Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17578-tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid valve disease is a condition that occurs when the valve between the two right heart chambers doesn’t function properly. […] Several things can cause tricuspid valve disease, including: Carcinoid syndrome. Congenital (present at birth) defects, such as Ebstein’s anomaly. Enlarged right ventricle. Infection, such as rheumatic fever or endocarditis. Medications, especially fenfluramine and phentermine (diet drug also known as fen-phen). Systemic health conditions, such as lupus, Marfan syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. Pulmonary hypertension. Trauma (injury), such as damage from a heart attack, myocardial biopsy or pacemaker. Tumor or radiation therapy to the chest.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  In tricuspid regurgitation, lesions fall into 2 categories: primary, where intrinsic abnormalities in the tricuspid valvular apparatus are responsible, and secondary, where right atrial or ventricular dilatation causes tricuspid regurgitation. The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is secondary or functional regurgitation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is most commonly secondary in adults, with probable normal anatomical leaflets and chords. Dilatation of the right atrium and the right ventricle, along with dilatation of the tricuspid annulus and tethering of the tricuspid valve leaflet, are some of the causes of secondary tricuspid regurgitation. […] Conditions affecting the right ventricle that eventually cause tricuspid regurgitation include cardiomyopathies and ischemic heart diseases involving the right ventricular myocardium and tricuspid papillary muscles.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350168

  In tricuspid valve regurgitation, the valve between the two right heart chambers doesn’t close properly. […] Some people are born with heart valve disease that leads to tricuspid regurgitation. This is called congenital heart valve disease. But tricuspid valve regurgitation also may occur later in life due to infections and other health conditions. […] Causes of tricuspid valve regurgitation include: A heart problem you’re born with, also called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects affect the shape of the tricuspid valve and how it works. Tricuspid valve regurgitation in children is usually caused by a rare heart problem present at birth called Ebstein anomaly. In this condition, the tricuspid valve does not form correctly. It also is lower than usual in the lower right heart chamber.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Causes of primary TR include the following: Infective endocarditis: Intravenous drug use, neoplasms, alcoholism, extensive burns, infected indwelling catheters, and immune deficiency cause infection of the valve. […] Acquired disease: Rheumatic valve disease: The most common cause of pure tricuspid regurgitation due to damage to the tricuspid leaflets. […] Carcinoid syndrome: Isolated tricuspid regurgitation (may occur). […] Congenital conditions: Ebstein anomaly: The most common form of congenital disease affecting the tricuspid valve.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-overview

  Pure tricuspid regurgitation can be caused by at least 10 conditions, as follows: Rheumatic heart disease, Endocarditis, Ebstein anomaly, Tricuspid valve prolapse, Carcinoid, Papillary muscle dysfunction, Trauma, Connective-tissue diseases, Medications, RV dilatation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to rheumatic involvement is usually associated with mitral and aortic valve pathology. The valve develops diffuse fibrous thickening without commissural fusion, fused chordae, or calcific deposits. Occasionally, the chordae may be mildly thickened by fibrous tissue. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of pure tricuspid regurgitation due to deformation of the leaflets. […] Endocarditis is an important cause of tricuspid regurgitation. Factors that can contribute to infection of the valve include alcoholism, intravenous drug use, neoplasms, infected indwelling catheters, extensive burns, and immune deficiency.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350168

  Marfan syndrome. This condition is caused by changes in genes. It affects the fibers that support and anchor the organs and other structures in the body. It’s occasionally associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of strep throat can cause permanent damage to the heart and heart valves. When that happens, it’s called rheumatic heart valve disease. […] Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, also called infective endocarditis. This condition can damage the tricuspid valve. IV drug misuse increases the risk of infective endocarditis. […] Carcinoid syndrome. This condition occurs when a rare cancerous tumor releases certain chemicals into the bloodstream. It can lead to carcinoid heart disease, which damages heart valves, most commonly the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation

  https://www.my-connext.com/valvular-diseases/tricuspid/overview?spec=15&cHash=1de7718cda6c02d7a4fe0e2fb97bb0dd

