Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Diverticular Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780060/

  Diverticular disease is prevalent in Western countries and yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The common theories of the cause of diverticular disease have focused on colonic motility, the structural aspects of the colonic wall, and the role of dietary factors, particularly fiber. […] The common theories with respect to the development of diverticulosis focus on three areas: structural abnormalities of the colonic wall, disordered motility, and the role of dietary fiber. […] Diverticular disease has been called a disease of Western civilization and a large body of evidence supports the role of diet, particularly fiber, in the pathogenesis of the disease. […] Authors of early studies of diverticular disease primarily made their conclusions by comparing populations with traditionally low incidence of diverticular disease (such as Asian or African populations) with Westernized populations that have an ever-increasing incidence of diverticular disease. A striking difference between these two populations is the diet. […] This debate has stimulated several studies on the effects of a high-fiber diet on the colon.

• #1 Diverticulitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diverticulitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371758

  Diverticula gradually develop over time in the walls of the colon. They are common in older adults. Pressure in the colon possibly from spasms or straining may cause diverticula to form where the wall of the colon is weak. […] Diverticulitis is inflammation of one or more diverticula. This may happen because of bacterial disease or damage to diverticula tissues.

• #1 Patient education: Diverticular disease (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diverticular-disease-beyond-the-basics/print

  A diverticulum is a pouch-like structure that can form through points of weakness in the muscular wall of the colon (ie, at points where blood vessels pass through the wall). […] The risk of diverticular disease increases with age. It occurs throughout the world but is seen more commonly in developed countries. […] Inflammation of a diverticulum (diverticulitis) occurs when there is thinning and breakdown of the diverticular wall. This may be caused by increased pressure within the colon or by hardened particles of stool, which can become lodged within the diverticulum. […] Diverticular bleeding occurs when a small artery located within a diverticulum is eroded and bleeds into the colon. […] Approximately 15 to 25 percent of people with diverticulosis will develop diverticulitis, while 5 to 15 percent will develop diverticular bleeding. […] An operation to remove the diseased area of the colon may be necessary if you do not improve with medical therapy.

• #1 Diverticulosis and diverticulitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diverticulosis-and-diverticulitis

  There may also be genetic causes. Western people develop diverticulosis in the last third of the colon, while people in Asian countries such as Japan, Taiwan and Singapore generally develop diverticulosis in the first section of the colon. […] Analysis of familial cases of diverticulitis has identified at least 2 genes associated with this condition, and one of these (TNFSF15) has been shown to be associated with diverticulitis in multiple studies.

• #1 Diverticular disease | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticular disease is caused by small bulges in the large intestine (diverticula) developing and becoming inflamed. If any of the diverticula become infected, this leads to symptoms of diverticulitis. […] The exact reason why diverticula develop is not known, but they are associated with not eating enough fibre. […] The pressure of moving hard, small pieces of stools through your large intestine creates weak spots in the outside layer of muscle. This allows the inner layer (mucosa) to squeeze through these weak spots, creating the diverticula. […] However, factors that appear to increase your risk of developing diverticular disease include smoking, being overweight or obese, having a history of constipation, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) painkillers, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, and having a close relative with diverticular disease, especially if they developed it under the age of 50. […] Diverticulitis is caused by an infection of one or more of the diverticula. […] It is thought an infection develops when a hard piece of stool or undigested food gets trapped in one of the pouches. This gives bacteria in the stool the chance to multiply and spread, triggering an infection.

• #1 Diverticular disease of the colon – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/diverticular-disease-of-the-colon

  Many health-conscious people can recite their cholesterol counts and blood pressure readings, and PSA levels without even glancing at their medical records. But few of these well-informed gents can tell you if they have diverticular disease of the colon, even though it’s an extremely common condition. […] Diverticulosis is uncommon before age 40, but about one-third of all Americans will develop the condition by age 60, and two-thirds will have it by age 85. That makes diverticulosis one of the most common medical conditions in the United States. […] What accounts for the difference? The principal factor is diet, especially the refinement of carbohydrates, which has deprived the typical American diet of much of its fiber content. Diverticulosis is a disease of Western civilization. […] A Harvard study of 47,888 men demonstrates the role of dietary fiber. Men who consumed the most fiber were 42% less likely to develop symptomatic diverticular disease than their peers who consumed the least fiber.

• #1 Diverticulitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis

  Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis. […] A 2022 study found that more frequent bowel movements appeared to be a risk factor for subsequent diverticulitis both in men and women. […] Obesity has been regarded as a risk factor for diverticulitis. […] It is unclear what role dietary fiber plays in diverticulitis. […] It is often stated that a diet low in fiber is a risk factor; however, the evidence to support this is unclear. […] Red meat consumption, particularly unprocessed red meat, has been associated with higher diverticulitis risk. […] A 2017 analysis found a dietary pattern high in red meat, refined grains, and high-fat dairy was associated with an increased risk of incident diverticulitis whereas a dietary pattern high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains was associated with decreased risk.

