Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gout: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout

  Gout is caused by tissue deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, including the following: […] Providers typically diagnose gout based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory testing (eg, serum urate, synovial fluid MSU crystals), and, in some cases, imaging. […] Biochemically, gout is typically characterized by hyperuricemia with serum or plasma urate concentrations exceeding 6.8 mg/dL (approximately 405 micromol/L); this level of urate is the approximate limit of urate solubility. […] However, urate levels may be misleadingly normal during gout flares. […] Moreover, while hyperuricemia is a necessary precondition for the development of gout in almost all cases, it is not sufficient; most hyperuricemic individuals never develop gout. […] Risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout (may not be causal) […] Causes of hyperuricemia due to increased purine biosynthesis and/or urate production […] Causes of hyperuricemia due to decreased uric acid clearance […] Provoking factors for gout flares.

• #2 Gout – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/

  Gout is one of the most common causes of chronic inflammatory arthritis in the United States, characterized by monosodium urate (MSU) monohydrate crystals deposition in the tissues. […] The etiology of gout is usually multifactorial, including genetic predisposition, medical comorbidities, and dietary factors. In rare cases, a single genetic defect may be responsible for causing gout, usually associated with other medical complications. Irrespective of the underlying trigger, the result involves elevated serum uric acid, which can manifest as clinical gout in certain individuals. […] Hyperuricemia is the leading cause of gout, a condition where uric acid crystals accumulate in joints, causing inflammation and pain. […] Hyperuricemia, while a significant risk factor, does not singularly account for the development of gout; only a minority of individuals with elevated uric acid levels actually develop the condition.

• #3 Gout – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/

  Gout is one of the most common causes of chronic inflammatory arthritis in the United States, characterized by monosodium urate (MSU) monohydrate crystals deposition in the tissues. […] The etiology of gout is usually multifactorial, including genetic predisposition, medical comorbidities, and dietary factors. In rare cases, a single genetic defect may be responsible for causing gout, usually associated with other medical complications. Irrespective of the underlying trigger, the result involves elevated serum uric acid, which can manifest as clinical gout in certain individuals. […] Hyperuricemia is the leading cause of gout, a condition where uric acid crystals accumulate in joints, causing inflammation and pain. […] Hyperuricemia, while a significant risk factor, does not singularly account for the development of gout; only a minority of individuals with elevated uric acid levels actually develop the condition.

• #4 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #5 Causes of Gout – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/causes-of-gout

  Gout is a chronic form of arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the body. This excess uric acid can settle in tissues, particularly the joints. From time to time, the uric acid can form needle-shaped crystals in the joint space. The body reacts to these crystals by launching an attack that causes inflammation, redness, and pain. This is a gout attack. […] While high uric acid is necessary to cause gout, it is not sufficient on its own to cause gout. In fact, not everyone with high uric acid levels develops gout. The reasons for this are not well understood. […] There are three main causes of high levels of uric acid that can lead to gout: A diet high in foods that contain high levels of chemicals called purines can increase the risk of developing gout, but they don’t cause the disease on their own.

• #6 Causes of Gout – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/causes-of-gout

  A high production of uric acid by the body. This can happen for unknown reasons, or as a result of inherited genetic metabolic disorders or leukemia, or during chemotherapy for cancer. […] The kidneys are not excreting enough uric acid. This can be caused by kidney disease, starvation, excessive alcohol use, or medications called diuretics. […] Uric acid is a chemical that is naturally produced by the body as it breaks down purines. […] But for some people the kidneys don’t get rid of enough uric acid. This can lead to a buildup of uric acid in the bloodstream, a condition called hyperuricemia, which can lead to gout. […] Certain factors can raise your risk of gout and increase your chances of gout attacks. While these factors can make gout more likely (largely because they lead to higher uric acid levels), they don’t cause gout.

• #7 Gout Symptoms, Causes & Diet Recommendations | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/gout

  Gout happens when high levels of urate build up in your body over a long period of time, which can then form needle-shaped crystals in and around the joint. This leads to inflammation and arthritis of the joint. […] Gout happens when urate, a substance in your body, builds up and forms needle-shaped crystals in your joints. This leads to pain, swelling, redness, and changes in the movement and use of the affected joint. However, not everyone with high urate levels develops gout. […] Urate comes from purines, which are found in your body’s tissues and many foods. When purines break down, they become urate. Normally, urate passes out of your body in urine. However, when too much is made or too little is removed, urate builds up in your blood and needle-shaped crystals form in your joints, causing inflammation that is experienced as gout flares that cause pain and swelling.

• #8 Gout/Gouty Arthritis In Depth: Risk Factors, Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_gout-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment.asp

  Gout is clearly associated with a buildup of uric acid. Uric acid is a produced as part of the body’s metabolism of purines, which are produced as the body breaks down any of the many purine-containing substances, including nucleic acids from our diet or from the breakdown of our own cells. […] The most common cause of gout (about 90% of cases) is the inability to excrete enough uric acid in the urine. This inability may occur for a number of reasons. The most common is a genetic defect in substances referred to as organic anion transporters in the kidney, which leads to an excessive reabsorption of uric acid from the kidney and thus too much uric acid in the blood. […] About 10% of cases of gout are due to overproduction of uric acid. When uric acid is overproduced, it is high not only in the blood but in the urine, raising the risk of both gout and kidney stone.

• #9 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Gout develops in the setting of excessive stores of uric acid in the form of monosodium urate. Uric acid is an end-stage by-product of purine metabolism. Humans remove uric acid primarily by renal excretion. When excretion is insufficient to maintain serum urate levels below the saturation level of 6.8 mg/dL, hyperuricemia may develop, and urate can crystallize and deposit in soft tissues. […] About 90% of patients with gout develop excess urate stores because of an inability to excrete sufficient amounts of uric acid in the urine (underexcretion). Most of the remaining patients either overconsume purines or produce excessive amounts of uric acid endogenously (overproduction). A few have impaired intestinal elimination of uric acid. […] Causes of secondary gout due to underexcretion of uric acid include kidney insufficiency, lead nephropathy (saturnine gout), starvation or dehydration, certain drugs, and chronic abuse of ethanol (especially beer and hard liquor). These disorders should be identified and corrected, if possible.

• #10 What is gout? Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of gout.

  https://www.orthogyan.com/uric-acid-gout/

  An inability to adequately process and excrete uric acid accounts for an estimated 80 to 90% of gout cases. […] Drinking alcohol decreases the body’s ability to flush out uric acid. Additionally, beer is made with brewers yeast, which is high in purines. […] The risk factor increases due to the frequent consumption of foods that are high in purines like meats, seafood, some vegetables and beans. Also, foods that contain fructose lead to gout. […] Genetics plays a role, making some people’s bodies more prone to accumulating uric acid and developing the uric acid crystals that lead to gout. […] Certain medications can increase the risk of gout. Some of these medications include diuretics, aspirin, and cyclosporine. […] Gout occurs when the kidney is unable to properly flush out uric acid. […] Trigger events like injury, surgery or medical therapy can cause gout. […] The precursor of gout that is hyperuricemia has to be addressed to prevent the damage from both in the long term.

• #11 Gout: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/gout/gout

  There are various causes of hyperuricemia resulting from an overproduction of uric acid. These include genetic disorders with enzyme defects, drugs such as chemotherapy, diet-related disorders such as vitamin B12 deficiency, alcohol use, and medical conditions such as blood disorders and certain cancers. […] There are also disorders and factors that are associated with decreased uric acid clearance, including underlying kidney disease, medical conditions such as endocrine disorders, and medications such as laxatives or diuretics.

