Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  VSD is the most common heart birth defect. It can occur alone or with other congenital heart defects (CHDs). About 1 in 500 babies is born with a VSD. About 20%-30% of all heart defects are isolated VSDs. They vary in location, symptoms, other defects, and history. […] Some people born with VSDs have other heart defects, such as leaking or narrowing heart valves. A VSD can also be a part of other more complex heart defects, like tetralogy of Fallot. […] Most ventricular septal defects are found shortly after birth. By listening to your heart, a doctor can usually hear the rumble of blood as it goes through the hole. This is called a murmur. Sometimes you can even feel the rumble by putting a hand on your chest. This is called a thrill. Some VSDs are not found until later in childhood or adulthood.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD) (1). VSD is defined as a condition where there is a hole in the septum separating the left and right ventricles. It can occur as an isolated lesion or alongside other CHDs. […] Most patients with VSD experience symptoms primarily because of the increased flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation. Since the pressure in the left ventricle is greater than in the right ventricle, the majority VSDs will be shunting left-to-right. […] The size of the defect is the main determinant of the haemodynamic consequences of the VSD: Very small VSD, also called restrictive VSD: The flow of blood through the VSD is minimal, so there is no significant increase in pulmonary blood flow. These patients tend to be asymptomatic.

• #1 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the heart. It’s a common heart problem present at birth (congenital heart defect). The hole occurs in the wall that separates the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles). […] A small ventricular septal defect may cause no problems. Many small ventricular septal defects (VSDs) close on their own. Babies with medium or larger VSDs may need surgery early in life to prevent complications. […] Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) depend on the size of the hole and if there are any other heart problems. A small VSD may never cause symptoms. […] In general, VSD symptoms in a baby may include: Poor eating, Slow or no physical growth (failure to thrive), Fast breathing or breathlessness, Easy tiring, Whooshing sound when listening to the heart with a stethoscope (heart murmur).

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Types & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd

  Most people with VSDs dont have symptoms because the hole is less than 3 millimeters around. This is about as big around as a toothpick and isnt large enough to cause symptoms. But if the hole is large enough (or if there are multiple holes), it can cause blood to leak between the two heart chambers. A VSD thats moderate (3 to 5 mm around) to large (6 to 10 mm around or about the size of a pea) may cause symptoms. […] A leak from a VSD makes your childs heart pump less efficiently. Their heart needs to pump harder to make up for the reduced blood flow when the leak is larger. When their heart works harder long-term, it can cause symptoms and problems in their heart and lungs. These may become severe. […] Without surgery before age 2, a moderate or large VSD can lead to Eisenmenger syndrome. This damages the blood vessels in their lungs. […] Symptoms of a VSD usually decrease or disappear after surgery or transcatheter repairs.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  VSD is an opening or hole (defect) in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). […] If the opening is small, it won’t cause symptoms because the heart and lungs don’t have to work harder. The only abnormal finding is a loud murmur (noise heard with a stethoscope). […] If the opening is large, the child may breathe faster and harder than normal. Infants may have trouble feeding and growing at a normal rate. Symptoms may not occur until several weeks after birth. High pressure may occur in the blood vessels in the lungs because more blood than normal is being pumped there. Over time this may cause permanent damage to the lung blood vessels. […] Most adults have small VSDs that don’t usually cause symptoms because the heart and lungs don’t have to work harder. On physical examination, small VSDs produce a loud murmur. Even small VSDs may occasionally be a source of infection called endocarditis.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum, causing a shunt between ventricles. Large defects result in a significant left-to-right shunt and cause dyspnea with feeding and poor growth during infancy. […] Symptoms depend on defect size and magnitude of the left-to-right shunt. Children with a small ventricular septal defect are typically asymptomatic and grow and develop normally. In children with a larger defect, symptoms of heart failure (eg, respiratory distress, poor weight gain, fatigue after feeding) appear at age 4 to 6 weeks when pulmonary vascular resistance falls. Frequent lower respiratory tract infections may occur. Eventually, over years, untreated patients may develop symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Larger defects cause symptoms of heart failure by age 4 to 6 weeks.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470330/

  Medium VSDs: Individuals with medium-sized VSDs experience moderate left ventricular volume overload and may exhibit no or mild PAH. Symptoms typically present later in childhood and may be accompanied by mild congestive heart failure (CHF). […] Large VSDs: Individuals with significant defects often develop CHF early in childhood due to severe left ventricular overload and PAH. […] In cases of Eisenmenger syndrome, clinical manifestations include cyanosis, desaturation, dyspnea, syncope, secondary erythrocytosis, and clubbing. The typical murmur associated with VSD may be absent, and an accentuated pulmonic component of the second heart sound may be present. […] Approximately 85% to 90% of small isolated VSDs undergo spontaneous closure within the first year of life. Patients with small, asymptomatic VSDs, in the absence of PAH, typically have an excellent prognosis without intervention. However, if intervention becomes necessary, the management approach involves VSD closure.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Moderate sized VSD: The flow of blood through the VSD is great enough to cause a significant increase in blood flow through the pulmonary circulation. As the shunt is happening in systole, the extra volume of blood is pumped directly to the pulmonary circulation, so there is no initial effect on the right ventricle. The left side of the heart though, is receiving a greater volume of blood, which can cause dilatation of the left atrium and ventricle. These patients are at risk of developing congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Patients can progressively develop pulmonary hypertension and the wall of the right ventricle can hypertrophy as it pumps against higher pulmonary pressures. […] Large VSDs: A significant amount of blood is passing from the left to the right ventricle, and so these patients develop early heart failure and severe pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms of cardiac failure are evident after the first weeks of life, when the initially high pulmonary artery pressures drop, allowing more blood to shunt through the defect and into the lungs and thus creating pulmonary plethora.

• #1 About Ventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/ventricular-septal-defect.html

  The size of the ventricular septal defect will influence what symptoms, if any, are present. […] Signs of a ventricular septal defect might be present at birth or might not appear until well after birth. If the hole is small, it could close on its own. The baby might not show any signs of the defect. However, if the hole is large, the baby might have symptoms, including shortness of breath, fast or heavy breathing, sweating, tiredness while feeding, and poor weight gain. […] A ventricular septal defect increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. This forces the heart and lungs to work harder. Overtime, if not repaired, a ventricular septal defect can increase the risk for other complications, including heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension), irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmia), and stroke. […] Most children who have a VSD that closes (either on its own or with surgery) live healthy lives.

