Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Pain associated with menstruation is called dysmenorrhea. More than half of women who menstruate have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. Usually, the pain is mild. But for some women, the pain is so severe that it keeps them from doing their normal activities for several days a month. […] Most women have some pain with their menstrual periods. For some women, severe pain comes with other symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the cramping pain that comes before or during a period. This pain is caused by natural chemicals called prostaglandins that are made in the lining of the uterus. Prostaglandins cause the muscles and blood vessels of the uterus to contract. On the first day of a period, the level of prostaglandins is high. As bleeding continues and the lining of the uterus is shed, the level goes down. This is why pain tends to lessen after the first few days of a period.

• #2 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. […] For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month. […] Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren’t caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth. […] See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #3 Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p164.html

  Dysmenorrhea is common and usually independent of, rather than secondary to, pelvic pathology. Dysmenorrhea occurs in 50% to 90% of adolescent girls and women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of absenteeism. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hormonal contraceptives are first-line medical options that may be used independently or in combination. Good evidence supports the effectiveness of some nonpharmacologic options, including exercise, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, heat therapy, and self-acupressure. […] Dysmenorrhea leads to decreased quality of life, absenteeism, and increased risk of depression and anxiety. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have been shown to be superior to both placebo and acetaminophen, are a first-line therapy for primary dysmenorrhea. NSAIDs act by reducing prostaglandin production.

• #4 Give Your Patients Options for Managing Menstrual Pain

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/give-your-patients-options-for-managing-menstrual-pain

  Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by painful menstruation and typically accompanied by negative emotional, physiological, and overall health effects. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and lower back pain, each with varying levels of severity. Dysmenorrhea also may affect sleep. […] Dysmenorrhea occurs in approximately 50% to 90% of adolescent girls and premenopausal women. The pain occurs in the lower abdomen. It starts at the beginning of the menstrual flow and lasts between 8 to 72 hours. […] There are 2 types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is described as pain with an unidentifiable cause experienced during the menstrual cycle, and it is one of the most common sources of pelvic pain in women. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an identifiable medical condition, and it makes up approximately 10% of all cases of this disorder. The most common cause of this condition is endometriosis.

• #5 Painful Menstrual Periods: Causes, Treatments & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/painful-menstrual-periods

  Painful menstruation is called dysmenorrhea. There are two types: primary and secondary. Certain medical conditions, including endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease, can cause it. […] Excessive pain that causes you to miss work or school is not. […] Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in people who experience pain before and during menstruation. If you’ve had normal periods that become painful later in life, it may be secondary dysmenorrhea. A condition affecting the uterus or other pelvic organs, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids, can cause this. […] Painful menstrual periods can also be the result of an underlying medical condition, such as: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS is a common condition that’s caused by hormonal changes in the body occurring 1 to 2 weeks before menstruation begins. Symptoms typically go away after bleeding begins.

• #6 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Pain associated with menstruation is called dysmenorrhea. More than half of women who menstruate have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. Usually, the pain is mild. But for some women, the pain is so severe that it keeps them from doing their normal activities for several days a month. […] Most women have some pain with their menstrual periods. For some women, severe pain comes with other symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the cramping pain that comes before or during a period. This pain is caused by natural chemicals called prostaglandins that are made in the lining of the uterus. Prostaglandins cause the muscles and blood vessels of the uterus to contract. On the first day of a period, the level of prostaglandins is high. As bleeding continues and the lining of the uterus is shed, the level goes down. This is why pain tends to lessen after the first few days of a period.

• #7 Period Pain: Symptoms and Treatment – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/womens-health/period-pain/

  Period pain is also called dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual bleeding). It is a common problem, and when severe it can stop you from doing your usual activities. However, there are treatments available for painful periods. […] The main symptom of period pain is cramping pain in the lower abdomen (pelvis), which begins just before the start of menstrual bleeding and usually lasts about 2 or 3 days. The severity ranges from mild to severe and incapacitating. […] Primary dysmenorrhoea is pain associated with menstruation that has no other medical cause. Pain that begins within 6 to 12 months of your first period is usually primary dysmenorrhoea. […] The cause of primary dysmenorrhoea is chemical substances known as prostaglandins, which are made in the lining of the uterus. Prostaglandins cause period pain by triggering muscle contractions in the uterus during your period, as well as constricting and compressing blood vessels in the uterus, briefly depriving tissues of their blood supply.

• #8 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics/print

  Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) […] Painful menstruation, also known as dysmenorrhea, is a common problem. For most people who are affected, dysmenorrhea begins during adolescence, usually within four to five years of the first menstrual period. Painful periods become less common over time, as a person gets older. […] This topic review discusses the causes, symptoms diagnosis, and treatment of dysmenorrhea in people who do not have an underlying cause for their pain (eg, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, uterine adenomyosis, bowel or bladder disease, etc). […] During menstruation, chemicals called „prostaglandins” form in the lining of the uterus. They cause muscle contractions in the uterus, which can trigger pain and decrease blood flow and oxygen to the uterus. Similar to labor pains, these contractions can cause significant pain and discomfort.

• #9 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. […] For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month. […] Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren’t caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth. […] See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #10 Period pain

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/period-pain/

  Sometimes painful periods can be caused by a condition such as: womb tissue growing in other places (endometriosis and adenomyosis); growths in and around the womb (fibroids); an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease). […] If you have severe period pain, a GP may recommend: anti-inflammatory medicines like naproxen, flurbiprofen or mefenamic acid; a TENS machine a small device that uses mild electrical impulses to reduce pain; contraception like the pill, implant or injection these thin the womb lining, making your period lighter and easing the pain. […] The GP may refer you to a specialist (gynaecologist) if your period pain does not get better.

• #11 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Dysmenorrhea […] Symptoms and degree of pain vary, and may include the following: Abdominal cramping or dull ache that moves to lower back and legs. Heavy menstrual flow. Headache. Nausea. Constipation or diarrhea. Frequent urination. Vomiting (not common). Low back pain. Diarrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by strong contractions of the uterus triggered by prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that are involved in inflammation and pain. Generally, the higher the levels of prostaglandins, the more menstrual pain. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea can be caused by: Endometriosis, inflammation of the uterine lining. Blood and tissue being passed through a narrow cervix. Uterine fibroid or ovarian cyst. Uterine infections. PID. Intrauterine device (IUD). […] A pelvic examination may include an internal examination, laparoscopy, and ultrasound. You may need a Pap test. Your doctor may also ask for blood and urine samples.

• #12 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Painful menstruation, also known as dysmenorrhea, is a common problem. For most people who are affected, dysmenorrhea begins during adolescence, usually within four to five years of the first menstrual period. Painful periods become less common over time, as a person gets older. […] The pain of dysmenorrhea is crampy and usually located in lower abdomen; some people also have severe pain in the back or thighs. The pain usually begins just before or as menstrual bleeding begins, and gradually improves over one to three days. Pain usually occurs intermittently, and can range from mild to disabling. […] There are a number of treatments available for dysmenorrhea. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of medications that are very effective in reducing pain associated with dysmenorrhea.

• #13 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Pain associated with menstruation is called dysmenorrhea. More than half of women who menstruate have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. Usually, the pain is mild. But for some women, the pain is so severe that it keeps them from doing their normal activities for several days a month. […] Most women have some pain with their menstrual periods. For some women, severe pain comes with other symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the cramping pain that comes before or during a period. This pain is caused by natural chemicals called prostaglandins that are made in the lining of the uterus. Prostaglandins cause the muscles and blood vessels of the uterus to contract. On the first day of a period, the level of prostaglandins is high. As bleeding continues and the lining of the uterus is shed, the level goes down. This is why pain tends to lessen after the first few days of a period.

• #14 Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/painful-periods

  Feeling pain before or during your menstrual period is very common. More than half of women and girls with periods have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. […] Symptoms related to painful periods can include: Muscle cramps in your lower belly or back, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Headaches. If pain during your period is severe, you also may have trouble sleeping. […] Period pain also can be caused by medical conditions, including Endometriosis, Cysts in the ovaries, Adenomyosis, Fibroids. Period pain that is caused by a medical condition may get worse over time. […] No matter if your period pain is mild or severe, you can ask your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) or other health care professional for help. Period pain can cause you to miss school or work, or it can disrupt your everyday activities. It is especially important to get help if your pain is severe, feels worse than usual, or is making your life hard every month.

• #15

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  Painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) can occur during or just before your period. The cramping can involve your lower belly, back, or thighs. And the pain from these cramps can range from mild to severe. You may also have diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Or you may get dizzy. […] Pain medicine and home treatment can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take anti-inflammatory medicines for pain. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) usually work better than aspirin. […] Start taking the recommended dose of pain medicine as soon as you start to feel pain. Or you can start on the day before your period. Keep taking the medicine for as many days as you have cramps.

• #16 Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/painful-periods

  Feeling pain before or during your menstrual period is very common. More than half of women and girls with periods have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. […] Symptoms related to painful periods can include: Muscle cramps in your lower belly or back, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Headaches. If pain during your period is severe, you also may have trouble sleeping. […] Period pain also can be caused by medical conditions, including Endometriosis, Cysts in the ovaries, Adenomyosis, Fibroids. Period pain that is caused by a medical condition may get worse over time. […] No matter if your period pain is mild or severe, you can ask your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) or other health care professional for help. Period pain can cause you to miss school or work, or it can disrupt your everyday activities. It is especially important to get help if your pain is severe, feels worse than usual, or is making your life hard every month.

