Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9696731/

  Botulism is caused by a neurotoxin produced from the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum. […] Since 1973, a median of 24 cases of foodborne botulism, 3 cases of wound botulism, and 71 cases of infant botulism have been reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Recently, the potential terrorist use of botulinum toxin has become an important concern. […] Although rare, botulism outbreaks are a public health emergency that require rapid recognition to prevent additional cases and to effectively treat patients. […] Because clinicians are the first to treat patients in any type of botulism outbreak, they must know how to recognize, diagnose, and treat this rare but potentially lethal disease.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism

  Botulism outbreaks are rare but are public health emergencies that require rapid recognition to identify the disease source, distinguish outbreak types (between natural, accidental or potentially deliberate), prevent additional cases and effectively administer treatment to affected patients. […] Successful treatment depends significantly on early diagnosis and the rapid administration of the botulinum antitoxin. […] WHO supports the strengthening of national surveillance and international alert systems to ensure rapid local outbreak detection and an efficient international response. […] WHOs main tool for these activities of surveillance, coordination and response is the use of the International Network of Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) which links national authorities in Member States in charge of managing food safety events.

• #1 Botulism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

  Globally, botulism is fairly rare, with approximately 1,000 identified cases yearly. […] In the United States an average of 145 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 65% are infant botulism, 20% are wound botulism, and 15% are foodborne. […] Infant botulism is predominantly sporadic and not associated with epidemics, but great geographic variability exists. From 1974 to 1996, for example, 47% of all infant botulism cases reported in the U.S. occurred in California. […] Between 1990 and 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. […] The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of black tar heroin, especially in California. […] All data regarding botulism antitoxin releases and laboratory confirmation of cases in the US are recorded annually by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and published on their website.

• #1 Botulism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/829125-overview

  Wound botulism occurs predominantly in adults and can be associated with intravenous drug use, as demonstrated by a case involving a 40-year-old patient who injected black tar heroin and developed botulism, requiring intensive care and antitoxin administration. […] C botulinum spores are detected in approximately 20% of soil samples worldwide, with specific toxins associated with different regions. Toxin A is found predominantly west of the Mississippi River in cases of wound botulism. Toxin B is most common in the eastern United States, associated with infant botulism. Toxin E is linked to northern latitudes and frequently associated with fish products. […] A comprehensive analysis of 6,932 botulism cases from 59 nations revealed a global case fatality rate of 1.37%, with significant underreporting estimated at 88.71% in 2016. The study emphasized the need for improved awareness among healthcare professionals, better global reporting mechanisms, and enhanced surveillance to reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of botulism cases worldwide.

• #1 Botulism – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/botulism-annual-epidemiological-report-2022

  In 2022, 84 confirmed cases of botulism were reported in the EU/EEA. Among 30 reporting countries, 17 countries notified zero cases. The overall notification rate was 0.02 cases per 100 000 population. Malta reported the highest notification rate (0.34 cases per 100 000 population), followed by Romania (0.08 cases per 100 000 population), and Italy (0.05 cases per 100 000 population). The highest notification rate was reported in infants, with 0.2 cases per 100 000 population. […] Surveillance information on cases, threats and outbreaks for botulism.

• #1 Botulism epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Botulism_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Globally, botulism is fairly rare. In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. […] The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of black tar heroin, especially in California. […] Between 1990 and 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. […] The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less. […] There is no racial predilection of botulism. […] Men and women are affected equally with botulism. […] Infant botulism: Occurs in infants younger than 12 month of old. […] Foodborne and wound botulism: May occur in any ages.