• #1 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) in children – Children’s Health Cardiology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  Most children with ventricular septal defect (VSD) will not experience symptoms. If symptoms do occur, they will take place during infancy (from birth to 1 year) and can vary. […] Less common symptoms include: Sweating, Heart murmur, Poor/stunted growth, General fatigue (tiredness), Shortness of breath, rapid breathing, congested breathing, Become easily tired while playing, Disinterest in feeding, or tiring while feeding. […] Ventricular septal defect (VSD) causes increased blood flow within the heart and to lungs. If the hole isnt repaired, it can cause permanent lung damage and other health complications.

• #1 Ventricular septal defect – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ventricular-septal-defect

  Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. Ventricular septal defect is one of the most common congenital (present from birth) heart defects. It occurs in nearly half of all children with congenital heart disease. It may occur by itself or with other congenital diseases. […] The baby may have no symptoms and the hole can close over time as the wall continues to grow after birth. If the hole is large, too much blood will be pumped to the lungs. This can lead to heart failure. If the hole is small, it may not be detected for years and only discovered in adulthood. […] People with VSDs may not have symptoms. However, if the hole is large, the baby often has symptoms related to heart failure. […] The most common symptoms include: Shortness of breath, Fast breathing, Hard breathing, Paleness, Failure to gain weight, Fast heart rate, Sweating while feeding, Frequent respiratory infections.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Types & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower chambers of your heart. When this hole is large enough, the amount of blood leaking between the chambers can cause permanent damage to your heart and lungs and increase the risk of heart infections. Most VSDs dont cause symptoms and close on their own by age 6. […] A small VSD is usually minor and has few or no symptoms. But a larger hole may need a repair to avoid permanent damage and complications. […] Ventricular septal defect symptoms in a newborn may look like heart failure. These include: Shortness of breath, including fast breathing or struggling to breathe, Sweatiness or fatigue during feeding, Growth faltering (slow weight gain), Frequent respiratory infections. […] A VSD heart defect in older children and adults can make them feel tired or out of breath during physical activity.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vsd

  Babies with congestive heart failure are at higher risk for infections, particularly lung infections. […] The pressures in the lungs can become so high that blue blood (blood with little oxygen) from the right ventricle can flow across the ventricular septal defect into the left ventricle and mix with red blood (blood with oxygen). […] However, if large ventricular septal defects are diagnosed and managed appropriately, a child with a ventricular septal defect can have a normal length of life with no restrictions.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower right and left heart chambers (ventricles). It is the most common type of congenital (present from birth) heart condition. […] The larger the hole, the more symptoms it can cause. Some infants may develop difficulty with growth and breathing. […] Symptoms often occur in infancy and may include: Fatigue, Sweating, Rapid breathing, Heavy breathing, Congested breathing, Disinterest in feeding, or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] If an infant has significant difficulties with growth or breathing, despite medical therapy, then surgical closure can be performed with excellent results.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/vsd

  Whether a VSD causes any symptoms depends on the size of the hole and its location. Small VSDs usually won’t cause symptoms, and might close on their own. […] Medium and large VSDs may cause noticeable symptoms. Babies may have faster breathing and get tired when they try to feed. They may start sweating or crying while feeding, and may gain weight slowly. […] These signs generally indicate that the VSD will not close by itself, and the child may need heart surgery. Usually, this is done in the baby’s first 3 months of life to prevent other problems. A cardiologist can prescribe medicine to lessen symptoms before the baby has surgery. […] Infants with a large VSD can develop heart failure, and have feeding problems that lead to poor weight gain. They also may get chest infections often. Children with a small VSD are at risk for developing endocarditis, an infection of the inner surface of the heart caused by bacteria in the bloodstream.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect | Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta

  https://www.choa.org/medical-services/heart-center/ventricular-septal-defect

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect in which there is an opening or hole in the dividing wall (septum) between the two lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles). VSDs are one of the most common types of congenital heart defects. […] The size of the opening or hole in the septum affects how severe your child’s symptoms are. Small VSDs do not cause symptoms. The larger the opening, the more blood that passes through it, which causes increased blood volume to return to the left side of the heart. […] Symptoms may vary in each child, but they can include: Tiredness, Fast or heavy breathing, Poor feeding or tiring while feeding, Long time to finish feeding, requiring multiple breaks, Poor weight gain, Rapid heartbeat, Sweating. […] Most babies with significant VSDs breathe faster throughout the day and during feeding. These symptoms are often referred to as heart failure in infants and babies, but this is different from the heart failure seen in adults.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease/ventricular-septal-defect

  Severity of ventricular septal defect symptoms often depends on the size of the hole. While small VSDs can sometimes cause no symptoms, medium to large VSDs can allow more blood to pass through the hole, creating more work for the heart. The increased workload may cause fatigue, high blood pressure, and/or an enlarged heart which can potentially cause permanent damage to the blood vessel walls. In babies, VSDs can result in poor weight gain, poor exercise tolerance, and possibly heart failure. Symptoms of ventricular septal defect may include: […] Heart Murmur […] Difficulty in breathing […] Shortness of Breath […] Fatigue […] Poor weight gain […] Sweating or crying while eating.

