Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in men. The findings of several epidemiological studies from a diverse range of countries suggest that the prevalence of gout has risen over the last few decades. […] Evidence from prospective epidemiological studies has confirmed dietary factors (animal purines, alcohol and fructose), obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diuretic use, and chronic kidney disease as clinically relevant risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout. […] Further prospective studies are required to examine other proposed risk factors for hyperuricaemia and gout such as the use of -blockers and angiotension-II receptor antagonists (other than losartan), obstructive sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis, and putative protective factors such as calcium-channel blockers and losartan.

• #2 Gout. Epidemiology of gout | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar3199

  Gout is the most prevalent form of inflammatory arthropathy. […] Several studies suggest that its prevalence and incidence have risen in recent decades. […] Recent epidemiological studies have described trends in the prevalence and incidence of gout, and have increased our understanding of risk factors for its development and the implications of co-morbid disease on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. […] Epidemiological evidence from New Zealand, the USA, the UK and China suggests that gout is becoming more prevalent. […] In the USA, the prevalence of gout in a managed-care administrative claims database increased from 2.9/1,000 in 1990 to 5.2/1,000 in 1999, most notably in men aged over 75 years. […] Epidemiological surveys from the UK also suggest that gout is becoming more prevalent.

• #3 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Gout From 1990 to 2019: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis With Future Burden Prediction

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45943/

  Gout is a common and debilitating condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The global burden of gout continues to increase, particularly in high-sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. […] We used age-period-cohort (APC) modeling to analyze global trends in gout incidence and prevalence from 1990 to 2019. […] The global gout incidence has increased by 63.44% over the past 2 decades, with a corresponding increase of 51.12% in global years lived with disability. […] Notably, the prevalence and incidence of gout were the highest in high-SDI regions, with a growth rate of 94.3%. […] Gout prevalence increases steadily with age, and the prevalence increases rapidly in high-SDI quantiles for the period effect. […] Our study provides important insights into the global burden of gout and highlights the need for effective management and prophylaxis of this condition.

• #4 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  Gout is one of the oldest known diseases and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. […] This literature review describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with gout, before providing an overview of its risk factors and complications. […] Gout is more prevalent in developed countries, than in developing countries, although its prevalence is increasing globally. […] Information from the past two decades suggests that gout is more prevalent in the developed countries, but its prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing countries. […] The prevalence of gout varies substantially across the world. […] The global age-standardized point prevalence of gout was 652.2 per 100,000 in 2019, which was 22.4% higher than in 1990. […] In 2019, the global prevalence of gout was significantly higher among males than in females and peaked in the 6064 and 6569 age groups for males and females, respectively.

• #5

  https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20200901/global-cases-of-gout-exceed-41-million-with-alarming-rate-of-increased-burden

  The burden of gout increased around the world from 1990 to 2017, with a total prevalent case count of 41.2 million, and 1.3 million years lived with disability, estimated for 2017, according to data published in Arthritis Rheumatology. […] The burden of gout increased across the world at an alarming rate from 1990 to 2017, Saeid Safiri, PhD, and colleagues wrote. More population-based studies on musculoskeletal diseases including gout should be encouraged, especially in less developed countries, to allow a better monitoring of disease burden. […] According to the researchers, there were approximately 41.2 million (95% UI, 36.7-46.1) prevalent cases of gout in the world in 2017, with 7.4 million (95% UI, 6.6-8.5) incident cases per year and nearly 1.3 million (95% UI, 0.87-1.8) years lived with disability.

• #6 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  In the United States in 2015-2016, the overall prevalence of gout in adults was 3.9%, corresponding to a total affected population of 9.2 million. Prevalence is approximately 20% in patients with a family history of gout. It is estimated that more than 2 million people in the United States take medication to decrease serum uric acid levels. […] Earlier studies reported that gout was becoming increasingly common in the United States as the population grew older and heavier. From 1990 to 1999, the incidence rose 40%. Estimates for the number of US adults with self-reported gout in the previous year rose from 2.1 million in 1995 to 3 million in 2008. In 2008, gout accounted for 174,823 emergency department (ED) visits in the US, or approximately 0.2% of all ED visits. However, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data showed no statistically significant difference between rates of gout and hyperuricemia in 2007-2008 and rates in 2015-2016.

• #7 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  Gout is one of the oldest known diseases and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. […] This literature review describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with gout, before providing an overview of its risk factors and complications. […] Gout is more prevalent in developed countries, than in developing countries, although its prevalence is increasing globally. […] Information from the past two decades suggests that gout is more prevalent in the developed countries, but its prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing countries. […] The prevalence of gout varies substantially across the world. […] The global age-standardized point prevalence of gout was 652.2 per 100,000 in 2019, which was 22.4% higher than in 1990. […] In 2019, the global prevalence of gout was significantly higher among males than in females and peaked in the 6064 and 6569 age groups for males and females, respectively.

• #8 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #9 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Data from a number of countries suggest that gout is becoming more prevalent. […] In the USA, the National Health Interview Surveys asked participants about members of their household having gout within the preceding year. […] The one-year period prevalence of self-reported gout increased from 4.8/1000 in 1969 to 7.8/1000 in 1976, increasing further to 8.3/1000 in 1980. […] Similarly, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that the self-reported lifetime prevalence of physician-diagnosed gout increased from 26.4/1000 in NHANES III (1988-1994) to 37.6/1000 in NHANES 2007-2010. […] Comparison of data from successive surveys undertaken in New Zealand using similar methods shows a marked increase in the prevalence of gout in both European and Maori subjects.

