Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole between the right and left pumping chambers of the heart. […] Ventricular septal defects are among the most common congenital heart defects, occurring in 0.1 to 0.4% of all live births. […] Small ventricular septal defects rarely cause problems. A doctor usually discovers these holes by noticing an extra heart sound called a murmur on a routine physical exam. […] However, these holes can sometimes be connected to the development of other heart issues. If the small ventricular septal defect does not close, the child should continue to be seen by a cardiologist for occasional checkups. […] Large ventricular septal defects cause symptoms, often developing gradually in the first few months of life. […] Therefore, in the first few weeks of life, babies with large ventricular septal defects may show no symptoms.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  VSD is an opening or hole (defect) in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). […] If the opening is small, it won’t cause symptoms because the heart and lungs don’t have to work harder. The only abnormal finding is a loud murmur (noise heard with a stethoscope). […] If the opening is large, the child may breathe faster and harder than normal. Infants may have trouble feeding and growing at a normal rate. Symptoms may not occur until several weeks after birth. High pressure may occur in the blood vessels in the lungs because more blood than normal is being pumped there. Over time this may cause permanent damage to the lung blood vessels. […] If the opening is small, it won’t make the heart and lungs work harder. Surgery and other treatments may not be needed. Small VSDs often close on their own. There isn’t any medicine or other treatment that will make the VSD get smaller or close any faster than it might do naturally.

• #3 Ventricular Septal Defect NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd-nclex-review/

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) review for nursing students! […] After reviewing these notes, dont forget to take the quiz that contains ventricular septal defect NCLEX questions and to watch the lecture. […] Small VSDs are monitored and many times close on their own. Many large VSDs require medication treatment and surgical repair, especially if causing complications. […] The right ventricle will be receiving EXTRA blood from both the inferior/superior vena cava and now the left ventricle, and all this blood will be going to the lungs. […] This will burn more calories and eventually tire out the heart and lead to heart failure along with respiratory issues (at risk for frequent lungs infections due to congestion of fluid), issues with growth (tires easily and cant feeding properly), and risk for valve issues and endocarditis.

• #4 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Symptoms and Treatment

  https://fetaltonewborn.org/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Babies with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) are born with a hole in the wall of the heart (septum) that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles). VSD is the most common heart defect and happens when a babys septum does not fully develop during pregnancy. The exact cause is unknown. In a recent study in Atlanta, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 42 of every 10,000 babies born had a VSD. […] If the defect is small, it may repair itself over time. However, your baby will still need frequent monitoring to make sure the hole closes properly and there are no complications. […] During surgery, your baby will be given general anesthesia, which means the baby will be comfortable and sleeping. After surgery, your baby will need to stay in a cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) for the first few days and may be connected to several tubes and wires to allow your babys doctor to best monitor the babys condition. Pain control will be used to make sure your baby is comfortable. […] Most children who have a VSD that closes (either on its own or with surgery) go on to live healthy lives.

• #5 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  VSD is an opening or hole (defect) in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). […] If the opening is small, it won’t cause symptoms because the heart and lungs don’t have to work harder. The only abnormal finding is a loud murmur (noise heard with a stethoscope). […] If the opening is large, the child may breathe faster and harder than normal. Infants may have trouble feeding and growing at a normal rate. Symptoms may not occur until several weeks after birth. High pressure may occur in the blood vessels in the lungs because more blood than normal is being pumped there. Over time this may cause permanent damage to the lung blood vessels. […] If the opening is small, it won’t make the heart and lungs work harder. Surgery and other treatments may not be needed. Small VSDs often close on their own. There isn’t any medicine or other treatment that will make the VSD get smaller or close any faster than it might do naturally.

• #6 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole between the right and left pumping chambers of the heart. […] Ventricular septal defects are among the most common congenital heart defects, occurring in 0.1 to 0.4% of all live births. […] Small ventricular septal defects rarely cause problems. A doctor usually discovers these holes by noticing an extra heart sound called a murmur on a routine physical exam. […] However, these holes can sometimes be connected to the development of other heart issues. If the small ventricular septal defect does not close, the child should continue to be seen by a cardiologist for occasional checkups. […] Large ventricular septal defects cause symptoms, often developing gradually in the first few months of life. […] Therefore, in the first few weeks of life, babies with large ventricular septal defects may show no symptoms.