  TR can be classified as primary (e.g. degenerative) or secondary (functional), depending on the underlying cause of the condition, and some patients may present with a mixed aetiology, although this is uncommon. TR is commonly associated with HF, Atrial Fibrillation (AF), pulmonary hypertension, drug use, and cardiac device implantation (e.g. pacemaker leads). […] Approximately 10-20% of cases are due to primary TR, which is diagnosed in the presence of abnormal tricuspid valve morphology. The causes of primary TR include congenital abnormalities, infection (i.e. endocarditis), rheumatic disease, chest cavity trauma, tumors, and intravenous drug use. Structural damage to the tricuspid valve during cardiac device implantation is another common cause of primary TR. […] Secondary TR is the most common form, occurring in 80-90% of cases, and is diagnosed in the presence of normal tricuspid valve morphology. The causes of secondary TR include changes in the right ventricle or distortion of the tricuspid valve leaflets, annulus or chords. The condition typically occurs secondary to left-sided heart disease (LSHD) and/or right ventricular (RV) remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid annular dilation, AF or RV dysfunction. This can make it difficult to isolate the risk factors that contribute to secondary TR independently of comorbid or underlying cardiac disease(s). […] Patients with primary TR aetiology may experience worsening of TR due to progressive cardiac remodeling and annular dilation, subsequently causing secondary TR.

• #1 Tricuspid valve disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5494422/

  The tricuspid valve disease occurs when this function is impaired. […] There are a numerous causes of tricuspid valve disease. Tricuspid regurgitation most commonly occurs in conditions which cause the right ventricle to expand or dilate, resulting in enlargement of the valves ring-like base. These conditions include heart failure, which may be a cause and consequence of tricuspid valve disease. Heart failure itself may be caused by pathology of the right or left side of the heart, for example coronary artery disease, left-sided valvular disease and conditions which affect the muscle of the heart, known as cardiomyopathies. Tricuspid regurgitation may also result from ventricular dilation secondary to high blood pressure in the lung circulation, known as pulmonary hypertension, which may be caused by left-sided heart disease or lung disease, such as emphysema. Less common causes include trauma, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, carcinoid syndrome, degeneration of the valves supporting connective tissue and congenital heart defects. […] Tricuspid stenosis most commonly results from rheumatic heart disease, which causes the leaflets of the valve to become thick, hardened and less able to open widely, thus restricting forward blood flow.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation | Iowa Heart Center

  https://www.iowaheart.com/expert-resources/conditions-and-disorders/detail/?id=27

  This is a disorder involving backward flow of blood across the tricuspid valve which separates the right ventricle (lower chamber) from the right atrium (upper heart chamber). The most common cause is due to enlargment of the right ventricle, which may be a complication of any disorder that causes failure of the right ventricle. Diseases may cause tricuspid regurgitation and include rheumatic fever. […] The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is swelling of the right ventricle. Such swelling may be a complication of any disorder that causes failure of the right ventricle. Tricuspid regurgitation may also be caused by or made worse by valve disease on the left side of the heart such as mitral regugitation and mitral stenosis. […] Other diseases can directly affect the tricuspid valve. The most common of these is rheumatic fever, which is a complication of untreated strep throat infections.

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Disease | Division of Cardiology

  https://www.columbiacardiology.org/patient-care/columbia-structural-heart-and-valve-center/patient-care/conditions-and-treatments/tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid valve disease occurs when the valve doesnt function correctly or efficiently. […] Several factors can contribute to developing tricuspid valve disease, including: Age, Atrial fibrillation (AFib), Autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, Congenital defects, Certain medications, Damage from procedures like myocardial biopsy or pacemaker implantation, Endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), Enlarged right ventricle, Genetic disorders like Marfans syndrome, Heart attack, Pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Tumors and associated conditions like carcinoid syndrome.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350168

  Chest injury. An injury to the chest, such as from a car accident, may cause damage that leads to tricuspid valve regurgitation. […] Pacemaker or other heart device wires. Tricuspid valve regurgitation might happen if wires from a pacemaker or defibrillator cross the tricuspid valve. […] Heart biopsy, also called an endomyocardial biopsy. Heart valve damage can sometimes happen when a small amount of heart muscle tissue is removed for examination. […] Radiation therapy. Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can cause tricuspid valve regurgitation.