• #1 What are the Symptoms of Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) in Children?

  https://lagans.org.uk/symptoms-of-ventricular-septal-defects/

  Ventricular Septal Defects are the most common congenital heart defect amongst children – there are some signs and symptoms of VSDs you should be aware of. […] Many can be treated with few to no complications, but there are some signs and symptoms you should be aware of if you suspect your child may have issues with their heart. […] Signs and symptoms of a severe Ventricular Septal Defect present at birth will usually show themselves during the first few days, weeks or months of a childs life. […] The symptoms of a VSD will depend on the size of the hole and if there are any other heart problems present. Small VSDs may never cause any problems, however, there are some symptoms you may notice, including: Poor eating/feeding, Slow physical growth, Fast breathing or breathlessness, Becoming tired easily, Whooshing sounds when listening through a stethoscope.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vsd

  Ventricular septal defects cause symptoms, often developing gradually in the first few months of life. […] Babies who do have moderate or large ventricular septal defects with excessive blood flow to the lungs will have signs of congestive heart failure including fast breathing and trouble feeding. The most important symptom to watch will be the baby’s growth. […] Babies with some extra flow to the lungs may grow well because their ability to feed is unaffected. They may still have some subtle signs of congestive heart failure such as continuous fast breathing. […] Large ventricular septal defects and some moderate ventricular septal defects that have not been closed can cause two problems. […] Infants who have poor growth due to congestive heart failure can also have poor brain development during the first few years of life.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Typically, a grade 3 to 4/6 holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border is audible shortly after birth. […] Infants who do not respond to medical treatment of heart failure or have poor growth should have surgical repair during the first few months of life; even asymptomatic children with large VSDs should have repair during the first year of life.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/Library/TestsProcedures/Cardiovascular/90,P01829

  A large VSD can cause high pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs. The higher pressure can lead to lower oxygen levels in the body. If your child has a larger VSD, he or she may need some type of repair. Babies and children with larger VSDs often have symptoms such as breathing faster and harder than normal. […] Your child may have symptoms from birth. Or your child may not have symptoms until they are a little older. The size of the opening or hole affects how severe your childs symptoms are. So does the age at which your child first has symptoms. If the hole is small, the only sign may be a heart murmur that your healthcare provider hears with a stethoscope. With a larger opening, the heart and lungs have to work harder. […] This can cause symptoms such as : Tiredness, Fast breathing, Trouble breathing, Pale skin, Rapid heart rate, Enlarged liver, Poor feeding or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. The symptoms of VSD may also be similar to symptoms of other conditions. Make sure your child sees the healthcare provider for a correct diagnosis.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defects: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the persistence of one or more holes in the septum that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart. […] The presence of a VSD may not be obvious at birth because of nearly equal pressures in both the ventricles with little or no shunting of blood. As the pulmonary vascular resistance drops, the pressure difference between the two ventricles increases and the shunt becomes significant allowing the defect to become clinically apparent. […] The clinical presentation varies with the severity of the lesion: […] With a small VSD, the infant or child is asymptomatic with normal feeding and weight gain and the lesion may be detected when a murmur is heard at a routine examination. […] With a moderate-to-large VSD, although the babies are well at birth, symptoms generally appear by 5-6 weeks of age. The main symptom is exercise intolerance and since the only exercise babies do is feeding, the first impact is on feeding. Feeding tends to slow down and is often associated with tachypnoea and increased respiratory effort. Babies are able to feed less, and weight gain and growth are soon affected. Poor weight gain is a good indicator of heart failure in a baby. Recurrent respiratory infections may also occur.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/teens/vsd.html

  Ventricular septal defects (pronounced: ven-TRIK-yu-lar SEP-tul DEE-fekts) are the most common congenital heart defect. Most are diagnosed and treated successfully with few or no complications. […] It’s pretty rare for a VSD to go unnoticed until the teenage years. This means that the chances are good a VSD is no longer causing problems for a teen. […] The size of a VSD and its location determines what kind of symptoms it causes. […] Most teens born with a VSD probably don’t remember having it because it either goes away on its own or it was found so early in childhood that there’s no memory of any surgery or recovery. […] Teens who have small VSDs that haven’t closed yet usually don’t notice any physical signs other than the heart murmur that doctors hear. […] The very small number of teens with moderate and large VSDs that haven’t been treated in childhood may notice some symptoms, however. These include shortness of breath, a feeling of tiredness or weakness (especially during exercise), poor appetite, and trouble gaining weight. […] Most moderate to large VSDs are treated long before they ever cause problems.

• #1 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495

  Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect in adults may include: Shortness of breath, especially when exercising, Whooshing sound when listening to the heart with a stethoscope (heart murmur). […] A small ventricular septal defect (VSD) may never cause any problems. Some medium or large VSDs may be life-threatening. Treatment can help prevent many complications. […] Complications of ventricular septal defect can include: Heart failure. In a heart with a medium or large VSD, the heart works harder and the lungs have too much blood pumped to them. Without treatment, heart failure can develop. […] Eisenmenger syndrome. An unrepaired hole in the heart can lead to this complication after many years. Irregular blood flow causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This syndrome permanently damages the blood vessels in the lungs. […] Other heart problems. These include heart valve disease and irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

• #1 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  A VSD usually causes no signs or symptoms. […] In rare cases, a VSD may cause signs and symptoms in children, such as: shortness of breath, especially when exercising, being very tired, being underweight and growing slowly, irregular or extra heart beats, called arrhythmias. […] Adults with a VSD may also have signs and symptoms, such as: shortness of breath, especially when exercising, you may not be able to exercise for long, feeling very tired, irregular or extra heart beats, called arrhythmias, fainting.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Ventricular Septal Defects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11607469/

  Subjects with medium and large VSDs may have signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) such as rapid breathing, dyspnea, sweating, and inadequate weight gain or may have symptoms linked to bronchial obstruction and/or respiratory infection. […] Given the straightforward nature of surgical procedures and the availability of transcatheter occlusion techniques for addressing small VSDs, there is notable inclination among surgeons and interventional cardiologists to proceed with VSD closures. […] Conversely, large VSDs with high pulmonary artery pressure tend to develop PVOD, a serious complication that must be prevented at all costs. […] The size of the VSD largely determines the need for intervention. […] For patients with moderate to large VSDs, intervention is necessary. […] Such closures should be accomplished between 6 to 12 months of age, and certainly prior to 18 months to prevent onset of PVOD. […] The safety of surgical repair of VSDs is well documented with a mortality rate of less than 1 to 3%. […] After VSD closure, there is typically a regression of the left atrial and left ventricular dimensions to normal, with restoration of normal left ventricular function parameters.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  The prognosis for patients with an isolated VSD is excellent. 75% of small VSDs and especially the ones located in the muscular part of the interventricular septum, close spontaneously by the age of 10 years and adults with closed VSD are expected to have a normal lifespan. […] The prognosis is much worse for patients who develop pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmengers Syndrome. These patients have progressive exercise intolerance and a worsening right ventricular function that can reduce the life expectancy to 20-50 years.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  The oldest survivors of VSD closure are now in their 50s and 60s or older if operated on as adults. We do not know what the lifelong impact of VSD closure is nor do we know how long people with repaired VSDs will live. If surgery was done early, before serious heart and lung problems developed, the outlook is excellent. Adults with closed VSDs are expected to have a normal lifespan. […] Even if you have a repaired VSD, you do not have a normal heart. Everyone born with a VSD has a lifelong risk of other heart problems. Some can occur many years after the original repair. One risk is endocarditis, or infection of the lining of the heart and the valves. It is very important that you ask your ACHD heart doctor about how to protect yourself from endocarditis. People with a repaired VSD can also develop a slow, fast or irregular heartbeat. This is sometimes caused by scars in your heart created by your previous surgery. Other possible problems include valve problems, stroke and heart failure.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Ventricular Septal Defects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11607469/