• #7 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vsd.html

  VSDs are the most common congenital heart defect. Most VSDs are diagnosed and treated successfully with few or no complications. […] Whether a VSD causes any symptoms depends on the size of the hole and its location. Small VSDs usually won’t cause symptoms, and might close on their own. […] Older kids or teens who have small VSDs that don’t close usually have no symptoms other than the heart murmur. They might need to see a doctor regularly to make sure the VSD isn’t causing any problems. […] Medium and large VSDs may cause noticeable symptoms. Babies may have faster breathing and get tired when they try to feed. They may start sweating or crying while feeding, and may gain weight slowly. […] These signs generally indicate that the VSD will not close by itself, and the child may need heart surgery. Usually, this is done in the baby’s first 3 months of life to prevent other problems. A cardiologist can prescribe medicine to lessen symptoms before the baby has surgery.

• #8 Nursing Interventions for Congenital Heart Defects in Children – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-congenital-heart-defects-in-children-1699262792

  – A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with Ventricular septal defect (VSD). The child presents with poor feeding, fast breathing, and sweating with exertion. Which of the following is the characteristic heart murmur associated with VSD? […] The characteristic heart murmur in VSD is the result of blood flowing from the left ventricle to the right ventricle through the VSD hole during systole. This causes a harsh holosystolic murmur, which is loudest at the left lower sternal border due to the location of the defect in the ventricular septum. Therefore, choice B is The correct answer. […] A client with Ventricular septal defect (VSD) presents with signs of heart failure such as poor feeding, weight gain, or growth; fast breathing or breathlessness; easy tiring; sweating with exertion. The nurse hears a harsh holosystolic murmur that is best heard at the left lower sternal border during auscultation.

• #9 About Ventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/ventricular-septal-defect.html

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) happens during pregnancy if the wall that forms between the two ventricles does not fully develop. This leaves a hole. […] A VSD is usually diagnosed after a baby is born. During a physical exam, a healthcare provider might hear a distinct whooshing sound, called a heart murmur. The size of the VSD will influence whether a healthcare provider hears a heart murmur during a physical exam. […] Treatments for a VSD depend on the size of the hole and the problems it might cause. Many VSDs are small and close on their own. If the hole is small and causing no symptoms, the doctor will check the infant regularly. This is to ensure there are no signs of heart failure and that the hole closes. If the hole doesn’t close on its own or if it’s large, further action might be needed.

• #10 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353501

  Ventricular septal defect treatment may include regular health checkups, medications and surgery. Many babies born with a small ventricular septal defect (VSD) won’t need surgery to close the hole. Some small VSDs close on their own. […] If the VSD is small, regular health checkups may be all that’s needed. Medication may be prescribed to treat any symptoms. […] Babies who have large VSDs or who tire easily during feeding may need extra nutrition to help them grow. Some babies may require medication to help treat heart failure symptoms. […] Medications won’t repair a ventricular septal defect, but they may be given to treat symptoms or complications. The specific medications used depend on the symptoms and their cause. Water pills (diuretics) are used to decrease the amount of fluid in the body and reduce the strain on the heart.

• #11 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the tissue (the septum) between the heart’s lower chambers (the ventricles). […] Treatment for a ventricular septal defect will depend on your child’s health and the size of the VSD. Your cardiologist may wait to see if the VSD will close on its own. Many small VSDs will close on their own within two years. […] If your child needs surgery to close a VSD, the surgery will usually happen in the first six months of life. Until your child is ready for surgery, they may have to take medicine and eat a higher-calorie diet to help with the symptoms and encourage growth. […] After a VSD repair, many children recover quickly and don’t experience additional cardiac problems. They must see a pediatric cardiologist for checkups, and some children remain on medicine. Rarely, additional surgery is required. […] It’s important that adults who were born with a VSD continue to see a cardiologist.

• #12 Ventricular Septal Defect NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd-nclex-review/

  Medications may be ordered to help the hearts function due to heart failure: […] Digoxin: causes the heart to pump stronger but at a slower rate. NURSES ROLE measure apical pulse for 1 full minute […] hold if apical pulse less than 60 in ADULTS, less than 70 in CHILD, less than 90-110 in INFANT […] monitor intake and output very closely (renal function must be normal so the mediation can clear the body and not build-up which would lead to toxicity) […] MONITOR potassium level. (hypokalemia increases digoxin toxicity) […] Watch heart rhythm, vomiting which can indicate toxicity for infants […] Digibind is the antidote […] Diuretics: to help remove fluid. monitor intake and output, and electrolytes, especially potassium if taking Digoxin […] ACE Inhibitors: lowers blood pressure, which will help decrease the pressure in the left ventricle and decrease the shunting of blood into the right ventricle […] Surgical treatment: placement of a patch to close hole and the heart tissue will actually grow over the patch to keep it in place or a heart cath may be performed to close the hole.