• #1 Problem: Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation often results from an enlarged lower heart chamber (right ventricle). […] Other diseases also may cause tricuspid regurgitation, infective endocarditis (valve infection), Marfan syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, injury, carcinoid tumors and myxomatous degeneration.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-overview

  Medications that act via serotoninergic pathways may cause valvular lesions similar to those observed with carcinoid. […] In persons with an anatomically normal tricuspid valve, a common etiology of tricuspid regurgitation is dilatation of the RV cavity. The valve structures are normal; however, because of enlargement of the cavity and dilatation of the annulus, the leaflets cannot coapt properly.

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Disease: Regurgitation and Stenosis | Baptist Health

  https://cd.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid valve disease is a heart condition that affects the flow of blood from the hearts right atrium to the right ventricle. […] When the tricuspid valve flaps become thick, stiff or fused, it is known as tricuspid valve stenosis. This results in a narrowed valve opening and reduced blood flow between the atrium and ventricle. […] While tricuspid valve stenosis is not usually caused by behaviors or lifestyle factors, tricuspid valve regurgitation can be caused by: High blood pressure (particularly pulmonary hypertension), Endocarditis, Heart failure. […] Risk factors that could contribute to tricuspid valve regurgitation or stenosis include: Age: By middle age, many people have some tricuspid valve regurgitation caused by natural deterioration of the valve, and may also develop stenosis as a result of calcium deposits building up around the valve.

• #1 Problem: Tricuspid Valve Stenosis | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-tricuspid-valve-stenosis

  Tricuspid stenosis is a narrowing of the tricuspid valve opening. […] Many cases are caused by infective endocarditis or by rheumatic fever, which has become rare in the United States. Rarely, tricuspid stenosis may be caused by birth defects, tumors of the heart or chest radiation for cancer treatment.

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Disease (Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease

  The majority of serious heart valve problems affect the mitral and aortic valves. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is more common than tricuspid stenosis and usually develops in association with pulmonary hypertension in patients with mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. […] Tricuspid stenosis is most often rheumatic in origin. […] Other causes are rare, including congenital, carcinoid syndrome, Whipples disease, endocarditis, and large right atrial tumour. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is often also present, causing a pansystolic murmur in a similar location. […] Primary TR is relatively rare. It is caused by a lesion of the tricuspid valve due to congenital or acquired disease processes that affect the leaflets or chordal structures, or both. […] Secondary TR is more common and is secondary to other diseases such as left-side heart diseases, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricle dilation, and dysfunction from any cause, without any intrinsic lesion of the tricuspid valve.

• #1 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

  Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes. […] Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the valve’s ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary stenosis. Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as Ebstein’s anomaly.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation

  https://www.my-connext.com/valvular-diseases/tricuspid/overview?spec=15&cHash=1de7718cda6c02d7a4fe0e2fb97bb0dd

  Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) is a complex disease that has multiple causes, and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. TR is highly prevalent, and among valve diseases, is one of the most undertreated. If left untreated, TR initiates a cascade of events that can lead to right-sided Heart Failure (HF) and death. […] Tricuspid Valve Disease (TVD), including TR and tricuspid stenosis, is estimated to affect 70 million people worldwide. In Europe, the rate of moderate or greater TR is estimated to be 1.1% in patients aged 65 years, and the prevalence increases to 4.0% in patients aged 75 years. […] Moderate-to-severe TR is associated with increased mortality, and the risk of mortality increases with TR severity. Higher TR severity is independently associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality.

• #2 Tricuspid valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350609

  Tricuspid valve disease is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. The valve between the two right heart chambers, called the right atrium and the right ventricle, doesn’t work as it should. The heart must work harder to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. […] Causes of tricuspid valve disease depend on the specific condition. […] Some people are born with tricuspid valve disease. In others, it happens later in life. Some causes of tricuspid valve disease later in life are: infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, called infective endocarditis; a complication of strep throat that’s not treated, called rheumatic fever; a connective tissue disorder called Marfan syndrome; carcinoid syndrome, caused by a rare tumor that releases certain chemicals; heart tumors or cancer that has spread to the right side of the heart; lupus and other autoimmune diseases; scarring from chest radiation or pacemaker placement; an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (AFib); high pressures in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation

  https://www.my-connext.com/valvular-diseases/tricuspid/overview?spec=15&cHash=1de7718cda6c02d7a4fe0e2fb97bb0dd