  This review addresses the diagnosis and management of ventricular septal defects (VSDs). […] Natural history of VSDs includes spontaneous closure, development of pulmonary hypertension, onset of infundibular obstruction, and progression to aortic insufficiency. […] Approximately 40% of VSDs close spontaneously, while 25% to 30% of VSDs may reduce in size sufficiently, obviating the need for therapeutic intervention. […] Development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) is seen in nearly 10% of individuals with VSDs. […] Infundibular obstruction develops in approximately 8% of individuals with VSDs. […] Aortic insufficiency may develop in roughly 5% of individuals with VSDs. […] The VSD size dictates symptoms at presentation. Patients with small VSDs commonly do not have symptoms and are identified because a heart murmur heard on routine auscultation.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defects: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892980-overview

  The natural history of VSD has a wide spectrum and is directly proportional to the size, location, and restriction of the defect, ranging from spontaneous closure to congestive heart failure (CHF) or the development of pulmonary vascular disease without heart failure symptoms. […] Spontaneous closure frequently occurs in children, usually by age 2 years. […] A small VSD that does not spontaneously close is associated with an excellent prognosis. […] A few patients who develop severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease with predominant right-to-left shunts (Eisenmenger syndrome) at the time of referral require symptomatic therapy. […] Most children with VSDs remain in stable condition or improve after infancy. Heart failure rarely occurs after infancy.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defects: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro

  With very large VSDs the features are similar but more severe. If appropriate management is not carried out promptly in infants with large VSDs, excessive pulmonary blood flow may lead to increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension. These babies may develop a right-to-left shunt with cyanosis or Eisenmenger’s syndrome. […] The prognosis for a patient with an isolated VSD is excellent. […] Spontaneous closure is common in children under 1 year old but less likely after the age of 2 years. […] Prognosis is much worse in those with pulmonary hypertension or Eisenmenger physiology. These patients often have progressive exercise intolerance and worsening right ventricular function. They need specialised management including vasodilator therapy.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470330/

  VSD closure is generally indicated for medium-to-large defects causing significant hemodynamic compromise, especially in symptomatic cases with left ventricular dysfunction. Intervention may also be warranted in instances of progressive aortic insufficiency or following an episode of endocarditis. […] Patients who have undergone VSD repair generally have a favorable prognosis. However, they have an elevated long-term risk of arrhythmia, endocarditis, and heart failure compared to the general population. […] Complications of VSD may include: Eisenmenger syndrome, aortic insufficiency from aortic valve leaflet prolapse, endocarditis, embolization, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias.

• #1

  https://www.pted.org/?id=ventricularseptal4

  Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a hole in the muscle wall between the two ventricles that allows the movement (shunting) of blood from one ventricle into the other. […] The left to right shunting of blood through the VSD causes increased blood pressure in the right ventricle and heavy pulmonary blood flow. If untreated, this can cause irreversible changes in the pulmonary circulation as well as a right to left shunt through the VSD and the development of Eisenmenger Complex. […] Small ventricular septal defects, which did not close spontaneously in childhood, result in a distinctive heart murmur. Larger defects may cause shortness of breath and other problems caused by excessive pulmonary blood flow. Over time, this may lead to pulmonary vascular disease. […] The prognosis for patients whose VSDs either closed spontaneously or through surgery before the development of pulmonary vascular disease is excellent, with no exercise restrictions and normal life expectancy. […] Small VSDs that remain open may cause difficulties as a patient ages. Endocarditis (infection of the heart’s internal lining) may occur. Arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation) may develop, often because of enlargement of the left atrium.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect | Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta

  https://www.choa.org/medical-services/heart-center/ventricular-septal-defect

  The goal of surgery is to close the hole in the heart to eliminate the extra workload on the heart. […] The symptoms related to the VSD usually go away entirely after the hole is closed with surgery. […] Most children who have surgery for a VSD will lead normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite and growth often return to normal.

• #1 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. The symptoms of VSD may also be similar to symptoms of other conditions. Make sure your child sees the healthcare provider for a correct diagnosis. […] If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child will be closely watched. Your child’s healthcare provider will decide when and how your child’s VSD will be fixed. Before surgery, your child may need medicine and special feedings. Your child’s healthcare team will give you information and support so you can care for them at home. Children who need surgery will be admitted to the hospital for surgery. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth often return to normal. Your child may need antibiotics to prevent infections after leaving the hospital. […] The size of the opening affects how severe your child’s symptoms are. Small VSDs may close on their own as your child grows. If the VSD is larger, your child will likely need surgery or a cardiac catheterization to fix it.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470330/

  Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common heart defect in adults, after bicuspid aortic valves. […] The primary pathophysiological mechanism involves abnormal communication between the right and left ventricles and, in rare cases, between the left ventricle and right atrium, leading to shunt formation and subsequent hemodynamic compromise. While many cases experience spontaneous closure, persistent large defects can lead to detrimental complications, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), Eisenmenger syndrome, ventricular dysfunction, and an increased risk of arrhythmias. […] The clinical presentation of unrepaired VSDs primarily depends on the presence of a hemodynamically significant shunt, which directly correlates with the size of the defect. VSDs can be categorized as follows: Small VSDs: These defects cause minimal left-to-right shunting without leading to left ventricular fluid overload or PAH. Consequently, individuals with small VSDs are often asymptomatic, and the condition is frequently discovered incidentally during physical examinations.