• #13 Ventricular septal defect – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect

  Most cases do not need treatment and heal during the first years of life. Treatment is either conservative or surgical. Smaller congenital VSDs often close on their own, as the heart grows, and in such cases may be treated conservatively. Some cases may necessitate surgical intervention, i.e. with the following indications: Failure of congestive cardiac failure to respond to medications, VSD with pulmonic stenosis, Large VSD with pulmonary hypertension, VSD with aortic regurgitation. […] Ventricular septum defect in infants is initially treated medically with cardiac glycosides (e.g., digoxin 10-20 g/kg per day), loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide 1-3 mg/kg per day) and ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril 0.5-2 mg/kg per day). […] Surgical closure of a Perimembranous VSD is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with ischemic arrest. Critical attention is necessary to avoid injury to the conduction system located on the left ventricular side of the interventricular septum near the papillary muscle of the conus. Care is taken to avoid injury to the aortic valve with sutures.

• #14 Ventricular Septal Defect NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd-nclex-review/

  Medications may be ordered to help the hearts function due to heart failure: […] Digoxin: causes the heart to pump stronger but at a slower rate. NURSES ROLE measure apical pulse for 1 full minute […] hold if apical pulse less than 60 in ADULTS, less than 70 in CHILD, less than 90-110 in INFANT […] monitor intake and output very closely (renal function must be normal so the mediation can clear the body and not build-up which would lead to toxicity) […] MONITOR potassium level. (hypokalemia increases digoxin toxicity) […] Watch heart rhythm, vomiting which can indicate toxicity for infants […] Digibind is the antidote […] Diuretics: to help remove fluid. monitor intake and output, and electrolytes, especially potassium if taking Digoxin […] ACE Inhibitors: lowers blood pressure, which will help decrease the pressure in the left ventricle and decrease the shunting of blood into the right ventricle […] Surgical treatment: placement of a patch to close hole and the heart tissue will actually grow over the patch to keep it in place or a heart cath may be performed to close the hole.

• #15 Ventricular Septal Defects – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/vsd/

  In a lot of cases, VSD may close on its own in that first year or be so minor that it doesn’t cause symptoms. If it does cause symptoms, then it is treated with surgery and this is usually done before the baby turns one year of age (though repair can occur at any time if a previously asymptomatic defect starts causing problems). […] As with ASD, medications are designed to reduce the impact of symptoms. Namely the baby may get diuretics to decrease volume, which lowers the amount of fluid in the lungs. Medications to keep the heartbeat regular may also be used…common ones are digoxin and metoprolol. […] In addition to the pulmonary congestion we just talked about a moment ago, a VSD (and an ASD) can cause pulmonary hypertension, which is actually one of the most common complications you’ll see. Pulmonary hypertension is essentially high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. This increased pulmonary pressure makes it difficult for blood to flow through the lungs, which in turn, makes the right side of the heart work harder. Eventually the right heart weakens and the patient goes into right heart failure. […] Over time, if not repaired, this defect can increase the risk for other complications, including heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension), irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmia), or stroke.

• #16 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353501

  Ventricular septal defect treatment may include regular health checkups, medications and surgery. Many babies born with a small ventricular septal defect (VSD) won’t need surgery to close the hole. Some small VSDs close on their own. […] If the VSD is small, regular health checkups may be all that’s needed. Medication may be prescribed to treat any symptoms. […] Babies who have large VSDs or who tire easily during feeding may need extra nutrition to help them grow. Some babies may require medication to help treat heart failure symptoms. […] Medications won’t repair a ventricular septal defect, but they may be given to treat symptoms or complications. The specific medications used depend on the symptoms and their cause. Water pills (diuretics) are used to decrease the amount of fluid in the body and reduce the strain on the heart.

• #17 About Ventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/ventricular-septal-defect.html

  Depending on the child’s general health, symptoms, and the hole’s size, the doctor might recommend cardiac catheterization or open-heart surgery. These procedures will close the hole and restore normal blood flow. After surgery, the doctor will set up regular follow-up visits to make sure that the VSD remains closed. […] Some babies with a ventricular septal defect become tired while feeding and do not eat enough to gain weight. To make sure babies have a healthy weight gain, a special high-calorie formula might be prescribed. Some babies become extremely tired while feeding and might need to be fed through a feeding tube.

• #18 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/heart-center/understanding-ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole between the ventricles (bottom two chambers of the heart). […] For a small VSD, your cardiologist may recommend a wait and watch approach, to see if the VSD closes on its own. Your pediatric cardiologist will monitor your child until it is closed. If there are symptoms of the heart working extra hard, your child may need medications to manage symptoms. If your child has problems with feeding or gaining weight, they might need high calorie formulas or even tube feeding. […] When it becomes difficult to manage heart failure, or if the child is unable to grow despite medications and nutritional supplementation, your child may need surgery to correct the VSD. […] If your baby has symptoms of rapid breathing or problems with feeding, they will most likely be admitted to the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) for monitoring. A pediatric cardiologist will be assigned to care for you and your baby and prescribe medications that will help. […] Following your childs surgery, they will need close follow-up care with a cardiology provider in the Heart Center. These visits will be spaced out as your baby grows. Even though most children lead healthy, active lives, your child may need cardiology care for their whole life.