• #12 What is Gout? Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis – WWMG Blog

  http://www.wwmedgroup.com/what-is-gout-symptoms-causes-diagnosis/

  Gout is a systemic, chronic disease that affects the joints and organs by depositing sodium urate crystals, said Peterson. When the body produces sodium urate at a higher level than normal, or the kidneys fail to process it quickly enough, crystals build up, deposit in the joints and organs, and cause damage. […] Although flare-ups are painful, they are usually what leads to a diagnosis. Asymptomatic cases that go undiagnosed can have serious long-term impacts. […] Even when they dont cause pain, the crystals are still inflammatory. They can still nibble away at the bone and tendons. They can still invade tissues and cause them to not function properly, said Peterson. Gout can inflame tissues in the eye, kidneys, prostate or liver, causing those organs to malfunction. […] Further, this long-term inflammation leads to increased production of cortisol, also know as the stress hormone. Cortisol is like a steroid that helps to control inflammation. But it also leads to weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol, Peterson said, and can predispose people to metabolic syndrome, which can increase a persons risk of having heart disease or a stroke.

• #12 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Gout develops in the setting of excessive stores of uric acid in the form of monosodium urate. Uric acid is an end-stage by-product of purine metabolism. Humans remove uric acid primarily by renal excretion. When excretion is insufficient to maintain serum urate levels below the saturation level of 6.8 mg/dL, hyperuricemia may develop, and urate can crystallize and deposit in soft tissues. […] About 90% of patients with gout develop excess urate stores because of an inability to excrete sufficient amounts of uric acid in the urine (underexcretion). Most of the remaining patients either overconsume purines or produce excessive amounts of uric acid endogenously (overproduction). A few have impaired intestinal elimination of uric acid. […] Causes of secondary gout due to underexcretion of uric acid include kidney insufficiency, lead nephropathy (saturnine gout), starvation or dehydration, certain drugs, and chronic abuse of ethanol (especially beer and hard liquor). These disorders should be identified and corrected, if possible.

• #13 Gout Causes and Symptoms | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/gout

  Gout is caused by an excess of uric acid – a byproduct that is normally excreted through urine. When there is excess uric acid in the blood, either because the kidneys can not excrete it quickly enough or because too much has been produced, it forms crystals (urate) in the joints. These crystals cause painful inflammations (Harvard Health Publishing 2023; Healthdirect 2024). […] Hyperuricaemia is the term used to describe high levels of uric acid in the blood. This condition alone is not necessarily a prerequisite to gout and can be present without symptoms, suggesting that gout is instead the result of a combination of factors (Better Health Channel 2024). […] Diets high in purines can be a risk factor for gout.

• #14 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Gout develops in the setting of excessive stores of uric acid in the form of monosodium urate. Uric acid is an end-stage by-product of purine metabolism. Humans remove uric acid primarily by renal excretion. When excretion is insufficient to maintain serum urate levels below the saturation level of 6.8 mg/dL, hyperuricemia may develop, and urate can crystallize and deposit in soft tissues. […] About 90% of patients with gout develop excess urate stores because of an inability to excrete sufficient amounts of uric acid in the urine (underexcretion). Most of the remaining patients either overconsume purines or produce excessive amounts of uric acid endogenously (overproduction). A few have impaired intestinal elimination of uric acid. […] Causes of secondary gout due to underexcretion of uric acid include kidney insufficiency, lead nephropathy (saturnine gout), starvation or dehydration, certain drugs, and chronic abuse of ethanol (especially beer and hard liquor). These disorders should be identified and corrected, if possible.

• #15 Gout Pictures on Feet & Joints: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/ss/slideshow-gout

  Gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines that are part of many foods we eat. An abnormality in handling uric acid and crystallization of these compounds in joints can cause attacks of painful arthritis, kidney stones, and blockage of the kidney filtering tubules with uric acid crystals, leading to kidney failure. […] Obesity, excessive weight gain, especially in youth, moderate to heavy alcohol intake, high blood pressure, diabetes, and abnormal kidney function are among the risk factors for developing gout. Certain drugs and diseases can also cause elevated levels of uric acid. Also, there is an increased prevalence of abnormally low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) in patients with gout. […] Alcohol is known to have diuretic effects that can contribute to dehydration and precipitate acute gout attacks. Alcohol can also affect uric acid metabolism and cause hyperuricemia. It causes gout by slowing down the excretion of uric acid from the kidneys as well as by causing dehydration, which precipitates the crystals in the joints.

• #16 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #17 Gout: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/gout/gout

  There are various causes of hyperuricemia resulting from an overproduction of uric acid. These include genetic disorders with enzyme defects, drugs such as chemotherapy, diet-related disorders such as vitamin B12 deficiency, alcohol use, and medical conditions such as blood disorders and certain cancers. […] There are also disorders and factors that are associated with decreased uric acid clearance, including underlying kidney disease, medical conditions such as endocrine disorders, and medications such as laxatives or diuretics.

• #18 Gout – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gout

  Gout can happen when there is a build-up of a chemical called urate (uric acid) in your body. Urate is a normal waste product that comes from the breakdown of cells and the food and drinks you have. […] Uric acid builds up either because: your kidneys do not excrete (remove) it quickly enough or too much urate is being made in your body. […] Gout occurs when these crystals cause sudden and severe inflammation, which is triggered by your immune system.

• #19 Gout – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/

  Additional factors linked to gout and hyperuricemia include older age, male sex, obesity, a purine-rich diet, alcohol, certain medications, comorbid diseases, and genetic predisposition. […] The final step of purine metabolism is the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then uric acid by xanthine oxidase, which then transforms allantoin by uricase. […] Dietary sources that can contribute to hyperuricemia and gout include the consumption of animal food such as seafood, organs, and red meat. Additionally, beverages like alcohol, sweetened beverages, sodas, and those containing high-fructose corn syrup may also contribute to the onset of this disease. […] The heritability of hyperuricemia and gout is about 73% and about 40% to 50% of patients have a family history of gout. […] Epidemiological studies have reported a rising burden of gout, primarily attributed to lifestyle changes like increased protein consumption and a sedentary lifestyle.

• #20 Gout is Shown to Have Genetic Causes | Genetics And Genomics

  https://www.labroots.com/trending/genetics-and-genomics/28058/gout-shown-genetic-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorA49LGz0wQninqZrqSI2C1RCQeVCzJUE9-9L5k0S31OQqStacj

  Gout is a chronic disorder caused by high levels of uric acid, which can form during the breakdown of molecules called purines that are found in red meat and beer, for example. […] But in a new study reported in Nature Genetics, scientists have analyzed the genetic and health data from millions of people to show that genetic factors are a cause of gout in some patients. […] The researchers are hopeful that since this study has shown that lifestyle is not necessarily the cause of gout, some of the stigma surrounding the disease will lessen. […] Senior study author Professor Tony Merriman of the University of Otago stressed that gout is not the patient’s fault, and it is a chronic disease that has a genetic basis. […] „The myth that gout is caused by lifestyle or diet needs to be busted,” said Merriman. […] And genetic factors play a crucial part in all of those processes, added Merriman. […] This study revealed many genes and pathways that are associated with the immune system, and gout.

• #21 Gout Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/gout/gout-causes-and-risk-factors

  Although experts do not fully understand why some people get gout and others do not, many causes and risk factors of gout are well established. […] Some foods are high in purines, which turn into uric acid that can crystalize in joints, causing gout. […] Experts estimate men are 4 to 10 times more likely to have gout than women. […] Womens risk of developing gout goes up during menopause (estrogen seems to have protective effects). […] Many people have their first episode of gout between the ages of 30 and 50, and the risk of gout continues to increase with age. […] African American men are nearly twice as likely to report having had gout as Caucasian men. […] Research suggests that certain genes that influence kidney function (SLC2A9 and ABCG2) and gut function (ABCG2) increase the risk of developing gout.