• #2 Ventricular septal defect – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect

  Ventricular septal defect is usually symptomless at birth. It usually manifests a few weeks after birth. […] VSD is an acyanotic congenital heart defect, aka a left-to-right shunt, so there are no signs of cyanosis in the early stage. However, an uncorrected VSD can increase pulmonary resistance leading to the reversal of the shunt and corresponding cyanosis. […] Larger VSDs may cause a parasternal heave, a displaced apex beat (the palpable heartbeat moves laterally over time, as the heart enlarges). An infant with a large VSD will fail to thrive and become sweaty and tachypnoeic (breathe faster) with feeds. […] Over time this may lead to an Eisenmenger’s syndrome the original VSD operating with a left-to-right shunt, now becomes a right-to-left shunt because of the increased pressures in the pulmonary vascular bed.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defects: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892980-overview

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole or a defect in the septum that divides the two lower chambers of the heart, resulting in communication between the ventricular cavities. […] The symptoms and physical findings associated with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) depend on the size of the defect and the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt, which, in turn, depends on the relative resistances of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. […] Children with small VSDs are asymptomatic and have an excellent long-term prognosis. […] In children with moderate or large VSDs, medical therapy is indicated to manage symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) because some VSDs may become smaller with time, although uncontrolled CHF symptoms with growth failure is an indication for surgical repair.

• #2 Small Ventricular Septal Defect – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21860-small-ventricular-septal-defect

  Symptoms from a small ventricular septal defect are very rare. […] Larger VSD’s can cause symptoms related to excess blood flow to the lungs. […] Fortunately this is rarely if ever the case with a small VSD. […] Likewise, symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, or syncope are unusual in the setting of a small VSD. […] in summary, although a small ventricular septal defect can cause alarm and concern in parents, fortunately it rarely if ever causes problems in babies or children.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening that exists between the two lower chambers of the heart. […] If the hole is large, a lot of extra blood is pumped to the lungs and back to the left ventricle so that the left ventricle is enlarged. Also, with larger holes, the pressures in the left and right ventricles become equal. In infants and children with large holes, symptoms develop such as breathing quickly, sweating with feeds, poor growth or exercise intolerance. […] Small defects may cause no symptoms, and large defects may cause symptoms of poor growth, breathing difficulty, sweating and problems with exercise. […] However, in newborn infants, the pressure in both the right and left ventricle may be nearly equal, so frequently the abnormal murmur (and symptoms) does not appear right at birth. It may take a few weeks for the symptoms (if the defect is large) and the abnormal murmur to occur. […] For larger VSDs, the enlargement of the heart may lead to problems with heart function or rhythm abnormalities. With very large VSDs, Eisenmenger syndrome may develop which results in a shortened lifespan and limitations in exercise and lifestyle.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Ventricular Septal Defects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11607469/

  This review addresses the diagnosis and management of ventricular septal defects (VSDs). […] Natural history of VSDs includes spontaneous closure, development of pulmonary hypertension, onset of infundibular obstruction, and progression to aortic insufficiency. […] Approximately 40% of VSDs close spontaneously, while 25% to 30% of VSDs may reduce in size sufficiently, obviating the need for therapeutic intervention. […] Development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) is seen in nearly 10% of individuals with VSDs. […] Infundibular obstruction develops in approximately 8% of individuals with VSDs. […] Aortic insufficiency may develop in roughly 5% of individuals with VSDs. […] The VSD size dictates symptoms at presentation. Patients with small VSDs commonly do not have symptoms and are identified because a heart murmur heard on routine auscultation.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Moderate sized VSD: The flow of blood through the VSD is great enough to cause a significant increase in blood flow through the pulmonary circulation. As the shunt is happening in systole, the extra volume of blood is pumped directly to the pulmonary circulation, so there is no initial effect on the right ventricle. The left side of the heart though, is receiving a greater volume of blood, which can cause dilatation of the left atrium and ventricle. These patients are at risk of developing congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Patients can progressively develop pulmonary hypertension and the wall of the right ventricle can hypertrophy as it pumps against higher pulmonary pressures. […] Large VSDs: A significant amount of blood is passing from the left to the right ventricle, and so these patients develop early heart failure and severe pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms of cardiac failure are evident after the first weeks of life, when the initially high pulmonary artery pressures drop, allowing more blood to shunt through the defect and into the lungs and thus creating pulmonary plethora.

• #2 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495

  Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect in adults may include: Shortness of breath, especially when exercising, Whooshing sound when listening to the heart with a stethoscope (heart murmur). […] A small ventricular septal defect (VSD) may never cause any problems. Some medium or large VSDs may be life-threatening. Treatment can help prevent many complications. […] Complications of ventricular septal defect can include: Heart failure. In a heart with a medium or large VSD, the heart works harder and the lungs have too much blood pumped to them. Without treatment, heart failure can develop. […] Eisenmenger syndrome. An unrepaired hole in the heart can lead to this complication after many years. Irregular blood flow causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This syndrome permanently damages the blood vessels in the lungs. […] Other heart problems. These include heart valve disease and irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defects: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the persistence of one or more holes in the septum that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart. […] The presence of a VSD may not be obvious at birth because of nearly equal pressures in both the ventricles with little or no shunting of blood. As the pulmonary vascular resistance drops, the pressure difference between the two ventricles increases and the shunt becomes significant allowing the defect to become clinically apparent. […] The clinical presentation varies with the severity of the lesion: […] With a small VSD, the infant or child is asymptomatic with normal feeding and weight gain and the lesion may be detected when a murmur is heard at a routine examination. […] With a moderate-to-large VSD, although the babies are well at birth, symptoms generally appear by 5-6 weeks of age. The main symptom is exercise intolerance and since the only exercise babies do is feeding, the first impact is on feeding. Feeding tends to slow down and is often associated with tachypnoea and increased respiratory effort. Babies are able to feed less, and weight gain and growth are soon affected. Poor weight gain is a good indicator of heart failure in a baby. Recurrent respiratory infections may also occur.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower right and left heart chambers (ventricles). It is the most common type of congenital (present from birth) heart condition. […] The larger the hole, the more symptoms it can cause. Some infants may develop difficulty with growth and breathing. […] Symptoms often occur in infancy and may include: Fatigue, Sweating, Rapid breathing, Heavy breathing, Congested breathing, Disinterest in feeding, or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] If an infant has significant difficulties with growth or breathing, despite medical therapy, then surgical closure can be performed with excellent results.