• #1 Botulism – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/botulism.shtml

  Botulism is a rare illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body’s nerves. This toxin can cause difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and death. The toxin is made by a bacteria that is common in the environment. It can sometimes be found in food, wounds, and the intestines of infants. […] Botulism is diagnosed using a laboratory test that looks for the toxin or the bacteria that causes botulism. This laboratory test is the only way to know for certain whether you have botulism. Treatment is available for botulism. […] Many cases of botulism are preventable. Cases of foodborne botulism occurred after people ate home-canned, preserved, or fermented foods contaminated with botulinum toxin. Foods with low acid content are the most common sources of home-canning related botulism cases. […] US CDC: National Botulism Surveillance. […] US CDC: Botulism Information for Health Professionals.

• #1 Botulism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/829125-overview

  Wound botulism is more common in females. Foodborne botulism has no sexual predilection. Foodborne botulism and wound botulism predominately occur in adults. The mean age of infant botulism is 3 months. The vulnerability of infants at the 3-5 month age is thought to be secondary to the change in bacterial taxa while transitioning to foods other than breast milk.

• #1 Clostridium botulinum: Infectious substances pathogen safety data sheet – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/clostridium-botulinum.html

  Adult intestinal toxemia botulism is very rarely reported and occurs sporadically; 33 cases have been described in the literature between 1986 and 2018. […] Injection drug use (primarily black tar heroin) and consumption of home-canned food represent risk factors for wound botulism and foodborne botulism, respectively. […] In the case of adult intestinal botulism, colonization usually occurs because of severe interruption of the normal intestinal flora due to recent surgery, disease, or long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Risk factors for infant botulism include living in rural areas, having a parent who works with soil, and ingestion of honey within the first year of life. […] Botulism in animals, such as cattle, horses, and birds, occurs in large outbreaks with high mortality rates and large economic losses.

• #1 National Botulism Surveillance Summary, 2019 | Botulism | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/php/national-botulism-surveillance/2019.html

  In 2019, health departments reported 215 cases of botulism to CDC. Among those cases, 201 were laboratory confirmed and 14 were probable. […] Health departments reported 152 cases of infant botulism, all of which were laboratory-confirmed. […] Health departments reported 41 cases of wound botulism, including 29 laboratory-confirmed and 12 probable. […] Health departments reported 21 cases of foodborne botulism: 19 laboratory-confirmed and 2 probable. […] One case of laboratory-confirmed botulism caused by toxin type F reported from Wisconsin was presumed to be due to adult intestinal colonization, a rare form of botulism thought to have a similar mechanism as infant botulism.

• #1 National Botulism Surveillance | Botulism | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/php/national-botulism-surveillance/index.html

  CDC collects, analyzes, and disseminates national surveillance data on bacterial foodborne illnesses, including botulism. […] Surveillance for cases and outbreaks of botulism in the United States is conducted through several surveillance systems. […] In addition, clinical consultation facilitates collection of information on suspected cases of botulism. […] Botulism case consultations provide expert guidance to clinicians. Consultations also facilitate the collection of information for all suspected botulism cases reported in the United States. […] Because these agencies are the only sources of antitoxin in the United States, all or almost all recognized cases of botulism are recorded. […] National case surveillance for botulism is made of two components, case reporting and case notification.

• #1 National Botulism Surveillance | Botulism | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/botulism/surveillance.html

  Since 1973, CDC, in partnership with state and local health officials and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), has maintained the National Botulism Surveillance System for intensive surveillance for cases of botulism in the United States. The National Botulism Surveillance System collects reports of all confirmed botulism cases in the United States and is continuously monitored for early detection of outbreaks. […] All 50 states and the District of Columbia report the following types of data for cases: Demographic (age, sex, race and ethnicity), clinical (transmission category, case-patient outcome), laboratory (laboratory testing method, toxin type), and epidemiologic (source of toxin). To be confirmed, cases must meet the CSTE case definition of botulism. […] All data regarding antitoxin releases and laboratory confirmation of cases are recorded annually by CDC and published on this website. Because CDC, the Alaska Division of Public Health, and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), are the only sources of botulism antitoxin administered in the United States, nearly all recognized cases of botulism are reported.