• #22 What is Gout? Causes, Symptoms, and How It’s Diagnosed – CreakyJoints

  https://creakyjoints.org.au/education/gout/

  Gout is caused when an excessive amount of urate builds up in your blood. Urate (also called uric acid) is a natural substance or chemical. Urate is produced by your own body as it metabolizes, or breaks down, a substance in the foods and drinks you consume called purines. […] Excessive consumption of purine-rich foods can increase your risk of getting gout, since the purines are broken down in your body to make urate. […] Genetics are a key part of how we get gout. About 10% of people with gout make too much urate due to genetic factors. About 90% of people with gout reabsorb too much urate in their kidneys because of genetic factors. […] People who either make too much or excrete too little urate are especially sensitive to foods, drinks or medications that increase urate levels. […] High-fructose corn syrup, which is found in many sweetened soft drinks and other beverages, can raise urate levels too.

• #23 Gout is Shown to Have Genetic Causes | Genetics And Genomics

  https://www.labroots.com/trending/genetics-and-genomics/28058/gout-shown-genetic-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorA49LGz0wQninqZrqSI2C1RCQeVCzJUE9-9L5k0S31OQqStacj

  Gout is a chronic disorder caused by high levels of uric acid, which can form during the breakdown of molecules called purines that are found in red meat and beer, for example. […] But in a new study reported in Nature Genetics, scientists have analyzed the genetic and health data from millions of people to show that genetic factors are a cause of gout in some patients. […] The researchers are hopeful that since this study has shown that lifestyle is not necessarily the cause of gout, some of the stigma surrounding the disease will lessen. […] Senior study author Professor Tony Merriman of the University of Otago stressed that gout is not the patient’s fault, and it is a chronic disease that has a genetic basis. […] „The myth that gout is caused by lifestyle or diet needs to be busted,” said Merriman. […] And genetic factors play a crucial part in all of those processes, added Merriman. […] This study revealed many genes and pathways that are associated with the immune system, and gout.

• #24 Gout – how to manage it – Arthritis New Zealand

  https://www.arthritis.org.nz/gout-arthritis/

  Gout is the second most common form of arthritis in New Zealand and more prevalent here than anywhere else in the world. Mori and Pasifika people are particularly affected, mainly due to genetic factors. […] Gout causes sudden attacks of severe pain and swelling in the joints, usually starting in the big toe. If left untreated, more attacks may occur and spread to other joints such as knees, elbows, wrists and fingers. Gout can damage joints and kidneys. […] Gout attacks happen when there is too much uric acid in your blood. Uric acid is produced when proteins called purines are metabolised from food, and most of it usually passes out of the body in your urine. […] Uric acid can build up in your blood if you are overweight, take certain medicines, eat foods containing purines, or have kidney problems. The uric acid turns to sharp, needle-shaped crystals that cause pain and swelling in the joints and can damage cartilage.

• #25 Gout – how to manage it – Arthritis New Zealand

  https://www.arthritis.org.nz/gout-arthritis/

  The main reason for high uric acid levels in your blood is because your body cannot get rid of it properly. This could be because of your genes, weight or existing kidney problems. […] Some of the factors that contribute to gout arthritis are: Family history: Some Mori and Pasifika people have genes that make it harder for their bodies to get rid of uric acid. […] Being overweight or obese slows down the removal of uric acid by your kidneys. […] High levels of cholesterol and blood sugar, high blood pressure, and kidney disease can all increase the risk of gout arthritis. […] Gout arthritis can also be diagnosed by testing a sample of fluid around the joint for urate crystals. […] If you are overweight, losing a few kilograms gradually is the most effective treatment for gout arthritis. Avoiding some foods will help lower the level of uric acid in your blood and prevent gout attacks. […] Eat less chicken, meat and seafood these foods contain high levels of purines. […] Drink less alcohol beer is most likely to cause gout attacks as it contains more purines than other forms of alcohol.

• #26 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #27 Causes of Gout – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/causes-of-gout

  Some of the factors that increase your chances of gout include: Diet. Eating lots of high-purine foods increases your chances of gout. […] Excess weight. People who are overweight or obese tend to make more uric acid than people who are not. […] Family history. We know that certain genes increase the risk of gout and that people with family members who have gout are more likely to get it. […] Certain health conditions, including diabetes, obesity, and heart or kidney disease. […] High blood pressure. People with high blood pressure are up to twice as likely to have gout as those with normal blood pressure. […] While diet may aggravate the condition, it does not cause gout. […] Foods that increase the risk of a gout attack include: high-purine foods such as red meat and some kinds of fish, especially scallops, sardines, and tuna. […] Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, limiting alcohol, and eating fewer purine-rich foods may help prevent future attacks. […] If you have frequent gout attacks, your doctor will also discuss with you whether you should start taking a drug that will lower uric acid levels.

• #28 Causes of Gout – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/causes-of-gout

  Some of the factors that increase your chances of gout include: Diet. Eating lots of high-purine foods increases your chances of gout. […] Excess weight. People who are overweight or obese tend to make more uric acid than people who are not. […] Family history. We know that certain genes increase the risk of gout and that people with family members who have gout are more likely to get it. […] Certain health conditions, including diabetes, obesity, and heart or kidney disease. […] High blood pressure. People with high blood pressure are up to twice as likely to have gout as those with normal blood pressure. […] While diet may aggravate the condition, it does not cause gout. […] Foods that increase the risk of a gout attack include: high-purine foods such as red meat and some kinds of fish, especially scallops, sardines, and tuna. […] Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, limiting alcohol, and eating fewer purine-rich foods may help prevent future attacks. […] If you have frequent gout attacks, your doctor will also discuss with you whether you should start taking a drug that will lower uric acid levels.

• #29 Gout: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/gout

  Gout develops in some people who have high levels of uric acid from the breakdown of purines natural chemicals found in every cell of your body and in many foods, especially red meat, organ meats, certain seafoods, sugary sodas and beer. […] When uric acid builds up, either because the kidneys dont excrete it the way they should or from consuming too many from a high-purine diet, it can form needle-like crystals that lodge in joints, causing sudden, severe pain and swelling. […] Youre more likely to develop gout if you: Eat lots of purine-rich foods, including red meat and some kinds of fish, especially scallops, sardines and tuna, though the health benefits of eating fish likely outweigh any gout risk. […] If you have several gout attacks a year, tophi or signs of joint damage on X-rays, your doctor may suggest taking drugs to lower uric acid and prevent further complications.

• #30 Gout: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/gout

  Gout develops in some people who have high levels of uric acid from the breakdown of purines natural chemicals found in every cell of your body and in many foods, especially red meat, organ meats, certain seafoods, sugary sodas and beer. […] When uric acid builds up, either because the kidneys dont excrete it the way they should or from consuming too many from a high-purine diet, it can form needle-like crystals that lodge in joints, causing sudden, severe pain and swelling. […] Youre more likely to develop gout if you: Eat lots of purine-rich foods, including red meat and some kinds of fish, especially scallops, sardines and tuna, though the health benefits of eating fish likely outweigh any gout risk. […] If you have several gout attacks a year, tophi or signs of joint damage on X-rays, your doctor may suggest taking drugs to lower uric acid and prevent further complications.