• #2 Ventricular septal defect – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ventricular-septal-defect

  Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. Ventricular septal defect is one of the most common congenital (present from birth) heart defects. It occurs in nearly half of all children with congenital heart disease. It may occur by itself or with other congenital diseases. […] The baby may have no symptoms and the hole can close over time as the wall continues to grow after birth. If the hole is large, too much blood will be pumped to the lungs. This can lead to heart failure. If the hole is small, it may not be detected for years and only discovered in adulthood. […] People with VSDs may not have symptoms. However, if the hole is large, the baby often has symptoms related to heart failure. […] The most common symptoms include: Shortness of breath, Fast breathing, Hard breathing, Paleness, Failure to gain weight, Fast heart rate, Sweating while feeding, Frequent respiratory infections.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  Ventricular septal defects are the most commonly occurring type of congenital heart defect, accounting for about half of congenital heart disease cases. […] The size of the ventricular septal opening will affect the type of symptoms noted, the severity of symptoms and the age at which they first occur. A VSD permits extra blood to pass from the left ventricle through to the right side of the heart, and the right ventricle and lungs become overworked as a result. The larger the opening is, the greater the amount of blood that passes through and overloads the right ventricle and lungs. […] Symptoms often occur in infancy. The following are the most common symptoms of VSD. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Fatigue, Sweating, Rapid breathing, Heavy breathing, Congested breathing, Disinterest in feeding, or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] The symptoms of VSD may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21836-ventricular-septal-defect2

  Symptoms from a ventricular septal defect are related to excess blood flow to the lungs. They are usually seen in children with large VSDs, but may be absent in the setting of moderate size defects. Small defects rarely if ever produce symptoms. The most common symptom is rapid breathing. This may be more obvious during times of exertion, such as feeding in an infant. Other symptoms in infants include sweating with exertion, tachycardia, poor feeding due to fatigue, and poor weight gain. VSDs may also predispose to an increased risk of lung infections such as pneumonia. Symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, or syncope are unusual in the setting of a VSD. […] In general, the prognosis for a child with a ventricular septal defect is very good. Even those children who go on to require surgery generally do well long-term. In most cases only a single surgery is necessary. The vast majority of children are cleared for full activity, including competitive athletics.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Types & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17615-ventricular-septal-defects-vsd

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower chambers of your heart. When this hole is large enough, the amount of blood leaking between the chambers can cause permanent damage to your heart and lungs and increase the risk of heart infections. Most VSDs dont cause symptoms and close on their own by age 6. […] A small VSD is usually minor and has few or no symptoms. But a larger hole may need a repair to avoid permanent damage and complications. […] Ventricular septal defect symptoms in a newborn may look like heart failure. These include: Shortness of breath, including fast breathing or struggling to breathe, Sweatiness or fatigue during feeding, Growth faltering (slow weight gain), Frequent respiratory infections. […] A VSD heart defect in older children and adults can make them feel tired or out of breath during physical activity.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Hospital

  https://www.vejthani.com/2018/01/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd/

  Ventricular septal defect is usually symptomless at birth. It usually manifests a few weeks after birth. […] VSD is an acyanotic congenital heart defect, aka a Left-to-right shunt, so there are no signs of cyanosis. […] Pansystolic (Holosystolic) murmur (depending upon the size of the defect) +/- palpable thrill (palpable turbulence of blood flow). Heart sounds are normal. Larger VSDs may cause a parasternal heave, a displaced apex beat (the palpable heartbeat moves laterally over time, as the heart enlarges). An infant with a large VSD will fail to thrive and become sweaty and tachypnoeic (breathe faster) with feeds.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Signs & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/ventricular-septal-defect

  Infants and adults with VSDs may not experience symptoms. Each person may experience a unique variety of symptoms. If the condition is severe enough, the Ventricular Septal Defect symptoms can be similar to heart failure. […] The following are common Ventricular Septal Defect signs and symptoms in adults: High Blood Pressure, Shortness of Breathe, Fatigue or weakness, Loud Heart Murmur. […] The following are common Ventricular Septal Defect signs and symptoms in newborns and children: A bluish color to the lips, tongue and/or nail beds (cyanosis), An increased breathing rate or difficulty breathing, Poor appetite or difficulty feeding, Failure to thrive (weight loss or failure to gain weight), Abnormal heart murmur, Sweating, especially during feedings, A weaker pulse.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/heart/conditions-we-treat/ventricular-septal-defect

  This can cause symptoms, such as: Tiredness, Fast breathing, Trouble breathing, Pale skin, Rapid heart rate, Enlarged liver, Poor feeding or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. The symptoms of VSD may also be similar to symptoms of other conditions. Make sure your child sees the healthcare provider for a correct diagnosis.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defects | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/ventricular-septal-defects

  If the VSD is large enough and there is pulmonary overcirculation, symptoms usually appear in the first two months of life and may include: Heart murmur (abnormal heart sound), Trouble eating or gaining weight (failure to thrive), Fast breathing or working hard to breathe, Tiring easily, Excessive sweating. […] Depending on size and location of the opening, symptoms indicating a VSD may not be noticeable until months to years later. A VSD may not apparent until adulthood in rare cases. […] Symptoms of VSD may appear at birth or the first few months of life, but may not be noticeable until years later.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  Symptoms include fatigue, as well as poor appetite and growth. […] In babies, other symptoms may appear in the first days or months. They might include: Fatigue, Poor appetite and growth, Fast breathing or shortness of breath, Fatigue during feeding and problems with weight gain, Sweating. […] Adults should talk to their doctor if they notice: Weakness or tiredness, An irregular or rapid heartbeat, Shortness of breath when lying down or exercising. […] If a large VSD isn’t treated, the abnormal flow of blood may eventually damage the lungs. This can raise the risk of a variety of problems, including Eisenmengers syndrome, a complication characterized by increased blood pressure in the lungs. Large VSDs that aren’t treated also can lead to such serious issues as arrhythmia and stroke.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Many small VSDs never require treatment. Women with large VSDs that were not closed at a young age have a high risk of developing other heart, lung, and blood problems. These would include high blood pressure in the lungs and low blood oxygen levels. If this happens, VSD closure may no longer be an option. […] If the hole between the two sides is too big, blood will go from the left side of the heart into the right side. This means that extra blood is pumped to the lungs, making the heart and lungs work harder. This can cause high blood pressure in the lungs, which over time may lead to permanent damage in the lung’s blood vessels. Increased blood flow in the heart may also lead to heart failure. […] No, some children and adults have a small VSD that does not affect the way the heart works. Instead of closing these VSDs, doctors may watch the heart closely to make sure that treatment does not become necessary. If you have a VSD, it is important that you see an ACHD doctor as recommended to make sure your heart stays healthy.

