Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ectropion | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ectropion

  Ectropion can be caused by: […] Muscle weakness. As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and tendons stretch out. These muscles and tendons hold your eyelid taut against your eye. When they weaken, your eyelid can begin to droop. […] Facial paralysis. Certain conditions, such as Bell’s palsy, and certain types of tumors can paralyze facial nerves and muscles. Facial paralysis that affects eyelid muscles can lead to ectropion. […] Scars or previous surgeries. Skin that has been damaged by burns or trauma, such as a dog bite, can affect the way that your eyelid rests against your eye. Previous eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) can cause ectropion, particularly if a considerable amount of skin was removed from the eyelid at the time of surgery. […] Eyelid growths. Benign or cancerous growths on your eyelid can cause the lid to turn outward. […] Genetic disorders. Rarely is ectropion present at birth (congenital). When it is, it’s usually associated with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.

• #2 Ectropion: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24420-ectropion

  Ectropion can happen to your upper or lower eyelid, but it most often affects your lower lid. It can occur in one or both eyes. […] Causes of ectropion differ based on the type. The types and causes of ectropion are: […] Involutional ectropion. Constant eye rubbing can cause this type, but its most often due to aging. Your muscles and ligaments including the ones in your eyes get looser as you age. […] Paralytic ectropion. This type of ectropion happens along with facial nerve palsy, like Bells palsy. This type of palsy comes on quickly. It often causes drooping of one side of your face. […] Cicatricial ectropion. Scarring due to skin damage causes this type. It may occur if youve had blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) or any type of eye injury, like a cut, burn or chemical irritation.

• #3 Ectropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ectropion

  Ectropion is an outward turning of the eyelid margin. […] There are four main types of ectropion: involutional, cicatricial, mechanical, and paralytic. […] Involutional ectropion is caused by increased horizontal laxity of the lower eyelid and disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors. […] Cicatricial ectropion is caused by shortening of the anterior lamella, which is comprised of the skin and orbicularis muscle. […] Paralytic ectropion is caused by decreased orbicularis muscle tone supporting the lower eyelid. […] Additionally, mechanical ectropion can occur when a mass, such as a tumor, displaces the lower eyelid margin. […] Congenital ectropion can occur rarely, and may be seen in association with other congenital defects such as blepharophimosis syndrome or euryblepharon.

• #4 Ectropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441929/

  Many factors may lead to the instability of the lower eyelid. The most common etiologic factor of lower eyelid ectropion is involutional change, caused by horizontal eyelid laxity and disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors. This typically occurs from aging changes of lower eyelids and can be worsened by eye rubbing. […] Paralytic ectropion may occur with facial nerve palsy. With decreased innervation of the orbicularis muscle, the eyelid can become lax and floppy and can lead to poor protection of the globe. […] Cicatricial ectropion may be caused by scarring and shortening of the anterior lamella of the lower eyelid skin, which may also occur with aggressive lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Chronic sun exposure may also lead to these changes. […] Mechanical ectropion may be caused by a mass, such as a tumor, herniated fat, or edema of the lower eyelid, weighing down and pulling the lower eyelid outward.

• #5 Ectropion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectropion/

  Ectropion is usually associated with ageing. It can happen as the tissues and muscles of the eyelids become weaker as you get older. […] Less common causes of ectropion include: a problem with the nerves that control the eyelid this is often seen in a type of facial paralysis called Bell’s palsy, a lump, cyst or tumour on the eyelid, damage to the skin around the eyelid as a result of an injury, a burn, a skin condition such as contact dermatitis, or previous surgery. […] Rarely, ectropion can be present from birth if the muscles under the eyelid do not develop properly.