  TR can be classified as primary (e.g. degenerative) or secondary (functional), depending on the underlying cause of the condition, and some patients may present with a mixed aetiology, although this is uncommon. TR is commonly associated with HF, Atrial Fibrillation (AF), pulmonary hypertension, drug use, and cardiac device implantation (e.g. pacemaker leads). […] Approximately 10-20% of cases are due to primary TR, which is diagnosed in the presence of abnormal tricuspid valve morphology. The causes of primary TR include congenital abnormalities, infection (i.e. endocarditis), rheumatic disease, chest cavity trauma, tumors, and intravenous drug use. Structural damage to the tricuspid valve during cardiac device implantation is another common cause of primary TR. […] Secondary TR is the most common form, occurring in 80-90% of cases, and is diagnosed in the presence of normal tricuspid valve morphology. The causes of secondary TR include changes in the right ventricle or distortion of the tricuspid valve leaflets, annulus or chords. The condition typically occurs secondary to left-sided heart disease (LSHD) and/or right ventricular (RV) remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid annular dilation, AF or RV dysfunction. This can make it difficult to isolate the risk factors that contribute to secondary TR independently of comorbid or underlying cardiac disease(s). […] Patients with primary TR aetiology may experience worsening of TR due to progressive cardiac remodeling and annular dilation, subsequently causing secondary TR.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Causes of primary TR include the following: Infective endocarditis: Intravenous drug use, neoplasms, alcoholism, extensive burns, infected indwelling catheters, and immune deficiency cause infection of the valve. […] Acquired disease: Rheumatic valve disease: The most common cause of pure tricuspid regurgitation due to damage to the tricuspid leaflets. […] Carcinoid syndrome: Isolated tricuspid regurgitation (may occur). […] Congenital conditions: Ebstein anomaly: The most common form of congenital disease affecting the tricuspid valve.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-overview

  Pure tricuspid regurgitation can be caused by at least 10 conditions, as follows: Rheumatic heart disease, Endocarditis, Ebstein anomaly, Tricuspid valve prolapse, Carcinoid, Papillary muscle dysfunction, Trauma, Connective-tissue diseases, Medications, RV dilatation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to rheumatic involvement is usually associated with mitral and aortic valve pathology. The valve develops diffuse fibrous thickening without commissural fusion, fused chordae, or calcific deposits. Occasionally, the chordae may be mildly thickened by fibrous tissue. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of pure tricuspid regurgitation due to deformation of the leaflets. […] Endocarditis is an important cause of tricuspid regurgitation. Factors that can contribute to infection of the valve include alcoholism, intravenous drug use, neoplasms, infected indwelling catheters, extensive burns, and immune deficiency.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease 

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/specialties/tricuspid-valve-disease/

  Tricuspid valve disease is a condition in which the valve between the two right heart chambers, called the right ventricle and right atrium, does not function properly or is damaged. […] Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of tricuspid valve disease, but other causes include coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and trauma to the heart.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Less common causes of tricuspid regurgitation include: A type of heart defect present at birth called Ebstein anomaly; Carcinoid tumors, which release a hormone that damages the valve; Marfan syndrome; Rheumatoid arthritis; Radiation therapy; Past use of a diet pill called „Fen-Phen” (phentermine and fenfluramine) or dexfenfluramine. The drug was removed from the market in 1997.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-overview

  Ebstein anomaly is a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve characterized by apical displacement of the annular insertion of the septal and posterior leaflets and atrialization of a portion of the ventricular myocardium. […] The incidence of tricuspid valve prolapse (floppy tricuspid valve) varies from 0.3-3.2%. […] Pure tricuspid regurgitation can occur as part of the carcinoid heart syndrome. […] Papillary muscle dysfunction may result from necrosis secondary to myocardial infarction, fibrosis, or infiltrative processes. […] Trauma to the RV may damage the structures of the tricuspid valve, resulting in insufficiency of the structure. […] Marfan syndrome or other connective-tissue diseases (eg, osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) may cause tricuspid regurgitation.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation: Etiology, clinical features, and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-regurgitation-etiology-clinical-features-and-evaluation