• #1 Diverticulitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10352-diverticulitis

  Diverticulitis is inflammation in your diverticula, which are small pockets that can develop on the inside of your colon. […] Inflammation in your diverticula often involves a tear in the lining and infection, though its not always clear which came first. On one hand, diverticula make great hiding places for bacteria to set up camp and multiply. This might happen if, for example, some poop gets stuck in one of them. A bacterial infection might trigger inflammation, and inflammation might cause a diverticulum to swell and tear. […] On the other hand, if a diverticulum tears for another reason, it can easily become infected by normal levels of bacteria living in your colon. It might tear if hard poop stretches it while passing through, or if its been affected by general colitis (inflammation in your colon). Some studies have suggested that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in your colon might be a significant factor in triggering diverticulitis.

• #1 Diverticular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticular_disease

  Diverticular disease is when problems occur due to diverticulosis, a benign condition defined by the formation of pouches (diverticula) from weak spots in the wall of the large intestine. […] Acute diverticulitis is thought to arise from either trauma or lack of blood flow to the existing diverticulum in the colon. […] The traumatic theory proposes that a fecalith, which is a hardened fecal matter, becomes trapped in a diverticulum, leading to colonic mucosa abrasion and local inflammation. […] In the ischemic theory, it is thought that long standing colonic contraction causes blood vessel compression at the diverticular neck, leading to ischemia, inflammatory response, and perforation. […] Chronic smoldering diverticulitis is caused by recurrent acute diverticulitis that does not respond to medical treatment but does not progress to complications such as abscess, peritonitis, enteric fistula, or bowel obstruction.

• #1 Symptoms & Causes of Diverticular Disease – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diverticulosis-diverticulitis/symptoms-causes

  What causes diverticular disease? Doctors arent sure what causes diverticular disease. Experts think the following factors may play a role in causing or increasing the risk for this disease. […] Research suggests that certain genes may make some people more likely to develop diverticular disease. […] Certain lifestyle factors may increase the risk of diverticulitis or complications of diverticular disease, including diets low in fiber and high in red meat, lack of physical activity, medicines such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids, obesity, smoking. […] Scientists are studying other factors that may play a role in diverticular disease. These factors include bacteria or stool getting caught in a pouch in your colon, changes in the microbiome of the intestines, problems with connective tissue, muscles, or nerves in your colon, problems with the immune system.

• #1 What Causes Diverticulitis? How It Occurs and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-divertculitis-7111876

  Additionally, mutations in the LAMB4 gene could cause poor colonic motility (passage of waste through the intestines), increasing the risk of diverticulitis. […] Although more research is needed, statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs), metformin (an antidiabetic medicine), and calcium channel blockers (blood pressure-lowering drugs) may decrease the risk of diverticulitis. […] Although the cause is not fully understood, environmental and genetic factors influence the prevalence of diverticulitis.

• #1 Diverticular Disease & Diverticulitis | Causes & Symptoms | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/diverticular-disease/

  Diverticular disease is a diagnosis given in people who have symptoms and is extremely common in the developed world. […] The short answer is that it is still uncertain what causes diverticula to develop. The most important risk factor is age. After the age of 40 they become more common. […] A lot of interest has been placed in lifestyle factors. Diverticula are commoner amongst people with an unhealthy high body weight. […] The idea that constipation causes the development of diverticula has also not been proven to be correct. […] Diverticular disease is associated with people who have a diagnosis of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Williams Syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. […] The current theory is that the inflammation and/or infection occurs because of an overgrowth of bacteria in the diverticula. […] The causes of flare-ups of diverticular disease or the development of complications such as acute diverticulitis is unknown, despite research.

• #1 Diverticulitis causes, risk factors and complications

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-and-complications

  Age: Older generations are more at risk of diverticula becoming infected or inflamed. […] Obesity: High body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are factors associated with pressure and inflammation in the body, which can result in diverticular bleeding or diverticulitis. […] Medication use: The use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications), steroids, opiates (opioids) and aspirin for extended periods (more than 4 times a week over a period of years). […] Other influencing risk factors include: Cigarette smoking, Lack of physical activity or exercise, A diet that is high in animal fats.

• #1 Diverticulitis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diverticulitis/symptoms/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-you-need-know/

  Smoking cigarettes: Smoking impairs the blood supply to the colon and can increase pressure within the colon as well, potentially leading to perforation. […] The good news is, even if you already have diverticulosis, following the above advice can reduce your risk of developing diverticulitis by up to 50 percent, Kim says. Exercise, eat your fiber, avoid red meat, dont smoke. If you do all the good stuff, you can significantly reduce your risk of getting diverticulitis. […] Research has shown that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with a reduced risk of diverticulitis as well, so consider getting some of that exercise outside in the sun, or supplementing with vitamin D if your doctor thinks thats appropriate. […] Complications, including abscesses, fistulas, obstruction, and perforation, occur in about 25 percent of people with diverticulitis.

• #1 Diverticulitis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diverticulitis/symptoms/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-you-need-know/

  Taking corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs have been found to cause injury to the gastrointestinal tract, and NSAIDs may also prevent the formation of a compound that maintains intestinal tissue. […] Eating a diet high in saturated fat and red meat, and low in water and fiber, isnt the only way you may increase your risk of diverticulitis. […] Not getting enough exercise: Besides contributing to weight loss, physical activity, particularly jogging and running, have been associated with faster transit of stool through the colon. Overall cardiorespiratory fitness is also associated with reduced diverticulitis risk. […] Drinking too much alcohol: While the research is inconsistent in linking alcohol to diverticulitis, some studies suggest that alcohol can impair the motility of the colon, increasing the pressure within the colon.

