Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470330/

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common heart defect in adults, after bicuspid aortic valves. […] Isolated VSD accounts for 37% of all congenital heart diseases in children, with an incidence of approximately 0.3% in newborns. The prevalence decreases significantly in adults due to spontaneous closure in up to 90% of cases. While VSDs show no gender predilection, some studies suggest that females are more likely to present with milder forms of the condition.

• #2 Isolated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in infants and children: Anatomy, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/isolated-ventricular-septal-defects-in-infants-and-children-anatomy-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are among the most common congenital heart lesions. VSDs occur in isolation or in combination with other congenital heart disease defects, such as atrioventricular canal, tetralogy of Fallot, and, occasionally, D-transposition of the great arteries. […] The prevalence of VSDs is approximately 4 per 1000 live births. Thus, VSDs are among the most common congenital heart lesions, second only to bicuspid aortic valve (which as an isolated lesion, is rarely diagnosed in infancy).

• #3 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the 2nd most common congenital heart anomaly after bicuspid aortic valve, accounting for 20% of all defects. […] Diagnosis of ventricular septal defect is suggested by clinical examination, supported by chest x-ray and ECG, and established by echocardiography. […] Even in asymptomatic children, large VSDs with pulmonary hypertension should be repaired, usually within the first year of life, to prevent later complications, particularly persistent pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular disease leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Infants who do not respond to medical treatment of heart failure or have poor growth should have surgical repair during the first few months of life; even asymptomatic children with large VSDs should have repair during the first year of life.

• #4 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  Most common congenital heart defect (CHD): isolated VSD represents 37% of CHD in children […] Incidence: ~0.3% in newborns (~3/1,000 live births), equating to ~42 per 10,000 U.S. newborns […] Prevalence decreases in adults due to spontaneous closure (up to 90%) […] Demographics: no gender predilection […] Risk factors: Family history: 3x increase […] Maternal factors: Obesity, Diabetes, Alcohol use.

• #5 Ventricular Septal Defect | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617366/all/Ventricular_Septal_Defect

  VSDs are the most common form of congenital heart disease, occurring in ~1.5 to 5.7 per 1,000 term births and ~4.5 to 7 per 1,000 preterm births, by classic teaching. […] Echocardiographic data show a higher incidence of ~50 per 1,000 live births, mostly asymptomatic muscular VSDs.

• #6 Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899999-overview

  Bez względu na typ, ubytek przegrody komorowej (VSD) jest najczęstszą wrodzoną wadą serca, z częstością występowania od 1,5 do 4,2 przypadków na każde 1000 żywych noworodków. VSD jest bardziej powszechny u wcześniaków, z częstością występowania od 4,5 do 7 przypadków na każde 1000 noworodków. […] Klinicznie istotne VSD, które wymagają leczenia medycznego lub chirurgicznego, stanowią tylko 15% takich wad (0,35-0,50 przypadków na każde 1000 żywych urodzeń). […] Perimembranowy VSD jest najczęstszym typem, stanowiącym aż 50% przypadków VSD zidentyfikowanych w większości serii chirurgicznych lub autopsyjnych. […] Wzorce dziedziczenia różnych VSD różnią się znacznie w zależności od rasy. Perimembranowy VSD nie ma znanej predylekcji rasowej. […] VSD są nieco częstsze u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. […] Większość restrykcyjnych perimembranowych VSD objawia się klinicznie w okresie noworodkowym w wyniku szmeru. […] Duże perimembranowe VSD mogą nie objawiać się aż do 6-8 tygodnia życia, kiedy to spadek PVR pozwala na znaczące przecieki lewo-prawe i kliniczne objawy CHF.