• #1 National Botulism Surveillance | Botulism | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/php/national-botulism-surveillance/index.html

  Cases of laboratory-confirmed botulism are reported to CDC through the National Botulism Surveillance System (NBSS). […] State and local health departments send de-identified data about confirmed cases botulism to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] National Outbreak Reporting System collects information on outbreaks of botulism in the United States.

• #1 Botulism Cases in Romania—An Overview of 14-Year National Surveillance Data

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/5/1058

  Botulism is a priority disease worldwide because it has a very severe course of evolution that can lead to death. This paper aims to describe the main epidemiological characteristics of botulism cases confirmed in Romania over 14 years (2007–2020). […] Surveillance data are essential for implementing control measures and adapting educational campaigns according to existing needs. […] In Romania, botulism is included in the list of priority diseases for the surveillance system and is subject to the early warning and rapid reaction system, with an alert threshold of one case. […] According to a government decision, after specifying the diagnosis of a probable or confirmed case of botulism, it is mandatory that the physician who discovered the case report immediately (by telephone) any case of botulism to the surveillance and control service of communicable diseases within the county’s public health department.

• #1 Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019

  https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/import/human-and-animal-botulism-surveillance-in-france-from-2008-to-2019

  Botulism is a human and animal neurological disease caused by the action of bacterial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by bacteria from the genus Clostridium. […] Due to its serious potential impact on public health, botulism is a closely monitored notifiable disease in France through a case-based passive surveillance system. […] In humans, this disease is rare, with an average of 10 outbreaks reported each year, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated foods. […] Each year, an average of 30 outbreaks are recorded on poultry farms, about 20 cases in wild birds and about 10 outbreaks in cattle, involving a large number of animals. […] With the exception of botulinum toxin E, which was exceptionally detected throughout the period in wild birds, the types of botulism found in animal outbreaks are different from those identified in human outbreaks over the last ten years in France and no human botulism outbreaks investigated have been linked to animal botulism. […] In line with the One Health concept, we present the first integrative approach to the routine surveillance of botulism in humans and animals in France.

• #1 Surveillance of botulism – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/botulism/surveillance.html

  Between 2012 and 2016, an average of 6 cases of botulism was reported annually. […] Botulism is a nationally notifiable disease. Cases that meet the national case definition are reported through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System.

• #1 Botulism – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=fGI6rVEdZEurM8TMTzB5CA

  Botulism was categorized as a notifiable disease in Taiwan since 2007. Totally 46 cases were all indigenous and confirmed during 2007-2016. Within this decade, the biggest annual number of botulism cases was 11, which was both observed in 2008 and 2011. Thereafter, the number declined and no patient was detected in 2012 and 2014. However, six cases (age ranged from 13 to 74; the sex ratio was 1:1) were confirmed as botulism in Taiwan of 2016. Therefore, prevention and control of botulism are still necessary to reduce risk of paralytic illness. […] Botulism Surveillance in Taiwan […] Probable cases are required to be notified to the local health bureau within 24 hours. Epidemiology inspections will be carried out and suspected foods will be recalled when suspected cases are reported. Food samples and clinical specimen will both be tested at the laboratory for confirmation. Physician could request antitoxin for patients after clinical evaluation.

• #1 Botulism (Potential Bioterrorism Agent) | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cdcg/index/botulism

  Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming anaerobic bacillus. Botulism is caused by the neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Of the recognised subtypes of neurotoxin, types A, B, E, rarely F and possibly G cause human illness. […] The case should be reported to the Public Health Unit if there is clinical evidence regardless of whether there is laboratory definitive evidence for botulism or if identified as a case of acute flaccid paralysis. […] To monitor the epidemiology of botulism in Queensland to inform preventive strategies. […] Botulism occurs worldwide. It is a rare but serious intoxication resulting from exposure to the toxins produced by C. botulinum. […] Twenty-four cases of botulism were reported in Australia between 1991 and 2015. […] Botulinum toxin is a potential bioterrorism agent.