• #19 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Types & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower chambers of your heart. […] A small VSD is usually minor and has few or no symptoms. But a larger hole may need a repair to avoid permanent damage and complications. […] For moderate or large VSDs, your childs provider will likely recommend a VSD procedure or surgery to close the hole. In the meantime, medications can help. […] Repair of a large ventricular septal defect before age 2 can prevent damage to your childs heart and lungs. Without repair before this age, the damage becomes permanent and gets worse over time. […] Medication can treat symptoms of a VSD before surgery or if the VSD is likely to close on its own over time. Common medications for ventricular septal defect are often the same as those that treat heart failure.

• #20 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  If an infant is very ill, or has more than one VSD or a VSD in an unusual location, a temporary operation to relieve symptoms and high pressure in the lungs may be needed. […] If the opening is large, open-heart surgery may be needed to close it and prevent serious problems. […] Babies with VSD may develop severe symptoms and early repair, within the first few months, is often necessary. […] Medicines may be used temporarily to help with symptoms, but they don’t cure the VSD or prevent permanent damage to the lung arteries. […] Closing a large VSD by open-heart surgery usually is done in infancy or childhood even in patients with few symptoms, to prevent complications later. […] If the VSD is small, or if the VSD has been closed with surgery, your child may not need any special precautions regarding physical activity and can participate in normal activities without increased risk.

• #21 Ventricular Septal Defect | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening that exists between the two lower chambers of the heart. […] If the hole is large, a lot of extra blood is pumped to the lungs and back to the left ventricle so that the left ventricle is enlarged. […] Medications may help with these symptoms and give the time for the hole to close or get smaller on its own (50% of VSDs close spontaneously), but with a large hole, closure is usually recommended. […] Currently, open-heart surgery is the recommended method to close most holes and prevent serious problems. […] The VSD is usually closed with a patch of synthetic material or sometimes by stitches alone. […] Repairing a ventricular septal defect with surgery usually restores the blood circulation to normal. […] The long-term outlook for VSDs closed in childhood is good, but long-term follow up may be needed.

• #22 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vsd.html

  Treatment depends on a child’s age and the size, location, and severity of the VSD. A child with a small defect that causes no symptoms may only need to visit a cardiologist regularly to make sure there are no other problems. […] In many kids, a small defect will close on its own without surgery. Some might not close, but they won’t get any larger. Kids with small VSDs usually don’t need to restrict their activities. […] Kids with medium to large VSDs might need prescription medicines to aid circulation and help the heart work better. Medicines alone, though, won’t close the VSD. So, the cardiologist may recommend heart surgery to fix the hole. […] Surgery usually is done within the first few weeks to months of a child’s life. The surgeon makes an incision in the chest wall and a heart-lung machine will maintain circulation while the surgeon closes the hole. […] In most cases, kids who have VSD surgery recover quickly and with no complications. But doctors will closely watch them for signs or symptoms of any problems. Your child will need follow-up visits with a cardiologist for a while.

• #23 Ventricular Septal Defect | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/

  If your child has symptoms like shortness of breath or trouble nursing, he or she will be given medications to help treat these symptoms and help the heart beat more efficiently. Some VSDs will close on their own, without a surgical procedure. […] However, if your child has symptoms despite the medications or if the hole is too large to close on its own, surgery should be performed to close it. Some VSDs should be closed regardless of their size because of their position within the heart wall. […] Babies born with larger VSDs often need surgical repair in the first few months of life to prevent long-term complications. In this case, ventricular septal defects are usually repaired with open heart surgery by a pediatric cardiac surgeon. In some situations, minimally invasive surgical approaches may be used. This type of surgery is relatively low-risk and most children are home within 3-5 days after surgery.

• #24 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=ventricular-septal-defect-vsd-90-P01829

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect. A VSD is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the 2 lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles). A large VSD can cause high pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs. If your child has a larger VSD, he or she may need some type of repair. Babies and children with larger VSDs often have symptoms such as breathing faster and harder than normal. A larger VSD often needs to be fixed with surgery or through cardiac catheterization. Once a child is diagnosed with a VSD, their heart doctor will check the defect regularly to see if it’s closing on its own. Some children may need to take medicine to help the heart work better. Babies with a larger VSD may get tired when feeding. They may need high-calorie formula or breastmilk. The goal of surgery is to close the septal opening before the lungs are damaged. Your child’s heart doctor will decide when your child should have surgery. VSD may be fixed by a cardiac catheterization. Complications of an untreated VSD include lung problems, heart failure, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart valve problems, and poor growth and development. If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child’s heart doctor will closely monitor him or her. After surgery, older children can often be active without getting too tired. Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Call the healthcare provider if your child has trouble breathing, trouble eating, or any new symptoms. Small VSDs may close on their own as your child grows. If your child has a larger VSD, he or she will likely need surgery or a cardiac catheterization to fix it.