• #31 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] Foods that are rich in purines include anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, kidney, liver, and meat extracts. Consumption of fructose-rich foods and beverages (eg, those sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with an increased risk of gout in both men and women. […] Individual gout flares are often triggered by acute increases or decreases in urate levels that may lead to the production, exposure, or shedding of crystals. Changes in urate levels can result from acute alcohol ingestion, acute overindulgence in foods high in purines, rapid weight loss, dehydration, or trauma. […] Similarly, flares can be precipitated by additions of or changes in dosage of medications that raise or lower uric acid levels.

• #32 Definition and Underlying Causes of Gout

  https://www.apgpodiatry.com/blogs/item/205-definition-and-underlying-causes-of-gout

  Gout is a painful form of arthritis that results from the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. […] The primary cause of gout is an overabundance of uric acid in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperuricemia. Uric acid forms when the body breaks down purines, which are found in certain foods and are also produced naturally by the body. Factors such as genetics, a diet rich in purines, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity can contribute to elevated uric acid levels. […] By understanding gout’s definition, causes, and appropriate treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps to alleviate pain and prevent future attacks. […] Gout is more common in men until the age of 60. It is believed that estrogen protects women until that point. […] Eating red meat and shellfish increases your risk. […] Having more than two alcoholic drinks per day increases your risk. […] Obese people are at a higher risk for gout.

• #33 Gout Pictures on Feet & Joints: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/ss/slideshow-gout

  Gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines that are part of many foods we eat. An abnormality in handling uric acid and crystallization of these compounds in joints can cause attacks of painful arthritis, kidney stones, and blockage of the kidney filtering tubules with uric acid crystals, leading to kidney failure. […] Obesity, excessive weight gain, especially in youth, moderate to heavy alcohol intake, high blood pressure, diabetes, and abnormal kidney function are among the risk factors for developing gout. Certain drugs and diseases can also cause elevated levels of uric acid. Also, there is an increased prevalence of abnormally low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) in patients with gout. […] Alcohol is known to have diuretic effects that can contribute to dehydration and precipitate acute gout attacks. Alcohol can also affect uric acid metabolism and cause hyperuricemia. It causes gout by slowing down the excretion of uric acid from the kidneys as well as by causing dehydration, which precipitates the crystals in the joints.

• #34 What Causes Gout: Uric Acid, Foods, Triggers, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gout-causes

  Gout is caused by the formation of urate crystals in body tissues. It usually occurs in or around joints and results in a painful type of arthritis. […] The urate crystals deposit in tissues when there’s too much uric acid in the blood. This chemical is created when the body breaks down substances known as purines. Too much uric acid in the blood is also known as hyperuricemia. […] Gout can be caused by decreased excretion of uric acid, increased production of uric acid, or a high dietary intake of purines. […] Decreased excretion of uric acid is the most common cause of gout. […] Increased uric acid production can also cause gout. […] A diet high in purines can lead to gout. […] In many cases, the exact cause of gout or hyperuricemia is unknown. […] Moderate to heavy drinking increases the risk of gout.

• #35 Gout Pictures on Feet & Joints: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/ss/slideshow-gout

  Gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines that are part of many foods we eat. An abnormality in handling uric acid and crystallization of these compounds in joints can cause attacks of painful arthritis, kidney stones, and blockage of the kidney filtering tubules with uric acid crystals, leading to kidney failure. […] Obesity, excessive weight gain, especially in youth, moderate to heavy alcohol intake, high blood pressure, diabetes, and abnormal kidney function are among the risk factors for developing gout. Certain drugs and diseases can also cause elevated levels of uric acid. Also, there is an increased prevalence of abnormally low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) in patients with gout. […] Alcohol is known to have diuretic effects that can contribute to dehydration and precipitate acute gout attacks. Alcohol can also affect uric acid metabolism and cause hyperuricemia. It causes gout by slowing down the excretion of uric acid from the kidneys as well as by causing dehydration, which precipitates the crystals in the joints.

• #36 Gout Arthritis: Symptom, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/gout/

  Alcohol, especially beer, is also high in purines. The risk of gout directly increases with alcohol consumption. […] A high-purine diet is typically more likely to trigger a gout attack in people who are predisposed, either genetically or medically, to problems expelling the necessary levels of uric acid from the body. […] There is a direct relationship between obesity and the risk of developing gout. This is because overweight bodies tend to produce more insulin, and insulin can inhibit the kidneys ability to expel uric acid. […] Certain medications may raise the levels of uric acid in the body. These include diuretics, also known as water pills, which work by decreasing the amount of fluid in your body and are often used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure. […] People with certain medical conditions may also be at greater risk of developing gout.

• #37 Gout Triggers: Food, Medications, and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/gout/triggers-of-gout-pain

  There’s a wide range of triggers that can cause a gout flare-up, from food like red meat and seafood to medications and dehydration. […] Gout is caused by high levels of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purines, or chemicals found naturally in the body and some food. […] Excess uric acid turns into needle-shaped crystals in the joints when it’s not properly removed, which causes gout attacks. […] Drinking beer, wine, and liquor has been shown to raise the levels of uric acid in the blood. […] Fructose, which is a type of sugar, raises uric acid levels in the body. […] Cardiovascular and kidney disease can increase the risk of gout and cause an attack if they’re left untreated. […] Dehydration can lead to higher levels of uric acid. […] Research has shown that rapid weight loss can cause uric acid levels to suddenly increase.

• #38 Gout: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4755-gout

  Gout happens when theres a buildup of uric acid in your body. […] A buildup of excess uric acid in your body causes gout. Your body naturally makes uric acid when it breaks down chemicals called purines found in certain foods and drinks. […] Sometimes your body makes too much uric acid, or your kidneys dont remove it from your blood fast enough. When your body has high levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia), uric acid crystals can build up and settle into your joints. […] Eating or drinking foods high in purines are more likely to lead to high uric acid levels in your body that cause gout, including: […] Sugary drinks and sweets: Standard table sugar is half fructose (fruit sugar), which breaks down into uric acid. […] Alcohol: Even though not all alcoholic drinks are high in purines, alcohol prevents your kidneys from eliminating uric acid, pulling it back into your body, where it continues to accumulate.

• #39 Gout – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/

  Additional factors linked to gout and hyperuricemia include older age, male sex, obesity, a purine-rich diet, alcohol, certain medications, comorbid diseases, and genetic predisposition. […] The final step of purine metabolism is the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then uric acid by xanthine oxidase, which then transforms allantoin by uricase. […] Dietary sources that can contribute to hyperuricemia and gout include the consumption of animal food such as seafood, organs, and red meat. Additionally, beverages like alcohol, sweetened beverages, sodas, and those containing high-fructose corn syrup may also contribute to the onset of this disease. […] The heritability of hyperuricemia and gout is about 73% and about 40% to 50% of patients have a family history of gout. […] Epidemiological studies have reported a rising burden of gout, primarily attributed to lifestyle changes like increased protein consumption and a sedentary lifestyle.

• #40 What Causes Gout to Flare Up? Foods, Medications, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gout-triggers

  Gout is a type of arthritis that causes pain in your joints, often in the big toe. This condition is triggered by high levels of uric acid in your blood. […] Uric acid is a natural compound in your body. However, if you have too much of it, sharp crystals of uric acid can collect in your joints. This causes a gout flare-up. […] Foods that are high in purine can set off gout symptoms. Since, your body breaks purines down into uric acid, some of these foods should be avoided. […] All types of alcohol may increase your risk of gout and worsen symptoms. When you drink alcohol, your kidneys must work to get rid of the alcohol rather than uric acid. This may cause uric acid to build up in the body, triggering gout. […] Sugary drinks may cause gout flare-ups. This is more common in adults who are overweight or obese. Sugary beverages like fruit juices flood your body with sugars called fructose. High blood sugar is linked to higher amounts of uric acid collecting in your body.