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a relatively common abnormality. Since this lesion is frequently asymptomatic and may not be detected on physical examination, it is often diagnosed solely by echocardiography. This topic will review the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features associated with regurgitation of the tricuspid valve. […] ETIOLOGY […] A small degree of TR (trace) is present in approximately 80 percent of healthy adults. On echocardiography, this „normal” or physiological degree of regurgitation is localized to a small region adjacent to valve closure, often does not extend throughout systole, and has a low signal strength. […] Abnormal degrees of TR in adults are largely secondary (ie, related to tricuspid annular dilation and/or leaflet tethering in the setting of right ventricular [RV] pressure and/or volume overload) and much less often due to primary disorders of the valve apparatus. The frequency of TR as well as valvular pathology was evaluated in a study of 5223 adults (predominantly male with a mean age of 67) who underwent echocardiography at three Veterans Affairs medical centers. Moderate to severe TR was present in 819 (15.7 percent), but only 8 percent had primary tricuspid valve pathology.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/tricuspid-valve-disease/1000

  Tricuspid valve disease can be caused by: […] Dilated right ventricle: When the right ventricle dilates (expands), the tricuspid valves ringlike base stretches out and the leaflets dont close. Examples of conditions that cause dilated right ventricle include heart failure, mitral valve disease and coronary artery disease. […] Infections: Rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis (an infection of the heart lining that can also involve the valves) can damage the leaflets of the tricuspid valve. These diseases can also damage the aortic and mitral valves. […] Pulmonary hypertension: This is an increase in blood pressure in the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension can lead to increased pressure in the right ventricle and subsequent damage to the tricuspid valve.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21627-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation is when the valve between your right atrium and right ventricle doesnt fully close. This causes some blood to flow the wrong way. […] Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a form of heart valve disease. It can range from trivial (no effects on your body) to severe. […] Many different medical conditions can cause your right atrium and/or your right ventricle to enlarge. Examples include: Atrial fibrillation, Cardiomyopathy, Coronary artery disease, Failure of your left ventricle, Pulmonary hypertension, Severe mitral valve regurgitation, Severe aortic valve stenosis. […] Less often, tricuspid regurgitation results from abnormal or damaged valve leaflets. Healthcare providers call this form primary tricuspid regurgitation. It has many possible causes, ranging from medical conditions to trauma.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease (Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease

  Aetiology is secondary in over 90% of cases, due to pressure and/or volume overload right ventricular dilatation or enlarged right atrium and tricuspid annulus due to chronic atrial fibrillation. […] The causes of primary tricuspid regurgitation include infective endocarditis (especially in intravenous drug addicts, rheumatic heart disease, carcinoid syndrome, myxomatous disease, endomyocardial fibrosis, congenital valve dysplasia (eg, Ebsteins anomaly), thoracic trauma, and iatrogenic valve damage. […] Secondary tricuspid regurgitation may also develop late after left-sided valve surgery.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  What Causes Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation? The most common factor in the development of tricuspid valve regurgitation is an enlarged right ventricle (functional TR). This can happen without a clear cause, but several risk factors can increase your chances of developing tricuspid regurgitation. These include: […] Congenital heart defects, such as Ebstein anomaly […] Infection, including rheumatic fever and endocarditis […] Injury or physical trauma to the chest, such as damage from a car crash or accidental damage sustained during the placement of a pacemaker […] Marfan syndrome, a genetic disease affecting connective tissues of the body […] Radiation therapy […] Carcinoid Syndrome, a rare disease that causes tumors to develop in the liver […] Lung disease […] Liver disease.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation: Etiology, clinical features, and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-regurgitation-etiology-clinical-features-and-evaluation

  Implantable device leads that cross the tricuspid valve may cause acute or chronic TR. The reported frequency of pacemaker lead-associated TR ranges from 7 to 45 percent, can be progressive, and is associated with an increased rate of adverse clinical outcomes. The causes of pacer-associated TR include: effects of chronic RV pacing on RV geometry and systolic function, direct impingement on leaflet motion, foreign body inflammation and fibrosis of the leaflets, thrombosis, and endocarditis. In a retrospective series of 239 patients undergoing first device implantation with either a pacer or cardioverter-defibrillator lead crossing the tricuspid valve, 38 percent developed significant lead-associated TR within 1 to 1.5 years.