• #25 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Some children do need treatment because the defect causes troubling or serious symptoms. The position and size of the defect are important factors in deciding which treatment to use. […] Some VSDs are treated using a long, thin tube (catheter) to place a device in the heart that closes the hole in the septum. This is called cardiac catheterization. […] If the defect is large and close to a heart valve, doctors may not be able to close it using a catheter. Instead, the child will need surgery to close the hole with stitches or a patch and get the blood to flow the correct way. […] We are committed to your childs overall health and well-being and to helping your child live a full and active life. […] Whatever types of care your child needs, we will help your family through this experience. We will discuss your childs condition and treatment options in ways you understand and involve you in every decision.

• #26 Pediatric Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Babies with a larger VSD may get tired when feeding. They may not be able to eat enough to gain weight. […] The goal of surgery is to close the septal opening before the lungs are damaged. Surgery will also help babies who have trouble feeding gain a normal amount of weight. […] VSD may be fixed by a cardiac catheterization. In this test, a tool called a septal occluder is used with a catheter. […] If the VSD is moderate to severe, your childs heart doctor will closely monitor him or her. The doctor will decide when and how your childs ventricular septal defect will be fixed. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth often return to normal. […] Ask your child’s healthcare provider about your childs outlook. When this condition is diagnosed early, the outcome is often excellent.

• #27

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/ventricular-septal-defect-heart-childhood-illnesses

  Medical treatment – drugs such as diuretics may be prescribed by your cardiologist. […] Surgical closure – This is an open-heart surgery performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon can close the VSD with a patch made with the patients own pericardium or with an artificial patch such as Dacron. […] Transcatheter device closure – Certain VSD can be closed using special devices delivered via cardiac catheters (long, thin tubes). The VSD must be carefully assessed prior to recommending this option as not all VSDs are suitable for transcatheter device closure.

• #28 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Symptoms In VSD the patient with a small defect, there are no symptoms, but there is a loud tearing pansystolic murmur often accompanied by a thrill, maximal to the left side of the lower sternum. […] Cardiac failure is usually obvious in the infant or small child with a significant left to right shunt through a large VSD. […] Nursing diagnosis Cough related to lung congestion secondary to the effect of general anesthesia Goal Reduce the coughing of the patient Interventions Assess the patient for coughing Auscultate chest of the patient with pediatric stethoscope Give chest physiotherapy. Give nebulisation with Levolin as dose of resp. Auscultate . after giving nebulization Expected outcomes Coughing will be reduced. […] Nursing diagnosis High risk for fall related to the age and weakness of the child Goal Reduce the chances of fall Interventions Assess the chances of getting fall. Provide side rails to prevent fall. Provide calling bell for the patient. Allow the mother to stay with the patient. Do close observation of the patient. Expected outcomes No fall of the patient will be there.

• #29 Ventricular septal defect – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6551380/

  This article has discussed the ventricular septal defect, its occurrence, physiology, and therapy, and nursing concerns. […] Nursing care begins with child and family assessment and evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the family system. The child’s developmental level is a major consideration in formulating interventions for his benefit. Play therapy is a useful vehicle in relating to the child in a nonthreatening manner preoperatively and in allowing the child to work through his hospitalization postoperatively. […] Continuing support of the family system is a significant aspect of nursing’s responsibility toward child and family. Discharge planning and intervention strive to prepare the family for the transition from hospital to home both physically and emotionally.

• #30 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Nursing diagnosis Pain related to the surgical wound as evidenced by facial pain scale Goal Reduce pain Interventions Assess the location source of pain. Assess the severity of pain. Assess the patient from facial expression as per pediatric pain scale. Provide comfortable position. Administer oral analgesics (Syrup Ibugesic plus) 2.5ml as ordered by physician. Expected outcomes Pain will be reduced. […] Nursing diagnosis High risk for infection related to the presence of surgical wound Goal Reduce risk of getting infection. Interventions Assess patient for signs of infection. Maintain aseptic technique during any procedure. Do hand washing before and after each procedure, touching patient. Check temperature every 4 hourly and SOS. Administer prescribed antibiotics (Syrup Augmentin Duo) 2.5ml as prescribed by physician. Check vital signs and record it. Expected outcomes No infection will be present.