• #6 Bell Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212398-overview

  Increasing evidence implicates herpes simplex type I and herpes zoster virus reactivation from cranial-nerve ganglia. […] The hypothesis that HSV is the etiologic agent in Bell palsy holds that after causing primary infection on the lips (ie, cold sores), the virus travels up the axons of the sensory nerves and resides in the geniculate ganglion. At times of stress, the virus reactivates and causes local damage to the myelin. […] Besides HSV infection, possible etiologies for Bell palsy include other infections (eg, herpes zoster, Lyme disease, syphilis, Epstein-Barr viral infection, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], mycoplasma); inflammation alone; and microvascular disease (diabetes mellitus and hypertension). Bell palsy may be secondary to viral and/or autoimmune reactions that cause the facial nerve to demyelinate, resulting in unilateral facial paralysis.

• #7 Cicatricial Ectropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Cicatricial_Ectropion

  Cicatricial ectropion occurs due to the shortening of the anterior lamella, which comprises of skin and orbicularis. Scarring or shortening of the anterior lamella causes outward rotation of the lid margin. […] There are various causes of anterior lamellar shortening leading to cicatricial ectropion, some of the important causes of cicatricial ectropion include mechanical, chemical or thermal injury, skin diseases, and excessive skin removal during lower lid blepharoplasty. […] The common causes of cicatricial ectropion include Trauma, Burns, Cicatrizing skin tumors, Medications like dorzolamide, brimonidine, Allergies, Skin conditions ichthyosis. […] To effectively manage cicatricial ectropion, it is important to have a proper understanding of various phases of wound healing and types of scar.

• #8 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  Cicatricial ectropion may be a consequence of certain systemic diseases as well as the result of drug use. […] A detailed PubMed literature search indicated many different etiologies were associated with cicatricial ectropion development, from severe cases of systemic diseases, such as ichthyosis and lupus erythematosus, to reversible scenarios secondary to anti-glaucomatous drug use. […] More recently reported connections include periorbital necrotizing fasciitis, frontal osteomyelitis, and antineoplastic agents. […] Factors that could cause these changes are remarkably diverse and include trauma, burns, actinic skin changes, medications, and blepharoplasty complications. […] Recent publications also present a remarkable diversity of new possible causes, such as osteonecrosis secondary to treatment with bisphosphonate, periorbital necrotizing fasciitis, blastomyces dermatitidis, frontal bone osteomyelitis, generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas of the Grzybowski type, and other similar pathologies.

• #9 SciELO Brazil – Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/btVBjDfZDTLjTPQXWDffb4F/?lang=en

  Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of a long-term misdiagnosis of DLE in the presence of chronic eyelid lesions and may require surgical repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion may occur after excising lesions followed by primary closure or more complex eyelid reconstruction. […] Its incidence following tumor excision of the lower eyelid has been reported to vary between 2.5 to 7%, and 14.2% after a full-thickness skin graft. […] Larger diameter wounds, especially those greater than 21 mm, were more likely to result in ectropion. […] Other factors contributing to ectropion development include graft contraction and infection. […] Cicatricial ectropion may appear as a consequence of orbital fractures and their repair. […] Cicatricial ectropion was associated with cicatricial changes in the anterior lamella after chronic exposure to the medication in susceptible individuals. […] The most common agent was dorzolamide, followed by brimonidine. […] Cicatricial ectropion as a complication of lower blepharoplasty (excessive removal of skin) is not uncommon.

• #10 Ectropion: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24420-ectropion

  Mechanical ectropion. This type happens when some type of heavy weight pulls your lower eyelid away from your eye. This could be a tumor, a mass of fat or edema (swelling). […] Congenital ectropion. This is a type of outward-turning eyelid that youre born with. Down syndrome and blepharophimosis syndrome are two congenital conditions that may make ectropion more likely.

• #11 Ectropion: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/ectropion-classification-diagnosis-and-management

  Paralytic ectropion can result from a seventh cranial nerve palsy, stroke, tumor, or surgical complication. […] Cicatricial ectropion can occur at any age and can be a result of a chemical burn, scar, or surgery. In this condition, there is a mechanical shortening of the anterior lamellae of the eyelid. […] Mechanical ectropion is much less common, because a specific offending anatomical agent must be present. Offending agents that can force the eyelid away from the eye include dermatochalasis, edema, chalazion, orbital fat, or an eyelid tumor. […] Treatment depends on the type of ectropion. When it is mild, congenital ectropion is managed conservatively with lubrication in the form of artificial tears and ointments. […] Mild cases of involutional ectropion also can be treated initially with lubrication. Further in its progression, involutional ectropion should be treated with a horizontal shortening by doing the lateral canthal strengthening procedure for long-term results.