• #1 Diverticulitis causes, risk factors and complications

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-and-complications

  A direct cause is not yet entirely known among medical professionals. It is known, however, that a diet lacking in fibre has a strong connection with the formation of blisters and sacs. […] A lack of this causes constipation which results in more pressure in the colon. […] This pressure is believed to have a strong influence in the formation of pouches, sacs and blisters (forming when a tear or small perforation in the intestinal wall tissues occur), which then become inflamed with bacterial growth, and lead to diverticulitis. […] Factors which place a person at risk of developing diverticulitis include: Lack of fibre content: This is of particular concern for countries that consume high quantities of processed foodstuffs. […] Constipation: Strain that occurs on muscles during a bowel movement is associated with a constipated condition.

• #1

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/diverticular-disease-expanded-version

  Chronic diverticulitis also refers to the complications that arise from repeated attacks of diverticulitis such as stricture and fistula. […] A risk factor is something that increases a persons chance of getting a disease or problem. There are many risk factors for diverticular disease including: Low fiber diet. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen for conditions such as arthritis has been associated with complications of diverticulosis. […] Patients whose immune systems are suppressed from medications (steroids or anti-rejection medications for a transplanted organ) are at risk for more severe complications such as colonic perforation. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol may raise the risk of diverticulitis by 2-3 times as compared to the general population. […] It is unclear the extent to which age and gender are a risk factor for complications from diverticulosis.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticular disease, diverticulitis, and diverticulosis are conditions that affect the large bowel (intestine). […] It is not known why some people develop diverticula. But it is thought to be linked to age, diet and lifestyle, and your genes. […] As you get older, the walls of your large bowel become weaker. The pressure of hard stools passing through your bowels can cause diverticula. […] It’s thought that a lack of fibre is linked to diverticular disease and diverticulitis. […] Other things linked to an increased risk for diverticula include: smoking, being overweight or obese, a history of constipation, long-term, regular use of painkillers such as ibuprofen or aspirin. […] You’re more likely to get diverticula if a close relative has had diverticular disease. It is even more likely if they were diagnosed before they were 50.

• #1 Diverticulosis | Diverticulitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/diverticulosisanddiverticulitis.html

  Diverticulosis is a condition in which you have these pouches. […] Researchers aren’t sure what causes diverticulosis and diverticulitis. They think certain factors may play a role in causing or increasing the risk for these conditions, including: […] Certain genes may make some people more likely to develop the conditions. […] Lifestyle factors such as diets low in fiber and high in red meat, lack of physical activity, taking certain medicines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids, having obesity, and smoking. […] Researchers are also looking at other possible factors that may play a role in these conditions. Those factors include bacteria or stool (poop) getting caught in a pouch in your colon and changes in the microbiome in the intestines.

• #1 Diverticulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/173388-overview

  Diverticulitis is defined as an inflammation of one or more diverticula. Its pathogenesis remains unclear. Fecal material or undigested food particles may collect in a diverticulum, causing obstruction. This obstruction may result in distention of the diverticula secondary to mucous secretion and overgrowth of normal colonic bacteria. Vascular compromise and subsequent microperforation or macroperforation then ensue. Alternatively, some investigators believe that increased intraluminal pressure or inspissated food particles cause erosion of the diverticular wall, resulting in inflammation, focal necrosis, and perforation. […] It has been postulated that diverticulitis may also result from alterations in immune responses and in the intestinal bacteria, or gut microbiome. As small tears develop in the colon and become inflamed/infected, diverticulitis results. The microbiome is a prominent area of focus in current research. Investigators hope to isolate and grow bacteria from stool samples of individuals with asymptomatic diverticulosis and those with acute diverticulitis. Should these bacterial populations statistically differ, it may help clinicians to understand which patients are at a greater risk of developing diverticulitis. It may also allow the treatment of such changes in microbiota and the prevention of complicated disease.

• #1 Diverticular disease and diverticulitis: causes, symptoms and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  While diverticular disease generally affects the sigmoid colon in Western populations, right-sided colonic disease is more common in Asian populations. The genetic element in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease has also been substantiated in sibling and twin studies. […] There has been a wide-held belief that people with diverticular disease should avoid nuts and seeds owing to the risk of small food particles becoming lodged in diverticulae, promoting or exacerbating local inflammation and infection. However, a large prospective study found no association between frequent consumption of nuts, corn and popcorn and the increased risk of diverticulosis or diverticular complications. Instead, the research suggested that higher consumption of these foods could protect against diverticulitis.

• #1 Diverticular disease and diverticulitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticular disease and diverticulitis are conditions that affect the large intestine (bowel), causing tummy (abdominal) pain and other symptoms. They’re caused by small bulges or pouches in the walls of the intestine called diverticula. […] Diverticulitis is treated with antibiotics if the diverticulitis is caused by an infection. […] Rarely, diverticulitis can lead to serious complications such as a build-up of pus (abscess) in your bowel, a blockage in your bowel, an opening from your bowel to another organ, such as your bladder, called a fistula, and a hole (perforation) in your bowel, which can cause a severe infection called peritonitis.

