Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulsenotes | Tricuspid regurgitation

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Mild tricuspid regurgitation affects ~80% of healthy adults. […] Mild TR is extremely common, affecting approximately 80% of healthy adults. It is so common that it can be considered normal. However, moderate-to-severe TR is less common, affecting 1 in 200 adult patients. […] TR tends to affect older patients: 1 in 25 patients over the age of 75 has moderate or severe TR.

• #2 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #3 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #4 Tricuspid valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-1?lang=us

  The prevalence of moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is 0.8%, with this prevalence increasing with aging. Women are 4.3 times more likely to be affected. […] The decision to treat tricuspid regurgitation is based on the etiology and severity. Management involves pharmacotherapy measures (especially diuretics) and consideration of surgery. Surgery is generally recommended if there are signs of pulmonary hypertension, in which case tricuspid valve repair or tricuspid valve replacement may be necessary.

• #5 Tricuspid regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) of mild degree is common in individuals with anatomically normal valves and it has no physiological consequence. Approximately 1.6 million individuals in the USA are estimated to have moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation. Secondary TR is more common than primary TR, accounting for more than 80% of the TR seen in clinical practice. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 0.9% in USA. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1% internationally. […] Secondary tricuspid regurgitation constitutes about 80% of significant TR. […] The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1,600,000 in USA. […] Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation has been estimated to be present in up to 16 million individuals in the USA. […] The prevalence of TR (with a severity ranging from trace to moderate regurgitation) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The prevalence of TR increases with age. […] Women are little more commonly affected by tricuspid regurgitation than males.

• #6 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] Relevant (moderate) TR is estimated to affect 4% of the population over 75 years of age, which is comparable to the prevalence of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. […] In recent years, evidence has accumulated that significant TR is associated with an increased mortality of 40-70% after 1-4 years, even when adjusted for comorbidities. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #7 Etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of tricuspid regurgitation: an overview

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/22/4/10.31083/j.rcm2204122

  Significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding, affecting about one in twenty-five subjects among the elderly and presenting more frequently in women than in men. […] This review summarizes data concerning etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and management strategies of TR. […] Appreciable evidence suggests that significant TR leads to worsening prognosis regardless of the underlying etiology and should be addressed as a separate therapeutic target.

• #8 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Atrioventricular regurgitation is frequent in the setting of heart failure. […] Similarly, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is recognised as a common valve disease, observed in more than 1.6 million individuals in the United States. […] In the ESC-HF-LT Registry moderate to severe TR was equally prevalent among HF subtypes, affecting approximately 20 % of the patients with HF. […] The mechanism of secondary TR in HF patients is complex and often multifactorial, frequently combining the effects of both right ventricular (RV) and right atrial dilatation. […] Medical treatment options for TR are very limited. […] Specific treatment goals include optimization of preload and afterload, and maintenance of sinus rhythm and atrioventricular synchrony. […] While the benefit of optimal medical treatment including CRT in the management of HFrEF is well-established, data show that 50% of patients respond favourably in terms of MR severity reduction.

• #9 Tricuspid regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) of mild degree is common in individuals with anatomically normal valves and it has no physiological consequence. Approximately 1.6 million individuals in the USA are estimated to have moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation. Secondary TR is more common than primary TR, accounting for more than 80% of the TR seen in clinical practice. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 0.9% in USA. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1% internationally. […] Secondary tricuspid regurgitation constitutes about 80% of significant TR. […] The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1,600,000 in USA. […] Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation has been estimated to be present in up to 16 million individuals in the USA. […] The prevalence of TR (with a severity ranging from trace to moderate regurgitation) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The prevalence of TR increases with age. […] Women are little more commonly affected by tricuspid regurgitation than males.

• #10 Pulsenotes | Tricuspid stenosis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/tricuspid-stenosis

  Tricuspid stenosis is now considered rare in the UK. […] As a result, tricuspid stenosis is now also considered a rare condition. […] Limited prognostic data is available because of the rarity of tricuspid stenosis.

• #11 Tricuspid stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tricuspid stenosis is the least common valvular disease. TS is rarely an isolated disease, it is mostly associated with mitral valve and/or aortic valve abnormalities. Approximately 8% of patients with rheumatic heart disease develop isolated TS, while up to 50% develop tricuspid regurgitation and TS. The prevalence of TS is lower in developed countries compared to developing countries due to the low prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, which is the most common cause of TS. […] United States data shows that tricuspid stenosis is rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. While found in approximately 15% of patients with rheumatic heart disease at autopsy, it is estimated to be clinically significant in only 5% of these patients. The incidence of the congenital form of the disease is less than 1%. Tricuspid stenosis is found in approximately 3% of the international population. Tricuspid stenosis is more prevalent in areas with a high incidence of rheumatic fever.