• #31 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Nursing diagnosis Pain related to the surgical wound as evidenced by facial pain scale Goal Reduce pain Interventions Assess the location source of pain. Assess the severity of pain. Assess the patient from facial expression as per pediatric pain scale. Provide comfortable position. Administer oral analgesics (Syrup Ibugesic plus) 2.5ml as ordered by physician. Expected outcomes Pain will be reduced. […] Nursing diagnosis High risk for infection related to the presence of surgical wound Goal Reduce risk of getting infection. Interventions Assess patient for signs of infection. Maintain aseptic technique during any procedure. Do hand washing before and after each procedure, touching patient. Check temperature every 4 hourly and SOS. Administer prescribed antibiotics (Syrup Augmentin Duo) 2.5ml as prescribed by physician. Check vital signs and record it. Expected outcomes No infection will be present.

• #32 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Symptoms In VSD the patient with a small defect, there are no symptoms, but there is a loud tearing pansystolic murmur often accompanied by a thrill, maximal to the left side of the lower sternum. […] Cardiac failure is usually obvious in the infant or small child with a significant left to right shunt through a large VSD. […] Nursing diagnosis Cough related to lung congestion secondary to the effect of general anesthesia Goal Reduce the coughing of the patient Interventions Assess the patient for coughing Auscultate chest of the patient with pediatric stethoscope Give chest physiotherapy. Give nebulisation with Levolin as dose of resp. Auscultate . after giving nebulization Expected outcomes Coughing will be reduced. […] Nursing diagnosis High risk for fall related to the age and weakness of the child Goal Reduce the chances of fall Interventions Assess the chances of getting fall. Provide side rails to prevent fall. Provide calling bell for the patient. Allow the mother to stay with the patient. Do close observation of the patient. Expected outcomes No fall of the patient will be there.

• #33 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Nursing diagnosis Knowledge deficit of parents of the child related to the disease process as evidenced by frequent questioning Goal Increase knowledge level of the parents. Interventions Assess the knowledge level of the parents of the patient. Provide information about disease process of the patient. Clear doubts of the parents. Explain about medicines, diet, comfort and sleep, wound care and follow up care. Take feedback from the parents. Expected outcomes Knowledge level of the parents will be increased. […] Nursing diagnosis Anxiety of parents related to the disease process, treatment regimen, hospital stay as evidenced by facial expression and verbalization Goal Reduce anxiety of the parents. Interventions Assess the anxiety level of the parents. Provide information about disease process, treatment regimen, and hospital stay. Give psychological support to the parents. Counsel the parents if needed. Expected outcomes Anxiety of the parents will be reduced. […] Fortunately most ventricular septal defects are small. Many become smaller close spontaneously during childhood. Among patients with large defects congestive heart failure is likely in infancy and causes death unless managed appropriately.

• #34 Home care after surgical repair of ventricular septal defect(VSD) 認識心室中膈缺損 | 衛教單張 – China Medical University Hospital

  https://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/HealthEdus/Detail_EN?no=6132

  The fundamental therapy of VSD of significant size is surgical repair of the defect. VSD repair is a process of open heart surgery which includes general anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass, blood transfusion, sternum open, cardiotomy, patch repair of the defect, as well as postoperative care in the intensive care unit. When the patients condition is stable, he/she will be transferred to general ward and usually is discharged home a few days later. […] Home care after open heart surgery: […] A. Wound care: […] 1. Once the stitches on the chest are removed, the patient is allowed to take a shower, as long as the skin wound is kept dry and clean after the shower. […] 2. To minimize the scar formation as much as possible, surgical tapes to strengthen the skin can be kept on the wound for half a year. However, if any allergic reaction occurs, remove the tapes.

• #35

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abo4080

  The heart is a muscular pump that has four chambers. A ventricular septal defect is an opening in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart. It is a type of congenital heart disease, which means that your child was born with it. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes. […] Give your baby medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think your baby is having a problem with a medicine. […] Watch for symptoms that may mean there is a problem. These include fast breathing, sweating while eating, not eating well, and not gaining enough weight.

• #36 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Repaired or not, there is an increased risk of infections of the heart walls and valves (endocarditis). To help prevent this it is important to maintain good dental hygiene and also avoid non-medical procedures, such as piercings and tattoos. […] Regular cardiac follow-up is usually needed life-long, with the follow-up intervals being more spaced apart as patients get older and remain asymptomatic. Activity should not be restricted unless complications have resulted from surgery.

• #37 When Your Child Has a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  After treatment, most children with a VSD can be active like other children. […] Your child will need regular follow-up visits with the cardiologist. Your child will need less of these visits as they grow older. […] Your child may need to take antibiotics before having any surgery or dental work for 6 months or longer after surgery. This is to prevent infection of the inside lining of the heart and valves. This infection is called infective endocarditis. Ask your child’s cardiologist about this.