• #1 Diverticula (Diverticulosis, Diverticular Disease, Diverticulitis)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diverticula-diverticulosis-diverticular-disease-diverticulitis

  Diverticulitis is a condition where one or more of the diverticula become inflamed and infected. This may occur if some faeces get trapped and stagnate in a diverticulum. Germs (bacteria) in the trapped faeces may then multiply and cause infection. […] About 1 in 5 people with diverticula develop a bout of diverticulitis at some stage. Some people have recurring bouts of diverticulitis. […] An infected diverticulum (diverticulitis) sometimes gets worse and causes complications. Possible complications include a blockage (obstruction) of the colon, a collection of pus (abscess) that may form in the abdomen, a channel (fistula) that may form to other organs such as the bladder, and a hole (perforation) in the wall of the bowel that can lead to infection inside the abdomen (peritonitis). […] A diverticulum may occasionally bleed and some blood may be passed via the back passage (anus). The bleeding is usually abrupt and painless. The bleeding is due to a burst blood vessel that sometimes occurs in the wall of a diverticulum and so the amount of blood loss can be heavy. […] A diagnosis of presumed diverticular disease can be made by taking a history and examination. A definite diagnosis of diverticular disease would be made by confirming the presence of diverticula and ruling out other causes of the symptoms during tests such as colonoscopies.

• #1 Causes and Risk Factors of Diverticulitis

  https://www.health.com/diverticulitis-causes-7642759

  Some research suggests that diverticulitis may develop due to chronic inflammation in the colon (large intestine). Factors like diet and underlying autoimmune conditions are linked to chronic inflammation and may contribute to the development of diverticulitis. […] Research from 2019 and 2020 shows that diverticulosis and diverticulitis (diverticular disease) are hereditary. […] Researchers estimate that around 40-50% of the risk for diverticular disease is genetic. […] A diet low in fiber, high in red meat, and lacking in fruits and vegetables can increase your risk of diverticulitis. […] Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of diverticulitis. […] Diverticulitis is more common in people with obesity (BMI of 30.0 or higher). […] Several medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and corticosteroids, increase the risk of diverticulitis.

• #2 Diverticulitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10352-diverticulitis

  Diverticulitis is inflammation in your diverticula, which are small pockets that can develop on the inside of your colon. […] Inflammation in your diverticula often involves a tear in the lining and infection, though its not always clear which came first. On one hand, diverticula make great hiding places for bacteria to set up camp and multiply. This might happen if, for example, some poop gets stuck in one of them. A bacterial infection might trigger inflammation, and inflammation might cause a diverticulum to swell and tear. […] On the other hand, if a diverticulum tears for another reason, it can easily become infected by normal levels of bacteria living in your colon. It might tear if hard poop stretches it while passing through, or if its been affected by general colitis (inflammation in your colon). Some studies have suggested that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in your colon might be a significant factor in triggering diverticulitis.

• #2 Diverticular disease | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticular disease is caused by small bulges in the large intestine (diverticula) developing and becoming inflamed. If any of the diverticula become infected, this leads to symptoms of diverticulitis. […] The exact reason why diverticula develop is not known, but they are associated with not eating enough fibre. […] The pressure of moving hard, small pieces of stools through your large intestine creates weak spots in the outside layer of muscle. This allows the inner layer (mucosa) to squeeze through these weak spots, creating the diverticula. […] However, factors that appear to increase your risk of developing diverticular disease include smoking, being overweight or obese, having a history of constipation, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) painkillers, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, and having a close relative with diverticular disease, especially if they developed it under the age of 50. […] Diverticulitis is caused by an infection of one or more of the diverticula. […] It is thought an infection develops when a hard piece of stool or undigested food gets trapped in one of the pouches. This gives bacteria in the stool the chance to multiply and spread, triggering an infection.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut1425spec

  The reason pouches (diverticula) form in the colon wall is not completely understood. Doctors think diverticula form when high pressure inside the colon pushes against weak spots in the colon wall. […] A low-fibre diet also can increase the time stool remains in the bowel, adding to the high pressure. […] Pouches may form when the high pressure pushes against weak spots in the colon. Weak spots are where blood vessels pass through the muscle layer of the bowel wall to supply blood to the inner wall. […] Bleeding occurs when the blood vessel going to the pouch breaks open. […] You may have a higher risk of diverticular bleeding if you take aspirin regularly (more than 4 days a week).