• #12 Tricuspid stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tricuspid stenosis is the least common valvular disease. TS is rarely an isolated disease, it is mostly associated with mitral valve and/or aortic valve abnormalities. Approximately 8% of patients with rheumatic heart disease develop isolated TS, while up to 50% develop tricuspid regurgitation and TS. The prevalence of TS is lower in developed countries compared to developing countries due to the low prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, which is the most common cause of TS. […] United States data shows that tricuspid stenosis is rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. While found in approximately 15% of patients with rheumatic heart disease at autopsy, it is estimated to be clinically significant in only 5% of these patients. The incidence of the congenital form of the disease is less than 1%. Tricuspid stenosis is found in approximately 3% of the international population. Tricuspid stenosis is more prevalent in areas with a high incidence of rheumatic fever.

• #13 Tricuspid valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-1?lang=us

  The prevalence of moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is 0.8%, with this prevalence increasing with aging. Women are 4.3 times more likely to be affected. […] The decision to treat tricuspid regurgitation is based on the etiology and severity. Management involves pharmacotherapy measures (especially diuretics) and consideration of surgery. Surgery is generally recommended if there are signs of pulmonary hypertension, in which case tricuspid valve repair or tricuspid valve replacement may be necessary.

• #14 Tricuspid regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation

  In The Framingham Heart Study, presence of tricuspid regurgitation of mild severity or greater, was present in about 14.8% of men and 18.4% of women. […] Mild tricuspid regurgitation tends to be common and, in the presence of a structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus, can be considered a normal variant. […] Clinically significant TR is more common in females, this is thought to be partly driven by the increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (both risk factors for TR) in women as compared to men. […] Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of cardiac muscle and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged right ventricular volume overload. […] In a study of 595 male elite football players aged 18-38, and 47 sedentary non-athletes, it was found that 58% of the athletes had tricuspid regurgitation vs. 36% in non-athletes.

• #15 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #16 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] Relevant (moderate) TR is estimated to affect 4% of the population over 75 years of age, which is comparable to the prevalence of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. […] In recent years, evidence has accumulated that significant TR is associated with an increased mortality of 40-70% after 1-4 years, even when adjusted for comorbidities. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #17 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #18 Tricuspid Regurgitation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/351301-overview

  The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation in the United States appears to be 0.9%. Internationally, the incidence of tricuspid regurgitation also appears to be less than 1%. No racial or sexual differences in incidence are apparent. […] Age at presentation varies with the etiology of tricuspid regurgitation. Ebstein anomaly can be detected at birth and during early childhood. In patients older than 15 years, the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation is rheumatic valvular disease. In the adult population, other predisposing factors take precedence; these include carcinoid, bacterial endocarditis, and heart failure.

• #19 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The overall AAMR for TVD-related deaths in patients rose from 5.7 in 1999 to 13.2 in 2023. Between 1999 and 2003, the AAMR increased with an APC of 7.9 and a 95% CI of 3.9 to 14.1. From 2003 to 2014, there was a slight increase in AAMR with an APC of 0.1 and a 95% CI of 2.7 to 1.0. Lastly, between 2014 and 2023, there was a steep incline in AAMR with an APC of 6.5, and a 95% CI of 5.2 to 8.4. […] The AAMR stratification by race/ethnicity revealed that American Indian or Alaska Native NH patients had the highest rates, followed by NH White, NH Black or African American, NH Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino patients. The AAMR for NH American Indian or Alaska Native patients was 9.8, with a 95% CI of 5.614.7. The rate for NH White patients was 8.8, with a 95% CI of 8.59.2. For NH Black or African American patients, the rate was 7.2, with a 95% CI of 6.28.1. The rate for NH Asian or Pacific Islander patients was 5.8, with a 95% CI of 4.89.1. For Hispanic and Latino patients, the rate was 5.4, with a 95% CI of 4.56.3.

• #20 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The overall AAMR for TVD-related deaths in patients rose from 5.7 in 1999 to 13.2 in 2023. Between 1999 and 2003, the AAMR increased with an APC of 7.9 and a 95% CI of 3.9 to 14.1. From 2003 to 2014, there was a slight increase in AAMR with an APC of 0.1 and a 95% CI of 2.7 to 1.0. Lastly, between 2014 and 2023, there was a steep incline in AAMR with an APC of 6.5, and a 95% CI of 5.2 to 8.4. […] The AAMR stratification by race/ethnicity revealed that American Indian or Alaska Native NH patients had the highest rates, followed by NH White, NH Black or African American, NH Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino patients. The AAMR for NH American Indian or Alaska Native patients was 9.8, with a 95% CI of 5.614.7. The rate for NH White patients was 8.8, with a 95% CI of 8.59.2. For NH Black or African American patients, the rate was 7.2, with a 95% CI of 6.28.1. The rate for NH Asian or Pacific Islander patients was 5.8, with a 95% CI of 4.89.1. For Hispanic and Latino patients, the rate was 5.4, with a 95% CI of 4.56.3.