• #12 Entropion and Ectropion Repair

  https://www.ebroon.com/eyelid.html

  Congenital ectropion is caused by shortage of skin such as seen in blepharophimosis syndrome, euryblepharon and congenital ichthyosis. […] Facial nerve palsies may be congenital (Moebius’ Syndrome) or acquired. Acquired causes include infection (Bell’s Palsy), vascular lesions, tumors (Acoustic Neuroma, Parotid gland or temporal bone tumor) or trauma (birth, temporal bone fracture).

• #13 Ectropion: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001007.htm

  Ectropion is very often caused by the aging process. The connective (supporting) tissue of the eyelid becomes weak. This causes the lid to turn out so that the inside of the lower lid is no longer against the eyeball. It can also be caused by: […] A defect that occurs before birth (for example, in children with Down syndrome) […] Facial muscle weakness […] Scar tissue from burns or injuries.

• #14 Ectropion: Causes, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ectropion

  Ectropion may be due to several factors, including facial paralysis and injury. The most common cause is muscle weakness or slipping due to aging. […] The primary cause of ectropion is muscle weakness or tissue relaxation that occurs as part of the normal aging process. Your risk of developing ectropion increases with age. […] Other triggers include: stroke, skin cancer, injury, scar tissue from injuries or burns, growths on the eyelid (either cancerous or benign), birth defects (due to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome), Bells palsy which damages the nerve that controls facial muscles or other types of facial paralysis, prior surgery or radiation treatment of the eyelids, rapid and significant weight loss.

• #15 Ectropion

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/e/ectropion/?section=Causes

  Genetic disorders. Rarely is ectropion present at birth (congenital). When it is, it’s usually associated with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome. […] Factors that increase your risk of developing ectropion include: […] Age. The most common cause of ectropion is weakening muscle tissue associated with aging. […] Previous eye surgeries. People who have had eyelid surgery are at higher risk of developing ectropion later. […] Previous cancer, burns or trauma. If you’ve had spots of skin cancer on your face, facial burns or trauma, you’re at higher risk of developing ectropion.

• #16 7 Leading Causes of Ectropion and Entropion – Jeffrey M. Joseph

  https://www.ococuloplastic.com/7-leading-causes-of-ectropion-and-entropion/

  One of the most common causes of both ectropion and entropion is the natural aging process. As people age, the connective tissues and muscles around the eyelids weaken. This causes your eyes and eyelids to shift around. These age-related changes are often seen in individuals over 60, making age a significant risk factor for both entropion and ectropion. […] Certain eye conditions can also contribute to the development of ectropion and entropion over time. For example, you might have chronic eye irritation as a result of something like lifelong allergies or conjunctivitis. Other nervous system issues like Bells palsy can disrupt facial muscles and affect the eyelids. Issues of this nature usually result in ectropion, though entropion can occur as well. […] Trauma or injury to the eye area can cause both ectropion and entropion. This could include burns, lacerations, or any other form of physical damage to the eyelid. Such injuries may disrupt the normal anatomy and function of the eyelids, leading to their abnormal positioning. Surgical procedures around the eyes can also result in these conditions if they affect the eyelids structural integrity.

• #17 Ectropion: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Diagnosis

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ophthalmology/ectropion-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications

  Hereditary diseases: Rarely is ectropion congenital, which means that it is present from birth. When it is, it is usually associated with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. […] The subsequent factors increase the likelihood of developing ectropion: […] Age: The weakening of muscle tissue associated with ageing is the most common cause of ectropion. […] Previous eye surgeries: People who have had eyelid surgery are more likely to develop ectropion later on. […] Previous burns, trauma, or cancer: Ectropion is more likely to occur in those who have had burns, facial injuries, or skin cancerous lesions on their faces. […] Understanding how ectropion is caused by various medical conditions is essential when choosing the right surgical procedure or treatment plan.