• #1 Botulism | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/botulism

  Botulism is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.

• #1 Epidemiology | Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of food

  https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/Epidemiology

  At the time of the 1992 report, foodborne, infant and wound botulism were reported worldwide but foodborne botulism was by far the most common form reported in the UK. In contrast, currently in the UK, wound and infant botulism are more common forms than that associated with food. […] There has been no significant change in the disease symptoms reported since 1992. It remains the case that foodborne botulism is such a rare disease in the UK that misdiagnosis is a possibility due to the association of symptoms, by General Practitioners, with other more common diseases. Misdiagnosis may result in delayed response to cases and outbreaks and may warrant increased awareness amongst the medical profession. […] Investigations into many outbreaks of botulism have focused on the determination of the toxin type, rather than on the identification of the organism and its phenotype, and this has led to the loss of valuable data for subsequent risk assessment.

• #1 Epidemiology and risk factors for notifiable Clostridium botulinum infections in Taiwan from 2003 to 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9592386/

  This study is the first to report the number of confirmed domestic cases with botulism from surveillance data from Taiwans Center for Disease Control during 2003 to 2020. This study also found that the place of residence and age were associated with an increased risk of botulism in Taiwan. […] In Taiwan, there are both sporadic cases and clusters. However, there is little epidemiological information that utilizes big data to examine the risk of botulism in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aimed to use the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System to examine the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and trends of the number of local cases of C botulinum infection in the Taiwanese population based on sex, age, season, and area of residence during 2003 to 2020. […] The examination of the epidemiological data of the confirmed botulism cases from 2003 to 2020 in this study found that the number of cases in 2012 to 2012 (20%, 10//50) was drastically decreased compared to that in 2003 to 2011 (80%, 40//50), indicating that Taiwans healthcare and public health education and advocacy quality is similar to that of the healthcare and public health education and advocacy of developed countries.

• #1 Epidemiology | Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of food

  https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/Epidemiology

  Foodborne botulism in the UK is extremely rare but consequently this may result in delayed responses due to unfamiliarity in the diagnosis of cases and delays in reporting. […] There has been no significant change in the nature of foodborne botulism in recent decades with the exception of the identification of rare cases caused by neurotoxigenic C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. sporogenes. Other clostridia and non-clostridia have been identified with botulinum neurotoxin genes but have not been implicated in cases of foodborne botulism in the UK or elsewhere. […] There has been a noticeable change in the nature of foods that are associated with outbreaks of foodborne botulism in the UK. Eight of the ten outbreaks in the last 30 years involved foods produced or illness acquired abroad and the majority of these involved home-production.

• #1 Epidemiology and risk factors for notifiable Clostridium botulinum infections in Taiwan from 2003 to 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9592386/

  Botulinum toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. This study aimed to examine the epidemiological characteristics, including sex, age, season in which infection occurred, place of residence, and epidemiological trends, of confirmed botulism cases in Taiwan from 2003 to 2020. This study examined the annual summary data on reported botulism in Taiwan s Center for Disease Control from 2003 to 2020 available to the public on the internet. We found that there were 50 confirmed domestic cases of botulism. The incidence of botulism ranged from 0 to 0.48 per 1000,000 from 2003 to 2020 and peaked in 2008 and 2010. During the 18-year investigation period in which 6-year intervals were used, the study results showed a decreasing trend (20032008, 200914, and 20152020, had 22, 19, 9 cases each).

• #1 Botulism Cases in Romania—An Overview of 14-Year National Surveillance Data

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/5/1058

  The aim of our study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of botulism in Romania for a period of 14 years between 2007 and 2020, based on surveillance data. […] The case fatality rate (CFR) was 4.6%. […] The incidence of botulism had a multi-year downward trend during the study period due to improvements in the surveillance methodology and due to the involvement of the veterinary authorities. […] Complete and timeline surveillance data are essential for the implementation of control measures and for adapting educational campaigns according to existing needs.