• #21 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The states presented a wide array of AAMRs, with Georgia having the lowest value of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.55.7) and Oregon boasting the highest value of 25.4 (95% CI: 23.527.2). It is noteworthy that states with death rates in the top 90th percentile, namely Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, had AAMRs that were more than four-fold higher than those found in the states in the lower 10th percentile, namely Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). Non-metropolitan areas consistently showed an increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2023, with APC of 12.3 (95% CI: 5.8 to 28.7) from 1999 to 2003, 0.1 (95% CI: 4.1 to 1.2) from 2003 to 2015, and 8.1 (95% CI: 6.8 to 10.6) from 2015 to 2023.

• #22 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The states presented a wide array of AAMRs, with Georgia having the lowest value of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.55.7) and Oregon boasting the highest value of 25.4 (95% CI: 23.527.2). It is noteworthy that states with death rates in the top 90th percentile, namely Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, had AAMRs that were more than four-fold higher than those found in the states in the lower 10th percentile, namely Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). Non-metropolitan areas consistently showed an increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2023, with APC of 12.3 (95% CI: 5.8 to 28.7) from 1999 to 2003, 0.1 (95% CI: 4.1 to 1.2) from 2003 to 2015, and 8.1 (95% CI: 6.8 to 10.6) from 2015 to 2023.

• #23 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/investigating-mortality-trends-and-disparities-in-tricuspid-valv/50782378

  We analyzed mortality rates across the different census regions in the United States, and the results showed that the highest mortality rates were found in the West region (AAMR: 10.4; 95% CI: 9.611.1), followed by the Midwest region (AAMR: 9.8; 95% CI: 9.110.5), the Northeast region (AAMR: 7.5; 95% CI: 6.88.1), and the South region (AAMR: 6.8; 95% CI: 6.47.3). […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). […] In summary, the analysis of mortality data from 1999 to 2023 reveals a complex pattern in deaths related to tricuspid valve disorder (TVD). The data show an initial increase in mortality rates followed by a decline, but a significant rise in mortality was observed starting in 2012, which worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several factors contribute to these trends, including demographic changes, variations in disease prevalence, advancements in medical technology, and the effects of COVID-19. Disparities are evident, with higher age-adjusted mortality rates among females, older adults, Native American populations, and residents of states like Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, particularly in the Western region and rural areas. This underscores the complex impact of TVD. Nevertheless, the study’s limitations and its retrospective nature indicate the need for further research to fully understand the dynamics of TVD and its public health implications.

• #24 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The states presented a wide array of AAMRs, with Georgia having the lowest value of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.55.7) and Oregon boasting the highest value of 25.4 (95% CI: 23.527.2). It is noteworthy that states with death rates in the top 90th percentile, namely Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, had AAMRs that were more than four-fold higher than those found in the states in the lower 10th percentile, namely Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). Non-metropolitan areas consistently showed an increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2023, with APC of 12.3 (95% CI: 5.8 to 28.7) from 1999 to 2003, 0.1 (95% CI: 4.1 to 1.2) from 2003 to 2015, and 8.1 (95% CI: 6.8 to 10.6) from 2015 to 2023.

• #25 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/investigating-mortality-trends-and-disparities-in-tricuspid-valv/50782378

  We analyzed mortality rates across the different census regions in the United States, and the results showed that the highest mortality rates were found in the West region (AAMR: 10.4; 95% CI: 9.611.1), followed by the Midwest region (AAMR: 9.8; 95% CI: 9.110.5), the Northeast region (AAMR: 7.5; 95% CI: 6.88.1), and the South region (AAMR: 6.8; 95% CI: 6.47.3). […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). […] In summary, the analysis of mortality data from 1999 to 2023 reveals a complex pattern in deaths related to tricuspid valve disorder (TVD). The data show an initial increase in mortality rates followed by a decline, but a significant rise in mortality was observed starting in 2012, which worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several factors contribute to these trends, including demographic changes, variations in disease prevalence, advancements in medical technology, and the effects of COVID-19. Disparities are evident, with higher age-adjusted mortality rates among females, older adults, Native American populations, and residents of states like Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, particularly in the Western region and rural areas. This underscores the complex impact of TVD. Nevertheless, the study’s limitations and its retrospective nature indicate the need for further research to fully understand the dynamics of TVD and its public health implications.

• #26 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #27 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #28 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #29 Tricuspid regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) of mild degree is common in individuals with anatomically normal valves and it has no physiological consequence. Approximately 1.6 million individuals in the USA are estimated to have moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation. Secondary TR is more common than primary TR, accounting for more than 80% of the TR seen in clinical practice. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 0.9% in USA. […] The incidence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1% internationally. […] Secondary tricuspid regurgitation constitutes about 80% of significant TR. […] The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation is approximately 1,600,000 in USA. […] Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation has been estimated to be present in up to 16 million individuals in the USA. […] The prevalence of TR (with a severity ranging from trace to moderate regurgitation) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The prevalence of TR increases with age. […] Women are little more commonly affected by tricuspid regurgitation than males.