• #10 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Data from a number of countries suggest that gout is becoming more prevalent. […] In the USA, the National Health Interview Surveys asked participants about members of their household having gout within the preceding year. […] The one-year period prevalence of self-reported gout increased from 4.8/1000 in 1969 to 7.8/1000 in 1976, increasing further to 8.3/1000 in 1980. […] Similarly, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that the self-reported lifetime prevalence of physician-diagnosed gout increased from 26.4/1000 in NHANES III (1988-1994) to 37.6/1000 in NHANES 2007-2010. […] Comparison of data from successive surveys undertaken in New Zealand using similar methods shows a marked increase in the prevalence of gout in both European and Maori subjects.

• #11 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  In the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2007, the incidence of gout was 2.68 per 1000 person-years4.42 in men and 1.32 in women and increased with advancing age. In Italy, the prevalence of gout rose from 6.7 per 1000 population in 2005 to 9.1 per 1000 population in 2009, increasing with age and 4 times higher in men. In the Maori people of New Zealand, studies from the 1970s found that 0.3% of men and 4.3% of women were affected. […] Gout has a male predominance. The estimated prevalence of gout is 5.9% in men and 2% in women. This difference is largely a consequence of age at onset; estrogenic hormones have a mild uricosuric effect, and gout is therefore unusual in premenopausal women. […] The predominant age range of gout is 30-60 years. Usually, uric acid levels are elevated for 10-20 years before the onset of gout. In men, uric acid levels rise at puberty, and the peak age of onset of gout in men is in the fourth to sixth decade of life. However, onset may occur in men in their early 20s who have a genetic predisposition and lifestyle risk factors. In women, uric acid levels rise at menopause, and peak age of onset is in the sixth to eighth decade of life.

• #12 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  In the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2007, the incidence of gout was 2.68 per 1000 person-years4.42 in men and 1.32 in women and increased with advancing age. In Italy, the prevalence of gout rose from 6.7 per 1000 population in 2005 to 9.1 per 1000 population in 2009, increasing with age and 4 times higher in men. In the Maori people of New Zealand, studies from the 1970s found that 0.3% of men and 4.3% of women were affected. […] Gout has a male predominance. The estimated prevalence of gout is 5.9% in men and 2% in women. This difference is largely a consequence of age at onset; estrogenic hormones have a mild uricosuric effect, and gout is therefore unusual in premenopausal women. […] The predominant age range of gout is 30-60 years. Usually, uric acid levels are elevated for 10-20 years before the onset of gout. In men, uric acid levels rise at puberty, and the peak age of onset of gout in men is in the fourth to sixth decade of life. However, onset may occur in men in their early 20s who have a genetic predisposition and lifestyle risk factors. In women, uric acid levels rise at menopause, and peak age of onset is in the sixth to eighth decade of life.

• #13 Epidemiology of Gout in South Korea with the National Health Insurance Corporation Database – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-of-gout-in-south-korea-with-the-national-health-insurance-corporation-database/

  Results: Prevalence of gout was 0.39% in 2002 and 2.00% in 2015. There was a 5.17 fold increased during over 13 years. Prevalence have increased at all ages, especially at the age of 80 and over. Also, incidence per 100,000 was 361 in 2006 and 797 in 2015, there was 2.21 fold increased during over 10 years. Sex ratio (male:female) was 3.0~3.8:1. When monthly incidence was examined, except for December, it increased as the day warmed and peaked in July and August. In the southern provinces, especially Busan, prevalence and incidence were high. Of those diagnosed with gout in 2012, a total of 30% of those who had been prescribed uric acid lowering agent (allopurinol or febuxostat or benzbromarone) within three years. […] Conclusion: In Korea, prevalence and incidence of gout are rapidly increasing. Incidence was higher for males, for older age, for warmer days, and for southern regions. Management of gout in Korea is poor, with only three in ten affected people who have ever been treated with uric acid lowering therapy.

• #14 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  In the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2007, the incidence of gout was 2.68 per 1000 person-years4.42 in men and 1.32 in women and increased with advancing age. In Italy, the prevalence of gout rose from 6.7 per 1000 population in 2005 to 9.1 per 1000 population in 2009, increasing with age and 4 times higher in men. In the Maori people of New Zealand, studies from the 1970s found that 0.3% of men and 4.3% of women were affected. […] Gout has a male predominance. The estimated prevalence of gout is 5.9% in men and 2% in women. This difference is largely a consequence of age at onset; estrogenic hormones have a mild uricosuric effect, and gout is therefore unusual in premenopausal women. […] The predominant age range of gout is 30-60 years. Usually, uric acid levels are elevated for 10-20 years before the onset of gout. In men, uric acid levels rise at puberty, and the peak age of onset of gout in men is in the fourth to sixth decade of life. However, onset may occur in men in their early 20s who have a genetic predisposition and lifestyle risk factors. In women, uric acid levels rise at menopause, and peak age of onset is in the sixth to eighth decade of life.

• #15 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  Gout is one of the oldest known diseases and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. […] This literature review describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with gout, before providing an overview of its risk factors and complications. […] Gout is more prevalent in developed countries, than in developing countries, although its prevalence is increasing globally. […] Information from the past two decades suggests that gout is more prevalent in the developed countries, but its prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing countries. […] The prevalence of gout varies substantially across the world. […] The global age-standardized point prevalence of gout was 652.2 per 100,000 in 2019, which was 22.4% higher than in 1990. […] In 2019, the global prevalence of gout was significantly higher among males than in females and peaked in the 6064 and 6569 age groups for males and females, respectively.

• #16 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #17 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  The rate of gout is almost 5 times higher in persons aged 70-79 years than in those younger than 50 years. The higher prevalence of gout in elderly persons may also reflect an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, high rates of diuretic treatment for hypertension and chronic heart failure, and the use of low-dose aspirin. […] Gout has an increased prevalence in some populations but is rare in others. For example, the frequency of gout is higher in populations such as the Chamorros and Maori and in the Blackfoot and Pima tribes. Many Maori and other Polynesian women have a genetic defect in renal urate handling that places them at risk for hyperuricemia and gout. However, racial differences may at least in part reflect differences in diet, which has a large influence on the clinical expression of gout.