• #1 Epidemiology and risk factors for notifiable Clostridium botulinum infections in Taiwan from 2003 to 2020

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9592386/

  Our study also found that the risk of developing botulism in the 20 years age group in the last 9 years (20122020) was 18.5 times than in the preceding 9 years (20032011; odds ratio=18.5), which is similar to the findings of literature from other countries. […] This study highlights the importance of studies with prolonged study durations and those covering geographically vast areas, particularly for pathogens with variable characteristics and their reservoirs to understand the implications of the transmission of zoonotic diseases in human populations.

• #1 Epidemiology | Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of food

  https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/Epidemiology

  Botulism outbreaks implicating commercially produced chilled foods appear more prevalent than in previous decades although bias in ascertainment of evidence may have affected this conclusion. The vast majority of botulism outbreaks, for both chilled or ambient stored foods, are identified with proteolytic C. botulinum, i.e. those organisms that do not grow under chilled conditions, and temperature abuse is the single most common cause identified for foodborne outbreaks. […] There have been no reported outbreaks of botulism globally in chilled foods from any commercial product where the food has been stored at the recommended chilled temperature and consumed within its designated shelf life.

• #1 Epidemiology | Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of food

  https://acmsf.food.gov.uk/Epidemiology

  The vast majority of botulism cases associated with foods are caused by proteolytic C. botulinum neurotoxin types A and B. Rare cases implicating foods have been reported involving toxin type F. […] Foodborne outbreaks associated with proteolytic C. botulinum have not shown any significant change in pattern, in recent decades, that would indicate an increased risk to foods. […] Despite the risk presented by non-proteolytic C. botulinum in chilled foods there have been no reported outbreaks of botulism involving chilled foods from any commercial product where the food has been stored at the recommended chilled temperature and consumed within its designated shelf life. […] The lack of evidence for outbreaks caused by non-proteolytic C. botulinum in correctly stored chilled foods in the UK, both before and after the introduction of recommendations following the 1992 report, together with a similar lack of evidence from other countries throughout the world, provides some useful context regarding the magnitude of the risk and consequent need for controls in chilled foods.

• #1 Botulism – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/botulism/

  Anyone can get botulism with about 200 cases reported in the United States each year. […] Foodborne botulism is considered a public health emergency, as action can be taken to prevent others from eating a contaminated food. […] Botulism does not spread from person to person. […] Foodborne botulism is usually associated with improperly processed home-canned foods. […] Botulism toxin could potentially be used for bioterrorism because it is easy to obtain, transport, and misuse.

• #1 Botulism | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/botulism

  Botulism is not transmissible from person to person. […] Foodborne botulism is considered a public health emergency, as action can be taken to prevent others from eating contaminated food. […] Over a five-year period (2016-2020), the average number of cases of infant botulism reported in Texas was 9 cases per year. […] Foodborne botulism is less common in Texas. […] There has been an increase in the number of wound botulism cases reported in Texas. […] Report suspected botulism immediately. […] Several Texas laws require specific information regarding notifiable conditions be provided to the Texas Department of State Health Services.

• #1 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Botulism

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/botulism.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Botulism is a rare, but serious illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by bacteria. […] All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies.

• #1 Botulism | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/botulism

  Each year there are 0 to 4 reports of foodborne botulism, 0 to 9 reports of infant botulism and 0 to 7 reports of wound botulism. Almost all are type A. […] To assist in the diagnosis of potential cases and facilitate prompt administration of either antitoxin or botulism immune globulin when indicated. […] For foodborne botulism, to identify contaminated food(s) and to prevent further exposures. […] For foodborne botulism, to identify and assure the proper evaluation and care of other persons who may be at immediate risk of illness because they have already eaten the implicated food. […] For wound botulism, to alert others at risk regarding the importance of promptly identifying illness and obtaining medical care. […] Health care providers and Health care facilities: immediately notifiable to local health jurisdiction.