• #17

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  Painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) can occur during or just before your period. The cramping can involve your lower belly, back, or thighs. And the pain from these cramps can range from mild to severe. You may also have diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Or you may get dizzy. […] Pain medicine and home treatment can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take anti-inflammatory medicines for pain. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) usually work better than aspirin. […] Start taking the recommended dose of pain medicine as soon as you start to feel pain. Or you can start on the day before your period. Keep taking the medicine for as many days as you have cramps.

• #18 Dysmenorrhea | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/dysmenorrhea

  Painful periods are periods with severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain. […] Treatment to manage symptoms may include: Prostaglandin inhibitors. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen. These medicines reduce pain. […] Symptoms may include cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, fainting, or headaches. […] Treatments may include NSAIDS, acetaminophen, birth control pills, hormone treatment, dietary changes, vitamins, exercise, heat, or massage. […] In extreme cases, you may need surgery.

• #19 Dysmenorrhea | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/dysmenorrhea

  Painful periods are periods with severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain. […] Treatment to manage symptoms may include: Prostaglandin inhibitors. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen. These medicines reduce pain. […] Symptoms may include cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, fainting, or headaches. […] Treatments may include NSAIDS, acetaminophen, birth control pills, hormone treatment, dietary changes, vitamins, exercise, heat, or massage. […] In extreme cases, you may need surgery.

• #20 Give Your Patients Options for Managing Menstrual Pain

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/give-your-patients-options-for-managing-menstrual-pain

  Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by painful menstruation and typically accompanied by negative emotional, physiological, and overall health effects. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and lower back pain, each with varying levels of severity. Dysmenorrhea also may affect sleep. […] Dysmenorrhea occurs in approximately 50% to 90% of adolescent girls and premenopausal women. The pain occurs in the lower abdomen. It starts at the beginning of the menstrual flow and lasts between 8 to 72 hours. […] There are 2 types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is described as pain with an unidentifiable cause experienced during the menstrual cycle, and it is one of the most common sources of pelvic pain in women. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an identifiable medical condition, and it makes up approximately 10% of all cases of this disorder. The most common cause of this condition is endometriosis.

• #21 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual Cramps, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea

  Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods. It happens because your uterus contracts to shed its lining. The pain typically begins just before your period and subsides after a few days. […] Mild to moderate menstrual cramping is normal. But some people have such severe pain during their period that it interferes with their day-to-day life and prevents them from doing things they enjoy. Medication and other treatments can help with painful periods. […] Pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often the first treatment for dysmenorrhea. These include medications like ibuprofen or naproxen, which you can buy at your local drug or grocery store. They work by reducing the amount of prostaglandins in your body. […] Your healthcare provider might also suggest hormonal birth control as a treatment. People who take hormonal medications tend to have less menstrual pain.

• #22 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection. […] To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend: […] Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. […] Hormonal birth control. Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. […] If your menstrual cramps are caused by a disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids, surgery to correct the problem might help your symptoms.

• #23 Painful menstrual periods Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/painful-menstrual-periods

  Contact your provider right away if you have: Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, Fever and pelvic pain, Sudden or severe pain, especially if your period is more than 1 week late and you have been sexually active. […] Your provider will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms.

• #24 Adolescent dysmenorrhea (severe menstrual cramps) – Gynecology – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/dysmenorrhea

  Dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhea) is a painful menstrual condition that usually includes severe cramps. […] Cramping during your period can be caused by severe contractions of the uterus during menstruation or by an underlying condition. Because painful periods can resemble other conditions, it is important to be seen by a doctor. […] There are two types of dysmenorrhea: Type 1: primary dysmenorrhea – Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common form of dysmenorrhea and involves crampy lower abdominal pain that occurs 24-48 hours before the onset of menstrual bleeding and continues for about 3-4 days. […] Type 2: secondary dysmenorrhea – Secondary dysmenorrhea is the other form of dysmenorrhea that is caused by another medical or gynecologic problems. […] If your daughter has painful periods, her doctor will first take a medical history and conduct a physical exam. A pelvic exam will not be required. The doctor may ask your daughter to keep a record of her pain when and where it occurs, how long it lasts, and how its relieved.

• #25 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. Symptoms and signs include dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and a uniformly enlarged uterus. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.

• #26 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection. […] To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend: […] Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. […] Hormonal birth control. Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. […] If your menstrual cramps are caused by a disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids, surgery to correct the problem might help your symptoms.

• #27 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. Symptoms and signs include dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and a uniformly enlarged uterus. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.

• #28 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. Symptoms and signs include dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and a uniformly enlarged uterus. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.

• #29 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  Typical next steps — If neither NSAIDs nor hormonal birth control adequately improve pain, your provider can recommend next steps based on your age, symptoms, and other medical conditions. Options include: Surgery to identify a cause — Diagnostic laparoscopy may be recommended to determine if endometriosis, or another condition, could be causing the pain. […] At least two surgical procedures have been developed to treat dysmenorrhea. Both of these surgeries involve cutting or destroying the uterine nerves, which prevents the transmission of pain signals. However, these procedures have not been shown to provide long-term relief of pain.

• #30 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Dysmenorrhea […] Symptoms and degree of pain vary, and may include the following: Abdominal cramping or dull ache that moves to lower back and legs. Heavy menstrual flow. Headache. Nausea. Constipation or diarrhea. Frequent urination. Vomiting (not common). Low back pain. Diarrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by strong contractions of the uterus triggered by prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that are involved in inflammation and pain. Generally, the higher the levels of prostaglandins, the more menstrual pain. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea can be caused by: Endometriosis, inflammation of the uterine lining. Blood and tissue being passed through a narrow cervix. Uterine fibroid or ovarian cyst. Uterine infections. PID. Intrauterine device (IUD). […] A pelvic examination may include an internal examination, laparoscopy, and ultrasound. You may need a Pap test. Your doctor may also ask for blood and urine samples.

• #31 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. Symptoms and signs include dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and a uniformly enlarged uterus. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.

• #32 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Yes, if you have painful periods you and your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) should talk about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle. If needed, your ob-gyn may recommend a pelvic exam. A first step in treatment may be medications. If medications do not relieve your pain, treatment should focus on finding the cause of your pain. […] Medications are usually the first step when treating painful periods. Certain pain relievers target prostaglandins. These medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the prostaglandins made by the body and lessen their effects. This in turn makes menstrual cramps less severe. Most NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can be bought over the counter. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. Birth control methods that contain progestin only, such as the birth control implant and the injection, also may reduce period pain.

• #33 Overview: Period pain – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279324/

  Many girls and women have problems like abdominal cramps and pain during their menstrual period. The medical term for painful periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Severe menstrual symptoms can usually be treated effectively. If you have very painful periods or the pain keeps getting worse over time, it can be a good idea to speak to your gynecologist. The abdominal pain is sometimes caused by a treatable condition such as endometriosis. […] Painkillers like ibuprofen can relieve the symptoms. Many women also try using heat, relaxation techniques or exercise for relief. […] It is important to see a doctor to find the cause of very severe pain. […] Women and girls get a lot of (sometimes contradictory) advice from doctors and other women. Painkillers such as ibuprofen and naproxen are effective. […] Many contraceptives, such as the pill or contraceptive coils, can relieve period pain. […] Your gynecologist is the first person to contact if you have severe period pain.

• #34 Give Your Patients Options for Managing Menstrual Pain

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/give-your-patients-options-for-managing-menstrual-pain

  Study results suggest that drinking 7 to 8 cups of water daily can help alleviate the severity of primary dysmenorrhea, shorten the length of menstrual bleeding, and reduce the average number of pain relievers taken during menstruation. […] Dietary choices can play a pivotal role in managing the symptoms and reducing the impact of dysmenorrhea. An anti-inflammatory diet, characterized by an abundance of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help mitigate inflammation in the body, which is closely linked to the severity of menstrual cramps. […] Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are considered first-line treatments for managing menstrual pain. They work by inhibiting the action of the COX enzyme, which leads to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins. […] Combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives are the second line of treatment and are effective in adolescents and adults with primary dysmenorrhea. They can significantly decrease pain and the need for and dose of analgesics. […] Dysmenorrhea is a common condition that affects a significant percentage of women. The 2 main types, primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, present unique challenges and often require a multifaceted approach to management.

• #35 Period pain

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/period-pain/

  Sometimes painful periods can be caused by a condition such as: womb tissue growing in other places (endometriosis and adenomyosis); growths in and around the womb (fibroids); an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease). […] If you have severe period pain, a GP may recommend: anti-inflammatory medicines like naproxen, flurbiprofen or mefenamic acid; a TENS machine a small device that uses mild electrical impulses to reduce pain; contraception like the pill, implant or injection these thin the womb lining, making your period lighter and easing the pain. […] The GP may refer you to a specialist (gynaecologist) if your period pain does not get better.