• #30 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation and Stenosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-92046-3_2

  Tricuspid regurgitation is a common finding among normal individuals but is usually low grade and of doubtful clinical significance. […] Clinically significant tricuspid regurgitation is most often secondary to right ventricle pressure and/or volume overload, which may come from mitral valve disease, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, or dilated cardiomyopathies. […] The presence of severe tricuspid regurgitation increases mortality in many settings and can cause significant morbidity in the form of edema and abdominal viscera congestion. […] Tricuspid stenosis is a rare entity that is most commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease but is also found in carcinoid disease. […] Prevalence of tricuspid valve disease in rheumatic heart disease. […] Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. […] Prognostic importance and predictors of survival in isolated tricuspid regurgitation: a growing problem. […] Secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation: a forgotten entity.

• #31 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  Tricuspid valve disorder (TVD), a critical aspect of valvular heart disease (VHD), significantly impacts cardiovascular health, yet its mortality trends are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate demographic and geographic disparities in TVD-related mortality across the United States from 1999 to 2023. Using data from the CDC WONDER database, death certificates were analyzed to identify TVD-related fatalities, and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated per 1,000,000 individuals. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to assess annual percent changes (APCs) in mortality rates. A total of 72,805 deaths were attributed to TVD. An initial steep increase in mortality rate from 1999 to 2003 (APC: 7.9%; 95% CI: 3.9 to 14.1) followed by a stable period from 2003 to 2014 (APC: 0.1%; 95% CI: -2.7 to 1.0) and a sharp increase in AAMR from 2014 to 2023 (APC: 6.5%; 95% CI: 5.2 to 8.4). Females consistently had higher mortality rates than males, with a sharper increase after 2012. Racial and ethnic disparities were evident, with American Indian and white populations experiencing higher mortality rates than black populations. Geographic disparities were also noted, with states like Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, as well as the West census region, showing significantly higher mortality rates. Rural areas had higher mortality rates compared to urban areas. TVD-related mortality trends have followed a complex trajectory, with marked disparities across demographic and geographic factors. Further research is required to fully understand the factors driving these trends and their public health implications.

• #32 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The overall AAMR for TVD-related deaths in patients rose from 5.7 in 1999 to 13.2 in 2023. Between 1999 and 2003, the AAMR increased with an APC of 7.9 and a 95% CI of 3.9 to 14.1. From 2003 to 2014, there was a slight increase in AAMR with an APC of 0.1 and a 95% CI of 2.7 to 1.0. Lastly, between 2014 and 2023, there was a steep incline in AAMR with an APC of 6.5, and a 95% CI of 5.2 to 8.4. […] The AAMR stratification by race/ethnicity revealed that American Indian or Alaska Native NH patients had the highest rates, followed by NH White, NH Black or African American, NH Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino patients. The AAMR for NH American Indian or Alaska Native patients was 9.8, with a 95% CI of 5.614.7. The rate for NH White patients was 8.8, with a 95% CI of 8.59.2. For NH Black or African American patients, the rate was 7.2, with a 95% CI of 6.28.1. The rate for NH Asian or Pacific Islander patients was 5.8, with a 95% CI of 4.89.1. For Hispanic and Latino patients, the rate was 5.4, with a 95% CI of 4.56.3.

• #33 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The overall AAMR for TVD-related deaths in patients rose from 5.7 in 1999 to 13.2 in 2023. Between 1999 and 2003, the AAMR increased with an APC of 7.9 and a 95% CI of 3.9 to 14.1. From 2003 to 2014, there was a slight increase in AAMR with an APC of 0.1 and a 95% CI of 2.7 to 1.0. Lastly, between 2014 and 2023, there was a steep incline in AAMR with an APC of 6.5, and a 95% CI of 5.2 to 8.4. […] The AAMR stratification by race/ethnicity revealed that American Indian or Alaska Native NH patients had the highest rates, followed by NH White, NH Black or African American, NH Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino patients. The AAMR for NH American Indian or Alaska Native patients was 9.8, with a 95% CI of 5.614.7. The rate for NH White patients was 8.8, with a 95% CI of 8.59.2. For NH Black or African American patients, the rate was 7.2, with a 95% CI of 6.28.1. The rate for NH Asian or Pacific Islander patients was 5.8, with a 95% CI of 4.89.1. For Hispanic and Latino patients, the rate was 5.4, with a 95% CI of 4.56.3.

• #34 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] Relevant (moderate) TR is estimated to affect 4% of the population over 75 years of age, which is comparable to the prevalence of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. […] In recent years, evidence has accumulated that significant TR is associated with an increased mortality of 40-70% after 1-4 years, even when adjusted for comorbidities. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #35 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #36 Etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of tricuspid regurgitation: an overview

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/22/4/10.31083/j.rcm2204122

  Significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding, affecting about one in twenty-five subjects among the elderly and presenting more frequently in women than in men. […] This review summarizes data concerning etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and management strategies of TR. […] Appreciable evidence suggests that significant TR leads to worsening prognosis regardless of the underlying etiology and should be addressed as a separate therapeutic target.