• #41 Gout Triggers: Food, Medications, and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/gout/triggers-of-gout-pain

  There’s a wide range of triggers that can cause a gout flare-up, from food like red meat and seafood to medications and dehydration. […] Gout is caused by high levels of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purines, or chemicals found naturally in the body and some food. […] Excess uric acid turns into needle-shaped crystals in the joints when it’s not properly removed, which causes gout attacks. […] Drinking beer, wine, and liquor has been shown to raise the levels of uric acid in the blood. […] Fructose, which is a type of sugar, raises uric acid levels in the body. […] Cardiovascular and kidney disease can increase the risk of gout and cause an attack if they’re left untreated. […] Dehydration can lead to higher levels of uric acid. […] Research has shown that rapid weight loss can cause uric acid levels to suddenly increase.

• #42 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #43 What Causes Gout to Flare Up? Foods, Medications, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gout-triggers

  Weight gain and obesity can raise levels of uric acid in your blood, worsening gout symptoms. There are several reasons why this may happen. Fat cells may make more uric acid. The more you weigh, the harder it is for your kidneys to remove excess uric acid from your blood. Additionally, excess weight may raise insulin levels in your body, which also increases uric acid.

• #44 Gout Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/gout/gout-causes-and-risk-factors

  People who are overweight have a greater risk of developing gout. […] The risk of a gout flare-up is increased by the consumption of alcohol, sugary foods and drinks, meat, and seafood, which are high in purines. […] Drinking beer, wine, or liquor increases the likelihood of a gout attack. […] Taking certain medications can increase the risk of hyperuricemia and gout attacks. […] A person with chronic renal failure no longer has fully functioning kidneys. When the kidneys ability to flush out uric acid is compromised, gout may develop. […] Specific events can trigger a change in body chemistry and bring on a gout flare-up. Such events include, but are not limited to infection, repetitive microtrauma from joint overuse, traumatic injury, surgery, illness, and sudden and dramatic weight loss.

• #45 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #46 Gout Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/gout

  People with gout are at an increased risk of having metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a collection of health problems, such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and low (good) cholesterol. This syndrome increases a person’s risk for heart disease and stroke. Therefore, lifestyle changes are an important aspect of preventing gout and improving overall health.

• #47 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] Foods that are rich in purines include anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, kidney, liver, and meat extracts. Consumption of fructose-rich foods and beverages (eg, those sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with an increased risk of gout in both men and women. […] Individual gout flares are often triggered by acute increases or decreases in urate levels that may lead to the production, exposure, or shedding of crystals. Changes in urate levels can result from acute alcohol ingestion, acute overindulgence in foods high in purines, rapid weight loss, dehydration, or trauma. […] Similarly, flares can be precipitated by additions of or changes in dosage of medications that raise or lower uric acid levels.

• #48 Gout Triggers: Foods, Drugs, and Health Conditions

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/gout-triggers-uric-acid

  Gout happens when the body makes too much uric acid, which allows uric acid crystals to build up in joints and tissues. The uric acid comes from purines, chemicals found in the body naturally that are also in certain foods and drinks. […] Gout triggers can include red meat, seafood, alcohol, sweet drinks, and certain medications and diseases. […] Certain drugs, health problems, and lifestyle choices can trigger gout, too. […] High blood pressure, kidney disease, diabetes, and heart disease. These health conditions make you more likely to have gout, especially if you dont get treatment. Work with your doctor to keep them under control. […] One study found that the most common gout trigger was alcohol (14% of people in the study reported this), followed by red meat or seafood, dehydration, injury/excess activity, and extremely warm or cold weather.

• #49 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] Foods that are rich in purines include anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, kidney, liver, and meat extracts. Consumption of fructose-rich foods and beverages (eg, those sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with an increased risk of gout in both men and women. […] Individual gout flares are often triggered by acute increases or decreases in urate levels that may lead to the production, exposure, or shedding of crystals. Changes in urate levels can result from acute alcohol ingestion, acute overindulgence in foods high in purines, rapid weight loss, dehydration, or trauma. […] Similarly, flares can be precipitated by additions of or changes in dosage of medications that raise or lower uric acid levels.

• #50 Gout: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/gout-leaflet

  Some medicines may raise the level of uric acid – for example, 'water’ tablets (diuretics) such as bendroflumethiazide, aspirin, and some chemotherapy medicines. […] More uric acid is made than usual in illnesses where the cells of the body have a rapid turnover – for example, severe psoriasis and some blood disorders. […] People with certain other conditions have an increased risk of developing gout. These include: Obesity, High blood pressure, Kidney damage, Diabetes mellitus, Bone marrow disorders, Lipid disorders (especially hypertriglyceridaemia), Vascular disease, Enzyme defects such as hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. […] Gout is a type of arthritis, typically caused by a build-up of uric acid in the blood. […] High levels of uric acid in the blood could be due to several reasons. It may be a result of the kidney’s reduced ability to clear the uric acid. It may be an overproduction of compounds that break down uric acid (purines). It may be a combination of both.

• #51 What is Gout? Causes, Risk Factors and 7 More Things to Know | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/9-important-facts-to-know-about-gout

  Chronic kidney disease: When you have kidney disease, your kidneys cannot filter out uric acid as well as they should. […] Doctors have noticed for decades that theres a connection between psoriasis and gout, according to the Arthritis Foundation. The common denominator is uric acid. In psoriasis, uric acid is thought to be a byproduct of rapid skin cell turnover and systemic inflammation. […] Avoiding foods high in purines can help reduce uric acid levels in the blood and lower the risk of gout attacks. Some foods to avoid or consume in moderation include: Foods and drinks containing high-fructose corn syrup, Fatty cuts of meat and high-fat dairy products, Organ meats, which have high levels of purine, Shellfish, anchovies and sardines, all of which are high in purines, Alcoholic beverages, including beer especially during a gout attack. […] There is no cure for gout, but you can treat and manage the condition with medication and self-management strategies.

• #52 Gout and kidney disease: Symptoms, causes & prevention | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/gout

  Gout, a type of arthritis caused by having too much uric acid in your blood, causes crystals to form in the joints, leading to swelling and pain. Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of gout, especially when the kidneys cannot remove uric acid from the blood. […] Gout is caused by having too much uric acid in your blood. When uric acid builds up in the fluid around your joints, it can form tiny crystals called urate crystals. […] If you have kidney disease, your body may have trouble removing uric acid. This leads to uric acid buildup and crystals, which can cause gout. Gout may also damage the kidneys over time if left untreated. […] One in 10 people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have gout, and about 1 in 4 people with gout have CKD. When you have CKD, your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste, such as uric acid, out of your body. Uric acid can build up and form urate crystals as your blood is filtered through your kidneys. […] NSAIDs, some of the most common pain-relieving medicines for gout, can also lead to kidney disease over time. Talk to your doctor about how to manage your use of NSAIDs. […] Having certain health conditions can also increase your risk of gout, including chronic kidney disease.

• #53 Gout Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-health/gout-and-kidney-disease

  If gout isnt treated, it can become a long-term problem and affect many joints at once, in both the lower and upper body. At this stage, joints can be damaged, and pain is constant. Tophi can also form in many other parts of the body. […] Uric acid crystals can form kidney stones in some people. These stones are very painful and can hurt the kidneys by: blocking the kidneys from removing wastes, which can cause infection, and scarring the kidneys with their sharp edges. Both problems can lead to CKD, and even kidney failure. […] Refractory gout may not go away with standard treatments. Other medicines may be needed. People with either gout or refractory gout can also have problems with their kidneys. […] Treat kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and heart disease, because they may increase uric acid and the risk for gout. Review all medicines and supplements with your healthcare professional, as some can increase uric acid.