• #36 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics/print

  The pain of dysmenorrhea is crampy and usually located in lower abdomen; some people also have severe pain in the back or thighs. The pain usually begins just before or as menstrual bleeding begins, and gradually improves over one to three days. Pain usually occurs intermittently, and can range from mild to disabling. […] There are a number of treatments available for dysmenorrhea. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of medications that are very effective in reducing pain associated with dysmenorrhea. […] NSAIDs are most effective if they are started as soon as bleeding or other menstrual symptoms begins, and then taken on a regular schedule for two to three days. […] For people who do not wish to get pregnant, birth control pills and other forms of hormonal birth control can also be used to treat dysmenorrhea.

• #37 Menstrual Cramps | Home Care Advice | Patient Resources | Post Road Pediatrics | Practices | Alliance | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/alliance/practices/post-road-pediatrics/patient-resources/home-care-advice/menstrual-cramps

  Menstrual Cramps tend to occur during the first 1 or 2 days of the menstrual cycle. They are very common and affect over 60% of women. Current drugs are typically able to keep menstrual cramps to a mild level. […] Ibuprofen for Pain: Give 400mg of ibuprofen 3 times a day for 3 days. If the child weighs over 100 pounds, the first dose should be 600mg of ibuprofen. This medication should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset. Start taking this medication as soon as there is menstrual flow, or the day before if possible. Dont wait for the onset of menstrual cramps. […] Naproxen if Ibuprofen Doesnt Help: If ibuprofen has failed to provide adequate pain relief, try switching to naproxen (i.e., Aleve). Give 220mg every 8 hours for 2 or 3 days. If the child weighs over 100 pounds, the first dose should be 440mg of naproxen. This medication should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset.

• #38 Menstrual Cramps | Home Care Advice | Patient Resources | Post Road Pediatrics | Practices | Alliance | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/alliance/practices/post-road-pediatrics/patient-resources/home-care-advice/menstrual-cramps

  Menstrual Cramps tend to occur during the first 1 or 2 days of the menstrual cycle. They are very common and affect over 60% of women. Current drugs are typically able to keep menstrual cramps to a mild level. […] Ibuprofen for Pain: Give 400mg of ibuprofen 3 times a day for 3 days. If the child weighs over 100 pounds, the first dose should be 600mg of ibuprofen. This medication should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset. Start taking this medication as soon as there is menstrual flow, or the day before if possible. Dont wait for the onset of menstrual cramps. […] Naproxen if Ibuprofen Doesnt Help: If ibuprofen has failed to provide adequate pain relief, try switching to naproxen (i.e., Aleve). Give 220mg every 8 hours for 2 or 3 days. If the child weighs over 100 pounds, the first dose should be 440mg of naproxen. This medication should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset.

• #39 Menstrual Cramps | Home Care Advice | Patient Resources | Post Road Pediatrics | Practices | Alliance | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/alliance/practices/post-road-pediatrics/patient-resources/home-care-advice/menstrual-cramps

  Use Heat for Pain: Apply a heating pad or warm washcloth to the lower abdomen for 20 minutes 2 times per day to help reduce pain. A warm bath may also help. […] Cramps last 2 or 3 days. They usually occur with each menstrual period. Cramps often disappear permanently after your first pregnancy and delivery. […] Neither ibuprofen or naproxen provides adequate pain relief. Menstrual cramps are causing you to miss school or other important activities. Pain lasts over 3 days. You are unable to walk normally. Unusual vaginal discharge occurs before your period begins.

• #40 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Initial treatment is focused on relieving pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs help relieve pain. They can cause stomach upset, so taking them with food may help. Long-term use can increase the risk of stomach bleeding. NSAIDs include over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription NSAIDs are also available. […] Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Help relieve pain and have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than NSAIDs. […] Birth control pills and patches. Can help relieve pain and may be prescribed for problems such as endometriosis. […] Intrauterine devices. Reduce menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. […] For menstrual pain results caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

• #41

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  If anti-inflammatory medicines don’t help, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a heating pad set on low or a hot water bottle on your belly. Or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may help with pain. […] Get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous exercise a week. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing sports. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #42

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=av2809

  If anti-inflammatory medicines do not relieve the pain, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a warm water bottle, a heating pad set on low, or a warm cloth on your belly. Heat improves blood flow and may relieve pelvic pain. […] Get plenty of exercise every day. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Go for a walk or jog, ride your bike, or play sports with friends. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #43 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Yes, if you have painful periods you and your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) should talk about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle. If needed, your ob-gyn may recommend a pelvic exam. A first step in treatment may be medications. If medications do not relieve your pain, treatment should focus on finding the cause of your pain. […] Medications are usually the first step when treating painful periods. Certain pain relievers target prostaglandins. These medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the prostaglandins made by the body and lessen their effects. This in turn makes menstrual cramps less severe. Most NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can be bought over the counter. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. Birth control methods that contain progestin only, such as the birth control implant and the injection, also may reduce period pain.

• #44 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  A Cochrane review of 73 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated strong evidence to support nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the first-line treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. Medications should be taken one to two days before the anticipated onset of menses, and continued on a fixed schedule for two to three days. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. There is a lack of high-quality RCTs demonstrating pain improvement with the use of oral contraceptives; however, smaller RCTs report response rates as high as 80%. Both 28-day and extended-cycle oral contraceptives are reasonable options in women with primary dysmenorrhea who also desire contraception.

• #45 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection. […] To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend: […] Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. […] Hormonal birth control. Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. […] If your menstrual cramps are caused by a disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids, surgery to correct the problem might help your symptoms.

• #46 Period Pain: Symptoms and Treatment – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/womens-health/period-pain/

  The treatment of secondary dysmenorrhoea includes treatment of the cause, as well as pain-relieving medicines. […] Medicines known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective for the treatment of period pain. These medicines stop the production of prostaglandins the chemical that causes period pain. […] To be properly effective, NSAIDs should be taken before the onset of pain (if possible) or at the start of pain. […] Certain formulations of the combined oral contraceptive pill can be effective in treating period pain. Other hormonal forms of contraception (such as the vaginal ring) as well as long-term contraceptive options such as implants, injections and hormone-releasing intra-uterine devices (e.g. Mirena) can also help. […] Some women find that taking nutritional supplements such as magnesium, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin E, pyridoxine or fish oil helps relieve their pain.

• #47 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Yes, if you have painful periods you and your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) should talk about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle. If needed, your ob-gyn may recommend a pelvic exam. A first step in treatment may be medications. If medications do not relieve your pain, treatment should focus on finding the cause of your pain. […] Medications are usually the first step when treating painful periods. Certain pain relievers target prostaglandins. These medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the prostaglandins made by the body and lessen their effects. This in turn makes menstrual cramps less severe. Most NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can be bought over the counter. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. Birth control methods that contain progestin only, such as the birth control implant and the injection, also may reduce period pain.

• #48 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Initial treatment is focused on relieving pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs help relieve pain. They can cause stomach upset, so taking them with food may help. Long-term use can increase the risk of stomach bleeding. NSAIDs include over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription NSAIDs are also available. […] Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Help relieve pain and have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than NSAIDs. […] Birth control pills and patches. Can help relieve pain and may be prescribed for problems such as endometriosis. […] Intrauterine devices. Reduce menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. […] For menstrual pain results caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

• #49 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis. A double-blind RCT demonstrated the effectiveness of combined oral estrogen-progestin for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis. Several trials have confirmed the effectiveness of oral and depot medroxyprogesterone (Provera), the etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon), and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] There is limited and inconsistent evidence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Expert consensus and a small study suggest that topical heat may be as effective as NSAIDs, but there is insufficient evidence for acupuncture, yoga, and massage. Exercise and nutritional interventions (supplementation or increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B) may provide some benefit, but the evidence is limited to small RCTs.

• #50 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Yes, if you have painful periods you and your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) should talk about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle. If needed, your ob-gyn may recommend a pelvic exam. A first step in treatment may be medications. If medications do not relieve your pain, treatment should focus on finding the cause of your pain. […] Medications are usually the first step when treating painful periods. Certain pain relievers target prostaglandins. These medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the prostaglandins made by the body and lessen their effects. This in turn makes menstrual cramps less severe. Most NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can be bought over the counter. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. Birth control methods that contain progestin only, such as the birth control implant and the injection, also may reduce period pain.

• #51 Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/painful-periods

  There are several ways to treat period pain. Most period pain in teens is treated with medication: Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, may ease your cramps. It may work best if you start taking a pain reliever 1 to 2 days before your period and continue through the first 2 to 3 days of bleeding. Hormone treatment, such as birth control pills or a hormonal intrauterine device (IUD), also may lessen period pain. […] If medication does not relieve the pain, your doctor may suggest tests to find the cause. A different treatment may be needed if you have a medical condition such as endometriosis or fibroids. […] You may find it helpful to try: Exercising regularly throughout each month, Taking a warm bath or putting a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen or lower back, Getting more sleep, especially right before and during your period.

• #52 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Initial treatment is focused on relieving pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs help relieve pain. They can cause stomach upset, so taking them with food may help. Long-term use can increase the risk of stomach bleeding. NSAIDs include over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription NSAIDs are also available. […] Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Help relieve pain and have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than NSAIDs. […] Birth control pills and patches. Can help relieve pain and may be prescribed for problems such as endometriosis. […] Intrauterine devices. Reduce menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. […] For menstrual pain results caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

• #53 Painful menstrual periods Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/painful-menstrual-periods

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. […] If these self-care measures do not work, your health care provider may offer you treatment such as: Birth control pills, Hormone-containing IUD, Prescription anti-inflammatory medicines, Prescription pain relievers (including narcotics, for brief periods), Antidepressants, Antibiotics, Pelvic ultrasound, Surgery (laparoscopy) to rule out endometriosis or other pelvic disease.