• #18 Ectropion, Cicatricial | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/ectropion-cicatricial/

  Cicatricial ectropion is defined as a shortage of the anterior lamella of the eyelid. […] Causes include congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, UV-related, infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune etiologies. […] Traumatic causes of cicatricial ectropion can be seen following eyelid trauma and with skin loss that persists following surgical repair. […] Inflammatory causes of cicatricial ectropion include contact dermatitis and UV skin damage. […] The second form, or irritant contact dermatitis, is four times more common around the eyes than allergic dermatitis, which is a frequently overlooked cause of lower eyelid ectropion. […] Chronic sun or UV light exposure in fair-skinned individuals can result in actinic changes, which are more pronounced in the lower eyelids. […] Several autoimmune dermatologic disorders, like discoid lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, may also cause cicatricial ectropion.

• #19 What Causes Ectropion? | Revive Eye and Face

  https://columbuseyelid.com/blog/what-causes-ectropion/

  Ectropion is a medical condition where the lower eyelid turns outward and exposes the section of the eye that it usually protects. […] There are several different types and plausible causes of ectropion. […] This type of ectropion is produced by injuries to the nerves that control the eyelid. […] Cicatricial ectropion occurs due to damage to the skin surrounding the eyelids. This can occur due to accidental injury, surgery, or sun damage. […] This is the most common type of ectropion. This type of ectropion occurs because muscles and ligaments become loose as one ages. […] This type of ectropion occurs when a tumor or other mass weighs down and displaces the lower eyelid. […] Several risk factors at play can make one more vulnerable to developing ectropion. […] Excessive sun exposure […] Aging […] Excessive rubbing of the eyelids […] Wearing contact lenses […] Pre-existing skin conditions […] Past eyelid surgery […] Nerve palsy […] Using certain types of eye drops.

• #20 7 Leading Causes of Ectropion and Entropion – Jeffrey M. Joseph

  https://www.ococuloplastic.com/7-leading-causes-of-ectropion-and-entropion/

  Inflammatory skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema, can cause ectropion or entropion if they occur close to the eyes. These conditions usually cause the eyelid skin to become swollen, irritated, and more prone to changes in positioning. This inflammation can lead to ectropion by making the skin lax and less able to hold its shape. Without proper treatment, chronic inflammation can cause the eyelid to contract, leading to an inward fold and entropion. […] Some individuals are born with anatomical predispositions that increase the likelihood of developing ectropion or entropion. Congenital conditions that affect the development of facial muscles and structures can lead to eyelid malposition from birth. Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage these conditions and prevent further complications.

• #21 Ectropion: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/eye-health/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition when your eyelid begins to turn outward and sag involuntarily. […] Sometimes an injury, medical condition, or surgery triggers ectropion. But most often, it occurs as muscles weaken with age. […] Possible causes of ectropion include: loss of tissue elasticity due to age, frequent eye rubbing or pulling due to contact lens usage, physical injury, eyelid surgery, overuse of eye drops, such as dorzolamide (Trusopt) and brimonidine (Combigan), facial paralysis, such as Bell’s palsy. […] Ectropion of both upper eyelids is rare but more frequent in people born with Down syndrome. […] Ectropion causes eyelids to pull away from the eye. Left untreated, eye exposure can lead to vision issues and infection.

• #22 Ectropion | Read Eye Center, AMC

  https://www.readeyecenter.com/ectropion.php

  Ectropion is an eye condition in which the eyelid turns outward. […] Ectropion prevents tears from draining from the eye correctly, resulting in irritation. […] It usually occurs in older adults as a result of the aging process, during which muscles, tendons and connective tissue around the eyes progressively weaken. […] Those who have had trauma to the face or eyes are at greater risk of developing ectropion. […] In addition to aging, there are a number of causes of ectropion: Facial paralysis due to Bell’s palsy or tumor, Facial scarring from burns or other trauma, Eyelid growths (malignant or benign), Previous eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty), Radiation of the eyelid to treat a cancerous growth, Excessive sun exposure, Rapid weight loss, Cosmetic laser-skin resurfacing, Certain eye drop medications, such as those used to treat glaucoma. […] In rare cases, ectropion is a congenital condition.