• #18 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  In the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2007, the incidence of gout was 2.68 per 1000 person-years4.42 in men and 1.32 in women and increased with advancing age. In Italy, the prevalence of gout rose from 6.7 per 1000 population in 2005 to 9.1 per 1000 population in 2009, increasing with age and 4 times higher in men. In the Maori people of New Zealand, studies from the 1970s found that 0.3% of men and 4.3% of women were affected. […] Gout has a male predominance. The estimated prevalence of gout is 5.9% in men and 2% in women. This difference is largely a consequence of age at onset; estrogenic hormones have a mild uricosuric effect, and gout is therefore unusual in premenopausal women. […] The predominant age range of gout is 30-60 years. Usually, uric acid levels are elevated for 10-20 years before the onset of gout. In men, uric acid levels rise at puberty, and the peak age of onset of gout in men is in the fourth to sixth decade of life. However, onset may occur in men in their early 20s who have a genetic predisposition and lifestyle risk factors. In women, uric acid levels rise at menopause, and peak age of onset is in the sixth to eighth decade of life.

• #19 Gout – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/gout/

  Gout is the most common type of inflammatory arthritis in the world. Dietary, environmental, and genetic factors appear to play a role in disease pathogenesis which is reflected in the varying distributions of prevalence by region and demographic factors. Globally, the prevalence rate is between less than 1% to 6.8%. Oceanic countries are the most burdened population with prevalence rates of 1.5% to 6.8%; the highest rates are seen among Taiwanese Aboriginals and Maori ethnic groups, where prevalence exceeds 10%. A study based on the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicated that the prevalence of gout in the United States has increased from 2.7% from 1988 through 1994 to 3.9% from 2007 through 2008. […] Prevalence in the United States and Europe (1%-4%) is relatively high compared with Scandinavian (0.02%-1.8%) and Asian countries (China, 1.3%; South Korea, 0.76%). Data are scarce concerning the prevalence of gout in Africa, and prevalence in Central and South America has previously been reported as low.

• #20 Gout – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/gout/

  Gout is the most common type of inflammatory arthritis in the world. Dietary, environmental, and genetic factors appear to play a role in disease pathogenesis which is reflected in the varying distributions of prevalence by region and demographic factors. Globally, the prevalence rate is between less than 1% to 6.8%. Oceanic countries are the most burdened population with prevalence rates of 1.5% to 6.8%; the highest rates are seen among Taiwanese Aboriginals and Maori ethnic groups, where prevalence exceeds 10%. A study based on the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicated that the prevalence of gout in the United States has increased from 2.7% from 1988 through 1994 to 3.9% from 2007 through 2008. […] Prevalence in the United States and Europe (1%-4%) is relatively high compared with Scandinavian (0.02%-1.8%) and Asian countries (China, 1.3%; South Korea, 0.76%). Data are scarce concerning the prevalence of gout in Africa, and prevalence in Central and South America has previously been reported as low.

• #21 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  Gout affects around 12% of people in the Western world at some point in their lifetimes and is becoming more common. […] Rates of gout approximately doubled between 1990 and 2010. […] This rise is believed to be due to increasing life expectancy, changes in diet and an increase in diseases associated with gout, such as metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure. […] Factors that influence rates of gout include age, race, and the season of the year. […] In the United States, gout is twice as likely in males of African descent than those of European descent. […] Rates are high among Polynesians, but the disease is rare in aboriginal Australians, despite a higher mean uric acid serum concentration in the latter group. […] It has become common in China, Polynesia, and urban Sub-Saharan Africa. […] Some studies found that attacks of gout occur more frequently in the spring. This has been attributed to seasonal changes in diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and temperature. […] Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have relatively higher prevalence of gout.

• #22 Gout – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/gout/

  Ethnicity-related differences in diet and genetics also influence prevalence rates. Prevalence in non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.8%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (4.0%) are at least 2 times higher than in Hispanic Americans (2%). […] The prevalence rate of gout among premenopausal women is very low but increases with age, possibly due to the uricosuric properties of estrogen. Age is a major factor affecting prevalence, with rates increasing over the entire lifespan in men and after menopause in women. After 85 years of age, 4.64% of women and 11.05% of men will experience gout, with increasing global prevalence likely related to increased life expectancy.

• #23 Prevalence and predictors of gout in lagos: a community based stu

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/prevalence-and-predictors-of-gout-in-lagos-a-community-based-study-15334.html

  Gout is an inflammatory disease caused by reversible deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues. There is dearth of data regarding the prevalence of gout in Nigeria, necessitating this study. […] The study was a descriptive cross sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of gout at Agbowa, a semi urban community in Lagos state. […] The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia was 2.25% and 21.5% respectively. […] Gout prevalence is low in the community, however the prevalence hyperuricemia is high, and about one person in every five persons in the community has hyperuriceamia. […] In Nigeria, there are few data on the community prevalence of hyperuricemia. Available data regarding the prevalence of gout in Nigeria are hospital-based studies that do not represent the prevalence of gout in the general population. Therefore, a community based prevalence study of gout, its risk factors and associated co-morbidities was undertaken.

• #24 Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrrheum.2015.91

  Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and around the joints. […] The reported prevalence of gout worldwide ranges from 0.1% to approximately 10%, and the incidence from 0.3 to 6 cases per 1,000 person-years. […] Both prevalence and incidence of gout are increasing in many developed countries. […] The prevalence and incidence of gout is highly variable across various regions of the world, with developed countries generally having higher prevalence than developing countries. […] Major risk factors for gout include hyperuricaemia, genetics, dietary factors, medications, comorbidities and exposure to lead. […] The global burden of gout is substantial and seems to be increasing in many parts of the world over the past 50 years.