• #2 Diverticular disease and diverticulitis: causes, symptoms and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  While diverticular disease generally affects the sigmoid colon in Western populations, right-sided colonic disease is more common in Asian populations. The genetic element in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease has also been substantiated in sibling and twin studies. […] There has been a wide-held belief that people with diverticular disease should avoid nuts and seeds owing to the risk of small food particles becoming lodged in diverticulae, promoting or exacerbating local inflammation and infection. However, a large prospective study found no association between frequent consumption of nuts, corn and popcorn and the increased risk of diverticulosis or diverticular complications. Instead, the research suggested that higher consumption of these foods could protect against diverticulitis.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diverticulitis-Causes.aspx

  Diverticulitis is a common digestive condition caused by infection and inflammation of the intestinal lining. […] A lack of fibre in the diet is thought to be the main cause of this condition, which is more common among older individuals. […] On the other hand, a diet low in fibre causes small, hard stools to form, which leads to straining of the intestinal wall to push them out. This causes weak spots in the muscular layer of the intestinal wall. The inner layer then pushes through these weak spots, which gives rise to the formation of diverticula. […] As a person ages, the walls of the colon become progressively weaker and the passing of hard stools increases the likelihood of diverticula forming. […] Certain risk factors for developing diverticular disease have been developed and these include: Being overweight, Smoking, A history of constipation, Lack of physical activity, The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #2 Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

  https://www.endo-world.com/resources/e-learning-patient-education/lower-digestive-disorders/diverticulosis-and-diverticulitis/

  Most people have in their colons small pouches that bulge outward through weak spots, like an inner tube that pokes through weak places in a tire. Each pouch is called a diverticulum. Pouches are diverticula. The condition of having diverticula is called diverticulosis. About half of all Americans age 60 to 80, and almost everyone over age 80, have diverticulosis. […] Doctors believe a low-fiber diet is the main cause of diverticular disease. […] Diverticular disease is common in developed or industrialized countries particularly the United States, England, and Australia where low-fiber diets are common. The disease is rare in countries of Asia and Africa, where people eat high-fiber vegetable diets. […] Constipation makes the muscles strain to move stool that is too hard. It is the main cause of increased pressure in the colon. The excess pressure causes the weak spots in the colon to bulge out and become diverticula.

• #2 What Is Diverticulitis? | Symptoms & Causes | Treating Diverticulitis Pain

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/diverticulitis

  Genetics plays a role in the development of diverticula, but not diverticulitis. People with a certain genetic background may have vulnerable areas along connective tissues, including the colon wall, and this is where diverticula are able to form. […] In the past, doctors recommended patients with diverticular disease or a history of diverticulitis to avoid seeds and nuts. The thought was indigestible bits of food played a role in tearing the diverticula. A relatively recent study has cast doubt on this. The study followed large numbers of men over the course of 18 years. It found those who ate such foods were no more likely to develop diverticulitis than those who did not. The results suggested the nutritional benefit of eating nuts and seeds outweighs the risk of diverticulitis.

• #2 Diverticulitis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diverticulitis/symptoms/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-you-need-know/

  Besides a diet low in fiber, the following risk factors are also associated with diverticulitis: Consuming too much red meat: That includes pork, Kim notes, despite the marketing of pork as white meat. […] Eating a diet high in saturated fats: This can cause constipation, creating opportunities for food and waste particles to become trapped in and inflame the diverticula, Shafran says. […] Your genes: Although genetics are a known risk factor for diverticulitis, what genes are involved and who is most at risk is still unclear. […] The presence of polycystic kidney disease: The development of diverticula and diverticulitis are more common in people with polycystic kidney disease, suggesting that diverticulitis is one manifestation of the disease. […] Being overweight or obese: Obesity is linked with chronic intestinal inflammation, as well as the presence of more harmful gut bacteria.

• #2 Diverticular disease and diverticulitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diverticular-disease-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticular disease and diverticulitis are conditions that affect the large intestine (bowel), causing tummy (abdominal) pain and other symptoms. They’re caused by small bulges or pouches in the walls of the intestine called diverticula. […] Diverticulitis is treated with antibiotics if the diverticulitis is caused by an infection. […] Rarely, diverticulitis can lead to serious complications such as a build-up of pus (abscess) in your bowel, a blockage in your bowel, an opening from your bowel to another organ, such as your bladder, called a fistula, and a hole (perforation) in your bowel, which can cause a severe infection called peritonitis.

• #2 Diverticula (Diverticulosis, Diverticular Disease, Diverticulitis)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diverticula-diverticulosis-diverticular-disease-diverticulitis

  Diverticulitis is a condition where one or more of the diverticula become inflamed and infected. This may occur if some faeces get trapped and stagnate in a diverticulum. Germs (bacteria) in the trapped faeces may then multiply and cause infection. […] About 1 in 5 people with diverticula develop a bout of diverticulitis at some stage. Some people have recurring bouts of diverticulitis. […] An infected diverticulum (diverticulitis) sometimes gets worse and causes complications. Possible complications include a blockage (obstruction) of the colon, a collection of pus (abscess) that may form in the abdomen, a channel (fistula) that may form to other organs such as the bladder, and a hole (perforation) in the wall of the bowel that can lead to infection inside the abdomen (peritonitis). […] A diverticulum may occasionally bleed and some blood may be passed via the back passage (anus). The bleeding is usually abrupt and painless. The bleeding is due to a burst blood vessel that sometimes occurs in the wall of a diverticulum and so the amount of blood loss can be heavy. […] A diagnosis of presumed diverticular disease can be made by taking a history and examination. A definite diagnosis of diverticular disease would be made by confirming the presence of diverticula and ruling out other causes of the symptoms during tests such as colonoscopies.