• #54 Period pain – dysmenorrhoea | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstruation-pain-dysmenorrhoea

  Period pain happens when the muscles in the uterus contract or tighten strongly. […] Some pain during your period is normal and can be easily managed. […] There are ways to treat painful periods. […] If you have painful periods, you can try: pain-relief medicine (e.g. ibuprofen) when the pain starts, regular exercise, which releases natural chemicals (endorphins) that relieve pain, putting a heat pack or hot water bottle on your abdomen and lower back to help relax the muscles, relaxation techniques (e.g. meditation) to relieve stress, complementary therapies like acupuncture or naturopathy, or supplements like fish oil and magnesium. […] Talk to your doctor if simple treatments for period pain dont help or if your symptoms are so painful they impact your quality of life.

• #55 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Besides getting enough sleep and rest, things you might want to try include: […] Physical activity, including sex, helps ease menstrual cramps for some women. […] Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch on your lower abdomen might ease menstrual cramps. […] A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B-1 (thiamin), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements might reduce menstrual cramps. […] Psychological stress might increase your risk of menstrual cramps and their severity. […] Acupuncture involves inserting extremely thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body. Some studies have found that acupuncture helps relieve menstrual cramps. […] When you have cramps, try taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also might help.

• #56 Dysmenorrhoea | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/d/dysmenorrhoea

  Painful periods (dysmenorrhoea) are common, especially for younger women. […] For most women the pain is mild but for some it is so severe it interferes with daily activities. […] You dont have to put up with it. Period pain can usually be managed at home with self-care and pain relief. […] Treatment depends on the reason for the pain. […] For primary dysmenorrhoea most pain can be treated and managed at home with self-care and pain relief or contraceptive medicines. […] For secondary dysmenorrhoea the treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] There are things you can do to ease the pain that are supported by clinical evidence. […] Pain relief medicines are not safe for some people. […] Some women find it helpful to use a contraceptive medicine which stops ovulation, eg, a combined hormonal contraceptive pill or intrauterine device (Mirena). […] Contact your healthcare provider if you have any of the following: Severe pain that isn’t helped by medicines or self-care. […] Severe pain that’s interfering with your usual activities (eg, you can’t go to school or work or take part in everyday activities you enjoy).

• #57 Painful menstrual periods: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003150.htm

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. Back pain and/or leg pain may also be present. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light, but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to begin and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is associated with PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise.

• #58 Menstrual Cramps | Home Care Advice | Patient Resources | Post Road Pediatrics | Practices | Alliance | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/alliance/practices/post-road-pediatrics/patient-resources/home-care-advice/menstrual-cramps

  Use Heat for Pain: Apply a heating pad or warm washcloth to the lower abdomen for 20 minutes 2 times per day to help reduce pain. A warm bath may also help. […] Cramps last 2 or 3 days. They usually occur with each menstrual period. Cramps often disappear permanently after your first pregnancy and delivery. […] Neither ibuprofen or naproxen provides adequate pain relief. Menstrual cramps are causing you to miss school or other important activities. Pain lasts over 3 days. You are unable to walk normally. Unusual vaginal discharge occurs before your period begins.

• #59 Painful menstrual periods: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003150.htm

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. Back pain and/or leg pain may also be present. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light, but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to begin and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is associated with PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise.

• #60 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Nux vomica. For cramping pains that extend to the lower back; these pains are often accompanied by nausea, chills, irritability, and a sensitivity to light, noise, and odors. […] Pulsatilla. For menstrual pains accompanied by irritability, moodiness (including feelings of sadness), dizziness, fainting, nausea, diarrhea, back pain, and headaches; there may be more pain when there is no menstrual flow. […] The following methods may help relieve pelvic pain: Castor oil pack. Apply oil directly to skin, cover with a clean soft cloth (for example, flannel) and plastic wrap. Place a heat source (hot water bottle or heating pad) over the pack and let sit for 30 to 60 minutes. For best results use 3 consecutive days in 1 week. […] Contrast sitz baths. Use two basins that you can comfortably sit in. Sit in hot water for 3 minutes, then in cold water for 1 minute. Repeat three times to complete 1 set. Do 1 to 2 sets per day, 3 to 4 days per week.

• #61

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  If anti-inflammatory medicines don’t help, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a heating pad set on low or a hot water bottle on your belly. Or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may help with pain. […] Get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous exercise a week. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing sports. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #62 Menstrual Cramp Home Remedies to Manage Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/menstrual-cramp-remedies

  Certain over-the-counter products and home remedies, like using a heating pad, may help relieve pain associated with period cramps. Avoiding certain foods may also help. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the primary over-the-counter (OTC) form of pain relief recommended for menstrual pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. NSAIDs include: low dose aspirin, high dose aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve). These drugs help lower your body’s production of prostaglandin. NSAIDs are not as effective as oral contraception at lowering prostaglandin, but they can help reduce pain. […] Applying heat to your abdomen and lower back may relieve pain. A 2018 review of studies found that heat therapy (usually a heat patch or pack) was as effective at treating menstrual pain as NSAIDs. It also may cause fewer side effects.

• #63 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] ExerciseExercising most days of the week can make you feel better. Aerobic workouts, such as walking, jogging, biking, or swimming, help produce chemicals that block pain. […] Taking a warm bath or placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen can be soothing. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD. Medications called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists also may relieve endometriosis pain. […] If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. If these do not work, a treatment called uterine artery embolization (UAE) may be recommended. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. UAE also can be done to treat adenomyosis. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #64 Period pain – dysmenorrhoea | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstruation-pain-dysmenorrhoea

  Period pain happens when the muscles in the uterus contract or tighten strongly. […] Some pain during your period is normal and can be easily managed. […] There are ways to treat painful periods. […] If you have painful periods, you can try: pain-relief medicine (e.g. ibuprofen) when the pain starts, regular exercise, which releases natural chemicals (endorphins) that relieve pain, putting a heat pack or hot water bottle on your abdomen and lower back to help relax the muscles, relaxation techniques (e.g. meditation) to relieve stress, complementary therapies like acupuncture or naturopathy, or supplements like fish oil and magnesium. […] Talk to your doctor if simple treatments for period pain dont help or if your symptoms are so painful they impact your quality of life.

• #65

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=av2809

  If anti-inflammatory medicines do not relieve the pain, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a warm water bottle, a heating pad set on low, or a warm cloth on your belly. Heat improves blood flow and may relieve pelvic pain. […] Get plenty of exercise every day. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Go for a walk or jog, ride your bike, or play sports with friends. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #66 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] ExerciseExercising most days of the week can make you feel better. Aerobic workouts, such as walking, jogging, biking, or swimming, help produce chemicals that block pain. […] Taking a warm bath or placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen can be soothing. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD. Medications called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists also may relieve endometriosis pain. […] If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. If these do not work, a treatment called uterine artery embolization (UAE) may be recommended. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. UAE also can be done to treat adenomyosis. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #67 Dysmenorrhea: An update on primary healthcare management

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2024/january-february/dysmenorrhea

  Both combined and progesterone-only hormonal therapies can be used to treat dysmenorrhoea and should be offered to adolescent and adult patients with dysmenorrhoea who are not currently planning pregnancy unless contraindications exist. […] Non-pharmacological interventions have been shown to be effective in treating dysmenorrhoea. […] Regular exercise has been shown to improve dysmenorrhoea symptoms, probably through increased blood flow and endorphin release and lowering stress and anxiety. […] Surgical intervention should only be considered for primary dysmenorrhoea if a concerted trial of medical therapy has not been successful. […] Dysmenorrhoea is a common and sometimes debilitating condition that profoundly affects individuals quality of life. […] Most patients will respond to interventions that can be initiated in a primary care setting, and yet dysmenorrhoea is frequently undertreated despite effective therapy being widely available at minimal cost.

• #68 Period pain – dysmenorrhoea | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstruation-pain-dysmenorrhoea

  Period pain happens when the muscles in the uterus contract or tighten strongly. […] Some pain during your period is normal and can be easily managed. […] There are ways to treat painful periods. […] If you have painful periods, you can try: pain-relief medicine (e.g. ibuprofen) when the pain starts, regular exercise, which releases natural chemicals (endorphins) that relieve pain, putting a heat pack or hot water bottle on your abdomen and lower back to help relax the muscles, relaxation techniques (e.g. meditation) to relieve stress, complementary therapies like acupuncture or naturopathy, or supplements like fish oil and magnesium. […] Talk to your doctor if simple treatments for period pain dont help or if your symptoms are so painful they impact your quality of life.

• #69 Period pain – dysmenorrhoea | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstruation-pain-dysmenorrhoea

  Period pain happens when the muscles in the uterus contract or tighten strongly. […] Some pain during your period is normal and can be easily managed. […] There are ways to treat painful periods. […] If you have painful periods, you can try: pain-relief medicine (e.g. ibuprofen) when the pain starts, regular exercise, which releases natural chemicals (endorphins) that relieve pain, putting a heat pack or hot water bottle on your abdomen and lower back to help relax the muscles, relaxation techniques (e.g. meditation) to relieve stress, complementary therapies like acupuncture or naturopathy, or supplements like fish oil and magnesium. […] Talk to your doctor if simple treatments for period pain dont help or if your symptoms are so painful they impact your quality of life.