• #2 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect

  A VSD usually causes no signs or symptoms. […] In rare cases, a VSD may cause signs and symptoms in children, such as: shortness of breath, especially when exercising, being very tired, being underweight and growing slowly, irregular or extra heart beats, called arrhythmias. […] Adults with a VSD may also have signs and symptoms, such as: shortness of breath, especially when exercising, you may not be able to exercise for long, feeling very tired, irregular or extra heart beats, called arrhythmias, fainting.

• #2 Cardiothoracic Surgery – Ventricular Septal Defect

  https://adultctsurgery.ucsf.edu/patient/patient-education/ventricular-septal-defect.aspx

  A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the part of the septum that separates the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). The hole allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the left ventricle into the right ventricle instead of flowing into the aorta and out to the body as it should. […] Most newborns who have VSDs don’t have heart-related symptoms. However, babies who have medium or large VSDs can develop heart failure. Signs and symptoms of heart failure usually occur during the baby’s first 2 months of life. […] Over time, if a VSD isn’t repaired, it may cause heart problems. A moderate to large VSD can cause: Heart failure. Infants who have large VSDs may develop heart failure because the left side of the heart pumps blood into the right ventricle in addition to its normal work of pumping blood to the body. The increased workload on the heart also increases the heart rate and the body’s demand for energy. […] A major sign of heart failure in infancy is difficulty feeding and poor growth. VSD signs and symptoms are rare after infancy because the defect either decreases in size on its own or is repaired.

• #2 About Ventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/ventricular-septal-defect.html

  The size of the ventricular septal defect will influence what symptoms, if any, are present. […] Signs of a ventricular septal defect might be present at birth or might not appear until well after birth. If the hole is small, it could close on its own. The baby might not show any signs of the defect. However, if the hole is large, the baby might have symptoms, including shortness of breath, fast or heavy breathing, sweating, tiredness while feeding, and poor weight gain. […] A ventricular septal defect increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. This forces the heart and lungs to work harder. Overtime, if not repaired, a ventricular septal defect can increase the risk for other complications, including heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension), irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmia), and stroke. […] Most children who have a VSD that closes (either on its own or with surgery) live healthy lives.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  Babies may have excessive sweating, become easily fatigued, and have tachypnoea (rapid breathing). These may all be especially notable when feeding, though can be apparent at rest in more severe cases. Symptoms are usually obvious by the age of 2-3 months, as the pulmonary vascular resistance decreases causing an increase in left-to-right shunting. […] Babies can demonstrate similar symptoms to congestive heart failure. The baby can present with shortness of breath, problems feeding, developmental issues regarding weight and height, and may have frequent chest infections. In general, the larger the VSD, the sooner the symptoms are noted. […] However, with large VSDs especially if diagnosis and treatment are delayed Eisenmengers Syndrome may develop which can lead to cyanosis. […] Patients can demonstrate an intolerance to exercise, dizziness, chest pain, ankle swelling and a bluish complexion with clubbing of the fingers and toes. In severe cases, patients may cough up blood (haemoptysis).

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Patients with small VSDs that stay open have a small risk of a heart infection called endocarditis. The aortic valve may develop leakage and should be monitored. […] Patients whose VSD has been repaired early in life are unlikely to have any significant long-term problems. If the ventricular septal defect is completely closed without a leak in the patch, the risk of late infection, endocarditis, is minimal. Rarely, abnormal heart rhythms can occur. In some people, the heart muscle may be less able to contract following a VSD repair. If heart failure develops as a result of the heart muscle weakness, diuretics to control fluid accumulation, agents to help the heart pump better and drugs to control blood pressure are often given.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  The prognosis for patients with an isolated VSD is excellent. 75% of small VSDs and especially the ones located in the muscular part of the interventricular septum, close spontaneously by the age of 10 years and adults with closed VSD are expected to have a normal lifespan. […] The prognosis is much worse for patients who develop pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmengers Syndrome. These patients have progressive exercise intolerance and a worsening right ventricular function that can reduce the life expectancy to 20-50 years.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defects: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro

  With very large VSDs the features are similar but more severe. If appropriate management is not carried out promptly in infants with large VSDs, excessive pulmonary blood flow may lead to increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension. These babies may develop a right-to-left shunt with cyanosis or Eisenmenger’s syndrome. […] The prognosis for a patient with an isolated VSD is excellent. […] Spontaneous closure is common in children under 1 year old but less likely after the age of 2 years. […] Prognosis is much worse in those with pulmonary hypertension or Eisenmenger physiology. These patients often have progressive exercise intolerance and worsening right ventricular function. They need specialised management including vasodilator therapy.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  The oldest survivors of VSD closure are now in their 50s and 60s or older if operated on as adults. We do not know what the lifelong impact of VSD closure is nor do we know how long people with repaired VSDs will live. If surgery was done early, before serious heart and lung problems developed, the outlook is excellent. Adults with closed VSDs are expected to have a normal lifespan. […] Even if you have a repaired VSD, you do not have a normal heart. Everyone born with a VSD has a lifelong risk of other heart problems. Some can occur many years after the original repair. One risk is endocarditis, or infection of the lining of the heart and the valves. It is very important that you ask your ACHD heart doctor about how to protect yourself from endocarditis. People with a repaired VSD can also develop a slow, fast or irregular heartbeat. This is sometimes caused by scars in your heart created by your previous surgery. Other possible problems include valve problems, stroke and heart failure.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470330/