• #1 Botulism Surveillance and Emergency Response: A Public Health Strategy for a Global Challenge | Office of Justice Programs

  https://ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/botulism-surveillance-and-emergency-response-public-health-strategy

  Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease cased by a neurotoxin produced from an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium known as Clostridium botulinum. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintain intensive surveillance for cases of botulism in the United States. […] The U.S. surveillance and antitoxin release program depends on the maintenance of a sufficient supply of antitoxin. […] Countries outside of the Western Hemisphere may be unprepared for either a foodborne outbreak or a botulism terrorism attack since there is no coordinated system for antitoxin release. […] A program similar to the U.S. Botulism Surveillance System could be adopted elsewhere in the world. […] Such a program would improve international surveillance for botulism cases and serve as an early warning system for either a foodborne outbreak or an intentional terrorist attack.

• #1 Botulism | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/foodborne/botulism.htm

  All forms of botulism are reportable in Wisconsin. […] Report IMMEDIATELY by TELEPHONE to the patient’s local public health department upon identification of a confirmed or suspected case. The local health department shall then notify the state epidemiologist immediately of any confirmed or suspected cases. […] The Communicable Disease Epidemiology Section of the Division of Public Health can coordinate the consultation with CDC or IBTPP necessary to acquire antitoxin for prompt treatment of suspected botulism cases.

• #1

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/botulism

  Clostridium botulinum infection (botulism) is an urgent notifiable condition that must be notified immediately to the department by medical practitioners and pathology services. […] Only seven cases of botulism were reported in Australia between 2004 and 2010 four of these in Victoria. […] Botulism is a rare disease occurring worldwide. Sporadic cases, family and general outbreaks occur where food is prepared or preserved by methods that do not destroy spores and permit toxin formation. Missed diagnoses (particularly for intestinal botulism) are likely, however, due to low clinical suspicion and limited laboratory diagnostic capacity in many areas. […] Only seven cases of botulism were reported in Australia between 2004 and 2010. Four occurred in Victoria (Communicable Diseases Network Australia National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System). […] Botulism is not spread from one person to another.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/BotulismLHDs.aspx

  Botulism is a rare but potentially fatal illness caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The management of suspected botulism patients requires a coordinated effort between healthcare providers and local health departments (LHD), the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Botulism is considered to be a medical and public health emergency and must be immediately reported to CDPH. […] California has the highest rate of wound botulism in the United States. However, botulism remains a rare illness, and in many instances, diagnosis may be delayed or missed due to lack of provider recognition of botulism as the potential cause of illness. […] CDPH Epidemiologic Summaries of Wound Botulism in California […] CDPH Epidemiologic Summaries of Foodborne Botulism in California […] CDC National Botulism Surveillance.

• #1 Botulism Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.web.health.state.mn.us/diseases/botulism/botulism.html

  The poison produced by botulism bacteria is extremely strong and highly lethal. The poison is also easy to produce and transport. And people who develop botulism require prolonged, intensive care. A large outbreak of botulism would create a major disruption of normal activity. […] Attempts to use botulism as a weapon go back at least to World War II. Since the 1970s, a number of nations have developed or are believed to be developing the capability to use botulism as a weapon.

• #1 Botulism Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/botulism/botulism.html

  Botulism is always considered a medical emergency. […] On average, about 110 cases of botulism are reported in the U.S. every year. […] It is also believed that the botulism poison could be used as a weapon by deliberately putting it in food, or by releasing it into the air, so people inhale it. […] There is no vaccine available to protect the general public against botulism. […] A large outbreak of botulism would create a major disruption of normal activity. […] Attempts to use botulism as a weapon go back at least to World War II. […] Since the 1970s, a number of nations have developed or are believed to be developing the capability to use botulism as a weapon.