• #54 Gout and kidney disease: Symptoms, causes & prevention | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/gout

  Gout, a type of arthritis caused by having too much uric acid in your blood, causes crystals to form in the joints, leading to swelling and pain. Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of gout, especially when the kidneys cannot remove uric acid from the blood. […] Gout is caused by having too much uric acid in your blood. When uric acid builds up in the fluid around your joints, it can form tiny crystals called urate crystals. […] If you have kidney disease, your body may have trouble removing uric acid. This leads to uric acid buildup and crystals, which can cause gout. Gout may also damage the kidneys over time if left untreated. […] One in 10 people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have gout, and about 1 in 4 people with gout have CKD. When you have CKD, your kidneys do not work as well as they should to filter waste, such as uric acid, out of your body. Uric acid can build up and form urate crystals as your blood is filtered through your kidneys. […] NSAIDs, some of the most common pain-relieving medicines for gout, can also lead to kidney disease over time. Talk to your doctor about how to manage your use of NSAIDs. […] Having certain health conditions can also increase your risk of gout, including chronic kidney disease.

• #55 Gout Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-health/gout-and-kidney-disease

  If gout isnt treated, it can become a long-term problem and affect many joints at once, in both the lower and upper body. At this stage, joints can be damaged, and pain is constant. Tophi can also form in many other parts of the body. […] Uric acid crystals can form kidney stones in some people. These stones are very painful and can hurt the kidneys by: blocking the kidneys from removing wastes, which can cause infection, and scarring the kidneys with their sharp edges. Both problems can lead to CKD, and even kidney failure. […] Refractory gout may not go away with standard treatments. Other medicines may be needed. People with either gout or refractory gout can also have problems with their kidneys. […] Treat kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and heart disease, because they may increase uric acid and the risk for gout. Review all medicines and supplements with your healthcare professional, as some can increase uric acid.

• #56 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #57 Gout

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/

  Gout is caused by having too much uric acid in your blood. This can lead to crystals forming around your joints, which causes pain. […] You might have a higher chance of getting gout if you: are overweight, drink alcohol, have been through the menopause, take medicines such as diuretics (water tablets), or medicines for high blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors), have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, kidney problems, osteoarthritis or diabetes, have had surgery or an injury. […] Things that can trigger a gout attack include: having an illness that causes a high temperature, drinking too much alcohol or eating a very large meal, getting dehydrated, injuring a joint, taking certain medicines.

• #58 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes. […] The risk, however, varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia. […] Dietary causes account for about 12% of gout, and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages, meat, and seafood. […] Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery. […] Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems. […] Metabolic syndrome, a combination of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, occurs in nearly 75% of cases. […] Chronic lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function. […] Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout, but a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk. […] Other medications that increase the risk include niacin, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide.

• #59 What Causes Gout to Flare Up? Foods, Medications, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gout-triggers

  Some medications can trigger gout symptoms. This includes common pain medications. Even small amounts of these drugs can impact gout. […] Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid raises uric acid in your blood. Even low doses of aspirin can trigger gout. […] Diuretics or water pills help to treat conditions such as high blood pressure and edema or swelling in the legs. These medications work by getting rid of excess water and salt from the body. However, they can also cause a side effect of too much uric acid in the body, triggering gout. […] When you’re dehydrated, your body doesn’t have enough water and your kidneys can’t get rid of excess uric acids as well as they normally do. This can give you more gout symptoms. […] Adults with diabetes or prediabetes may have high levels of the hormone insulin. This can cause too much uric acid in the body, triggering gout symptoms in your joints.

• #60 What is Gout? Understanding Gout Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. – OrthoNJ

  https://orthonj.org/what-is-gout-understanding-gout-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, can impair the kidneys’ ability to filter and excrete uric acid and can increase the risk of hyperuricemia and gout. A cluster of conditions known as metabolic syndrome, which includes high blood pressure, obesity, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid levels, is associated with elevated uric acid levels. […] Some medications, such as diuretics (water pills), aspirin, niacin, and certain immunosuppressants, can interfere with uric acid excretion, leading to increased uric acid levels in the bloodstream and, therefore, a higher risk of gout attacks. […] Overall, the interplay of these factors contributes to the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, triggering the sudden onset of inflammation, pain, swelling, and other symptoms characteristic of a gout attack.

• #61 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] Foods that are rich in purines include anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, kidney, liver, and meat extracts. Consumption of fructose-rich foods and beverages (eg, those sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with an increased risk of gout in both men and women. […] Individual gout flares are often triggered by acute increases or decreases in urate levels that may lead to the production, exposure, or shedding of crystals. Changes in urate levels can result from acute alcohol ingestion, acute overindulgence in foods high in purines, rapid weight loss, dehydration, or trauma. […] Similarly, flares can be precipitated by additions of or changes in dosage of medications that raise or lower uric acid levels.

• #62 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  Certain comorbid conditions are associated with a higher incidence of gout, including the following: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Kidney insufficiency, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Anemia. […] A population-based study from Taiwan concluded that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use increases the risk of gout (adjusted odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). […] Foods that are rich in purines include anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, kidney, liver, and meat extracts. Consumption of fructose-rich foods and beverages (eg, those sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup) is associated with an increased risk of gout in both men and women. […] Individual gout flares are often triggered by acute increases or decreases in urate levels that may lead to the production, exposure, or shedding of crystals. Changes in urate levels can result from acute alcohol ingestion, acute overindulgence in foods high in purines, rapid weight loss, dehydration, or trauma. […] Similarly, flares can be precipitated by additions of or changes in dosage of medications that raise or lower uric acid levels.

• #63 What Is the Main Cause of Gout?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_gout/article_em.htm

  People can be genetically predisposed to gout or gouty arthritis, but diet is the main culprit in flares. […] Gout is usually caused by too much uric acid in the body (hyperuricemia). When there is excess uric acid in the body, uric acid crystals (monosodium urate) can accumulate in the joints, fluids, and tissues of the body. Hyperuricemia does not always cause gout, and hyperuricemia without gout symptoms does not require treatment. […] Risk factors for developing gout include: Obesity, Certain health conditions, including: Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure (hypertension), Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Diabetes, Chronic kidney disease/poor kidney function, Overeating or prolonged fasting, Consuming large amounts of meat or seafood, Excessive and regular consumption of alcohol (especially beer, vodka, whiskey, gin, or rum), Consuming beverages containing high fructose corn syrup (such as regular sodas), Use of medications that affect blood levels of urate, such as diuretics (water pills), Being male, Having a diet high in purines, which the body breaks down into uric acid. […] In people already diagnosed with gout, risk factors for repeated gout flares include: Injury, Recent surgery, Fasting, Excessive and regular consumption of alcohol, Overeating, Taking medications that induce sudden changes in blood urate levels, Dehydration.

• #64 Gout

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/

  Gout is caused by having too much uric acid in your blood. This can lead to crystals forming around your joints, which causes pain. […] You might have a higher chance of getting gout if you: are overweight, drink alcohol, have been through the menopause, take medicines such as diuretics (water tablets), or medicines for high blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors), have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, kidney problems, osteoarthritis or diabetes, have had surgery or an injury. […] Things that can trigger a gout attack include: having an illness that causes a high temperature, drinking too much alcohol or eating a very large meal, getting dehydrated, injuring a joint, taking certain medicines.