• #37 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #38 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] Relevant (moderate) TR is estimated to affect 4% of the population over 75 years of age, which is comparable to the prevalence of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. […] In recent years, evidence has accumulated that significant TR is associated with an increased mortality of 40-70% after 1-4 years, even when adjusted for comorbidities. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #39 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  With an ageing population and more minimally invasive treatment options available, the need to predict mortality, in order to adequately select patients who will benefit from an intervention or who are eligible for surgery, is crucial. […] There is no consensus about the best strategy and patient population for isolated TV interventions. […] Isolated tricuspid valve surgery is still considered high risk with in-hospital mortality rates ~10% and presenting high mortality during follow-up (major adverse events occur in about ~30% of patients with advanced disease). […] Severe, symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation has an important impact on clinical outcomes and needs to be addressed early in order to improve symptoms and quality of life, therefore early referral to a specialised centre is of major importance.

• #40 Tricuspid Regurgitation Diagnosis, Imaging, and Management: Key Points

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/11/02/14/18/tricuspid-regurgitation-from

  Background: TR is prevalent and associated with high mortality but underdiagnosed and profoundly undertreated by surgery. Challenges in intervention for TR include poor outcomes and TR recurrence after surgical intervention, and persistent or recurrent TR and residual right ventricular (RV) consequences after transcatheter repair. […] Surveillance with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) after a surgical or transcatheter intervention typically is performed before discharge; 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after intervention, and then yearly. […] Awareness of the importance of TR and its assessment and management are important, including referral of patients to tertiary heart valve centers.

• #41 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  These insights have led to a paradigm shift in current valvular disease guidelines, advocating a more pre-emptive treatment based on tricuspid annular dilation, regardless of the degree of TR. […] Finally, isolated TR is a novel entity most frequently seen in elderly patients with a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, in the absence of concomitant pulmonary hypertension or co-existing left-sided heart disease. […] The advent of advanced imaging techniques has provided novel insights into the important role of right heart remodelling in the pathophysiology of TR which may lead to improved risk stratification and more timely intervention in the near future.

• #42 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  The rising interest in TR has led to a re-classification of its etiology, severity, and quantification methods. […] The new classification of TR goes beyond the simple distinction between primary and secondary, promoting the notion that “not all secondary TRs are the same”, separating them into a ventricular and an atrial form, and adding cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)-induced TR. […] New guidelines suggest a multimodality imaging approach, integrating echocardiography, CT and CMR in order to overcome the intrinsic limitations of each technique. […] The current guidelines recommend transcatheter treatment only for patients with isolated, secondary TR, without severe RV/LV dysfunction or severe PH in the presence of symptoms, and for individuals that, according to the HT, are not appropriate for surgery.

• #43 Tricuspid valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-1?lang=us

  The prevalence of moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is 0.8%, with this prevalence increasing with aging. Women are 4.3 times more likely to be affected. […] The decision to treat tricuspid regurgitation is based on the etiology and severity. Management involves pharmacotherapy measures (especially diuretics) and consideration of surgery. Surgery is generally recommended if there are signs of pulmonary hypertension, in which case tricuspid valve repair or tricuspid valve replacement may be necessary.

• #44 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] Relevant (moderate) TR is estimated to affect 4% of the population over 75 years of age, which is comparable to the prevalence of aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. […] In recent years, evidence has accumulated that significant TR is associated with an increased mortality of 40-70% after 1-4 years, even when adjusted for comorbidities. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #45 Pulsenotes | Tricuspid regurgitation

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Mild tricuspid regurgitation affects ~80% of healthy adults. […] Mild TR is extremely common, affecting approximately 80% of healthy adults. It is so common that it can be considered normal. However, moderate-to-severe TR is less common, affecting 1 in 200 adult patients. […] TR tends to affect older patients: 1 in 25 patients over the age of 75 has moderate or severe TR.

• #46 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #47 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #48 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Tricuspid Valve: A Quick and Updated Guide

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/10/25/13/49/Echocardiographic-Evaluation-of-the-Tricuspid-Valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common condition and its prevalence is only expected to increase with the aging population, rising rates of atrial fibrillation, and increased use of intracardiac devices (e.g., pacemakers). […] A contemporary cohort showed 4.5% of the community and 12% of hospitalized patients had significant TR (equal to moderate or greater severity), which increased to 23% among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Over 90% of TR is due to functional etiologies, including left-sided valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or dilation of the tricuspid apparatus resulting in an incompetent valve. […] TR is associated with heart failure hospitalizations (RR 1.73) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.61 and 3.44 for moderate and severe TR, respectively). […] With the high prevalence and morbidity of TR, many promising percutaneous approaches are being devised.

• #49 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 3% to 6% of the general population. Still, its prevalence is significantly higher among patients with left-sided valve disorders, particularly those with heart failure (HF), encompassing both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where it ranges from 10% to 23%. In the context of heart failure, TR is linked to a higher risk of mortality and increased rates of HF-related hospitalizations. […] The negative impact on prognosis escalates with the severity of TR and persists regardless of right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, associated mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, or atrial fibrillation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation presents at different age groups depending on its etiology. An Ebstein anomaly may be diagnosed at birth and during early childhood. Rheumatic valvular disease is the most common form of tricuspid regurgitation in patients older than 15.