• #70 Painful menstrual periods: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003150.htm

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. Back pain and/or leg pain may also be present. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light, but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to begin and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is associated with PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise.

• #71 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Besides getting enough sleep and rest, things you might want to try include: […] Physical activity, including sex, helps ease menstrual cramps for some women. […] Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch on your lower abdomen might ease menstrual cramps. […] A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B-1 (thiamin), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements might reduce menstrual cramps. […] Psychological stress might increase your risk of menstrual cramps and their severity. […] Acupuncture involves inserting extremely thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body. Some studies have found that acupuncture helps relieve menstrual cramps. […] When you have cramps, try taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also might help.

• #72 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Topical heat. Continuous low level topical heat therapy has been shown to be as effective as ibuprofen (Advil) for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. […] Acupuncture has become a popular treatment for menstrual pain. The National Institutes of Health recommends acupuncture, either by itself or along with other treatments, for menstrual pain. In a well-designed study of 43 women with menstrual pain, women treated with acupuncture had less pain and needed less pain medication. […] Acupuncturists treat people with dysmenorrhea based on an individualized assessment of the excesses and deficiencies of energy (called qi) located in various meridians. In the case of dysmenorrhea, a qi deficiency is usually detected in the liver and spleen meridians. Moxibustion (a technique in which the herb mugwort is burned over specific acupuncture points) is often added to enhance needling treatment, and qualified practitioners may also recommend herbal or dietary treatments.

• #73 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  For people who do not wish to get pregnant, birth control pills and other forms of hormonal birth control can also be used to treat dysmenorrhea. […] Treatments that do not require the use of a medication can also help to reduce the pain of dysmenorrhea. […] Applying heat to the lower abdomen with a heating pad, hot water bottle, or self-heating patch can significantly reduce pain, often as well as treatment with an NSAID. […] Exercise seems to reduce menstrual symptoms, including pain, in some studies. […] Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment that involves the use of electrode patches, which are applied to the skin near the area of pain. TENS has been used to treat pain caused by many conditions, and may help to reduce dysmenorrhea in some patients. […] If you try one of these treatments but it does not sufficiently relieve pain within two to three months, your health care provider might recommend switching treatments or combining approaches.

• #74 Dysmenorrhea | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/dysmenorrhea

  Medications are often used to treat period pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. […] These pain relievers are called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, and can reduce the pain associated with menstruation. […] Many hormonal treatments make periods lighter and less painful or suppress periods completely. […] Other ways of managing menstrual pain include: Acupuncture or acupressure, Nerve-stimulation therapies, Physical therapy, Relaxation exercises, such as meditation or yoga, Biofeedback, Aerobic exercise, Heat applied to the abdomen, Getting enough sleep. […] Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea varies by condition but birth control methods and pain relievers such as NSAIDs may be recommended. […] Our experienced physicians will work with your daughter to provide an accurate diagnosis and treatment of the problem underlying her dysmenorrhea.

• #75 Menstrual Cramp Home Remedies to Manage Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/menstrual-cramp-remedies

  Massage therapy for menstruation involves pressing specific points while the therapist’s hands move around your abdomen, side, and back. […] While there are no clinical studies on the direct effect of orgasms on menstrual cramps, science suggests it may help. […] During menstruation, avoiding foods that cause bloating and water retention can help you. […] These herbal remedies contain anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic compounds that can reduce the muscle contractions and swelling associated with menstrual pain. […] Maintaining a healthy diet and keeping up a regular exercise regimen can go a long way toward preventing menstrual pain. […] Research suggests exercise is effective at reducing menstrual pain to the extent it may also eliminate or reduce the need for pain-relief medication.

• #76 Painful menstrual periods: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003150.htm

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. Back pain and/or leg pain may also be present. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. Do light circular massage with your fingertips around your lower belly area. Drink warm beverages. Eat light, but frequent meals. Keep your legs raised while lying down or lie on your side with your knees bent. Practice relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga. Try over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Start taking it the day before your period is expected to begin and continue taking it regularly for the first few days of your period. Try vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium supplements, especially if your pain is associated with PMS. Take warm showers or baths. Walk or exercise regularly, including pelvic rocking exercises. Lose weight if you are overweight. Get regular, aerobic exercise.

• #77 Dysmenorrhea | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/dysmenorrhea

  Medications are often used to treat period pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. […] These pain relievers are called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, and can reduce the pain associated with menstruation. […] Many hormonal treatments make periods lighter and less painful or suppress periods completely. […] Other ways of managing menstrual pain include: Acupuncture or acupressure, Nerve-stimulation therapies, Physical therapy, Relaxation exercises, such as meditation or yoga, Biofeedback, Aerobic exercise, Heat applied to the abdomen, Getting enough sleep. […] Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea varies by condition but birth control methods and pain relievers such as NSAIDs may be recommended. […] Our experienced physicians will work with your daughter to provide an accurate diagnosis and treatment of the problem underlying her dysmenorrhea.

• #78 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html

  Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis. A double-blind RCT demonstrated the effectiveness of combined oral estrogen-progestin for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis. Several trials have confirmed the effectiveness of oral and depot medroxyprogesterone (Provera), the etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon), and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] There is limited and inconsistent evidence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Expert consensus and a small study suggest that topical heat may be as effective as NSAIDs, but there is insufficient evidence for acupuncture, yoga, and massage. Exercise and nutritional interventions (supplementation or increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B) may provide some benefit, but the evidence is limited to small RCTs.

• #79 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Besides getting enough sleep and rest, things you might want to try include: […] Physical activity, including sex, helps ease menstrual cramps for some women. […] Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch on your lower abdomen might ease menstrual cramps. […] A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B-1 (thiamin), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements might reduce menstrual cramps. […] Psychological stress might increase your risk of menstrual cramps and their severity. […] Acupuncture involves inserting extremely thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body. Some studies have found that acupuncture helps relieve menstrual cramps. […] When you have cramps, try taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also might help.

• #80 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Some women find that changing their diets makes cramps less severe. Mind-body techniques such as meditation and acupuncture, and exercises such as yoga and tai chi, can also help relieve pain. Aromatic essential oils and massage may also help relieve pain. […] Eat foods that are rich in calcium, including beans, almonds, and dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale. […] Eat foods that are high in antioxidants, including fruits, such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes, and vegetables, such as squash and bell pepper. […] Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar. […] Eat more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy), or beans for protein. […] Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil. […] Some women find that adding soy milk to their diet helps relieve menstrual pain.

• #81 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Magnesium. Preliminary studies suggest that magnesium may help reduce menstrual pain. Too much magnesium can cause diarrhea and lower blood pressure. If you have digestive problems or heart disease, ask your doctor before taking magnesium. Magnesium can interact with many medications, including antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and tetracycline; bone-building drugs such as alendronate (Fosamax), and risedronate (Actonel); diuretics (water pills); and other drugs. […] Herbs are generally available as standardized dried extracts (pills, capsules, or tablets), teas, tinctures, or liquid extracts (alcohol extraction, unless otherwise noted). Mix liquid extracts with favorite beverage. […] Some researchers think the following herbs act like estrogen in the body. Women who have a history of hormone-related cancer, who are taking hormone replacement therapy, or who have a bleeding disorder or are taking blood-thinning medication should ask their doctor before taking these herbs: Chaste tree or chaste berry (Vitex agnus castus). Chaste tree may interact with a number of medications, including chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), levodopa, metoclopramide, olanzapine (Zyprexa), prochlorperazine (Compazine), quetiapine (Seroquel), ropinirole (Requip), risperidone (Risperdal). It may also make birth control pills less effective.

• #82 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine. […] Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. […] Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily. […] Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week. […] Some studies also suggest following a gluten-free diet helped reduce painful symptoms of endometriosis. […] The following supplements may also help relieve menstrual pain: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil to help lower inflammation. A few studies have found that women who took fish oil had less menstrual pain than those who took placebo. Omega-3 fatty acids may raise the risk of bleeding, especially for people who take blood thinners such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), or aspirin. Ask your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids.

• #83 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine. […] Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. […] Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily. […] Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week. […] Some studies also suggest following a gluten-free diet helped reduce painful symptoms of endometriosis. […] The following supplements may also help relieve menstrual pain: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil to help lower inflammation. A few studies have found that women who took fish oil had less menstrual pain than those who took placebo. Omega-3 fatty acids may raise the risk of bleeding, especially for people who take blood thinners such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), or aspirin. Ask your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids.

• #84 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Some women find that changing their diets makes cramps less severe. Mind-body techniques such as meditation and acupuncture, and exercises such as yoga and tai chi, can also help relieve pain. Aromatic essential oils and massage may also help relieve pain. […] Eat foods that are rich in calcium, including beans, almonds, and dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale. […] Eat foods that are high in antioxidants, including fruits, such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes, and vegetables, such as squash and bell pepper. […] Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar. […] Eat more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy), or beans for protein. […] Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil. […] Some women find that adding soy milk to their diet helps relieve menstrual pain.