• #2 Colonic Diverticulitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/colonic-diverticulitis

  Diverticulitis is inflammation with or without infection of a diverticulum, which can result in phlegmon of the bowel wall, peritonitis, perforation, fistula, or abscess. […] The etiology and pathophysiology of diverticulitis are not fully understood and may vary among patients. It has long been thought that diverticulitis occurs when a micro or macro perforation develops in a diverticulum, resulting in the release of intestinal bacteria and triggering inflammation. However, emerging data suggest that in some patients, acute diverticulitis is more of an inflammatory than infectious process. Furthermore, cytomegalovirus may be a trigger of that inflammation; active viral replication has been found in affected colon tissue in over two-thirds of patients with diverticulitis. […] Studies have suggested a direct correlation between red meat consumption per week, smoking, obesity, and the incidence of diverticulitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, corticosteroids, and opioids also increase the risk of diverticulosis and diverticulitis. There is no association between consumption of nuts, seeds, corn, or popcorn and development of diverticulitis as was previously thought. […] Physical activity and dietary fiber have been shown to help prevent formation of diverticula and development of diverticulitis.

• #2 Diverticula and diverticulitis: cause & symptoms – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/diverticular-disease/

  Diverticulitis (inflammation of the diverticula) […] The cause or triggering factors of diverticulitis are unknown and cannot be defined in individual cases […] The following causes are suspected: Reduced blood flow favors inflammation, especially if the entrance of the diverticulum itself is closed with stool. […] The causes of diverticular disease are not yet fully understood. However, some risk factors are known that favor the development of diverticula. […] The protrusions mainly form in areas where the intestinal muscles are weaker and where there is high pressure. […] The sigmoid colon is considered the high pressure zone of the intestine and protrusions can develop there. […] However, the influence of lifestyle on the risk of diverticula has not yet been clearly scientifically proven. Presumably, however, the lifestyle is associated with the intestinal protrusions. […] Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become inflamed. The cause is unclear. However, known risk factors include a low-fiber diet, constipation and an overall unhealthy lifestyle.

• #2 Causes and Risk Factors of Diverticulitis

  https://www.health.com/diverticulitis-causes-7642759

  Some research suggests that diverticulitis may develop due to chronic inflammation in the colon (large intestine). Factors like diet and underlying autoimmune conditions are linked to chronic inflammation and may contribute to the development of diverticulitis. […] Research from 2019 and 2020 shows that diverticulosis and diverticulitis (diverticular disease) are hereditary. […] Researchers estimate that around 40-50% of the risk for diverticular disease is genetic. […] A diet low in fiber, high in red meat, and lacking in fruits and vegetables can increase your risk of diverticulitis. […] Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of diverticulitis. […] Diverticulitis is more common in people with obesity (BMI of 30.0 or higher). […] Several medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and corticosteroids, increase the risk of diverticulitis.

• #2 Colonic Diverticular Disease

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/gastroenterology/colonic-diverticular-disease/

  The belief that ingestion of undigested foods such as nuts, seeds and popcorn can precipitate complications of diverticular disease by lodging in colonic diverticula is inaccurate. […] Increased body mass index, waist circumference, and hip to waist ratio have been associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. […] Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease have been associated with development of diverticular disease. […] The progression of diverticulosis to diverticulitis is poorly understood. The traditional belief is that fecal stasis and obstruction of a diverticulum leads to ischemia, ulceration, bacterial overgrowth and micro perforation. […] Diverticular bleeding is thought to be associated with baropressure causing the vasorecta to stretch and rupture.

• #2 Diverticulosis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24883-diverticulosis

  Diverticulosis is a common condition that can develop in your colon, especially as you get older. It means that little pouches form in the inside lining of your colon. They usually dont cause any problems. But rarely, they may bleed or develop an infection (diverticulitis). […] Diverticulosis is the condition of having small pouches or pockets in the inside walls of your intestines. They develop when the inside lining of your intestines pushes into weak spots in the outer wall. This usually happens gradually over time. […] Diverticulosis is the condition of having diverticula. Diverticulitis means that theres inflammation in at least one of your diverticula. This usually means theres a bacterial infection inside it. […] Researchers suspect that the leading cause of diverticulosis is the standard Western diet, which is low in plant fiber and high in processed starches. This diet contributes to dense food waste that moves sluggishly through our bowels and fails to sweep them clean on the way. […] Its possible that genetics are partly involved. Western diet aside, diverticulosis is more common in white Americans, Europeans and Australians than in Black people or other groups.

• #2 Diverticula (Diverticulosis, Diverticular Disease, Diverticulitis)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diverticula-diverticulosis-diverticular-disease-diverticulitis

  Diverticula are common. They become more common with increasing age. About half of all people in the UK have diverticula by the time they are 50 years old. Nearly 7 in 10 have diverticula by the time they are 80 years old. […] The reason why diverticula develop is probably related to not eating enough fibre. Fibre is the part of food that is not digested but helps the digestive system to produce healthy soft stools. […] High pressure may develop in parts of the gut when it squeezes hard stools. The increased pressure may push the inner lining of a small area of the gut through the muscle wall to form a small diverticulum. […] This term is used when diverticula cause intermittent, lower tummy (abdominal) pain or bloating (without swelling (inflammation) or infection – discussed later). The pain is usually crampy and tends to come and go.