• #23 7 Leading Causes of Ectropion and Entropion – Jeffrey M. Joseph

  https://www.ococuloplastic.com/7-leading-causes-of-ectropion-and-entropion/

  Neurological conditions that affect muscle control and coordination can also contribute to ectropion and entropion. Conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, or other disorders that impact facial muscle function may result in eyelid abnormalities. The lack of proper muscle tone can cause the eyelid to droop outward in ectropion or to fold inward in entropion. Comprehensive neurological evaluation is essential for individuals presenting with eyelid issues linked to these disorders. […] The presence of tumors or abnormal growths near the eyelids can alter their position and function. Benign tumors, such as cysts or lipomas, can physically push the eyelid outwards. While these tumors look bad, they are easy to treat when spotted right away. The longer you let your skin issues go untreated, the more serious they can become for you and your health.

• #24 Ectropion | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/ectropion-0

  Congenital ectropion is present from birth. There is not enough skin on the lower eyelid. This rare form may happen because of problems with some genes. […] Acquired ectropion happens later in life. You weren’t born with it. There are 4 different types: […] Involutional ectropion. This is the most common type of ectropion. It’s often due to aging. […] Cicatricial ectropion. This is a rare type of ectropion. Its caused when the lower lid contracts abnormally from shortening of the skin and muscle. […] Paralytic ectropion. This is also a rare type of ectropion. This is due to a problem with the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). […] Mechanical ectropion. This is another rare type. This happens when a tumor or other mass in the eyelid pulls it down.

• #25 Ectropion: Causes, Assessment, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/ectropion/

  Ectropion is the eversion of the lower eyelid resulting in exposure of the globe, conjunctiva and sometimes the cornea. It may have paralytic, involutional, cicatricial, mechanical and congenital (rare) aetiology. […] The majority of ectropions are involutional. Other causes to consider are cicatricial (scarring), paralytic (facial nerve palsy), and mechanical (eyelid tumour). […] Involutional ectropion is the most common cause of lower eyelid eversion. It results from abnormal laxity in the lid support system. […] Other types of ectropion: Paralytic: orbicularis muscle tone is weak or absent due to facial nerve palsy. Cicatricial: anterior or middle lamellae are shortened due to scarring. Congenital: associated with tarsal plate abnormalities, conjunctival oedema post-birth trauma, epicanthus inversus, and blepharophimosis syndrome.

• #26 Ectropion Lower Eyelid Reconstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470449/

  Ectropion may be classified as congenital, involutional, paralytic, cicatricial, or mechanical. […] Involutional ectropion is caused by horizontal eyelid laxity of the medial or lateral canthal tendons. The shortening of the anterior or middle lamella can cause cicatricial ectropion. Paralytic ectropion can be caused by seventh or facial cranial nerve paralysis or palsy, resulting in loss of orbicularis oculi muscle tone. Lastly, mechanical ectropion can be caused by gravity, the mass effect of a tumor, fluid accumulation, herniated orbital fat, or poorly fitted spectacles. […] Medical management of the underlying etiology of the ectropion should be attempted before consideration of surgical correction.

• #27 ▷ Ectropion | What it is, causes, symptoms, treatment

  https://www.barraquer.com/en/pathology/ectropion

  Ectropion is eyelid malposition. This means that the eyelid, frequently the lower eyelid, is in the wrong position. In the case of ectropion, the edge of the eyelid turns outward, which is easily visible when looking at the patient’s face as you can see the reddish colour of the exposed conjunctiva, which should normally be covered by the eyelid. […] The most common is involutional, due to the passing of years and laxity at which these ectropions grow in the tissue. This fact, completely associated with ageing, means that the position of the eyelid against gravity can change. […] There is also paralytic ectropion in which changes to the functioning of the orbital muscle, responsible for closing the eye, affect the position of the eyelid. […] And the third type, perhaps the most common, is cicatricial ectropion, in which the eyelid everts due to the tractional action of the skin affected by a dermatological issue. […] Ectropion treatment is always surgery. One technique or another will be used depending on the aetiology of the ectropion, although it’s always a quick, outpatients procedure with excellent results in the majority of cases.