• #2 Tricuspid valve regurgitation | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20120486/

  Chest injury. An injury to the chest, such as from a car accident, may cause damage that leads to tricuspid valve regurgitation. […] Pacemaker or other heart device wires. Tricuspid valve regurgitation might happen if wires from a pacemaker or defibrillator cross the tricuspid valve. […] Heart biopsy, also called an endomyocardial biopsy. Heart valve damage can sometimes happen when a small amount of heart muscle tissue is removed for examination. […] Radiation therapy. Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can cause tricuspid valve regurgitation.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease | Division of Cardiology

  https://www.columbiacardiology.org/patient-care/columbia-structural-heart-and-valve-center/patient-care/conditions-and-treatments/tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid valve disease occurs when the valve doesnt function correctly or efficiently. […] Several factors can contribute to developing tricuspid valve disease, including: Age, Atrial fibrillation (AFib), Autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, Congenital defects, Certain medications, Damage from procedures like myocardial biopsy or pacemaker implantation, Endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), Enlarged right ventricle, Genetic disorders like Marfans syndrome, Heart attack, Pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Tumors and associated conditions like carcinoid syndrome.

• #2 Tricuspid valve disease | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tricuspid-valve-disease?content_id=CON-20155128

  Causes of tricuspid valve disease depend on the specific condition. […] Some people are born with tricuspid valve disease. In others, it happens later in life. Some causes of tricuspid valve disease later in life are: […] Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, called infective endocarditis. […] A complication of strep throat that’s not treated, called rheumatic fever. […] A connective tissue disorder called Marfan syndrome. […] Carcinoid syndrome, caused by a rare tumor that releases certain chemicals. […] Heart tumors or cancer that has spread to the right side of the heart. […] Lupus and other autoimmune diseases. […] Scarring from chest radiation or pacemaker placement. […] An irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (AFib). […] High pressures in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension.

• #2 Both mitral and tricuspid regurgitation: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/both-mitral-and-tricuspid-regurgitation

  In TR, blood leaks backward from the bottom right chamber of the heart, called the right ventricle, into the top right chamber, the right atrium. […] TR can be primary or secondary. […] Abnormalities in the tricuspid valve are the cause of primary TR. In secondary TR, the valve is normal, and dilation of the heart chamber causes the regurgitation. […] An enlarged right ventricle is a common cause of TR. Other causes of TR include: […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): RA causes inflammation, which may damage the heart valves. […] Infective endocarditis: Endocarditis is a condition that causes inflammation in the heart. […] Myxomatous degeneration: This condition affects the valves structure and function. […] Marfan syndrome: This condition affects the body’s connective tissues and can damage the heart valves. […] Phentermine (Fen-Phen) use: Phentermine is an appetite suppressant drug that stimulates the brain and spinal cord. The drug has strong links to valvular heart disease and other heart conditions, including TR.

• #2 What is Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tricuspid-regurgitation

  What causes tricuspid regurgitation? […] The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is right ventricle dilation. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood from your heart to your lungs. When the right ventricle is forced to work extra hard at this task, it can dilate (or become larger) to compensate. This can cause the ring of tissue that supports the tricuspid valves ability to open and close to dilate as well. […] Infections can directly injure the tricuspid valve, eventually leading to tricuspid regurgitation. The most common of these infections is infective endocarditis. […] The diet medications phentermine and fenfluramine also known as Fen-Phen have been linked to tricuspid regurgitation. These drugs, however, are now off the market and are no longer a common cause of tricuspid regurgitation.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/article/tricuspid-regurgitation-744501

  Medications. Diet medicines, such as fenfluramine and phentermine (fen-phen), have been known to cause valve damage. Rarely, methysergide, a medication sometimes given long-term for migraine headaches, can cause regurgitation in the valve. […] Tricuspid valve balloon valvotomy. The repair of tricuspid stenosis can often lead to regurgitation of the valve. […] Mitral valve abnormalities. Tricuspid valve disease often happens at the same time as mitral valve disease and is usually treated at the same time, especially if surgery is needed. […] Other causes. Rheumatoid arthritis, immune diseases like lupus, radiation to the chest, or trauma can cause damage to the valve.