• #50 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #51 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #52 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Tricuspid Valve: A Quick and Updated Guide

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/10/25/13/49/Echocardiographic-Evaluation-of-the-Tricuspid-Valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common condition and its prevalence is only expected to increase with the aging population, rising rates of atrial fibrillation, and increased use of intracardiac devices (e.g., pacemakers). […] A contemporary cohort showed 4.5% of the community and 12% of hospitalized patients had significant TR (equal to moderate or greater severity), which increased to 23% among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Over 90% of TR is due to functional etiologies, including left-sided valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or dilation of the tricuspid apparatus resulting in an incompetent valve. […] TR is associated with heart failure hospitalizations (RR 1.73) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.61 and 3.44 for moderate and severe TR, respectively). […] With the high prevalence and morbidity of TR, many promising percutaneous approaches are being devised.

• #53 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation and Stenosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-92046-3_2

  Tricuspid regurgitation is a common finding among normal individuals but is usually low grade and of doubtful clinical significance. […] Clinically significant tricuspid regurgitation is most often secondary to right ventricle pressure and/or volume overload, which may come from mitral valve disease, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, or dilated cardiomyopathies. […] The presence of severe tricuspid regurgitation increases mortality in many settings and can cause significant morbidity in the form of edema and abdominal viscera congestion. […] Tricuspid stenosis is a rare entity that is most commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease but is also found in carcinoid disease. […] Prevalence of tricuspid valve disease in rheumatic heart disease. […] Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. […] Prognostic importance and predictors of survival in isolated tricuspid regurgitation: a growing problem. […] Secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation: a forgotten entity.

• #54 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #55 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/

  Heart valve disease is as common as heart failure. The population prevalence is 2.5% rising to over 10% in people aged more than 75. […] It has received disproportionately little exposure in terms of research, national treatment strategies and public awareness. This is beginning to change, partly with a rise in prevalence as our population ages and partly as a result of technological advances including transcatheter procedures. […] In industrially developed countries, the incidence of rheumatic disease declined after the second half of the 20th century. With increased longevity, valve conditions characteristic of old-age now predominate. The most common are calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. […] There has also been a rise in new diseases induced by drugs or therapeutic irradiation, an increase in endocarditis related to intravenous drug use, device implantation and haemodialysis and a rise in the number of operations as a result of failing replacement heart valves.

• #56 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/

  Heart valve disease is as common as heart failure. The population prevalence is 2.5% rising to over 10% in people aged more than 75. […] It has received disproportionately little exposure in terms of research, national treatment strategies and public awareness. This is beginning to change, partly with a rise in prevalence as our population ages and partly as a result of technological advances including transcatheter procedures. […] In industrially developed countries, the incidence of rheumatic disease declined after the second half of the 20th century. With increased longevity, valve conditions characteristic of old-age now predominate. The most common are calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. […] There has also been a rise in new diseases induced by drugs or therapeutic irradiation, an increase in endocarditis related to intravenous drug use, device implantation and haemodialysis and a rise in the number of operations as a result of failing replacement heart valves.

• #57 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Tricuspid regurgitation has become more prevalent in developed nations due to the increased usage of intracardiac pacemakers. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention.

• #58 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  These insights have led to a paradigm shift in current valvular disease guidelines, advocating a more pre-emptive treatment based on tricuspid annular dilation, regardless of the degree of TR. […] Finally, isolated TR is a novel entity most frequently seen in elderly patients with a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, in the absence of concomitant pulmonary hypertension or co-existing left-sided heart disease. […] The advent of advanced imaging techniques has provided novel insights into the important role of right heart remodelling in the pathophysiology of TR which may lead to improved risk stratification and more timely intervention in the near future.

• #59 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Despite a substantial reduction in the burden of global poverty over the past 40–50 years, the global prevalence of RHD has been rising steadily since 1990, reaching 40.5 million people affected in 2019. […] The incidence of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has increased sevenfold during the last 30 years, with age-standardized rates four times as high in high-income compared with middle-income countries. […] The main downside related to the large-scale diffusion of VHD surgery and transcatheter intervention is that survivors remain at risk of structural valve deterioration, valve thrombosis, and prosthetic valve endocarditis and frequently require re-intervention. […] The increase in the predisposing factors of infective endocarditis. […] Considering the above, the aim of our review is to broadly discuss the epidemiology of VHD, emphasizing the wide geographical, socio-economic, and demographic differences that characterize the spectrum of the most frequently clinically encountered VHD phenotypes: CAVD, degenerative mitral valvulopathy, RHD, and mixed-valve disease.