• #7 Ventricular Septal Defects: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892980-overview

  VSDs affect 2-7% of live births. The patients area of residence may influence the prevalence of known VSDs. For example, small muscular VSDs are most likely to be identified in urban locations, possibly because of ready access to sophisticated healthcare in these locations. […] An echocardiographic study revealed a high incidence of 5-50 VSDs per 1000 newborns. The defects in this study were small restrictive muscular VSDs, which typically spontaneously close in the first year of life. […] VSDs are the most common lesion in many chromosomal syndromes, including trisomy 13, trisomy 18, trisomy 21, and relatively rare syndromes. However, in more than 95% of patients with VSDs, the defects are not associated with a chromosomal abnormality. […] VSDs are slightly more common in female patients than in male patients (56% vs 44%). The incidence of abnormalities of ectomesenchymal tissue migration (ie, subarterial outlet VSD) is highest in boys. […] Reports are inconclusive regarding racial differences in the distribution of VSDs. However, the doubly committed or outlet defect occurs is most common in the Asian population. These constitute 5% of the defects in the Unites States but 30% of those reported in Japan.

• #8 About Ventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/ventricular-septal-defect.html

  About 42 of every 10,000 babies in the United States are born with a VSD. This means that about 16,800 babies are born with a VSD each year. […] A VSD is usually diagnosed after a baby is born. […] A ventricular septal defect increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. This forces the heart and lungs to work harder. Overtime, if not repaired, a ventricular septal defect can increase the risk for other complications, including heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension), irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmia), and stroke.

• #9 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Hospital

  https://www.vejthani.com/2018/01/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  VSDs are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies. They are found in 30-60% of all newborns with a congenital heart defect, or about 2-6 per 1000 births. […] Prospective studies give a prevalence of 2-5 per 100 births of trabecular VSDs that closes shortly after birth in 80-90% of the cases.

• #10 Ventricular Septal Defects: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro

  VSDs are the most common congenital heart defect in children, occurring in 50% of all children with congenital heart disease and in 20% as an isolated lesion. […] The incidence of VSDs has increased significantly with advances in imaging and screening of infants and ranges from 1.56 to 53.2 per 1,000 live births. The ease with which small muscular VSDs can now be detected has contributed to this increase in incidence. […] In the adult population VSDs are the most common congenital heart defect, excluding bicuspid aortic valve.

• #11 Prevalence of congenital septal defects among congenital heart defect patients in East Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250006

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital defects and accounts for nearly one-third of all major congenital anomalies. Of all CHD types, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD) accounted 51% of cases with an increasing trend over time. […] The aim of this review is to estimate the pooled prevalence of ventricular septal defect and congenital atrial septal defect among congenital heart diseases patients in East African context. […] The pooled prevalence of ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect in East Africa was found to be 29.92% (95% CI; 26.1233.72; I2 = 89.2%; p0.001), and 10.36% (95% CI; 8.0512.68; I2 = 89.5%; p0.001) respectively. […] Based on this review, the pooled prevalence of VSD and ASD is still high and alarming; this signifies that the emphasis given for congenital heart defect in East African countries is limited.

• #12 Prevalence of congenital septal defects among congenital heart defect patients in East Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250006

  Special attention and efforts should be applied for early detection to prevent serious complications and for a better prognosis of all forms of CHD. A screening program for CHD should be instituted during the perinatal period. […] The pooled prevalence of VSD in East Africa is 29.92% (95% CI; 25.8433.04%). […] The pooled prevalence of ASD in East Africa is 10.36% (95% CI; 8.0512.68). […] The result signifies that, the emphasis given for congenital heart disease in East African countries is limited. Therefore, it needs critical interventions at the grass-root level in the region to loosen the burden.

• #13 Ventricular septal defect epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ventricular_septal_defect_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital cardiac malformation with an incidence of 300 to 350 per 100,000 live births, corresponding to 30% of all newborns with a congenital heart defect. There is no predilection based on sex. Incidence rates are similar in different races and seasons and are unrelated to maternal age, birth order, sex, and socioeconomic status. Congenital VSDs are frequently associated with other congenital conditions, such as Down syndrome. […] Only in the United States, there are approximately 1 million adults with congenital heart disease, with 20,000 new patients reaching adolescence each year. […] The incidence has been found to be approximately 300 to 350 infants per 100,000 live births. […] The prevalence of ventricular septal defects is less in adults compared to the infants. This might be due to the fact that many small ventricular septal defects have spontaneous closure in childhood. […] There is no predilection based on gender. […] There is no significant difference in incidences of ventricular septal defects based on race.