• #28 Ectropion | Clinical Resource | UAMS Health

  https://uamshealth.com/clinical-resource/ectropion/

  Ectropion means that the lower eyelid is rolled out away from the eye, or is sagging away from the eye. […] Generally the condition is the result of tissue relaxation associated with aging, although it may also occur as a result of facial nerve paralysis (due to Bells palsy, stroke or other neurologic conditions), trauma, scarring, previous surgeries or skin cancer.

• #29 Understanding the Difference Between Ectropion and Entropion: Rand Rodgers, MD: Ophthalmic Plastic Surgeon

  https://www.randrodgersmd.com/blog/understanding-the-difference-between-ectropion-and-entropion

  Ectropion causes the eyelid to turn out, away from the eye surface. […] Both ectropion and entropion become a lot more common with older age, as the muscles and other tissues around the eyes weaken. Other possible causes include: Previous eye surgery, Eye infection, Traumatic damage, Underlying medical issues, like stroke or Bells palsy, Tumors or other growths on or near the eyelid, Prolonged inflammation of the eyelids, Spastic conditions. […] Determining the cause of ectropion and entropion is an important part of making sure your treatment is tailored for optimal outcomes. […] Because ectropion causes the lid to turn outward, many patients experience chronic dry eye symptoms. Left untreated, ectropion increases your risk of conjunctivitis and more serious infections.

• #30 Eyelid Ectropion in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/eyelid-ectropion-in-dogs

  Ectropion is an abnormality of the eyelids in which the eyelid (usually the lower eyelid) rolls outward or is everted. […] Congenital ectropion, which a dog is born with, is the most common form of this condition in veterinary practice. […] Acquired ectropion can occur in any dog at any age. Acquired ectropion means that a condition other than an inherited trait causes the eyelid to sag or evert. Some common causes of acquired ectropion include: facial nerve paralysis, hypothyroidism, scarring secondary to injury, chronic inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding the eyes, surgical overcorrection of entropion (turned-in eyelids), neuromuscular disease.

• #31 Entropion: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17880-entropion

  Entropion causes your eyelid to turn inward. This can cause eye irritation and redness. […] Entropion causes many uncomfortable symptoms in your eye, including: […] There are three characteristics of an eyelid with entropion: eyelid looseness (laxity), eyelid retractor disinsertion and excessively strong eyelid closing muscles which cause your eyelid to turn in rather than out. Lower eyelid laxity is common in people over the age of 60 because their eyelid supports weaken with age. Other causes of an in-turned eyelid include: […] Aging is the biggest risk factor for entropion. Its most common in people over 60 years old. […] People with sleep apnea may be at greater risk of developing entropion, as they tend to have excessively loose upper eyelids (floppy eyelid syndrome), which are prone to turning in on themselves.

• #32 Ectropion Repair Miami | Eyelid Repair | Turned Out Eyelid

  https://www.miamieyecenter.com/ectropion-repair-miami.htm

  Ectropion is usually a result of aging and occurs when the tissues of the eyelid develop laxity. […] It can also arise as a result of undetected skin cancers pulling down the eyelid, trauma, contraction of scar tissue involving the skin surrounding the lower eyelid, and following eyelid or facial surgery. […] Ectropion may also develop following facial nerve palsy (Bells Palsy), in which the muscles surrounding the eye (and other facial muscles on the side of the face) are paralyzed. […] Finally, Ectropion may be further aggravated due to constant wiping of excessive tearing, which tends to pull the eyelid further from the eye.

• #33 Ectropion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectropion

  Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards. […] The condition can be repaired surgically. […] Ectropion can occur due to any weakening of tissue of the lower eyelid. […] Causes include congenital factors, aging, scarring, mechanical issues, allergic reactions, facial nerve palsy, and anti-cancer treatments such as erlotinib, cetuximab, and panitumumab, which block the function of EGFR (the epidermal growth factor receptor). […] It can also result from trauma or nerve damage.