• #25

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/gout/who-gets-gout-overview

  The substantial heritable component of gout is far more commonly due to alterations in renal and intestinal urate transport than inborn errors of purine metabolism. […] Best estimates: incidence and prevalence of gout have at least doubled over the last 3 decades in the United States. […] Recent increases in gout prevalence have been most marked in the elderly. […] A surge of cases in elderly women is linked to diuretic use and CKD; gout prevalence may now be ~5% in elderly women. […] Gout flares and uncontrolled hyperuricemia and disease chronicity in gout increase health care costs.

• #26 The Epidemiology and Genetics of Hyperuricemia and Gout across Major Racial Groups: A Literature Review and Population Genetics Secondary Database Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/3/231

  Differential gout prevalence across racial populations have suggested that developing gout is compounded by genetics, significantly modulating the individual’s risk for HU or gout when exposed to select environmental or dietary factors. […] Our genetic analysis suggests that population enrichment with HU or gout risk alleles may result in a higher prevalence of HU and gout in Asians versus Europeans. Overall, our results showed that CHS and JPT to have the highest risk allele index compared to Europeans. Our results are consistent with the limited reports that Asian subgroups have higher HU and gout prevalence compared to non-Asians.

• #27 The Epidemiology and Genetics of Hyperuricemia and Gout across Major Racial Groups: A Literature Review and Population Genetics Secondary Database Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/3/231

  Differential gout prevalence across racial populations have suggested that developing gout is compounded by genetics, significantly modulating the individual’s risk for HU or gout when exposed to select environmental or dietary factors. […] Our genetic analysis suggests that population enrichment with HU or gout risk alleles may result in a higher prevalence of HU and gout in Asians versus Europeans. Overall, our results showed that CHS and JPT to have the highest risk allele index compared to Europeans. Our results are consistent with the limited reports that Asian subgroups have higher HU and gout prevalence compared to non-Asians.

• #28 A Bout of Gout: A Reign of Pain

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/a-bout-of-gout-a-reign-of-pain

  Acute attacks need immediate attention from the patient and from a care provider. Patients should rest affected joints for 1 to 2 days, applying ice for 15 to 20 minutes several times a day. […] Always add anti-inflammatory prophylaxis to urate lowering. XOIs can cause acute gout flares due to redissolution of UA sequestered in tophi. Oral colchicine or low-dose NSAID therapy is appropriate first-line gout attack prophylaxis therapy. […] Patients who carry the HLAB*5801 allele (eg, highest in Han Chinese and Thai patients and Koreans with stage 3 or worse chronic kidney disease) are at very high risk for severe cutaneous adverse reactions to allopurinol.

• #29 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in men. The findings of several epidemiological studies from a diverse range of countries suggest that the prevalence of gout has risen over the last few decades. […] Evidence from prospective epidemiological studies has confirmed dietary factors (animal purines, alcohol and fructose), obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diuretic use, and chronic kidney disease as clinically relevant risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout. […] Further prospective studies are required to examine other proposed risk factors for hyperuricaemia and gout such as the use of -blockers and angiotension-II receptor antagonists (other than losartan), obstructive sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis, and putative protective factors such as calcium-channel blockers and losartan.

• #30 Gout: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p533.html

  Beer is associated with a larger increase in risk of gout compared with wine or hard liquor. […] Use of loop or thiazide diuretic or tacrolimus (Prograf) is associated with increased risk of gout. […] Consumption of two or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day, fruits high in fructose, or any fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of gout in men. Consumption of diet soft drinks does not appear to increase risk.

• #31 Diet for Gout: Food Lists and Meal Plan

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-diet-for-gout

  A doctor may recommend trying the DASH diet or Mediterranean diet, along with other lifestyle changes like weight management and exercise. […] Foods and drinks that often trigger gout attacks include red meats, organ meats, some types of fish, fruit juice, sugary sodas, and alcohol. […] Many people with gout can benefit from shifting to a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.

• #32 Gout: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p533.html

  Gout is caused by monosodium urate crystal deposition in joints and tissues. Risk factors include male sex; obesity; hypertension; alcohol intake; diuretic use; a diet rich in meat and seafood; chronic kidney disease; a diet heavy in fructose-rich food and beverages; being a member of certain ethnic groups, including Taiwanese, Pacific Islander, and New Zealand Maori; and living in high-income countries. […] In western high-income countries, the prevalence of gout is 3% to 6% in men and 1% to 3% in women. In 2015 and 2016, the incidence of gout was 3.9% among U.S. adults (2.7% in women and 5.2% in men). […] Gout is rare before the age of 20; prevalence increases linearly until plateauing after the age of 80. […] Consumption of purine-rich foods is a risk factor for gout. These include some fish (e.g., anchovies, sardines, scallops, mussels) and meats (e.g., bacon, beef, liver, turkey, veal, venison).

• #33 Diet for Gout: Food Lists and Meal Plan

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-diet-for-gout

  People with gout may benefit from diets that emphasize vegetables, fruit, and whole grains while reducing the intake of red meat, sugary foods, and foods high in purines. […] Gout is a type of arthritis, an inflammatory condition of the joints. It affects an estimated 9.2 million people in the United States. […] Managing gout is possible with medications, lifestyle changes, and a gout-friendly diet. This article reviews the best diets for gout and what foods to avoid, backed by research. […] Some foods may trigger a flare by raising your uric acid levels. […] However, people with gout cant efficiently remove excess uric acid. Thus, a diet high in foods that increase uric acid levels may let uric acid accumulate, increasing the chance of a gout attack. […] Foods you should eat with gout include all fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, eggs and unsweetened beverages.