• #65 Gout – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/gout-and-calcium-pyrophosphate-arthritis/gout

  Consuming too much purine-rich food can increase the uric acid level in blood. […] For unknown reasons, not all people who have an abnormally high level of uric acid in their blood develop gout. […] High levels of uric acid in the blood often lead to high levels of uric acid in the joints. […] Gout most often affects the joints in the feet, particularly at the base of the big toe. […] Sudden severe flares of gout, called acute gouty arthritis, can occur without warning. […] These may be triggered by an injury, illness, surgery, or consumption of large quantities of alcohol or purine-rich food. […] Gout is generally more severe in people whose initial symptoms appear before age 30. […] Some people do not improve sufficiently with treatment.

• #66 Gout Triggers: Foods, Drugs, and Health Conditions

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/gout-triggers-uric-acid

  Gout happens when the body makes too much uric acid, which allows uric acid crystals to build up in joints and tissues. The uric acid comes from purines, chemicals found in the body naturally that are also in certain foods and drinks. […] Gout triggers can include red meat, seafood, alcohol, sweet drinks, and certain medications and diseases. […] Certain drugs, health problems, and lifestyle choices can trigger gout, too. […] High blood pressure, kidney disease, diabetes, and heart disease. These health conditions make you more likely to have gout, especially if you dont get treatment. Work with your doctor to keep them under control. […] One study found that the most common gout trigger was alcohol (14% of people in the study reported this), followed by red meat or seafood, dehydration, injury/excess activity, and extremely warm or cold weather.

• #67 Gout/Gouty Arthritis In Depth: Risk Factors, Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_gout-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment.asp

  Whatever the mechanism of the elevated uric acid, the key event in gout is the movement of uric acid crystals into the joint fluid. The body’s defense mechanisms, including the white blood cells (neutrophils) engulf the uric acid crystals, which leads to a release of inflammatory chemicals (called cytokines) which cause all the signs of inflammation, including heat, redness, and swelling and pain. […] The higher the blood level uric acid, the more the risk of deposits of uric acid in the joints and subsequent gouty attacks.

• #68 Gout – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gout

  Gout can happen when there is a build-up of a chemical called urate (uric acid) in your body. Urate is a normal waste product that comes from the breakdown of cells and the food and drinks you have. […] Uric acid builds up either because: your kidneys do not excrete (remove) it quickly enough or too much urate is being made in your body. […] Gout occurs when these crystals cause sudden and severe inflammation, which is triggered by your immune system.

• #69 Causes of Gout – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/causes-of-gout

  Gout is a chronic form of arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the body. This excess uric acid can settle in tissues, particularly the joints. From time to time, the uric acid can form needle-shaped crystals in the joint space. The body reacts to these crystals by launching an attack that causes inflammation, redness, and pain. This is a gout attack. […] While high uric acid is necessary to cause gout, it is not sufficient on its own to cause gout. In fact, not everyone with high uric acid levels develops gout. The reasons for this are not well understood. […] There are three main causes of high levels of uric acid that can lead to gout: A diet high in foods that contain high levels of chemicals called purines can increase the risk of developing gout, but they don’t cause the disease on their own.

• #70 Gout/Gouty Arthritis In Depth: Risk Factors, Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_gout-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment.asp

  Whatever the mechanism of the elevated uric acid, the key event in gout is the movement of uric acid crystals into the joint fluid. The body’s defense mechanisms, including the white blood cells (neutrophils) engulf the uric acid crystals, which leads to a release of inflammatory chemicals (called cytokines) which cause all the signs of inflammation, including heat, redness, and swelling and pain. […] The higher the blood level uric acid, the more the risk of deposits of uric acid in the joints and subsequent gouty attacks.

• #71 Gout – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/

  Additional factors linked to gout and hyperuricemia include older age, male sex, obesity, a purine-rich diet, alcohol, certain medications, comorbid diseases, and genetic predisposition. […] The final step of purine metabolism is the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then uric acid by xanthine oxidase, which then transforms allantoin by uricase. […] Dietary sources that can contribute to hyperuricemia and gout include the consumption of animal food such as seafood, organs, and red meat. Additionally, beverages like alcohol, sweetened beverages, sodas, and those containing high-fructose corn syrup may also contribute to the onset of this disease. […] The heritability of hyperuricemia and gout is about 73% and about 40% to 50% of patients have a family history of gout. […] Epidemiological studies have reported a rising burden of gout, primarily attributed to lifestyle changes like increased protein consumption and a sedentary lifestyle.

• #72 Gout Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/gout

  Gout is a painful inflammatory arthritis condition caused by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints and soft tissues. The painful attacks often begin at night and may last for a week. […] Gout is a metabolic disorder that causes a painful and common type of arthritis. It is caused when there is too much uric acid in the blood. This is called hyperuricemia. Uric acid is a breakdown product of normal metabolism in the body and is normally excreted through urine. Buildup of uric acid results in needlelike crystals forming in the joints, soft tissues, and organs. […] Cases of gout have increased in recent years. This increase is likely due to an aging population, dietary and lifestyle changes, the rising incidence of obesity, greater use of medicines, such as diuretics (water pills), all of which can lead to a high uric acid level in the body.

• #73 Gout: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4755-gout

  Organ meats: These include liver, tripe, sweetbreads, brains and kidneys. […] Gout can affect anyone. Men are three times more likely to develop gout. […] People with certain health conditions are more likely to develop gout, including: Overweight or obesity, Congestive heart failure, Diabetes, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Kidney disease, Blood cancer. […] Youre more likely to experience gout if you: Have a biological parent or grandparent who has gout, Eat a lot of animal proteins especially animal flesh, shellfish and foods that contain organ meat, Drink alcohol regularly, Take a diuretic medication (water pills), Take immunosuppressants. […] Most people with gout eventually find a combination of treatments and lifestyle tweaks to manage their symptoms and reduce how often they experience gout attacks. Gout is treatable, People who have a blood uric level lower than 6 mg/dL are much less likely to experience gout attacks.

• #74 Gout | Causes, symptoms, treatments | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/gout/

  Gout is much more common in people who are overweight. The more overweight you are, the more urate your body produces. […] Gout is about four times more common in men than women. […] Several different conditions are linked to raised urate levels. […] Drinking too much alcohol, especially beer and spirits, can increase your urate levels and your chances of triggering a gout attack. […] Research has shown that vitamin C may slightly reduce uric acid levels in people with gout. […] Research has shown that cherries may reduce the risk of having an acute attack of gout, particularly when taken with allopurinol. […] Allopurinol is the most commonly used ULT. It’s a very effective treatment for most people with gout. […] Febuxostat is a newer drug that reduces the amount of urate made in the body in the same way that allopurinol does. […] Uricosuric drugs, which include sulfinpyrazone, benzbromarone and probenecid, work by flushing out more urate than normal through your kidneys. […] If gout has caused damage to your joints, then treatment will be similar to that for osteoarthritis.

• #75 Gout and Hyperuricemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0215/p925.html/1000

  Gout is a condition characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints or soft tissue. […] Gout progresses through four clinical phases: asymptomatic hyperuricemia, acute gouty arthritis, intercritical gout (intervals between acute attacks) and chronic tophaceous gout. […] Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is common and should not ordinarily be treated. […] Hyperuricemia predisposes patients to both gout and nephrolithiasis, but therapy is generally not warranted in the asymptomatic patient. […] The peak incidence of acute gout occurs between 30 and 50 years of age. […] Gout in women occurs exclusively after menopause. […] The frequency of subsequent acute attacks of gout usually increases over time. […] Tophaceous disease is more likely to occur in patients with the following: a poly-articular presentation, a serum urate level higher than 9.0 mg per dL (535 mol per L) and a younger age at disease onset (i.e., 40.5 years or younger).