• #2 What Triggers Diverticulitis Flare-Ups? Diet, 8 Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_triggers_diverticulitis_flare-ups/article.htm

  Lifestyle remains the major culprit behind diverticulitis flare-ups, such as a high-fat, low-fiber diet commonly found in Western countries. […] A high-fat, low-fiber diet commonly followed in Western countries can exacerbate diverticulitis symptoms. […] Lack of fiber in the diet can cause constipation and strain the bowel. Straining can ultimately lead to small pouches in the colon (diverticulitis). […] Diet: Low dietary fiber and higher fat intake or red meat can increase the diverticulitis flare-up. […] A cohort study reveals that the risk of diverticulitis significantly increases when people take a low fiber diet along with high fatty foods and red meat. […] A high fiber diet excluding fats and red meats or switching to a vegetarian diet can be essential for reducing the risk of developing diverticulitis.

• #2 Diverticulitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-diverticulitis-basics

  Diverticula can develop when weak places in your colon give way, causing small pouches to protrude through your colon wall. Diverticulitis happens when the diverticula tear, causing swelling and sometimes infection. […] Doctors aren’t sure why some people get diverticulitis while some don’t. Studies suggest that your genes might play a role. Most people with diverticulitis are unaware they have it. […] Your chances of getting diverticulitis increase as you age. Its more common when you’re over 40. […] Some risk factors include: Being overweight, Smoking cigarettes, Not getting enough exercise, Eating lots of fat and red meat but not much fiber, Taking certain kinds of drugs, including steroids, opioids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. […] It’s unknown what causes diverticulitis. Your genes may play a role. Other causes may include eating lots of red meat, not getting enough exercise, being overweight, and smoking.

• #2 Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

  https://www.endo-world.com/resources/e-learning-patient-education/lower-digestive-disorders/diverticulosis-and-diverticulitis/

  Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become infected or inflamed. Doctors are not certain what causes the infection. It may begin when stool or bacteria are caught in the diverticula. […] The main cause of diverticulosis is a low-fiber diet because it increases constipation and pressure inside the colon.

• #2 Diverticulitis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diverticulitis/symptoms/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-you-need-know/

  Taking corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs have been found to cause injury to the gastrointestinal tract, and NSAIDs may also prevent the formation of a compound that maintains intestinal tissue. […] Eating a diet high in saturated fat and red meat, and low in water and fiber, isnt the only way you may increase your risk of diverticulitis. […] Not getting enough exercise: Besides contributing to weight loss, physical activity, particularly jogging and running, have been associated with faster transit of stool through the colon. Overall cardiorespiratory fitness is also associated with reduced diverticulitis risk. […] Drinking too much alcohol: While the research is inconsistent in linking alcohol to diverticulitis, some studies suggest that alcohol can impair the motility of the colon, increasing the pressure within the colon.

• #2 Diverticulitis Disease Treatment in Chandler & Scottsdale, AZ

  https://aceclinic.org/conditions/diverticular-disease/

  Some of the risk factors for diverticulitis include age, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, a low fiber diet, and certain medications. […] Drinking alcohol has been shown to increase the risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. […] A diet low in fiber can increase the risk of developing diverticulitis since fiber helps keep stools soft and reduces pressure on the colon. […] Preventing diverticulosis involves maintaining a high-fiber diet to keep stools soft and promote regular bowel movements. Staying well-hydrated by drinking ample water is also crucial. Regular physical activity can help stimulate digestion and improve bowel function, preventing diverticulitis flare-ups.

• #2 Causes And Risk Factors Of Diverticular Disease — Colorectal Clinic of Tampa Bay

  https://www.tampacolorectal.com/blog/causes-and-risk-factors-of-diverticular-disease

  Diverticular disease, often referred to as diverticulosis, is a condition in which the colon develops small pouches – called diverticula – along the colon wall. The condition can also cause diverticulitis, which occurs when the small pouches become inflamed or infected, but this doesn’t always occur. […] Physicians aren’t sure exactly what causes diverticulosis, but there are some key risk factors of diverticulosis to be aware of. […] For many years, experts believed that a low fiber diet could lead to diverticulitis. However, there is some information suggesting that that might not be the case. […] Experts are still debating the role that genes play in the development of diverticulosis, but some studies have shown links that certain genes do in fact play a part in the development of diverticulosis.

• #2 What Causes Diverticulitis? How It Occurs and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-divertculitis-7111876

  Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of the diverticula, small pouches in the intestinal tract caused by diverticulosis. […] Some researchers believe that diverticular disease is linked to a diet low in fiber. […] Although the exact cause of diverticulitis is not fully understood, experts believe that when the diverticula are obstructed with stool, the mucosa becomes inflamed, resulting in microtears, trauma, infection, and ischemia (insufficient blood supply to an organ or other area of the body). […] Many factors can cause diverticulitis. Diet, lifestyle, genetics, and certain medications can affect the gut microbiome (environment of microorganisms within the digestive system), resulting in chronic inflammation and altered colon motility leading to diverticulitis. […] There is growing evidence that diverticulitis could be hereditary.