• #34 Epidemiology of gout | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/epidemiology-gout

  Obesity and high body mass index significantly contribute to the risk of developing gout. Choi and colleagues observed that the risk of gout is very low for men with a body mass index between 21 and 22 but is increased threefold for men whose body mass index is 35 or greater. Obesity is associated with increased serum urate levels attributable to increased urate production and decreased renal urate excretion. A weight loss program may reduce the risk of gout by decreasing urate levels over time. […] Diet, alcohol consumption, and lifestyle choices can increase the risk of developing gout, but making recommended lifestyle changes does not replace pharmacologic treatments for existing gout or associated comorbidities. Therefore, physician awareness of the factors that contribute to the development of gout is important, as is identification of at-risk patients before they develop manifestations of the disease. Increased vigilance in monitoring serum urate levels and monitoring for gout development in at-risk patients may help to improve the standard of care for gout.

• #35 Epidemiology of gout | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/epidemiology-gout

  Obesity and high body mass index significantly contribute to the risk of developing gout. Choi and colleagues observed that the risk of gout is very low for men with a body mass index between 21 and 22 but is increased threefold for men whose body mass index is 35 or greater. Obesity is associated with increased serum urate levels attributable to increased urate production and decreased renal urate excretion. A weight loss program may reduce the risk of gout by decreasing urate levels over time. […] Diet, alcohol consumption, and lifestyle choices can increase the risk of developing gout, but making recommended lifestyle changes does not replace pharmacologic treatments for existing gout or associated comorbidities. Therefore, physician awareness of the factors that contribute to the development of gout is important, as is identification of at-risk patients before they develop manifestations of the disease. Increased vigilance in monitoring serum urate levels and monitoring for gout development in at-risk patients may help to improve the standard of care for gout.

• #36 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in men. The findings of several epidemiological studies from a diverse range of countries suggest that the prevalence of gout has risen over the last few decades. […] Evidence from prospective epidemiological studies has confirmed dietary factors (animal purines, alcohol and fructose), obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diuretic use, and chronic kidney disease as clinically relevant risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout. […] Further prospective studies are required to examine other proposed risk factors for hyperuricaemia and gout such as the use of -blockers and angiotension-II receptor antagonists (other than losartan), obstructive sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis, and putative protective factors such as calcium-channel blockers and losartan.

• #37

  https://www.reumatismo.org/reuma/article/view/reumatismo.2011.207

  Gout is the most common cause of inflammatory arthritis affecting at least 1% of the population in industrialized countries. […] Several studies suggest that the prevalence and incidence of gout are rising. […] Numerous risk factors may in part explain this increasing trend including dietary and lifestyle changes, genetic factors, diuretic use and comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal disease and the metabolic syndrome.

• #38 Epidemiology of gout | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/epidemiology-gout

  Primary care physicians regularly see patients with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. As patients with these comorbidities are at an increased risk for developing gout, it may be beneficial in these patients to inquire whether they have had any bouts of arthritic pain and periodically evaluate the serum urate level (which is no longer included on chemistry profiles). […] The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in study participants with gout was greater than 60%, whereas the prevalence in participants without gout was only about 25%. Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased with age, such that it was present in more than 70% of participants with gout aged 40 years or older. Vigilance in regard to this particular association is essential for optimal patient care.

• #39 Epidemiology of gout | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/epidemiology-gout

  Primary care physicians regularly see patients with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. As patients with these comorbidities are at an increased risk for developing gout, it may be beneficial in these patients to inquire whether they have had any bouts of arthritic pain and periodically evaluate the serum urate level (which is no longer included on chemistry profiles). […] The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in study participants with gout was greater than 60%, whereas the prevalence in participants without gout was only about 25%. Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased with age, such that it was present in more than 70% of participants with gout aged 40 years or older. Vigilance in regard to this particular association is essential for optimal patient care.

• #40 Gout: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1101/p533.html

  Beer is associated with a larger increase in risk of gout compared with wine or hard liquor. […] Use of loop or thiazide diuretic or tacrolimus (Prograf) is associated with increased risk of gout. […] Consumption of two or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day, fruits high in fructose, or any fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of gout in men. Consumption of diet soft drinks does not appear to increase risk.

• #41 Epidemiology of Gout

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119792/

  Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in men. The findings of several epidemiological studies from a diverse range of countries suggest that the prevalence of gout has risen over the last few decades. […] Evidence from prospective epidemiological studies has confirmed dietary factors (animal purines, alcohol and fructose), obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diuretic use, and chronic kidney disease as clinically relevant risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout. […] Further prospective studies are required to examine other proposed risk factors for hyperuricaemia and gout such as the use of -blockers and angiotension-II receptor antagonists (other than losartan), obstructive sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis, and putative protective factors such as calcium-channel blockers and losartan.

• #42 Quick Facts: Gout and Chronic Kidney Disease | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/quick-facts-gout-and-chronic-kidney-disease

  Gout has been steadily increasing worldwide, and is now the most common type of inflammatory arthropathy in adults. In the United States alone, its prevalence more than doubled between the 1960s and the 1990s, and it is now estimated at 3.9% of U.S. adults (8.3 million adults 6.1 million men and 2.2 million women). […] The prevalence of CKD has been increasing, with estimates at 14.8% of adults in the United States, and 11-13% globally. […] There is a bidirectional relationship between CKD and gout. Patients with CKD are at increased risk for gout, and those with gout are at increased risk of CKD.

• #43 Gout – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

  Gout affects around 12% of people in the Western world at some point in their lifetimes and is becoming more common. […] Rates of gout approximately doubled between 1990 and 2010. […] This rise is believed to be due to increasing life expectancy, changes in diet and an increase in diseases associated with gout, such as metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure. […] Factors that influence rates of gout include age, race, and the season of the year. […] In the United States, gout is twice as likely in males of African descent than those of European descent. […] Rates are high among Polynesians, but the disease is rare in aboriginal Australians, despite a higher mean uric acid serum concentration in the latter group. […] It has become common in China, Polynesia, and urban Sub-Saharan Africa. […] Some studies found that attacks of gout occur more frequently in the spring. This has been attributed to seasonal changes in diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and temperature. […] Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have relatively higher prevalence of gout.