• #14 Ventricular Septal Defect | Pediatric Echocardiography

  https://pedecho.org/library/fetal/Fet-VSD

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an abnormal communication between the right ventricle and left ventricle. […] Approximately 20% of all CHD. […] Incidence varies widely (5-50/100,000) and is likely underestimated secondary to spontaneous closure of smaller defects in fetal life and early postnatal life. […] Slightly greater prevalence in females.

• #15 Ventricular Septal Defects – Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society

  https://ccasociety.org/education/echoimage/vsd-echo/

  After the bicuspid aortic valve, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital cardiac lesion, comprising almost 50% of all congenital heart disease (1,2). The reported prevalence is between 1,667-6,616 per 1 million live births depending on the study. However the actual incidence is unclear since many VSDs close spontaneously (1,2). […] There are four categories of VSDs named based on the anatomical position. […] Membranous VSDs are the most common type of VSD, comprising 75-80% of all defects (2). […] These VSDs rarely close spontaneously. […] AV Canal VSDs, which make up about 5% of VSDs, occur posterior and superior between the annulus of the tricuspid valve and the attachments of the tricuspid valve to the ventricular septum (1,2). […] Muscular VSDs, between 10-15% of defects, may be found anywhere in the muscular intraventricular septum.

• #16 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  VSD occurs in approximately 50% of all children with a CHD and in 20% as an isolated lesion. The prevalence of an isolated VSD is, on average, 4.2 per 1000 births. Studies show that the prevalence of VSD has increased significantly in recent decades, shown to be primarily due to improved diagnosis. […] Peri-membranous defects which occur in the upper, membranous portion of the ventricular septum, near the valves, are the most common VSDs, accounting for 70% of VSDs. Muscular defects, where the opening is in the lower, muscular section of the septum, account for 20%, with other rarer and more complex forms accounting for the other 10% of cases.

• #17 Ventricular Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/ventricular-septal-defect

  Congenital heart defects occur in about 7.5% of live births. Of these, 20% are VSDs, making them one of the most common congenital cardiac malformations. […] Muscular VSDs account for 10% of all VSDs. […] If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with a ventricular septal defect (VSD), its important to seek timely treatment since the condition can cause serious complications.

• #18 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ped-heart/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  Ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect and accounts for 20-30% of children seen in large pediatric cardiology clinics. The exact incidence is not known with estimates ranging from 2 to 5 out of every 1000 babies born. […] The majority of muscular VSDs close spontaneously during early childhood. […] Overall, the outlook for a child with a ventricular septal defect is excellent. As previously described the majority of defects close on their own or are small so that treatment is not needed. Surgical results are also excellent. If the child has only a ventricular septal defect and an otherwise normal heart, the operative mortality approaches 0%. Major complications are rare and include heart block and incomplete closure of the defect. The incidence of major complications is less than 1%.

• #19 The Prevalence and Spontaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects the First Year of Life – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38857582

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. We aimed to determine the prevalence of VSD in a population-based cohort of newborns and assess the rate of spontaneous closure during the first 12 months of life. […] A total of 850 newborns (3.3% of 25.556) with a VSD were identified in the CBHS. […] The prevalence of VSDs in unselected newborns was 3.3%. Almost 9/10 of all VSDs identified in newborns, close spontaneously during the first year of life, ultimately resulting in a prevalence of VSD in 1-year-old children of 0.5%.

• #20 Ventricular Septal Defect

  https://www.sharinginhealth.ca/cardiovascular/conditions_and_diseases/congenital/vsd.html

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are relatively common, having an incidence of 1.5-3.5 per 1,000 live births. […] Ten percent or so of VSDs are large and symptomatic. […] Surgical correction is recommended in the first few years of life for children with congestive heart failure or pulmonary vascular disease. […] Moderate-sized VSDs without pulmonary vascular disease can be corrected later in childhood. […] Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for all patients with VSDs. […] By age 2, at least 50% of small and moderate-sized VSDs undergo sufficient partial or complete closure.