• #76 Gout Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/gout/gout-causes-and-risk-factors

  Although experts do not fully understand why some people get gout and others do not, many causes and risk factors of gout are well established. […] Some foods are high in purines, which turn into uric acid that can crystalize in joints, causing gout. […] Experts estimate men are 4 to 10 times more likely to have gout than women. […] Womens risk of developing gout goes up during menopause (estrogen seems to have protective effects). […] Many people have their first episode of gout between the ages of 30 and 50, and the risk of gout continues to increase with age. […] African American men are nearly twice as likely to report having had gout as Caucasian men. […] Research suggests that certain genes that influence kidney function (SLC2A9 and ABCG2) and gut function (ABCG2) increase the risk of developing gout.

• #77 What is Gout? Causes, Symptoms, and How It’s Diagnosed – CreakyJoints

  https://creakyjoints.org.au/education/gout/

  Once you have high urate in your blood, the urate crystals can deposit in your joints (and other locations). […] Urate crystals also can build up and form hard deposits called tophi (or the singular, tophus). […] High levels of uric acid in your blood, can cause the monosodium urate crystals to form, leading to gout, but not every person with a high uric acid test result does get the disease. […] One risk factor for gout is being male. […] Other risk factors for gout include: Obesity, or having a body-mass index over 30 kg/m2; Heavy, habitual drinking; Some medications, including diuretics, which treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine; High consumption of foods rich in purines; High consumption of sugar-rich drinks (like sweet tea or soda pop) or foods; Certain chronic health conditions, like high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, congestive heart failure, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease; Family history of gout, such as if your dad, granddad or brother had gout. […] Certain racial and ethnic groups may have higher prevalence of gout, and this is likely to be driven by genetic factors.

• #78 Gout – how to manage it – Arthritis New Zealand

  https://www.arthritis.org.nz/gout-arthritis/

  Gout is the second most common form of arthritis in New Zealand and more prevalent here than anywhere else in the world. Mori and Pasifika people are particularly affected, mainly due to genetic factors. […] Gout causes sudden attacks of severe pain and swelling in the joints, usually starting in the big toe. If left untreated, more attacks may occur and spread to other joints such as knees, elbows, wrists and fingers. Gout can damage joints and kidneys. […] Gout attacks happen when there is too much uric acid in your blood. Uric acid is produced when proteins called purines are metabolised from food, and most of it usually passes out of the body in your urine. […] Uric acid can build up in your blood if you are overweight, take certain medicines, eat foods containing purines, or have kidney problems. The uric acid turns to sharp, needle-shaped crystals that cause pain and swelling in the joints and can damage cartilage.

• #79 Gout Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/gout/gout-causes-and-risk-factors

  Although experts do not fully understand why some people get gout and others do not, many causes and risk factors of gout are well established. […] Some foods are high in purines, which turn into uric acid that can crystalize in joints, causing gout. […] Experts estimate men are 4 to 10 times more likely to have gout than women. […] Womens risk of developing gout goes up during menopause (estrogen seems to have protective effects). […] Many people have their first episode of gout between the ages of 30 and 50, and the risk of gout continues to increase with age. […] African American men are nearly twice as likely to report having had gout as Caucasian men. […] Research suggests that certain genes that influence kidney function (SLC2A9 and ABCG2) and gut function (ABCG2) increase the risk of developing gout.

• #80 What is Gout? Causes, Symptoms, and How It’s Diagnosed – CreakyJoints

  https://creakyjoints.org.au/education/gout/

  Once you have high urate in your blood, the urate crystals can deposit in your joints (and other locations). […] Urate crystals also can build up and form hard deposits called tophi (or the singular, tophus). […] High levels of uric acid in your blood, can cause the monosodium urate crystals to form, leading to gout, but not every person with a high uric acid test result does get the disease. […] One risk factor for gout is being male. […] Other risk factors for gout include: Obesity, or having a body-mass index over 30 kg/m2; Heavy, habitual drinking; Some medications, including diuretics, which treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine; High consumption of foods rich in purines; High consumption of sugar-rich drinks (like sweet tea or soda pop) or foods; Certain chronic health conditions, like high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, congestive heart failure, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease; Family history of gout, such as if your dad, granddad or brother had gout. […] Certain racial and ethnic groups may have higher prevalence of gout, and this is likely to be driven by genetic factors.

• #81 Gout is Shown to Have Genetic Causes | Genetics And Genomics

  https://www.labroots.com/trending/genetics-and-genomics/28058/gout-shown-genetic-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorA49LGz0wQninqZrqSI2C1RCQeVCzJUE9-9L5k0S31OQqStacj

  Gout is a chronic disorder caused by high levels of uric acid, which can form during the breakdown of molecules called purines that are found in red meat and beer, for example. […] But in a new study reported in Nature Genetics, scientists have analyzed the genetic and health data from millions of people to show that genetic factors are a cause of gout in some patients. […] The researchers are hopeful that since this study has shown that lifestyle is not necessarily the cause of gout, some of the stigma surrounding the disease will lessen. […] Senior study author Professor Tony Merriman of the University of Otago stressed that gout is not the patient’s fault, and it is a chronic disease that has a genetic basis. […] „The myth that gout is caused by lifestyle or diet needs to be busted,” said Merriman. […] And genetic factors play a crucial part in all of those processes, added Merriman. […] This study revealed many genes and pathways that are associated with the immune system, and gout.

• #82 What Causes Gout? Main Cause, Foods, Triggers, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-gout-7569224

  Gout is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product that usually washes out of the body when you urinate, but if there is too much of it, it can form crystals with sharp edges that inflame joints and cause intense pain. […] Research has shown that gout has a genetic component involving genes that regulate uric acid levels in the body. […] If you eat more purine than the body can handle, or if you don’t excrete enough uric acid when you urinate, gout can result. […] Certain physical and mental health conditions can lead to higher uric acid levels, including stress, fatigue, dehydration, surgery, joint injury, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. […] Foods that contain high purines or raise uric acid levels include certain meats, fish, alcoholic beverages, and foods containing high fructose corn syrup. […] People can develop high uric acid levels due to genetic predisposition and eating foods high in purines.

• #83 Gout Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-health/gout-and-kidney-disease

  If gout isnt treated, it can become a long-term problem and affect many joints at once, in both the lower and upper body. At this stage, joints can be damaged, and pain is constant. Tophi can also form in many other parts of the body. […] Uric acid crystals can form kidney stones in some people. These stones are very painful and can hurt the kidneys by: blocking the kidneys from removing wastes, which can cause infection, and scarring the kidneys with their sharp edges. Both problems can lead to CKD, and even kidney failure. […] Refractory gout may not go away with standard treatments. Other medicines may be needed. People with either gout or refractory gout can also have problems with their kidneys. […] Treat kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and heart disease, because they may increase uric acid and the risk for gout. Review all medicines and supplements with your healthcare professional, as some can increase uric acid.

• #84 Learn More On Gout Causes – Gout Education

  https://gouteducation.org/what-causes-gout/

  Gout is also strongly linked to obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and triglycerides) and diabetes. […] A high level of uric acid (above 6.8 mg/dL) is one of the essential gout causes. The higher the serum uric acid level, the more likely it is that you’ll develop gout. […] Gout usually begins in men during their 40s through 60s and in women from their 60s through 70s. […] Untreated or undertreated gout, where the uric acid is not decreased to less than 6.0 mg/dL, can lead to permanent bone and joint damage and can cause more frequent and severe gout attacks over time.

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