• #44 Epidemiology of Gout in South Korea with the National Health Insurance Corporation Database – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-of-gout-in-south-korea-with-the-national-health-insurance-corporation-database/

  Results: Prevalence of gout was 0.39% in 2002 and 2.00% in 2015. There was a 5.17 fold increased during over 13 years. Prevalence have increased at all ages, especially at the age of 80 and over. Also, incidence per 100,000 was 361 in 2006 and 797 in 2015, there was 2.21 fold increased during over 10 years. Sex ratio (male:female) was 3.0~3.8:1. When monthly incidence was examined, except for December, it increased as the day warmed and peaked in July and August. In the southern provinces, especially Busan, prevalence and incidence were high. Of those diagnosed with gout in 2012, a total of 30% of those who had been prescribed uric acid lowering agent (allopurinol or febuxostat or benzbromarone) within three years. […] Conclusion: In Korea, prevalence and incidence of gout are rapidly increasing. Incidence was higher for males, for older age, for warmer days, and for southern regions. Management of gout in Korea is poor, with only three in ten affected people who have ever been treated with uric acid lowering therapy.

• #45 Gout and Pseudogout: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

  The frequency of pseudogout varies with age. The annual incidence of acute attacks of arthritic pain and swelling is about 1.3 per 1000 adults, but nearly 50% of adults develop radiographic changes typical of CPPD by age 80 years. […] Attacks of gout have been noted to occur more frequently in the spring and less frequently in the winter. The reason for this is unclear, but seasonal variation in immune function, xanthine oxidase activity, and gut microbiome composition may be involved. […] Gout has a worldwide distribution, with a prevalence of 1-4% and an incidence of 0.1-0.3%. The prevalence varies widely from country to country. Regional differences may reflect environmental, dietary, and genetic influences. […] In China, rates of gout have increased progressively since 1990. From 1990 to 2017, the prevalence increased 6.88% and the incidence increased 6.92%.

• #46 Epidemiology of Gout in South Korea with the National Health Insurance Corporation Database – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-of-gout-in-south-korea-with-the-national-health-insurance-corporation-database/

  Results: Prevalence of gout was 0.39% in 2002 and 2.00% in 2015. There was a 5.17 fold increased during over 13 years. Prevalence have increased at all ages, especially at the age of 80 and over. Also, incidence per 100,000 was 361 in 2006 and 797 in 2015, there was 2.21 fold increased during over 10 years. Sex ratio (male:female) was 3.0~3.8:1. When monthly incidence was examined, except for December, it increased as the day warmed and peaked in July and August. In the southern provinces, especially Busan, prevalence and incidence were high. Of those diagnosed with gout in 2012, a total of 30% of those who had been prescribed uric acid lowering agent (allopurinol or febuxostat or benzbromarone) within three years. […] Conclusion: In Korea, prevalence and incidence of gout are rapidly increasing. Incidence was higher for males, for older age, for warmer days, and for southern regions. Management of gout in Korea is poor, with only three in ten affected people who have ever been treated with uric acid lowering therapy.

• #47 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #48 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #49 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #50

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/gout/who-gets-gout-overview

  The substantial heritable component of gout is far more commonly due to alterations in renal and intestinal urate transport than inborn errors of purine metabolism. […] Best estimates: incidence and prevalence of gout have at least doubled over the last 3 decades in the United States. […] Recent increases in gout prevalence have been most marked in the elderly. […] A surge of cases in elderly women is linked to diuretic use and CKD; gout prevalence may now be ~5% in elderly women. […] Gout flares and uncontrolled hyperuricemia and disease chronicity in gout increase health care costs.

• #51 Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-020-0441-1

  Increasing prevalence and incidence of obesity and comorbidities are likely to contribute substantially to the rising burden of gout. […] Both prevalence and incidence of gout seem to be rising across the globe. […] Management of gout continues to be poor, with fewer than one half of patients receiving definitive curative urate-lowering therapy. […] Adherence to urate-lowering therapy is often poor and rates of non-persistence are high. […] Obesity and comorbidities are important risk factors for gout and are important drivers of its rising prevalence and incidence.

• #52 Rising burden of gout in the UK but continuing suboptimal management: a nationwide population study | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/74/4/661

  In 2012, only 18.6% (95% CI 17.6% to 19.6%) of incident gout patients received ULT within 6months and approximately one in four were treated within 12months of diagnosis (27.3%; 95% CI 26.1% to 28.5%). […] Among prevalent gout patients in 2012, approximately half were being consulted specifically for gout or being treated with ULT (48.48%; 95% CI 48.08% to 48.89%) and only a third were being treated with ULT (37.63%, 95% CI 37.28% to 38.99%). […] This study demonstrates that the burden of gout in the UK is higher than previously thought, with approximately 1 in 40 adults being affected. Furthermore, the prevalence of gout has continued to increase from 1997 to 2012 despite a stabilised incidence after 2005. […] Regardless of the increasing prevalence and incidence of gout in the UK, the management of the disease remains poor. We found that throughout 19972012 only around a third of people with prevalent gout were prescribed ULT. The management for incident gout patients also remained unchanged with only a quarter to a third of patients being treated with ULT within 1year of diagnosis. […] We also found that only approximately 40% of treated patients in 2012 adhered to ULT. This accords with a recent review of six studies which reported that only 18%44% of patients with gout adhere to ULT.