• #85 Give Your Patients Options for Managing Menstrual Pain

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/give-your-patients-options-for-managing-menstrual-pain

  Study results suggest that drinking 7 to 8 cups of water daily can help alleviate the severity of primary dysmenorrhea, shorten the length of menstrual bleeding, and reduce the average number of pain relievers taken during menstruation. […] Dietary choices can play a pivotal role in managing the symptoms and reducing the impact of dysmenorrhea. An anti-inflammatory diet, characterized by an abundance of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help mitigate inflammation in the body, which is closely linked to the severity of menstrual cramps. […] Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are considered first-line treatments for managing menstrual pain. They work by inhibiting the action of the COX enzyme, which leads to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins. […] Combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives are the second line of treatment and are effective in adolescents and adults with primary dysmenorrhea. They can significantly decrease pain and the need for and dose of analgesics. […] Dysmenorrhea is a common condition that affects a significant percentage of women. The 2 main types, primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, present unique challenges and often require a multifaceted approach to management.

• #86 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Besides getting enough sleep and rest, things you might want to try include: […] Physical activity, including sex, helps ease menstrual cramps for some women. […] Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch on your lower abdomen might ease menstrual cramps. […] A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B-1 (thiamin), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements might reduce menstrual cramps. […] Psychological stress might increase your risk of menstrual cramps and their severity. […] Acupuncture involves inserting extremely thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body. Some studies have found that acupuncture helps relieve menstrual cramps. […] When you have cramps, try taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also might help.

• #87 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine. […] Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. […] Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily. […] Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week. […] Some studies also suggest following a gluten-free diet helped reduce painful symptoms of endometriosis. […] The following supplements may also help relieve menstrual pain: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil to help lower inflammation. A few studies have found that women who took fish oil had less menstrual pain than those who took placebo. Omega-3 fatty acids may raise the risk of bleeding, especially for people who take blood thinners such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), or aspirin. Ask your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids.

• #88 The Long-Term Game of Bettering Menstrual Pain – Women’s Voices for the Earth

  https://womensvoices.org/2022/07/26/the-long-term-game-of-bettering-menstrual-pain/

  There are generally four areas of how long-term vitamin use can alleviate period pain: Increasing trace metals in the body, Increasing release of happy hormones, Directly decreasing contractions, Increasing antioxidant chemicals in the body. […] Magnesium helps muscle contractions to be smoother. So, in uterine contractions magnesium is said to make these contractions less intense. Therefore, it is believed taking magnesium can help with menstrual cramps. […] Other ways vitamins can potentially help with period pain are through promoting the release of feel good hormones. Your body produces natural hormones that promote happy feelings. These are serotonin and dopamine. Vitamin B6 is known to help boost serotonin and dopamine levels and is thought to improve period pain if taken by increasing levels of serotonin and dopamine production in the body.

• #89 The Long-Term Game of Bettering Menstrual Pain – Women’s Voices for the Earth

  https://womensvoices.org/2022/07/26/the-long-term-game-of-bettering-menstrual-pain/

  There are generally four areas of how long-term vitamin use can alleviate period pain: Increasing trace metals in the body, Increasing release of happy hormones, Directly decreasing contractions, Increasing antioxidant chemicals in the body. […] Magnesium helps muscle contractions to be smoother. So, in uterine contractions magnesium is said to make these contractions less intense. Therefore, it is believed taking magnesium can help with menstrual cramps. […] Other ways vitamins can potentially help with period pain are through promoting the release of feel good hormones. Your body produces natural hormones that promote happy feelings. These are serotonin and dopamine. Vitamin B6 is known to help boost serotonin and dopamine levels and is thought to improve period pain if taken by increasing levels of serotonin and dopamine production in the body.

• #90 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Calcium citrate. Your body needs calcium for healthy bones. Calcium may also help reduce menstrual pain because it helps maintain muscle tone. However, evidence isn’t clear. Calcium citrate is the form of calcium that your body absorbs most easily. Remember that you may be getting some calcium in the food you eat, so ask your doctor before taking calcium supplements. […] Vitamin D, helps your body use calcium and may reduce inflammation. Vitamin D may interact with a number of medications, so ask your doctor before taking more than the recommended daily allowance. […] Vitamin E, may help reduce menstrual pain. In one study, 100 young women took either 500 IU of vitamin E or placebo for 5 days (2 days before and 3 days after their periods started). Those who took vitamin E reported less pain than those who took placebo. Vitamin E may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you already take blood thinners. People with heart disease, diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, or cancer of the head, neck, or prostate, should avoid high doses of vitamin E without first asking their doctor.

• #91 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine. […] Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. […] Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily. […] Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week. […] Some studies also suggest following a gluten-free diet helped reduce painful symptoms of endometriosis. […] The following supplements may also help relieve menstrual pain: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil to help lower inflammation. A few studies have found that women who took fish oil had less menstrual pain than those who took placebo. Omega-3 fatty acids may raise the risk of bleeding, especially for people who take blood thinners such as clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), or aspirin. Ask your doctor before taking omega-3 fatty acids.

• #92 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Calcium citrate. Your body needs calcium for healthy bones. Calcium may also help reduce menstrual pain because it helps maintain muscle tone. However, evidence isn’t clear. Calcium citrate is the form of calcium that your body absorbs most easily. Remember that you may be getting some calcium in the food you eat, so ask your doctor before taking calcium supplements. […] Vitamin D, helps your body use calcium and may reduce inflammation. Vitamin D may interact with a number of medications, so ask your doctor before taking more than the recommended daily allowance. […] Vitamin E, may help reduce menstrual pain. In one study, 100 young women took either 500 IU of vitamin E or placebo for 5 days (2 days before and 3 days after their periods started). Those who took vitamin E reported less pain than those who took placebo. Vitamin E may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you already take blood thinners. People with heart disease, diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, or cancer of the head, neck, or prostate, should avoid high doses of vitamin E without first asking their doctor.

• #93 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Calcium citrate. Your body needs calcium for healthy bones. Calcium may also help reduce menstrual pain because it helps maintain muscle tone. However, evidence isn’t clear. Calcium citrate is the form of calcium that your body absorbs most easily. Remember that you may be getting some calcium in the food you eat, so ask your doctor before taking calcium supplements. […] Vitamin D, helps your body use calcium and may reduce inflammation. Vitamin D may interact with a number of medications, so ask your doctor before taking more than the recommended daily allowance. […] Vitamin E, may help reduce menstrual pain. In one study, 100 young women took either 500 IU of vitamin E or placebo for 5 days (2 days before and 3 days after their periods started). Those who took vitamin E reported less pain than those who took placebo. Vitamin E may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you already take blood thinners. People with heart disease, diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, or cancer of the head, neck, or prostate, should avoid high doses of vitamin E without first asking their doctor.

• #94 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection. […] To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend: […] Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. […] Hormonal birth control. Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. […] If your menstrual cramps are caused by a disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids, surgery to correct the problem might help your symptoms.

• #95 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  Typical next steps — If neither NSAIDs nor hormonal birth control adequately improve pain, your provider can recommend next steps based on your age, symptoms, and other medical conditions. Options include: Surgery to identify a cause — Diagnostic laparoscopy may be recommended to determine if endometriosis, or another condition, could be causing the pain. […] At least two surgical procedures have been developed to treat dysmenorrhea. Both of these surgeries involve cutting or destroying the uterine nerves, which prevents the transmission of pain signals. However, these procedures have not been shown to provide long-term relief of pain.

• #96 Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/painful-periods

  Endometriosis is the most common medical condition that causes period pain. In this condition, tissue from the lining of the uterus is found outside the uterus. The tissue breaks down and bleeds in response to changes in hormones. This happens in the same way the lining of the uterus breaks down and bleeds each month during your period. Ob-gyns may use laparoscopy to diagnose and treat endometriosis. Medications that suppress hormones also may be used to manage endometriosis. Endometriosis is a long-lasting condition that may be challenging to treat. Ongoing education and support may be helpful.

• #97 Period Pain (dysmenorrhea): Could It Be Endometriosis? – drseckin.com

  https://drseckin.com/period-pain/

  Dysmenorrhea is the scientific term used to describe painful periods. […] The most common way to manage both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin. They work by reducing the menstrual flow, therefore, decreasing the pressure inside the uterus. They also reduce the levels of prostaglandins released during menstruation. […] A popular way to manage dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis is combined oral contraceptives. They work by suppressing ovulation and inhibiting the growth of the endometrial implants and may reduce menstrual pain associated with endometriosis. […] The gold standard for the treatment of endometriosis is laparoscopic deep excision surgery. During this operation, the surgeon makes small incisions in the patients abdomen and introduces an instrument known as a laparoscope, which allows him or her to visualize the inside of the abdomen. The surgeon then removes the endometrial lesions using dissection. Patients often report a decrease in symptoms, while others say their symptoms completely disappear. However, women should remember that there is a small risk of endometriosis recurring even after the best of surgeries.