• #2 Is Diverticulitis Hereditary? Everything You Need To Know About The Condition & What Causes It — Colorectal Clinic of Tampa Bay

  https://www.tampacolorectal.com/blog/is-diverticulitis-hereditary-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-condition-amp-what-causes-it

  Americans between the ages of 60-80 are more prone to diverticula, which for many, is harmless but for others presents as diverticulitis. […] Diverticulitis ensues when the diverticula become infected or inflamed. […] The two leading causes of diverticulitis are not enough fiber in your diet and inadequate hydration. […] Smoking is another contributing factor of the condition. […] Diverticulitis is hereditary and common in families with a possible gene connection. […] Obesity is another likely cause. […] If you lack an abundance of good bacteria in your colon, you may also develop the condition.

• #2 Guide to Diverticulitis: Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Diet – United Hospital Center Gastroenterology

  https://wvgastrocenter.com/guide-to-diverticulitis-signs-symptoms-causes-and-diet/

  When people get older, they often develop bulging pouches within the large intestines lining called diverticula. When those pouches get inflamed or experience infection, the resulting painful condition is called diverticulitis. […] Its believed that a diet low in fiber contributes to diverticulitis. Some medical experts speculate this is why people who live in Asia and Africa, where the diet is generally high in fiber, dont suffer as much from this condition. […] Doctors arent exactly sure what causes diverticulitis but they do know that bacteria thrive in those pouches, which is what leads to infection and inflammation. Small tears may occur in the wall of the intestine when there is pressure. Infection can enter that way, resulting in peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal wall and covering the abdominal organs) if infection spreads into the abdominal cavity.

• #2 Colonic Diverticular Disease

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/gastroenterology/colonic-diverticular-disease/

  A diverticulum is an abnormal pouch arising from an opening within the wall of the alimentary tract. The presence of acquired diverticula in the colon is known as colonic diverticular disease. Symptoms of diverticular disease include hemorrhage, inflammation (diverticulitis), stricture or obstruction, and fistulae. […] The risk for diverticular disease in influenced by genetic, environmental, and epidemiologic factors. […] It has been postulated that a diet rich in dietary fiber reduces from the development of colonic diverticulosis, while a diet heavy in processed meats with a paucity of fiber may explain the prevalence of diverticulosis in industrialized countries. […] The etiology of how high levels of red meat and fat consumption contribute to the development of diverticulosis is poorly understood, though endoscopic studies found diets rich in red meat and lipids are associated with an increased risk of diverticular disease.

• #2 Diverticulitis Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diverticulitis/symptoms/diverticulitis-causes-risk-factors-you-need-know/

  Smoking cigarettes: Smoking impairs the blood supply to the colon and can increase pressure within the colon as well, potentially leading to perforation. […] The good news is, even if you already have diverticulosis, following the above advice can reduce your risk of developing diverticulitis by up to 50 percent, Kim says. Exercise, eat your fiber, avoid red meat, dont smoke. If you do all the good stuff, you can significantly reduce your risk of getting diverticulitis. […] Research has shown that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with a reduced risk of diverticulitis as well, so consider getting some of that exercise outside in the sun, or supplementing with vitamin D if your doctor thinks thats appropriate. […] Complications, including abscesses, fistulas, obstruction, and perforation, occur in about 25 percent of people with diverticulitis.

• #2 Symptoms & Causes of Diverticular Disease – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diverticulosis-diverticulitis/symptoms-causes

  What causes diverticular disease? Doctors arent sure what causes diverticular disease. Experts think the following factors may play a role in causing or increasing the risk for this disease. […] Research suggests that certain genes may make some people more likely to develop diverticular disease. […] Certain lifestyle factors may increase the risk of diverticulitis or complications of diverticular disease, including diets low in fiber and high in red meat, lack of physical activity, medicines such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids, obesity, smoking. […] Scientists are studying other factors that may play a role in diverticular disease. These factors include bacteria or stool getting caught in a pouch in your colon, changes in the microbiome of the intestines, problems with connective tissue, muscles, or nerves in your colon, problems with the immune system.

• #2

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/diverticulitis.aspx

  Diverticulitis occurs when small pockets in the wall of the large bowel become inflamed, usually without a specific identifiable cause. […] Causes of diverticulosis and diverticular disease are unclear. […] The aetiology of diverticulosis is not fully understood and likely multifactorial, including increasing age, dysfunction of the colon wall, a lack of dietary fibre and genetics. […] The exact causes of diverticulitis are also unclear. Current theories include chronic inflammation, alterations in gut microbiome, defects in gastrointestinal smooth muscle and genetic causes. […] For people who already have diverticulosis, risk factors that influence the development of acute diverticulitis include: increasing age, Western diets, high in red meat and refined grains and low in fibre, obesity, specifically central obesity, smoking, medicines including NSAIDs, opioids and corticosteroids, and family history and genetics.

• #2 Diverticulitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152995

  An infection can cause the diverticula to become inflamed. According to the NHS, a diverticulum might get blocked, possibly by a piece of stool. Bacteria in the stool may rapidly multiply and spread, causing an infection. […] The NHS highlights that diverticulitis is more common in Western countries, where dietary fiber intake is much lower. […] Diverticulitis refers to the inflammation of protruding pouches in the colon, or diverticula. Healthcare professionals do not know exactly what causes diverticulitis.

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