-term management and in cases of severe ectropion, surgical intervention remains the definitive treatment.

• #48 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #49 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #50 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #51 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #52 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #53 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  The incidence of cicatricial ectropion in these patients varies between 45 to 80%. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] The ectropion is reported to be noticeable about one to two months after the procedure. […] Correcting horizontal eyelid laxity during entropion treatment and more conservative surgeries may be advisable to avoid such complications.

• #54 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #55 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #56 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #57 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #58 Cervicitis, Ectropion, and True Erosion | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116119/all/Cervicitis_Ectropion_and_True_Erosion?q=CONTRACEPTIVES%2C+HORMONAL

  Ectropion is the eversion of the endocervix, exposing the columnar cells to the vaginal environment. This is more common in adolescents and pregnancy and can be confused for cervicitis. […] Ectropion: typically related to higher levels of estrogen; ectropion is common among adolescents, women using combined oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), and pregnant women. […] Ectropion: adolescence, pregnancy, use of OCP.

• #59 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #60 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #61 Cervical Ectropion | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19233

  Cervical ectropion is one of the most commonly found gynecological conditions. The prevalence of cervical ectropion ranges between 17 percent and 50 percent. The prevalence increases with parity but decreases with age 35 and above. Cervical ectropion can be found in up to 80% of sexually active adolescents. The prevalence also depends on the type of contraception used. It is seen more commonly in women taking oral contraceptive pills and less so in women using barrier methods of contraception. […] Studies show that 54.9 percent of women in Benghazi, Libya, that use oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine copper devices have cervical ectropion. Thus it was the most prevalent gynecological disorder in that population. 43.2 percent of women in China were reported as having cervical ectropion. […] The prevalence of cervical ectropion is about 29 percent in premature female infants and 68 percent in the first month of life due to the transfer of maternal estrogen through the placenta.

• #62 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #63 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #64 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #65 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #66 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #67 Acquired Ectropion Uveae – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Acquired_Ectropion_Uveae

  Acquired ectropion uveae is much more frequently encountered than its congenital counterpart, and the prevalence of AEU varies according to the underlying cause: […] It is most commonly encountered during the angle-closure stage of neovascular glaucoma and absolute glaucoma (uncontrolled rise of IOP) patients. […] In iris melanoma, a retrospective study conducted over a 40-year span by Shields et al. identified ectropion uveae in 24 out of 317 patients (7.6%). […] Its prevalence is even higher in cases of diffuse iris melanoma, with one study finding 21 out of 25 patients (84%) manifesting concurrent ectropion uveae. […] Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is another common cause for AEU, with as many as 60% of ischemic CRVO cases being associated with NVI and AEU. […] Finally, ICE syndrome frequently leads to AEU. A retrospective analysis including 144 cases of ICE syndrome found that approximately one-fourth (24.6%) of these patients develop AEU, particularly prevalent in Cogan-Reese syndrome (54.2%, 13 out of 24 cases).

• #68

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/1740

  Ichthyosiform dermatoses are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dryness and roughness of the skin with excessive accumulation of epidermal scales. […] Lamellar ichthyosis is the rarest form with an incidence of 1 in 3, 00,000. […] Ocular manifestations include exposure keratitis secondary to ectropion, unilateral megalocornea, and enlarged corneal nerve, and blepharitis, absence of the meibomian gland, trichiasis, madarosis and absence of lacrimal puncta. […] Ectropion of both upper and lower lids have been documented.

• #69

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/1740

  Ichthyosiform dermatoses are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dryness and roughness of the skin with excessive accumulation of epidermal scales. […] Lamellar ichthyosis is the rarest form with an incidence of 1 in 3, 00,000. […] Ocular manifestations include exposure keratitis secondary to ectropion, unilateral megalocornea, and enlarged corneal nerve, and blepharitis, absence of the meibomian gland, trichiasis, madarosis and absence of lacrimal puncta. […] Ectropion of both upper and lower lids have been documented.

• #70

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/1740

  Ichthyosiform dermatoses are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dryness and roughness of the skin with excessive accumulation of epidermal scales. […] Lamellar ichthyosis is the rarest form with an incidence of 1 in 3, 00,000. […] Ocular manifestations include exposure keratitis secondary to ectropion, unilateral megalocornea, and enlarged corneal nerve, and blepharitis, absence of the meibomian gland, trichiasis, madarosis and absence of lacrimal puncta. […] Ectropion of both upper and lower lids have been documented.

• #71

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/1740

  Ichthyosiform dermatoses are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dryness and roughness of the skin with excessive accumulation of epidermal scales. […] Lamellar ichthyosis is the rarest form with an incidence of 1 in 3, 00,000. […] Ocular manifestations include exposure keratitis secondary to ectropion, unilateral megalocornea, and enlarged corneal nerve, and blepharitis, absence of the meibomian gland, trichiasis, madarosis and absence of lacrimal puncta. […] Ectropion of both upper and lower lids have been documented.

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