• #98 Period Pain (dysmenorrhea): Could It Be Endometriosis? – drseckin.com

  https://drseckin.com/period-pain/

  Dysmenorrhea is the scientific term used to describe painful periods. […] The most common way to manage both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin. They work by reducing the menstrual flow, therefore, decreasing the pressure inside the uterus. They also reduce the levels of prostaglandins released during menstruation. […] A popular way to manage dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis is combined oral contraceptives. They work by suppressing ovulation and inhibiting the growth of the endometrial implants and may reduce menstrual pain associated with endometriosis. […] The gold standard for the treatment of endometriosis is laparoscopic deep excision surgery. During this operation, the surgeon makes small incisions in the patients abdomen and introduces an instrument known as a laparoscope, which allows him or her to visualize the inside of the abdomen. The surgeon then removes the endometrial lesions using dissection. Patients often report a decrease in symptoms, while others say their symptoms completely disappear. However, women should remember that there is a small risk of endometriosis recurring even after the best of surgeries.

• #99 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] ExerciseExercising most days of the week can make you feel better. Aerobic workouts, such as walking, jogging, biking, or swimming, help produce chemicals that block pain. […] Taking a warm bath or placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen can be soothing. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD. Medications called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists also may relieve endometriosis pain. […] If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. If these do not work, a treatment called uterine artery embolization (UAE) may be recommended. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. UAE also can be done to treat adenomyosis. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #100 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  Typical next steps — If neither NSAIDs nor hormonal birth control adequately improve pain, your provider can recommend next steps based on your age, symptoms, and other medical conditions. Options include: Surgery to identify a cause — Diagnostic laparoscopy may be recommended to determine if endometriosis, or another condition, could be causing the pain. […] At least two surgical procedures have been developed to treat dysmenorrhea. Both of these surgeries involve cutting or destroying the uterine nerves, which prevents the transmission of pain signals. However, these procedures have not been shown to provide long-term relief of pain.

• #101 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] ExerciseExercising most days of the week can make you feel better. Aerobic workouts, such as walking, jogging, biking, or swimming, help produce chemicals that block pain. […] Taking a warm bath or placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen can be soothing. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD. Medications called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists also may relieve endometriosis pain. […] If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. If these do not work, a treatment called uterine artery embolization (UAE) may be recommended. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. UAE also can be done to treat adenomyosis. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #102 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Dysmenorrhoea, pain during menstruation, affects 40-95 per cent of menstruating women, and has been reported as the most common causes of regular absenteeism among young women. […] The symptoms that present with dysmenorrhoea, the management and treatment options that are available, and the implications for nursing practice are discussed. […] Hewison and van den Akker (1996) maintain that given its personal and economic effects, and the high percentage of nurses who are female, dysmenorrhoea is likely to have a significant effect on the nursing profession. […] For nurses working in womens health care, it is essential to be able to explain the events of the normal menstrual cycle in lay terms, including being able to provide a simple account of the conditions that give rise to pain and bleeding (Gould, 1998).

• #103 Nursing Care Plan For Dysmenorrhea | PDF | Medical Specialties | Clinical Medicine

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/297726766/Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Dysmenorrhea

  The patient presented with abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility during ovulation. Nursing interventions included explaining non-pharmacological pain relief techniques like warm compresses, relaxation exercises, massage, and administering analgesics as needed. After 4 hours the goal of reduced pain was met as evidenced by a lower pain scale rating. […] The patient presented with abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility during ovulation. Nursing interventions included explaining non-pharmacological pain relief techniques like warm compresses, relaxation exercises, massage, and administering analgesics as needed. After 4 hours the goal of reduced pain was met as evidenced by a lower pain scale rating.

• #104 DYSMENORRHOEA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/dysmenorrhoea/

  Dysmenorrhea is a medical term used to describe painful menstrual cramps that occur just before or during menstruation (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). […] Dysmenorrhoea can occur at any age, though uncommon in the first 6 months after the onset of menses and relatively uncommon in the years prior to menopause. The most common ages for this problem to occur are in the late teens and early twenties. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Acute pain related to increased uterine contractility evidenced by verbalization of the girl or woman. […] Nursing Interventions: Warm the abdomen to cause vasodilation and reduce spasmodic contractions. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective individual coping related to emotional stress evidenced by the patients verbalization. […] Nursing Interventions: Assess the patients understanding of the condition, as anxiety is influenced by knowledge.

• #105 DYSMENORRHOEA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/dysmenorrhoea/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting. […] Nursing Interventions: Provide the patient with periods of sleep or rest for overall relaxation. […] Nursing Concerns: Assess the severity and characteristics of pain, including location, intensity, and duration. […] Nursing Interventions: Provide pain management through prescribed medications.

• #106 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Nurses are often asked for advice about dysmenorrhoea and are in an ideal position in their role as health educators and health promoters to offer suggestions for self-help (Gould, 1994). Patients should be informed that dysmenorrhoea is a treatable condition and that the prognosis for primary dysmenorrhoea is excellent (Wolf and Schumann, 1999). […] It is vital, therefore, that nurses understand how the menstrual cycle works and are familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and its associated disorders. This will enable them to give patients a better understanding of their condition. […] The benefits of the non-pharmacological self-help measures discussed should be presented to the patient. […] Nurses therefore need to be aware of both the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhoea and be able to provide a balanced rationale for their use. […] Offering a sympathetic approach can do much to alleviate suffering (Johnson and Johnson, 1997).

• #107 Coping with dysmenorrhea: a qualitative analysis of period pain management among students who menstruate | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-01988-4

  Despite the prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea, there is growing concern that from the age of menarche, the first occurrence of menstruation, individuals who menstruate receive limited education on managing dysmenorrhea. […] Insufficient information on menstrual health proves a challenge to menstrual health literacy, defined as the capacity to make decisions based on acquiring, understanding, and processing menstrual health information. […] These gaps in menstrual health literacy have been linked to misinformation across a number of aspects of pain management, like the normalisation of severe pain and low help-seeking rates among individuals with dysmenorrhea. […] Help-seeking behaviours, whether through friends and family or through formal healthcare consultations, are notably complex and may be influenced by low health literacy and psychosocial factors, like embarrassment, stigma, and perceptions that menstrual pain is not a legitimate health concern.

• #108 Nursing Care Plan For Dysmenorrhea | PDF | Medical Specialties | Clinical Medicine

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/297726766/Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Dysmenorrhea

  The patient presented with abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility during ovulation. Nursing interventions included explaining non-pharmacological pain relief techniques like warm compresses, relaxation exercises, massage, and administering analgesics as needed. After 4 hours the goal of reduced pain was met as evidenced by a lower pain scale rating. […] The patient presented with abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility during ovulation. Nursing interventions included explaining non-pharmacological pain relief techniques like warm compresses, relaxation exercises, massage, and administering analgesics as needed. After 4 hours the goal of reduced pain was met as evidenced by a lower pain scale rating.

• #109 DYSMENORRHOEA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/dysmenorrhoea/

  Dysmenorrhea is a medical term used to describe painful menstrual cramps that occur just before or during menstruation (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). […] Dysmenorrhoea can occur at any age, though uncommon in the first 6 months after the onset of menses and relatively uncommon in the years prior to menopause. The most common ages for this problem to occur are in the late teens and early twenties. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Acute pain related to increased uterine contractility evidenced by verbalization of the girl or woman. […] Nursing Interventions: Warm the abdomen to cause vasodilation and reduce spasmodic contractions. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective individual coping related to emotional stress evidenced by the patients verbalization. […] Nursing Interventions: Assess the patients understanding of the condition, as anxiety is influenced by knowledge.

• #110 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Nurses are often asked for advice about dysmenorrhoea and are in an ideal position in their role as health educators and health promoters to offer suggestions for self-help (Gould, 1994). Patients should be informed that dysmenorrhoea is a treatable condition and that the prognosis for primary dysmenorrhoea is excellent (Wolf and Schumann, 1999). […] It is vital, therefore, that nurses understand how the menstrual cycle works and are familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and its associated disorders. This will enable them to give patients a better understanding of their condition. […] The benefits of the non-pharmacological self-help measures discussed should be presented to the patient. […] Nurses therefore need to be aware of both the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhoea and be able to provide a balanced rationale for their use. […] Offering a sympathetic approach can do much to alleviate suffering (Johnson and Johnson, 1997).

• #111 Coping with dysmenorrhea: a qualitative analysis of period pain management among students who menstruate | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-01988-4

  Management practices for menstrual pain may not simply be based on the experience of dysmenorrhea, but influenced by a blend of psychosocial factors, such as the surrounding social environment, legitimacy, and limitations in menstrual health literacy. […] The common sense model (CSM) of self-regulation comprises a useful framework through which to consider personal representations of dysmenorrhea and relevant coping responses, such as low rates of help-seeking. […] Individuals with dysmenorrhea may lack awareness and knowledge of menstrual normality, which may impede help-seeking and effective pain management, as dysmenorrhea may not be identified as a legitimate condition. […] Despite the prevalence of dysmenorrhea worldwide, recent evidence suggests that the majority of individuals with dysmenorrhea may rely on ineffective techniques to manage pain.

• #112 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Nurses are often asked for advice about dysmenorrhoea and are in an ideal position in their role as health educators and health promoters to offer suggestions for self-help (Gould, 1994). Patients should be informed that dysmenorrhoea is a treatable condition and that the prognosis for primary dysmenorrhoea is excellent (Wolf and Schumann, 1999). […] It is vital, therefore, that nurses understand how the menstrual cycle works and are familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and its associated disorders. This will enable them to give patients a better understanding of their condition. […] The benefits of the non-pharmacological self-help measures discussed should be presented to the patient. […] Nurses therefore need to be aware of both the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhoea and be able to provide a balanced rationale for their use. […] Offering a sympathetic approach can do much to alleviate suffering (Johnson and Johnson, 1997).