• #60 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Global epidemiological data can be unreliable, as post-mortem analysis has revealed the true prevalence of valvular heart disease to be significantly greater than that which is clinically coded and reported. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] Mortality rates have decreased in developed countries with the advent of new interventions, though no therapies are currently available to prevent the disease. […] The burden of disease is likely to rise as diagnostic tools become more available in developing nations and as transitioning economies, such as China, adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and “Western” diet, thus increasing the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

• #61 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Global epidemiological data can be unreliable, as post-mortem analysis has revealed the true prevalence of valvular heart disease to be significantly greater than that which is clinically coded and reported. […] The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] Mortality rates have decreased in developed countries with the advent of new interventions, though no therapies are currently available to prevent the disease. […] The burden of disease is likely to rise as diagnostic tools become more available in developing nations and as transitioning economies, such as China, adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and “Western” diet, thus increasing the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

• #62 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The states presented a wide array of AAMRs, with Georgia having the lowest value of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.55.7) and Oregon boasting the highest value of 25.4 (95% CI: 23.527.2). It is noteworthy that states with death rates in the top 90th percentile, namely Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, had AAMRs that were more than four-fold higher than those found in the states in the lower 10th percentile, namely Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). Non-metropolitan areas consistently showed an increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2023, with APC of 12.3 (95% CI: 5.8 to 28.7) from 1999 to 2003, 0.1 (95% CI: 4.1 to 1.2) from 2003 to 2015, and 8.1 (95% CI: 6.8 to 10.6) from 2015 to 2023.

• #63 Investigating mortality trends and disparities in tricuspid valve disorder: a U.S. nationwide study from 1999 to 2023 | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-025-04664-1

  The states presented a wide array of AAMRs, with Georgia having the lowest value of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.55.7) and Oregon boasting the highest value of 25.4 (95% CI: 23.527.2). It is noteworthy that states with death rates in the top 90th percentile, namely Oregon, Minnesota, and Vermont, had AAMRs that were more than four-fold higher than those found in the states in the lower 10th percentile, namely Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana. […] Between 1999 and 2023, the mortality rates increased in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, with non-metropolitan areas ending the study period with the highest rates. Specifically, the Nonmetropolitan AAMR was 9.5 (95% CI: 8.710.2), while the Metropolitan AAMR was 8.5 (95% CI: 8.28.9). Non-metropolitan areas consistently showed an increase in AAMRs from 1999 to 2023, with APC of 12.3 (95% CI: 5.8 to 28.7) from 1999 to 2003, 0.1 (95% CI: 4.1 to 1.2) from 2003 to 2015, and 8.1 (95% CI: 6.8 to 10.6) from 2015 to 2023.

• #64 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a large cardiovascular cohort study, showed that the presence of any severity of TR (ranging from trace to more than moderate) was 82% in men and 85.7% in women. […] The progression from a mild to significant degree of TR is influenced by age and gender. […] In the USA, the prevalence of moderate and severe TR is estimated to be around 1,600,000, far exceeding the estimated number of patients being surgically treated today (8,000/year). […] The underlying mechanism is characterised by RV dilation and dysfunction, leading to leaflet tethering, tricuspid annulus dilation and leaflet malcoaptation. […] In patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis, moderate and severe TR is present in more than 25% and 40%, respectively.

• #65 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Tricuspid Valve: A Quick and Updated Guide

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/10/25/13/49/Echocardiographic-Evaluation-of-the-Tricuspid-Valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common condition and its prevalence is only expected to increase with the aging population, rising rates of atrial fibrillation, and increased use of intracardiac devices (e.g., pacemakers). […] A contemporary cohort showed 4.5% of the community and 12% of hospitalized patients had significant TR (equal to moderate or greater severity), which increased to 23% among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Over 90% of TR is due to functional etiologies, including left-sided valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or dilation of the tricuspid apparatus resulting in an incompetent valve. […] TR is associated with heart failure hospitalizations (RR 1.73) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.61 and 3.44 for moderate and severe TR, respectively). […] With the high prevalence and morbidity of TR, many promising percutaneous approaches are being devised.

• #66 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Tricuspid Valve: A Quick and Updated Guide

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2021/10/25/13/49/Echocardiographic-Evaluation-of-the-Tricuspid-Valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common condition and its prevalence is only expected to increase with the aging population, rising rates of atrial fibrillation, and increased use of intracardiac devices (e.g., pacemakers). […] A contemporary cohort showed 4.5% of the community and 12% of hospitalized patients had significant TR (equal to moderate or greater severity), which increased to 23% among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Over 90% of TR is due to functional etiologies, including left-sided valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or dilation of the tricuspid apparatus resulting in an incompetent valve. […] TR is associated with heart failure hospitalizations (RR 1.73) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.61 and 3.44 for moderate and severe TR, respectively). […] With the high prevalence and morbidity of TR, many promising percutaneous approaches are being devised.

• #67 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/2021-esc-eacts-guidelines-for-the-management-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Epidemiology: the incidence of the degenerative aetiology has increased in industrialized countries while, unfortunately, rheumatic heart disease is still too frequently observed in many parts of the world. […] A particular emphasis is put on the need for more comprehensive evaluation and earlier surgery in tricuspid regurgitation. […] The larger number of studies on transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation after failure of surgical bioprostheses served as a basis to upgrade its indication. […] Finally, the encouraging preliminary experience with transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) suggests a potential role of this treatment in inoperable patients, although this needs to be confirmed by further evaluation. […] The choice of the mode of intervention: current evidence reinforces the critical role of the Heart Team, which should integrate clinical, anatomical, and procedural characteristics beyond conventional scores, and informed patients treatment choice.