• #21 Subspecialty surveillance of long-term course of small and moderate muscular ventricular septal defect: heterogenous practices, low yield | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-14-282

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common isolated congenital cardiac defect, representing up to 40% of congenital cardiac defects diagnosed in infancy. […] The natural history of muscular ventricular septal defects (mVSD) is well described. Up to 76% undergo spontaneous closure by the end of the first year of life, a large proportion of which close by six months of age. […] Despite the well-described natural history and benign course, no expert consensus guides practice for intensity of ongoing pediatric cardiology surveillance of small mVSD. […] Wide practice variation was observed in the surveillance frequency for small and moderate sized mVSD within a 14-provider pediatric cardiology group, in the absence of active medical or surgical management.

• #22

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120005/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  most common congenital cardiac defect […] present at birth […] family history

• #23

  https://step1.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/108033/ventricular-septal-defects

  most common congenital cardiac defect […] present at birth […] risk factors […] family history

• #24 Ventricular septal defect | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ventricular-septal-defect-1?lang=us

  They represent one of the most common congenital cardiac anomalies and may be associated with up to 40% of such anomalies. They are considered the most common congenital cardiac abnormality diagnosed in children and the second most common diagnosis in adults. The estimated incidence is at ~1 in 400 births. […] A VSD can occur on its own but frequently tends to occur with other cardiovascular associations.

• #25 Population-based retrospective cohort study on community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization in children with a ventricular septal defect | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59510-9

  The cohort consisted of 9400 exposed children diagnosed with ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] The risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) or asthma with VSD was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model with an inverse probability of treatment weighting. […] During a mean follow-up of 6.67 years (starting from 12 months after birth), there were 2100 CAP admission cases among exposed patients (incidence rate: 33.2 per 1000 person-years) and 20,109 CAP admission cases among unexposed children (incidence rate: 29.6 per 1000 person-years), with hazard ration of 1.09 (95% CI 1.041.14). […] Patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) have a higher risk for complications with viral diseases. […] VSD with congenital heart failure is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) in childhood predisposing to bronchopneumonia.

• #26 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://deprod.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=ventricular-septal-defect-vsd-90-P01829

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect. VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect. VSD may occur more often in some families. This is because of gene problems. Most of the time, doctors don’t know the cause of VSD. The size of the opening or hole affects how severe your child’s symptoms are. If the hole is small, the only sign may be a heart murmur that your healthcare provider hears with a stethoscope. A larger VSD often needs to be fixed with surgery or through cardiac catheterization. Once a child is diagnosed with a VSD, their heart doctor will check the defect regularly to see if it’s closing on its own. Complications of an untreated VSD include lung problems, heart failure, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart valve problems, and poor growth and development. Most children whose defects close on their own or who have VSD repairs will live normal, healthy lives. […] The outlook may be poor when a VSD is diagnosed later in life, if complications occur after surgery, or if the VSD isn’t fixed. There is a risk for complications from a VSD. Children at risk for these problems should have follow-up care at a center that specializes in congenital heart disease.

• #27 Ventricular Septal Defects: A Review | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81658

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) account for up to 30% of all congenital cardiac anomalies and are one of the most common lesions encountered in day-to-day practice. […] The incidence of congenital heart disease varies from 6/1000 live births for moderate to severe forms and increases to ~75/1000 if trivial forms are included. […] Prevalence is reported up to 5% in newborn babies. […] Approximately 70% of ventricular septal defects do not require any intervention either due to spontaneous closure or due to hemodynamically insignificant shunts. […] PVOD may develop in 10% of untreated VSDs. […] With the advent of better echocardiographic imaging as well as its availability, the incidence of Eisenmengers syndrome and irreversible PVOD has decreased but still exists in less than 10% of patients.