• #113 Managing period pain | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain

  Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Heat packs, exercise and relaxation may help you manage period pain. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] See your doctor if period pain is stopping you doing your usual activities. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] Period pain, also called dysmenorrhoea, is common. […] People experience period pain differently. It can range from mild to severe and may stop you from doing your normal activities. […] Period pain is considered normal if it: happens on the first 2 days of your period, doesnt affect your daily life, goes away with pain-relief medicines or a heat pack. […] There are a few treatments you can try to help with period pain.

• #114 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual Cramps, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea

  Contact your healthcare provider if you have painful periods that prevent you from doing your normal tasks. Mild cramps are normal. But severe cramping and pain that prevent you from going to school or work may mean you need treatment. […] Minor aches and pains during menstruation are normal. If you get extremely painful periods dysmenorrhea you dont have to suffer silently. There are ways to make menstrual cramps less painful. Make sure you talk to your healthcare provider about painful periods so they can help you.

• #115 Period pain (dysmenorrhoea) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/girls-and-young-women-puberty-to-around-25/periods-and-menstrual-health/period-pain-dysmenorrhoea/

  A lot of people experience pain with their periods. The medical name for period pain is dysmenorrhoea. This can be anything from dull achy cramps to intense pain that feels unmanageable and cannot be easily relieved. […] Period pain should not be severe. Speak to your doctor if you’re experiencing pain which is affecting your day to day life. For example, you can’t go to school or work or take part in day to day activities that you enjoy. […] If you experience severe period pain that stops you from doing day-to-day things, or that worries you at all, you should speak to your doctor. It’s important to get checked if you have any worries you don’t need to suffer. […] Treatment for secondary dysmenorrhoea will depend on its cause. Your doctor will be able to advise on the best course of treatment for your symptoms and condition and they will discuss this with you.

• #116

• #117 Period (Menstrual) Cramps: Severe Dysmenorrhea Relief

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/period-cramps-8662719

  Period cramps are abnormal when they affect your ability to function in your daily life. Call your healthcare provider if: Treatment options have not been effective. Your cramps suddenly get much worse. You develop severe cramps after age 25. You experience a fever with the cramps. The painful cramps continue after your period is over. […] Painful periods may lead to chronic pelvic pain over time. If treatments have not been successful or there is no known cause for your severe period pain, your healthcare provider may recommend seeing a pain management specialist. […] Self-care practices may seem like small decisions but can relieve period cramps. To ease your period pain, focus on the following areas: Diet: Eat nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins to reduce period pain and bloating. Hydration: Drink water throughout the day to stay hydrated, relieving period-related constipation and improving cramping pain. […] Period cramps occur when the uterus contracts to shed its inner lining. Some discomfort during your period is common, but unbearable pain is not. It is important to see a healthcare provider if your pain is so severe that it affects your daily life.

• #118 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. […] For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month. […] Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren’t caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth. […] See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #119

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  If anti-inflammatory medicines don’t help, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a heating pad set on low or a hot water bottle on your belly. Or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may help with pain. […] Get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous exercise a week. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing sports. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #120 Period pain: self-care – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/pharmacy-care/period-pain-self-care/

  if pain continues beyond the first two days of your period, or gets worse after starting, if your pain is severe or is getting worse with each period, if you have dull, spreading pain rather than cramping, if pharmacy medicines no longer control your pain, if your menstrual bleeding has become heavier, if you have a fever and feel tired, if you have abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding, if you have pain at other times, such as before or after your period, or pain with a late period, if you use an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, if you take any other medicines or have any other medical conditions, if you are dehydrated through playing sport or have diarrhoea, if you have allergies to any medicines, if you have vaginal bleeding and are post-menopausal. […] place a hot water bottle over clothing on your abdomen to relieve pain, massage your lower back area, eat a healthy varied diet, limit caffeine-containing and alcoholic drinks, get adequate rest and sleep, do regular pelvic floor exercises, try relaxation techniques to manage period pain, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, some medicines are more effective because they treat the cause of period pain, some period pain medicines are not suitable for everyone; check with your pharmacist.

• #121

• #122 Period pain: self-care – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/pharmacy-care/period-pain-self-care/

  if pain continues beyond the first two days of your period, or gets worse after starting, if your pain is severe or is getting worse with each period, if you have dull, spreading pain rather than cramping, if pharmacy medicines no longer control your pain, if your menstrual bleeding has become heavier, if you have a fever and feel tired, if you have abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding, if you have pain at other times, such as before or after your period, or pain with a late period, if you use an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, if you take any other medicines or have any other medical conditions, if you are dehydrated through playing sport or have diarrhoea, if you have allergies to any medicines, if you have vaginal bleeding and are post-menopausal. […] place a hot water bottle over clothing on your abdomen to relieve pain, massage your lower back area, eat a healthy varied diet, limit caffeine-containing and alcoholic drinks, get adequate rest and sleep, do regular pelvic floor exercises, try relaxation techniques to manage period pain, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, some medicines are more effective because they treat the cause of period pain, some period pain medicines are not suitable for everyone; check with your pharmacist.

• #123 Painful menstrual periods Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/painful-menstrual-periods

  Contact your provider right away if you have: Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, Fever and pelvic pain, Sudden or severe pain, especially if your period is more than 1 week late and you have been sexually active. […] Your provider will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms.

• #124 Dysmenorrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea

  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen are effective in relieving the pain of primary dysmenorrhea. […] Use of hormonal birth control may improve symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. […] Heat is effective compared to NSAIDs and is a preferred option by many patients, as it is easy to access and has no known side effects. […] Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems, regardless of age or race. It is one of the most frequently identified causes of pelvic pain in those who menstruate. Dysmenorrhea is estimated to affect between 50% and 90% of female adolescents and women of reproductive age.

• #125 Severe Menstrual Pain is NOT Normal | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/severe-menstrual-pain-not-normal

  Severe Menstrual Pain is NOT Normal […] Painful periods that impact your daily functioning aren’t normal. […] The most important thing to know is that pelvic pain, whatever the cause, isn’t normal. If pain is impacting your life, talk to your doctor. Whether or not it’s endometriosis, you don’t have to suffer.

• #126 Dysmenorrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p164.html

  Hormonal therapy is also considered a first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea and can be added or used as an alternative to NSAID therapy in patients who are not planning to become pregnant. […] Nonpharmacologic therapies and integrative modalities can complement first-line medical therapy or be used as alternatives when first-line interventions are contraindicated or declined. […] If symptoms persist despite three to six months of empiric treatment or if at any time the symptom pattern suggests a secondary etiology, a more extensive workup should be performed for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea. […] Surgical options are available for patients whose symptoms do not improve with medical therapies.

• #127 Managing period pain | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain

  If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Some people find their period pain is relieved by: using a heat pack, gentle exercise, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture, relaxation or meditation to reduce stress, supplements such as magnesium. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and naproxen stop your body from making prostaglandins. […] Paracetamol can also help for mild cramps. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.

• #128 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Nurses are often asked for advice about dysmenorrhoea and are in an ideal position in their role as health educators and health promoters to offer suggestions for self-help (Gould, 1994). Patients should be informed that dysmenorrhoea is a treatable condition and that the prognosis for primary dysmenorrhoea is excellent (Wolf and Schumann, 1999). […] It is vital, therefore, that nurses understand how the menstrual cycle works and are familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and its associated disorders. This will enable them to give patients a better understanding of their condition. […] The benefits of the non-pharmacological self-help measures discussed should be presented to the patient. […] Nurses therefore need to be aware of both the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhoea and be able to provide a balanced rationale for their use. […] Offering a sympathetic approach can do much to alleviate suffering (Johnson and Johnson, 1997).

• #129 DYSMENORRHOEA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/dysmenorrhoea/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting. […] Nursing Interventions: Provide the patient with periods of sleep or rest for overall relaxation. […] Nursing Concerns: Assess the severity and characteristics of pain, including location, intensity, and duration. […] Nursing Interventions: Provide pain management through prescribed medications.

• #130 Dysmenorrhea: An update on primary healthcare management

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2024/january-february/dysmenorrhea

  Patients should be encouraged to discuss their menstrual health with their general practitioner to improve uptake of treatment, and practitioners should consider screening for dysmenorrhoea at the time of other preventative health checks, such as cervical screening. […] All healthcare providers have an obligation to equip themselves with a sound understanding of the basics of care.

• #131 Period pain (dysmenorrhea): Types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/period-pain-dysmenorrhea

  In cases of secondary dysmenorrhea, identifying and managing the cause is essential for reducing period pain. For example, a person with a uterine growth or endometriosis may benefit from surgery to remove growths that are causing pain. […] While mild period pain is common, nobody should have to endure severe or debilitating pain. A person should speak with a doctor if: their periods become much heavier or more painful than normal, their periods frequently cause them to miss work or school, over-the-counter pain medications, such as NSAIDs, do not work. […] Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common condition that can lower a persons quality of life. Home care can treat mild or occasional period pain. But if a person has severe and disruptive periods, it is important for doctors to investigate the cause and treat the pain wherever possible.

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