• #2

• #2 Diseases of the Tricuspid Valve | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/diseases-of-the-tricuspid-valve/

  Two diseases of the tricuspid valve are regurgitation and stenosis. […] The main cause of tricuspid regurgitation is an enlarged right ventricle. This may be caused by any disorder that causes right ventricular failure, such as increased pressure in the pulmonary artery. Damage to the tricuspid valve may be caused by rheumatic fever. […] Tricuspid stenosis is usually associated with rheumatic fever. Often, people with tricuspid stenosis also have mitral stenosis.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Stenosis | Cardiology | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/heart-vascular/conditions/tricuspid-valve-stenosis

  The most common cause of tricuspid valve stenosis is rheumatic fever, which develops from untreated strep throat. […] Although it is rare, tricuspid valve stenosis can also occur during fetal development as a congenital heart defect, from a tumor or from connective tissue disorder. […] Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing tricuspid valve stenosis include: Congenital heart disease if your child has Ebsteins anomaly, he or she is at greater risk of developing tricuspid stenosis. […] Rheumatic fever if you had rheumatic fever as a child, you are at higher risk of developing tricuspid stenosis. […] Other heart conditions history of heart disease, including a heart attack, heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, could put you at higher risk for developing valve disease later.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease (Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease

  The majority of serious heart valve problems affect the mitral and aortic valves. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is more common than tricuspid stenosis and usually develops in association with pulmonary hypertension in patients with mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. […] Tricuspid stenosis is most often rheumatic in origin. […] Other causes are rare, including congenital, carcinoid syndrome, Whipples disease, endocarditis, and large right atrial tumour. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is often also present, causing a pansystolic murmur in a similar location. […] Primary TR is relatively rare. It is caused by a lesion of the tricuspid valve due to congenital or acquired disease processes that affect the leaflets or chordal structures, or both. […] Secondary TR is more common and is secondary to other diseases such as left-side heart diseases, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricle dilation, and dysfunction from any cause, without any intrinsic lesion of the tricuspid valve.

• #2 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

  Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes. […] Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the valve’s ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary stenosis. Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as Ebstein’s anomaly.

• #2 Tricuspid valve regurgitation: no longer the “forgotten valve”

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-no-longer-the-forgotten-valve

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease. […] In general, the aetiology of TR is classified according to the presence of primary tricuspid valve pathology (primary TR), the presence of associated left-sided heart disease (secondary TR) or the presence of atrial fibrillation without any associated left-sided heart disease (isolated TR). […] Whereas reported estimated frequencies of primary TR are 8-10%, secondary TR constitutes the predominant mechanism in 90% and, more frequently, isolated TR is now being recognised as a distinct entity. […] Primary TR is caused by an abnormality of the tricuspid valve and/or its subvalvular apparatus (tricuspid leaflets, chordae, papillary muscles, or annulus), due to congenital or acquired causes. […] Acquired causes of primary TR include tumours (carcinoid disease, myxoma), drug-induced leaflet damage (ergot alkaloids, dopamine agonists, anorectic drugs), iatrogenic injury (transvenous pacing or defibrillator leads, endomyocardial biopsy), endocarditis, systemic diseases (lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis), radiation, rheumatic disease, and trauma.

• #2 Unveiling the Origins: Investigating the Causes of Tricuspid Valv

  https://www.primescholars.com/articles/unveiling-the-origins-investigating-the-causes-of-tricuspid-valve-malady-123562.html

  Intravenous drug use, particularly with unsterilized needles, increases the risk of infective endocarditis, which can affect the tricuspid valve. As individuals age, the risk of degenerative changes in the tricuspid valve increases, contributing to the development of tricuspid valve disease. […] Tricuspid valve disease encompasses a complex array of causes, ranging from congenital factors to acquired conditions and secondary influences. By understanding the underlying factors contributing to tricuspid valve disease, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose the condition, develop tailored treatment plans, and optimize patient outcomes. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for preventing the progression of tricuspid valve disease and minimizing the risk of complications.

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