• #38 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Depending on the location of the VSD, your child’s pediatric cardiologist will examine your child periodically to look for uncommon problems, such as a leak in the aortic valve. […] After surgery to close a VSD, a pediatric cardiologist will examine your child regularly. The cardiologist will make sure that the heart is working normally. The long-term outlook is good and usually no medicines or additional surgery are needed. […] Ask about your child’s risk of endocarditis. Your child’s cardiologist may recommend that your child receive antibiotics before certain dental procedures for a period of time after VSD repair.

• #39 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  Speak to your surgeon or nurse specialist about recovery, and any other questions you have. […] It’s normal to feel anxious after being diagnosed. You may feel worried about your condition and how it will affect your life. […] Most people with a small VSD or repaired VSD live a normal, healthy life. It’s important to go to your follow-up appointments. Your doctor will let you know how often they need to see you to make sure your heart is healthy. […] If you’re pregnant or planning to have a family, it’s important to speak to your doctor. They can discuss options with you, make sure you’re supported and get the right care. […] People with congenital heart diseases, including VSD, have an increased risk of endocarditis. To reduce the risk of developing endocarditis, your doctor or dentist might recommend antibiotics before or after any surgery or procedures.

• #40 Ventricular Septal Defect with Nursing Management | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ventricular-septal-defect-with-nursing-management/116316483

  Nursing diagnosis Knowledge deficit of parents of the child related to the disease process as evidenced by frequent questioning Goal Increase knowledge level of the parents. Interventions Assess the knowledge level of the parents of the patient. Provide information about disease process of the patient. Clear doubts of the parents. Explain about medicines, diet, comfort and sleep, wound care and follow up care. Take feedback from the parents. Expected outcomes Knowledge level of the parents will be increased. […] Nursing diagnosis Anxiety of parents related to the disease process, treatment regimen, hospital stay as evidenced by facial expression and verbalization Goal Reduce anxiety of the parents. Interventions Assess the anxiety level of the parents. Provide information about disease process, treatment regimen, and hospital stay. Give psychological support to the parents. Counsel the parents if needed. Expected outcomes Anxiety of the parents will be reduced. […] Fortunately most ventricular septal defects are small. Many become smaller close spontaneously during childhood. Among patients with large defects congestive heart failure is likely in infancy and causes death unless managed appropriately.

• #41 Precautions to Take when your Child has a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

  https://lagans.org.uk/precautions-to-take-with-ventricular-septal-defects/

  For parents of children with a Ventricular Septal Defect, it can be difficult to know what is and isnt the right way to care for your child. […] Thankfully, there has been a huge amount of research conducted over the years on heart defects, and we now know what kinds of precautions you should be taking with children that suffer from these defects. […] Children with smaller Ventricular Septal Defects usually wont need to restrict their activities, but it is important you still keep an eye on them and look out for any of the symptoms we mentioned above. […] However, if your child has a larger Ventricular Septal Defect, you should be more cautious about the type of activities they are taking part in. […] More regular dental checkups may also be required, as well as an increase in oral hygiene.

• #42 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  The goal of surgery is to close the septal opening before the lungs are damaged. […] Your child’s heart doctor will decide when your child should have surgery. […] VSD may be fixed by a cardiac catheterization. […] Complications of an untreated VSD include lung problems, heart failure, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart valve problems, and poor growth and development. […] If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child’s heart doctor will closely monitor him or her. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. […] When this condition is diagnosed early, the outcome is often excellent.

• #43 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/heart/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  The goal of open heart surgery is to close the septal opening before the lungs are damaged. Surgery will also help babies who have trouble feeding gain a normal amount of weight. Your child’s cardiologist will decide when your child should have surgery. […] If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child will be closely watched. Your child’s healthcare provider will decide when and how your child’s VSD will be fixed. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth often return to normal.

• #44 Ventricular Septal Defect | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/ventricular-septal-defect

  When treatment for a VSD is required, options include extra nutrition and surgery to close the VSD. […] Most doctors recommend surgery to close large VSDs that are causing symptoms or haven’t closed by the time children are 1 year old. Surgery may be needed earlier if: The child fails to gain weight, Medicines are needed to control the symptoms of heart failure. […] Children who have small VSDs have no symptoms and only need occasional followup with a cardiologist. […] Children and adults who’ve had successful repair of VSDs and have no other congenital heart defects can expect to lead normal, healthy, and active lives.

• #45 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

  https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Orthopedics/90,P01829

  If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child’s heart doctor will closely monitor him or her. The doctor will decide when and how your child’s VSD will be fixed. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth often return to normal. […] Call the healthcare provider if your child has: Trouble breathing, Trouble eating, Any new symptoms. […] Small VSDs may close on their own as your child grows. If your child has a larger VSD, he or she will likely need surgery or a cardiac catheterization to fix it.