• #68 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  These insights have led to a paradigm shift in current valvular disease guidelines, advocating a more pre-emptive treatment based on tricuspid annular dilation, regardless of the degree of TR. […] Finally, isolated TR is a novel entity most frequently seen in elderly patients with a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, in the absence of concomitant pulmonary hypertension or co-existing left-sided heart disease. […] The advent of advanced imaging techniques has provided novel insights into the important role of right heart remodelling in the pathophysiology of TR which may lead to improved risk stratification and more timely intervention in the near future.

• #69 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/2021-esc-eacts-guidelines-for-the-management-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Epidemiology: the incidence of the degenerative aetiology has increased in industrialized countries while, unfortunately, rheumatic heart disease is still too frequently observed in many parts of the world. […] A particular emphasis is put on the need for more comprehensive evaluation and earlier surgery in tricuspid regurgitation. […] The larger number of studies on transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation after failure of surgical bioprostheses served as a basis to upgrade its indication. […] Finally, the encouraging preliminary experience with transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) suggests a potential role of this treatment in inoperable patients, although this needs to be confirmed by further evaluation. […] The choice of the mode of intervention: current evidence reinforces the critical role of the Heart Team, which should integrate clinical, anatomical, and procedural characteristics beyond conventional scores, and informed patients treatment choice.

• #70 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/2021-esc-eacts-guidelines-for-the-management-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Epidemiology: the incidence of the degenerative aetiology has increased in industrialized countries while, unfortunately, rheumatic heart disease is still too frequently observed in many parts of the world. […] A particular emphasis is put on the need for more comprehensive evaluation and earlier surgery in tricuspid regurgitation. […] The larger number of studies on transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation after failure of surgical bioprostheses served as a basis to upgrade its indication. […] Finally, the encouraging preliminary experience with transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) suggests a potential role of this treatment in inoperable patients, although this needs to be confirmed by further evaluation. […] The choice of the mode of intervention: current evidence reinforces the critical role of the Heart Team, which should integrate clinical, anatomical, and procedural characteristics beyond conventional scores, and informed patients treatment choice.

• #71 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a major contributor of symptoms and functional disability. Knowledge of valvular heart disease epidemiology and a deep comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends are crucial for clinical advances and the formulation of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends and changes in VHD epidemiology are crucial for advances in clinical practice and the development of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The specific causes of VHD can be misclassified, especially in areas where rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is endemic and the classification of VHD is easily prone to error. […] RHD remains by far the most common cause of primary VHD worldwide.

• #72 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Despite a substantial reduction in the burden of global poverty over the past 40–50 years, the global prevalence of RHD has been rising steadily since 1990, reaching 40.5 million people affected in 2019. […] The incidence of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has increased sevenfold during the last 30 years, with age-standardized rates four times as high in high-income compared with middle-income countries. […] The main downside related to the large-scale diffusion of VHD surgery and transcatheter intervention is that survivors remain at risk of structural valve deterioration, valve thrombosis, and prosthetic valve endocarditis and frequently require re-intervention. […] The increase in the predisposing factors of infective endocarditis. […] Considering the above, the aim of our review is to broadly discuss the epidemiology of VHD, emphasizing the wide geographical, socio-economic, and demographic differences that characterize the spectrum of the most frequently clinically encountered VHD phenotypes: CAVD, degenerative mitral valvulopathy, RHD, and mixed-valve disease.

• #73 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  These insights have led to a paradigm shift in current valvular disease guidelines, advocating a more pre-emptive treatment based on tricuspid annular dilation, regardless of the degree of TR. […] Finally, isolated TR is a novel entity most frequently seen in elderly patients with a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, in the absence of concomitant pulmonary hypertension or co-existing left-sided heart disease. […] The advent of advanced imaging techniques has provided novel insights into the important role of right heart remodelling in the pathophysiology of TR which may lead to improved risk stratification and more timely intervention in the near future.

• #74 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  The rising interest in TR has led to a re-classification of its etiology, severity, and quantification methods. […] The new classification of TR goes beyond the simple distinction between primary and secondary, promoting the notion that “not all secondary TRs are the same”, separating them into a ventricular and an atrial form, and adding cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)-induced TR. […] New guidelines suggest a multimodality imaging approach, integrating echocardiography, CT and CMR in order to overcome the intrinsic limitations of each technique. […] The current guidelines recommend transcatheter treatment only for patients with isolated, secondary TR, without severe RV/LV dysfunction or severe PH in the presence of symptoms, and for individuals that, according to the HT, are not appropriate for surgery.

• #75 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Tricuspid regurgitation has become more prevalent in developed nations due to the increased usage of intracardiac pacemakers. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention.

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