  Medium VSDs: Individuals with medium-sized VSDs experience moderate left ventricular volume overload and may exhibit no or mild PAH. Symptoms typically present later in childhood and may be accompanied by mild congestive heart failure (CHF). […] Large VSDs: Individuals with significant defects often develop CHF early in childhood due to severe left ventricular overload and PAH. […] In cases of Eisenmenger syndrome, clinical manifestations include cyanosis, desaturation, dyspnea, syncope, secondary erythrocytosis, and clubbing. The typical murmur associated with VSD may be absent, and an accentuated pulmonic component of the second heart sound may be present. […] Approximately 85% to 90% of small isolated VSDs undergo spontaneous closure within the first year of life. Patients with small, asymptomatic VSDs, in the absence of PAH, typically have an excellent prognosis without intervention. However, if intervention becomes necessary, the management approach involves VSD closure.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect | Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta

  https://www.choa.org/medical-services/heart-center/ventricular-septal-defect

  The goal of surgery is to close the hole in the heart to eliminate the extra workload on the heart. […] The symptoms related to the VSD usually go away entirely after the hole is closed with surgery. […] Most children who have surgery for a VSD will lead normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite and growth often return to normal.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. The symptoms of VSD may also be similar to symptoms of other conditions. Make sure your child sees the healthcare provider for a correct diagnosis. […] If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child will be closely watched. Your child’s healthcare provider will decide when and how your child’s VSD will be fixed. Before surgery, your child may need medicine and special feedings. […] Babies who have trouble eating before surgery often have more energy right after surgery. They start to eat better and gain weight faster. […] Most children who have surgery for VSD will live normal, healthy lives. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth often return to normal.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/Library/TestsProcedures/Cardiovascular/90,P01829

  A large VSD can cause high pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs. The higher pressure can lead to lower oxygen levels in the body. If your child has a larger VSD, he or she may need some type of repair. Babies and children with larger VSDs often have symptoms such as breathing faster and harder than normal. […] Your child may have symptoms from birth. Or your child may not have symptoms until they are a little older. The size of the opening or hole affects how severe your childs symptoms are. So does the age at which your child first has symptoms. If the hole is small, the only sign may be a heart murmur that your healthcare provider hears with a stethoscope. With a larger opening, the heart and lungs have to work harder. […] This can cause symptoms such as : Tiredness, Fast breathing, Trouble breathing, Pale skin, Rapid heart rate, Enlarged liver, Poor feeding or tiring while feeding, Poor weight gain. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. The symptoms of VSD may also be similar to symptoms of other conditions. Make sure your child sees the healthcare provider for a correct diagnosis.

• #2 Ventricular septal defect – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ventricular-septal-defect

  Many small defects will close on their own. Surgery can repair defects that do not close. In most cases, a person will not have any ongoing medical issues related to the defect if it is closed with surgery or closes on its own. Complications may occur if a large defect is not treated and there is permanent damage to the lungs.

• #2 Ventricular Septal Defect | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/

  A child’s symptoms depend on the size of the hole and where it is located along the septum. Many children seem to have no symptoms. They grow and gain weight normally. […] Children with larger, more severe ventricular septal defects generally have noticeable symptoms as babies. They may have difficulty feeding which can slow their growth. […] Other ventricular septal defect signs include: Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Difficulty gaining weight, Sweating while eating, Frequent respiratory infections in some cases. […] If your child has symptoms like shortness of breath or trouble nursing, he or she will be given medications to help treat these symptoms and help the heart beat more efficiently. […] However, if your child has symptoms despite the medications or if the hole is too large to close on its own, surgery should be performed to close it. Some VSDs should be closed regardless of their size because of their position within the heart wall. […] However, babies born with larger VSDs often need surgical repair in the first few months of life to prevent long-term complications.

• #3 Ventricular Septal Defect – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect/

  VSD is the most common heart birth defect. It can occur alone or with other congenital heart defects (CHDs). About 1 in 500 babies is born with a VSD. About 20%-30% of all heart defects are isolated VSDs. They vary in location, symptoms, other defects, and history. […] Some people born with VSDs have other heart defects, such as leaking or narrowing heart valves. A VSD can also be a part of other more complex heart defects, like tetralogy of Fallot. […] Most ventricular septal defects are found shortly after birth. By listening to your heart, a doctor can usually hear the rumble of blood as it goes through the hole. This is called a murmur. Sometimes you can even feel the rumble by putting a hand on your chest. This is called a thrill. Some VSDs are not found until later in childhood or adulthood.

• #3 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495

  Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect in adults may include: Shortness of breath, especially when exercising, Whooshing sound when listening to the heart with a stethoscope (heart murmur). […] A small ventricular septal defect (VSD) may never cause any problems. Some medium or large VSDs may be life-threatening. Treatment can help prevent many complications. […] Complications of ventricular septal defect can include: Heart failure. In a heart with a medium or large VSD, the heart works harder and the lungs have too much blood pumped to them. Without treatment, heart failure can develop. […] Eisenmenger syndrome. An unrepaired hole in the heart can lead to this complication after many years. Irregular blood flow causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This syndrome permanently damages the blood vessels in the lungs. […] Other heart problems. These include heart valve disease and irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

• #3 Ventricular septal defect – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect

  Ventricular septal defect is usually symptomless at birth. It usually manifests a few weeks after birth. […] VSD is an acyanotic congenital heart defect, aka a left-to-right shunt, so there are no signs of cyanosis in the early stage. However, an uncorrected VSD can increase pulmonary resistance leading to the reversal of the shunt and corresponding cyanosis. […] Larger VSDs may cause a parasternal heave, a displaced apex beat (the palpable heartbeat moves laterally over time, as the heart enlarges). An infant with a large VSD will fail to thrive and become sweaty and tachypnoeic (breathe faster) with feeds. […] Over time this may lead to an Eisenmenger’s syndrome the original VSD operating with a left-to-right shunt, now becomes a right-to-left shunt because of the increased pressures in the pulmonary vascular bed.

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