• #34 Ectropion – North Dakota Eye Clinic

  https://www.northdakotaeyeclinic.com/services/eyelid-procedures/ectropion/

  Ectropion is an eye condition in which the eyelid turns outward. […] Ectropion usually occurs in older adults as a result of the aging process, during which muscles, tendons and connective tissue around the eyes progressively weaken. […] Those who have had trauma to the face or eyes are at greater risk of developing ectropion. […] In addition to aging, there are a number of causes of ectropion: Facial paralysis due to Bell’s palsy or tumor, Facial scarring from burns or other trauma, Eyelid growths (malignant or benign), Previous eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty), Radiation of the eyelid to treat a cancerous growth, Excessive sun exposure, Rapid weight loss, Cosmetic laser-skin resurfacing, Certain eye drop medications, such as those used to treat glaucoma. […] In rare cases, ectropion is a congenital condition.

• #35 Ectropion Treatment In Bellevue, WA | Kristin J. Tarbet, MD

  https://www.kristintarbetmd.com/services/medical-reconstructive/ectropion-entropion/

  Ectropion is an eye condition that causes the eyelid to turn out or sag, away from your eye, so that the inner surface is exposed. This typically affects the lower eyelid and prevents tears from draining correctly. As a result, irritation and other symptoms occur. […] Older adults are more likely to experience ectropion as a result of the aging process. The muscles, tendons and connective tissue near and around the eye progressively weaken. Additionally, patients who have experienced facial trauma have an increased risk of developing ectropion. […] Aging is not the only cause of ectropion. From hereditary conditions to previous surgical complications, the causes of developing ectropion can be from: […] Certain eye drop medications […] Congenital disorder at birth […] Cosmetic laser-skin resurfacing […] Excessive sun exposure […] Eyelid radiation on a cancerous growth […] Facial paralysis […] Malignant or benign eyelid growths […] Previous eyelid surgery […] Rapid weight loss […] Scar tissue from burns.

• #36 Ectropion – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectropion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351169

  Ectropion can usually be diagnosed with a routine eye exam and physical. […] If your ectropion is caused by a scar, tumor, previous surgery or radiation, your doctor will examine the surrounding tissue as well. […] Understanding how other conditions cause ectropion is important in choosing the correct treatment or surgical technique. […] Ectropion caused by muscle and ligament relaxation due to aging. […] Ectropion caused by scar tissue from injury or previous surgery.

• #37 Ectropion: Causes, Assessment, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/ectropion/

  The clinical assessment should determine type of ectropion, functional impact, degree of horizontal lid laxity, and integrity of the canthal tendons. […] Definitive management is surgical. Medical management is temporizing but can improve symptoms. This includes lubrication of the ocular surface and horizontal taping of the eyelid. […] Involutional ectropion is treated by reducing the horizontal lid laxity. The specific procedure depends on the region’s main laxity and stability of the canthal tendons. […] This focuses on graft or flap reconstruction to lengthen the anterior lamella or release scars. Options include: Z-plasty, Flaps, Grafts.

• #38 Ectropion: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/swollen-eyelid/ectropion

  Ectropion is a condition in which part or all of the lower eyelid turns outwards away from the eye. There are various causes but the most common cause is an ageing effect of the eyelid that occurs in some older people. […] An eye ectropion mainly occurs in older people. It is thought that the small eyelid muscles around the eye become weak with ageing. In most cases there is no other underlying problem. […] An ectropion may also be caused by any condition that causes scarring of the eyelid or near the eyelid. For example, a burn, infection, tumour or injury to the eyelid. […] Any condition that causes weakness of the facial nerves and muscles, including facial paralysis, may also affect the eyelid and cause an ectropion. […] It is often not possible to prevent an ectropion but if the ectropion has been caused by a condition that causes scarring of the eyelid or near the eyelid (eg, burn, infection, tumour or injury), then early and effective treatment of the potential cause may help to prevent an ectropion from developing.

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