• #53 Epidemiology of Gout in South Korea with the National Health Insurance Corporation Database – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-of-gout-in-south-korea-with-the-national-health-insurance-corporation-database/

  Results: Prevalence of gout was 0.39% in 2002 and 2.00% in 2015. There was a 5.17 fold increased during over 13 years. Prevalence have increased at all ages, especially at the age of 80 and over. Also, incidence per 100,000 was 361 in 2006 and 797 in 2015, there was 2.21 fold increased during over 10 years. Sex ratio (male:female) was 3.0~3.8:1. When monthly incidence was examined, except for December, it increased as the day warmed and peaked in July and August. In the southern provinces, especially Busan, prevalence and incidence were high. Of those diagnosed with gout in 2012, a total of 30% of those who had been prescribed uric acid lowering agent (allopurinol or febuxostat or benzbromarone) within three years. […] Conclusion: In Korea, prevalence and incidence of gout are rapidly increasing. Incidence was higher for males, for older age, for warmer days, and for southern regions. Management of gout in Korea is poor, with only three in ten affected people who have ever been treated with uric acid lowering therapy.

• #54

  https://www.ispor.org/heor-resources/presentations-database/presentation/intl2024-3900/136666

  Uncontrolled gout can lead to chronic pain, disability, more healthcare services, and poor health outcomes. This study sought to describe the epidemiology, pharmacotherapy, healthcare utilization, and outcomes for patients with controlled and uncontrolled gout in the United States (US) Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. […] Of the 331,675 patients who met study criteria, most were prescribed allopurinol (use increased from 60% [2016] to 70% [2022]), followed by colchicine (use decreased from 33% [2016] to 25% [2022]), and febuxostat (use decreased from 7% [2016] to 4% [2022]). Patients with uncontrolled (138,072 [42%]) vs. controlled (193,603 [58%]) gout were younger (mean age 64 vs. 71 years, p0.01) and saw specialists more often during follow-up: podiatry (23% vs. 19%, p0.01), rheumatology (17% vs. 6%, p0.01), and nephrology (15% vs. 7%, p0.01). Patients with uncontrolled gout were also significantly more likely to have UA levels above 6 mg/dL (85% vs. 44%, p0.01) and 8 mg/dL (54% vs. 0%, p0.01), and to be admitted to the emergency room (36% vs. 23%, p0.01) or hospital (22% vs. 17%, p0.01), during follow-up. […] Nearly half of the patients met criteria for uncontrolled gout, and those patients experienced greater healthcare utilization and worse health outcomes than patients with controlled gout. Patients with uncontrolled gout could possibly benefit from additional/alternative pharmacotherapy.

• #55 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #56 Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-08180-9

  The nations with the largest increases in the age-standardized point prevalence of gout, from 1990 to 2019, were the United States (85.8%), Australia (44.7%), and Ecuador (30.8%). […] In 2019, the number of years lived with disability (YLDs) peaked in the 6064 age range in men and the 6569 age range in women. […] A recent update on the worldwide epidemiology of gout suggests that its mortality rate, associated with its comorbidities, may be 55% higher by 2060. […] The overall annual healthcare cost of gout is estimated to be billions of dollars. […] The economic burden of gout varies according to SUA levels and the comorbidity burden is larger among gout patients with progressive disease characteristics. […] Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications that should be taken into consideration in the management of gout. […] Gout has also been found to be associated with several complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis. […] Gout is associated with several new comorbidities.

• #57 Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/1/129

  Objective. To conduct a systematic review of depression and anxiety among patients with gout that specifically evaluates the prevalence, incidence, determinants, and effects of these mental health comorbidities. […] Our systematic review suggests that depression and anxiety are significantly associated with gout, highlighting the need for future research to focus on the onset of mental disorders after gout diagnosis. […] Comorbidity management in gout primarily focuses on diseases such as type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney/renal disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and the literature often highlights the increased burden of other physical comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease in the patient population. […] However, as with other types of rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, depression and anxiety are common yet underrecognized comorbidities among individuals with gout.

• #58 Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/1/129

  Objective. To conduct a systematic review of depression and anxiety among patients with gout that specifically evaluates the prevalence, incidence, determinants, and effects of these mental health comorbidities. […] Our systematic review suggests that depression and anxiety are significantly associated with gout, highlighting the need for future research to focus on the onset of mental disorders after gout diagnosis. […] Comorbidity management in gout primarily focuses on diseases such as type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney/renal disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and the literature often highlights the increased burden of other physical comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease in the patient population. […] However, as with other types of rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, depression and anxiety are common yet underrecognized comorbidities among individuals with gout.

• #59 Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/1/129

  Our results suggest that patients with gout have increased odds of experiencing symptoms affecting their mental health, with equivalent pooled OR for depression (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.071.56) and anxiety (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.961.73), although the CI for the latter estimate did not reach significance. […] Our systematic review also identified 1 cohort study that showed taking antigout medications (e.g., colchicine, uricosuric agents, xanthine oxidase inhibitors) is associated with a 30% decreased risk of incident depression. […] As mental disorders may go unnoticed in the rheumatology setting, our findings have implications for clinical practice as healthcare providers should be aware of the heightened burden of depression and anxiety when treating patients diagnosed with gout.

• #60 Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/1/129

  Our results suggest that patients with gout have increased odds of experiencing symptoms affecting their mental health, with equivalent pooled OR for depression (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.071.56) and anxiety (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.961.73), although the CI for the latter estimate did not reach significance. […] Our systematic review also identified 1 cohort study that showed taking antigout medications (e.g., colchicine, uricosuric agents, xanthine oxidase inhibitors) is associated with a 30% decreased risk of incident depression. […] As mental disorders may go unnoticed in the rheumatology setting, our findings have implications for clinical practice as healthcare providers should be aware of the heightened burden of depression and anxiety when treating patients diagnosed with gout.

• #61 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Gout From 1990 to 2019: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis With Future Burden Prediction

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45943/

  Gout is a common and debilitating condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The global burden of gout continues to increase, particularly in high-sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. […] We used age-period-cohort (APC) modeling to analyze global trends in gout incidence and prevalence from 1990 to 2019. […] The global gout incidence has increased by 63.44% over the past 2 decades, with a corresponding increase of 51.12% in global years lived with disability. […] Notably, the prevalence and incidence of gout were the highest in high-SDI regions, with a growth rate of 94.3%. […] Gout prevalence increases steadily with age, and the prevalence increases rapidly in high-SDI quantiles for the period effect. […] Our study provides important insights into the global burden of gout and highlights the need for effective management and prophylaxis of this condition.