• #28 Ventricular Septal Defects: A Review | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81658

  The incidence of IE in unrepaired VSDs is 1.5 to 2.4 per 1000 patient-years, especially if associated with aortic insufficiency or with left ventricle-to-right atrial shunt. […] The second natural history study reported risk of IE is twice as likely in unrepaired defects as compared to after surgical repair. […] Hemodynamically significant VSDs are those with congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery hypertension, and those causing failure to thrive or repeated respiratory infections. […] Surgical closure of VSD remains the mainstay of treatment for most VSDs. […] Majorities of perimembranous VSDs are closed using a Dacron patch via right atriotomy with or without detachment of the tricuspid valve leaflets. […] Long term prognosis after surgical closure is excellent. […] Device closure of VSDs is an alternative for some residual defects, centrally located muscular defects and those not amenable to surgery such as apical muscular defects. […] An unrepaired large VSD with unrestricted left to right shunt over a period of time, if not corrected, will lead to increased PVR and irreversible PVOD due to vascular remodeling. […] Smaller VSDs may self-resolve and the majority of the patients do well without intervention.

• #29 Population-based retrospective cohort study on community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization in children with a ventricular septal defect | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59510-9

  CHD increases pulmonary blood flow and is a common predisposing factor for pneumonia in children. […] The present study aimed to use an extensive national population-based data set that included stratified questionnaires and information on healthcare utilization to determine the association of VSD with risks of CAP and asthma hospitalization in children. […] The final assessment was on December 31, 2019. […] The median follow-up was 6.67 (3.14) years for those with pneumonia and 7.65 (2.26) years for those with asthma in the VSD group. […] Compared with the control group, children with VSD were more likely to be male portion, prematurity, only breast milk feeding, residency of birth, and birth date. […] This study showed that children with VSD were at elevated risk of hospital admission for CAP but not asthma.

• #30 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Unrepaired and Repaired Ventricular Septal Defects

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/30/10/47/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Unrepaired-and-Repaired-Ventricular-Septal-Defects

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) other than muscular VSDs require periodic surveillance echocardiograms throughout the lifespan regardless of defect size to assess for associated complications. […] Patients with small muscular VSDs may be followed every 3-5 years in the clinic without echocardiography until the murmur has resolved or may be discharged from cardiology clinic. […] Surgically repaired VSDs can be followed every 2-5 years without the need for an echocardiogram unless there is a residual VSD or clinical change. […] The goal of the Muscular and Non-muscular VSD Clinical Practice Algorithms is to provide cardiologists and other healthcare providers with a decision-support tool for clinical evaluation and follow-up testing of these common CHDs. […] The adult Unrepaired VSD algorithm was developed based on the current Adult Congenital Heart Disease ACC/American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines. […] The aim of the ACC ACPC Quality Working Group is to provide clinical practice tools for cardiology providers with the ultimate goal of reducing practice variability for mildly complex CHD.

• #31 Ventricular septal defect – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect

  VSDs are the most common congenital cardiac abnormalities. They are found in 3060% of all newborns with a congenital heart defect, or about 26 per 1000 births. […] Prospective studies give a prevalence of 25 per 100 births of trabecular VSDs that close shortly after birth in 8090% of the cases.

• #32 Population-based retrospective cohort study on community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization in children with a ventricular septal defect | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59510-9

  The current study’s prevalence of VSD (5.47%) was higher than in previous studies in the newborn registry. […] Therefore, children with VSD with HF might be at high risk because of their limited cardiopulmonary reserve. […] In summary, evidence supports that childhood VSD is related to a higher surge in admission rates in children with CAP, not asthma, compared with matched children without VSD.

• #33 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  VSD is an opening or hole (defect) in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). […] It’s a very common type of heart defect. […] VSD closure is usually performed by sewing a patch of fabric or pericardium (the normal lining around the outside of the heart) over the VSD to close it completely. […] Patients with repaired VSDs and normal pulmonary artery pressures have normal lifespans. […] Patients with small VSDs that stay open have a small risk of a heart infection called endocarditis. […] A cardiologist should examine you regularly.

• #34 Ventricular Septal Defect | Cardiology | Connecticut Children’s

  https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/cardiology/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  VSDs are among the most common types of congenital heart defects. […] Some patients with VSDs need to check in regularly with their doctor throughout life.

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