• #46 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/heart-center/understanding-ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole between the ventricles (bottom two chambers of the heart). […] For a small VSD, your cardiologist may recommend a wait and watch approach, to see if the VSD closes on its own. Your pediatric cardiologist will monitor your child until it is closed. If there are symptoms of the heart working extra hard, your child may need medications to manage symptoms. If your child has problems with feeding or gaining weight, they might need high calorie formulas or even tube feeding. […] When it becomes difficult to manage heart failure, or if the child is unable to grow despite medications and nutritional supplementation, your child may need surgery to correct the VSD. […] If your baby has symptoms of rapid breathing or problems with feeding, they will most likely be admitted to the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) for monitoring. A pediatric cardiologist will be assigned to care for you and your baby and prescribe medications that will help. […] Following your childs surgery, they will need close follow-up care with a cardiology provider in the Heart Center. These visits will be spaced out as your baby grows. Even though most children lead healthy, active lives, your child may need cardiology care for their whole life.

• #47 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Types & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower chambers of your heart. […] A small VSD is usually minor and has few or no symptoms. But a larger hole may need a repair to avoid permanent damage and complications. […] For moderate or large VSDs, your childs provider will likely recommend a VSD procedure or surgery to close the hole. In the meantime, medications can help. […] Repair of a large ventricular septal defect before age 2 can prevent damage to your childs heart and lungs. Without repair before this age, the damage becomes permanent and gets worse over time. […] Medication can treat symptoms of a VSD before surgery or if the VSD is likely to close on its own over time. Common medications for ventricular septal defect are often the same as those that treat heart failure.

• #48 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Symptoms | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/ventricular-septal-defect

  A ventricular septal defect, or VSD, is a hole in the wall separating the hearts two lower chambers. This hole can allow blood to flow back through the heart instead of being pumped to the rest of the body, which makes the heart have to work harder. […] Small VSDs in children often close on their own without treatment. Large VSDs and those in adults usually dont. Whether or not you need treatment, youll need regular checkups to make sure no complications or other heart conditions have developed. […] If you have a VSD, you may be at risk for developing other heart conditions, such as: Eisenmenger syndrome, a condition affecting blood flow from the heart to the lungs; Endocarditis, an infection of the hearts inner lining; Heart failure; Irregular heartbeat; Pulmonary hypertension, or blood pressure in the lungs that is too high.

• #49 17.5 Applying the Nursing Process and Clinical Judgment Model to Congenital Heart Defects – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/17-5-applying-the-nursing-process-to-congenital-heart-defects/

• #50

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abo4080

  Help your baby eat enough. This can be hard for some babies who have a heart problem. They may get tired when eating, so they may eat less and may not get enough calories. […] Make sure that your child gets all the recommended vaccines, which helps keep your child healthy. Make sure family members and people who are in close contact with your child also get recommended vaccines. […] Congenital heart disease can increase your child’s risk of an infection in the heart. Talk to your doctor about your child’s risk. Your child may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infection. And be sure your child takes good care of their teeth and gums. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your baby has trouble breathing. […] Watch closely for changes in your baby’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You think your baby is having any problems.

• #51 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  The septum is the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart. The wall that separates the two lower chambers or the ventricles is called the ventricular septum. If there is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles, it is called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] If you have a VSD, it is important that you see an ACHD doctor as recommended to make sure your heart stays healthy. […] People with a small or repaired VSD and no other problems usually have no exercise limits. It is important for anyone born with a heart defect to ask their ACHD doctor before taking on any new physical activity. […] Experts recommend that all adults with CHD be seen once at an ACHD center to make sure that the diagnosis is correct and the repair is still working. Patients who have a small unrepaired VSD are still at risk of developing narrowing under the aortic or pulmonary valves, leaking of the aortic valve, or an infection of the lining of the heart and valves.

• #52 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  Speak to your surgeon or nurse specialist about recovery, and any other questions you have. […] It’s normal to feel anxious after being diagnosed. You may feel worried about your condition and how it will affect your life. […] Most people with a small VSD or repaired VSD live a normal, healthy life. It’s important to go to your follow-up appointments. Your doctor will let you know how often they need to see you to make sure your heart is healthy. […] If you’re pregnant or planning to have a family, it’s important to speak to your doctor. They can discuss options with you, make sure you’re supported and get the right care. […] People with congenital heart diseases, including VSD, have an increased risk of endocarditis. To reduce the risk of developing endocarditis, your doctor or dentist might recommend antibiotics before or after any surgery or procedures.

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