• #62 Epidemiology of gout – Global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2019 and future trend predictions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10910883/

  Understanding the global burden of gout in the past and future can provide important references for optimizing prevention and control strategies in healthcare systems. […] This study aimed to report variations in the global disease burden and risk factors of gout in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. […] We conducted a retrospective analysis of gout based on the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. […] We collected data on the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of gout from 1990 to 2019. […] The global prevalence rate, incidence rate, and DALYs rate of gout in 2030 will reach 599.86, 102.96 per 100,000 population, and 20.26 per 100,000 population, respectively, roughly the same as in 2019. […] With the development of society, the disease burden of gout will become increasingly severe.

• #63 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Gout From 1990 to 2019: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis With Future Burden Prediction

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45943/

  The APC model used in our analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the complex trends in gout prevalence and incidence, and our findings can inform the development of targeted interventions to address this growing health issue. […] The global all-age prevalence rate increased from 412.42 to 696.25 per 10,000 population, and the age-standardized prevalence rate increased from 532.99 to 652.24 per 10,000 population. […] The high-SDI quantiles have the highest increase in prevalence, an increase of 47.95%. […] The prevalence of the age effect increases steadily from the age of 30 years in both sexes. […] The morbidity is increased and the younger age population is readily exposed to the risk factor. […] The predicted incidence rates of gout increased over time in all regions. […] The BAPC prediction model suggested that there would be an overall increase in the age-standardized incidence of the disease from 1990 to 2042 across all 6 regions. […] Our study also identified an increasing trend in gout incidence, which is predicted to continue in the coming years.

• #64 Epidemiology of gout – Global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2019 and future trend predictions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10910883/

  Understanding the global burden of gout in the past and future can provide important references for optimizing prevention and control strategies in healthcare systems. […] This study aimed to report variations in the global disease burden and risk factors of gout in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. […] We conducted a retrospective analysis of gout based on the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. […] We collected data on the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of gout from 1990 to 2019. […] The global prevalence rate, incidence rate, and DALYs rate of gout in 2030 will reach 599.86, 102.96 per 100,000 population, and 20.26 per 100,000 population, respectively, roughly the same as in 2019. […] With the development of society, the disease burden of gout will become increasingly severe.

• #65 Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-020-0441-1

  Increasing prevalence and incidence of obesity and comorbidities are likely to contribute substantially to the rising burden of gout. […] Both prevalence and incidence of gout seem to be rising across the globe. […] Management of gout continues to be poor, with fewer than one half of patients receiving definitive curative urate-lowering therapy. […] Adherence to urate-lowering therapy is often poor and rates of non-persistence are high. […] Obesity and comorbidities are important risk factors for gout and are important drivers of its rising prevalence and incidence.

• #66

  https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20200901/global-cases-of-gout-exceed-41-million-with-alarming-rate-of-increased-burden

  The burden of gout increased across the world at an alarming rate from 1990 to 2017, Safiri and colleagues wrote. Significant variations in age-standardized point prevalence, annual incidence and YLDs have been observed among countries and territories. […] The burden of gout worldwide is increasing at an alarming rate. With the aging of the global population, gout will have a greater impact on health care in public policy.

• #67

  https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20200901/global-cases-of-gout-exceed-41-million-with-alarming-rate-of-increased-burden

  The burden of gout increased across the world at an alarming rate from 1990 to 2017, Safiri and colleagues wrote. Significant variations in age-standardized point prevalence, annual incidence and YLDs have been observed among countries and territories. […] The burden of gout worldwide is increasing at an alarming rate. With the aging of the global population, gout will have a greater impact on health care in public policy.

• #68

  https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20200901/global-cases-of-gout-exceed-41-million-with-alarming-rate-of-increased-burden

  The burden of gout increased around the world from 1990 to 2017, with a total prevalent case count of 41.2 million, and 1.3 million years lived with disability, estimated for 2017, according to data published in Arthritis Rheumatology. […] The burden of gout increased across the world at an alarming rate from 1990 to 2017, Saeid Safiri, PhD, and colleagues wrote. More population-based studies on musculoskeletal diseases including gout should be encouraged, especially in less developed countries, to allow a better monitoring of disease burden. […] According to the researchers, there were approximately 41.2 million (95% UI, 36.7-46.1) prevalent cases of gout in the world in 2017, with 7.4 million (95% UI, 6.6-8.5) incident cases per year and nearly 1.3 million (95% UI, 0.87-1.8) years lived with disability.

• #69

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-burden-and-epidemic-trends-of-gout-attributable-to-high-body-mass-index-from,175469,0,2.html

  The burden of gout caused by high BMI varies significantly across regions and countries. […] Our findings provide evidence for the burden of gout caused by high BMI, and identify the most severely affected population based on factors such as region and age group, which can help individuals with high BMI develop healthy weight management plans and lifestyle habits, so as to reduce the local disease and economic burden.

• #70 Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/1/129

  Our results suggest that patients with gout have increased odds of experiencing symptoms affecting their mental health, with equivalent pooled OR for depression (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.071.56) and anxiety (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.961.73), although the CI for the latter estimate did not reach significance. […] Our systematic review also identified 1 cohort study that showed taking antigout medications (e.g., colchicine, uricosuric agents, xanthine oxidase inhibitors) is associated with a 30% decreased risk of incident depression. […] As mental disorders may go unnoticed in the rheumatology setting, our findings have implications for clinical practice as healthcare providers should be aware of the heightened burden of depression and anxiety when treating patients diagnosed with gout.

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