• #1 Botulism Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.web.health.state.mn.us/diseases/botulism/botulism.html

  Botulism is always considered a medical emergency. It can cause death by paralyzing the muscles people use to breathe. However, over the past 50 years, with better care, the death rate for people with botulism has dropped from 50 percent to eight percent. […] On average, about 110 cases of botulism are reported in the U.S. every year. […] It is also believed that the botulism poison could be used as a weapon by deliberately putting it in food, or by releasing it into the air, so people inhale it. […] There is no vaccine available to protect the general public against botulism. An experimental vaccine is sometimes used to protect laboratory workers and military personnel. Food-related botulism can be prevented through careful food-handling practices home-canned foods are a special source of concern.

• #1 Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Covariate Data – Catalog

  https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/kauai-avian-botulism-surveillance-covariate-data

  Hawaiis endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). […] Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. […] Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kauai. […] Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism.

• #1 EEIP RIDRM Botulism

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/epidemiology-and-emerging-infections/ridrm-botulism

  Botulism is physician reportable immediately by telephone on the day of recognition or strong suspicion to both the Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) and the local health department (LHD). A mailed report is also required within 12 hours. […] The director of any clinical laboratory must also report laboratory evidence of botulism to both the DPH and the LHD. […] Activities include ensuring that appropriate diagnostic evaluation is done, interviewing suspect cases for possible exposures, and coordinating shipment of antitoxins from CDC.

• #1 Botulism | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/botulism

  Laboratories: immediately notifiable to local health jurisdiction; submission required presumptive positive isolate or if no isolate available specimen associated with presumptive positive result, within 2 business days. […] Local health jurisdictions: suspected and confirmed cases immediately notifiable to the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE) (877-539-4344 or 206-418-5500).

• #1 Botulism Facts | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/botulism/botulism-facts

  Immediately report any suspect cases of botulism to your local health authority or call the Texas Department of State Health Services Infectious Disease Control Unit at 800-252-8239 during business hours. Call 888-963-7111 after hours, weekends, and holidays for routing to the epidemiologist on call. […] Standard Precautions should be practiced, but isolation is not required. […] A temporal cluster of healthy patients with bulbar and neuromuscular disease should alert healthcare providers to the possibility of botulism. […] Although there is no specific hazard to personnel handling specimens, the receiving laboratory must be alerted prior to transport. […] Botulinum antitoxin (equine origin) has been used in cases of foodborne botulism.

• #2 Botulism Surveillance and Emergency Response: A Public Health Strategy for a Global Challenge | Office of Justice Programs

  https://ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/botulism-surveillance-and-emergency-response-public-health-strategy

  Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease cased by a neurotoxin produced from an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium known as Clostridium botulinum. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintain intensive surveillance for cases of botulism in the United States. […] The U.S. surveillance and antitoxin release program depends on the maintenance of a sufficient supply of antitoxin. […] Countries outside of the Western Hemisphere may be unprepared for either a foodborne outbreak or a botulism terrorism attack since there is no coordinated system for antitoxin release. […] A program similar to the U.S. Botulism Surveillance System could be adopted elsewhere in the world. […] Such a program would improve international surveillance for botulism cases and serve as an early warning system for either a foodborne outbreak or an intentional terrorist attack.

• #2 Clostridium botulinum: Infectious substances pathogen safety data sheet – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/clostridium-botulinum.html

  Adult intestinal toxemia botulism is very rarely reported and occurs sporadically; 33 cases have been described in the literature between 1986 and 2018. […] Injection drug use (primarily black tar heroin) and consumption of home-canned food represent risk factors for wound botulism and foodborne botulism, respectively. […] In the case of adult intestinal botulism, colonization usually occurs because of severe interruption of the normal intestinal flora due to recent surgery, disease, or long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic use. […] Risk factors for infant botulism include living in rural areas, having a parent who works with soil, and ingestion of honey within the first year of life. […] Botulism in animals, such as cattle, horses, and birds, occurs in large outbreaks with high mortality rates and large economic losses.

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