Bolesne miesiączkowanie – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Bolesne miesiączkowanie
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Bolesne miesiączkowanie (dysmenorrhea) dotyka ponad 50% kobiet miesiączkujących, z 80% doświadczających bólu w pewnym momencie życia. Pierwotne bolesne miesiączkowanie, wynikające z nadmiernych skurczów macicy bez patologii miednicy, ma zazwyczaj korzystną prognozę – ból zmniejsza się z wiekiem, a 71,9% pacjentek odczuwa poprawę po leczeniu. Wtórne bolesne miesiączkowanie, najczęściej spowodowane endometriozą, ma bardziej złożony przebieg, z nasileniem bólu wraz z wiekiem i koniecznością leczenia choroby podstawowej. Diagnostyka obejmuje badanie miednicy, w tym przezpochwowe USG o czułości 91% i swoistości 98% w wykrywaniu endometriozy jelitowej. Czynniki ryzyka to m.in. pierwsza miesiączka przed 11 r.ż., cięższe miesiączki, stres, palenie tytoniu oraz predyspozycje genetyczne. W terapii stosuje się NLPZ, hormonalne środki antykoncepcyjne oraz preparaty Kampo, które wykazały poprawę u 71,9% pacjentek przy 10,5% zdarzeń niepożądanych.

Bolesne miesiączkowanie (dysmenorrhea) – prognoza (przewidywanie wyników)

Prognoza w pierwotnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu
Prognoza w wtórnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu
Czynniki prognostyczne w bolesnym miesiączkowaniu
Modele predykcyjne w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania
Wskazówki diagnostyczne wpływające na prognozę
Opcje terapeutyczne i ich wpływ na prognozę
Znaczenie interwencji psychologicznych
Zalecenia dla pacjentek wpływające na prognozę
Podsumowanie prognozy
Kolejne rozdziały

Bolesne miesiączkowanie (dysmenorrhea) – prognoza (przewidywanie wyników)

Bolesne miesiączkowanie (dysmenorrhea) to jeden z najczęstszych problemów zdrowotnych, na który skarżą się osoby miesiączkujące. Ponad 50% kobiet doświadcza pewnego stopnia bólu podczas miesiączki, a około 80% kobiet miesiączkujących doświadcza bólu menstruacyjnego w pewnym momencie swojego życia.¹² Bolesne miesiączkowanie może negatywnie wpływać na jakość życia pacjentek i czasami prowadzić do ograniczenia aktywności.³ Prognoza w przypadku bolesnego miesiączkowania różni się w zależności od typu dolegliwości i wdrożonego leczenia.

Prognoza w pierwotnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu

Pierwotne bolesne miesiączkowanie (primary dysmenorrhea) to ból menstruacyjny występujący przy braku patologii miednicy. Jest to najczęstszy typ bólu menstruacyjnego i zazwyczaj wynika z nadmiernych skurczy macicy.⁴⁵ Prognozy dla pierwotnego bolesnego miesiączkowania są zazwyczaj korzystne, ponieważ:

Pierwotne bolesne miesiączkowanie zazwyczaj staje się mniej bolesne wraz z wiekiem⁶
Odpowiedź na leczenie przeciwbólowe jest zazwyczaj dobra⁷
Badania wykazały, że u 71,9% pacjentek następuje złagodzenie bólu menstruacyjnego i powiązanych objawów po zastosowaniu odpowiedniego leczenia⁸

Prognoza w wtórnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu

Wtórne bolesne miesiączkowanie (secondary dysmenorrhea) to ból menstruacyjny spowodowany chorobą podstawową, najczęściej endometriozą.⁹¹⁰ Prognoza w tym przypadku jest bardziej złożona:

Wtórne bolesne miesiączkowanie zazwyczaj nasila się z wiekiem¹¹
Efektywność leczenia zależy od skutecznego leczenia choroby podstawowej¹²
Około 10% młodych dorosłych i nastolatek z bolesnym miesiączkowaniem ma wtórną dysmenorrheę¹³

Czynniki prognostyczne w bolesnym miesiączkowaniu

Badania zidentyfikowały szereg czynników, które mogą być pomocne w przewidywaniu wyników leczenia i prognozy u pacjentek z bolesnym miesiączkowaniem:

Czynniki psychologiczne i behawioralne

Badania długoterminowe wskazują na istotne znaczenie czynników psychologicznych w prognozowaniu wyników leczenia bolesnego miesiączkowania:¹⁴

Katastrofizacja bólu – zmniejszenie katastrofizacji bólu wiąże się z lepszymi wynikami w długoterminowej perspektywie¹⁵
Postrzegana kontrola bólu – zwiększenie postrzeganej kontroli bólu jest związane z lepszymi wynikami¹⁶
Objawy depresyjne – poprawa w zakresie objawów depresyjnych wpływa korzystnie na odczuwanie bólu¹⁷

Czynniki neurofizjologiczne

Nowsze badania wskazują na potencjalne biomarkery neurologiczne, które mogą pomóc w prognozowaniu nasilenia bólu u pacjentek z pierwotnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniem:¹⁸

Oscylacje theta (4-7 Hz) – aktywność fal theta w środkowej części kory zakrętu obręczy (MCC) mierzona w stanie bez bólu może być czynnikiem predykcyjnym dla nasilenia długotrwałego bólu na poziomie sensorycznym¹⁹
Potencjalne wykorzystanie tych biomarkerów w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania i bólu przewlekłego, np. poprzez przezczaszkową stymulację magnetyczną i przezczaszkową stymulację prądem stałym²⁰

Czynniki ryzyka wpływające na prognozę

Zidentyfikowano również czynniki ryzyka, które mogą wpływać na nasilenie bolesnego miesiączkowania i jego prognozę:²¹

Pierwsza miesiączka przed 11 rokiem życia
Cięższe lub dłuższe miesiączki
Wysoki poziom stresu
Palenie tytoniu
Predyspozycje genetyczne – doświadczanie bólu menstruacyjnego często ma podłoże genetyczne²²

Modele predykcyjne w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania

Prowadzone są badania nad opracowaniem modeli predykcyjnych, które mogłyby wspomóc decyzje terapeutyczne i poprawić wyniki leczenia bolesnego miesiączkowania. Przykładem są badania dotyczące preparatów Kampo (tradycyjnej medycyny japońskiej) w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania:²³

Opracowano model predykcyjny do wyboru preparatów Kampo (keishibukuryogan i tokishakuyakusan) w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania²⁴
Walidacja modelu predykcyjnego wykazała dokładność około 80%²⁵
Wskaźnik poprawy w zakresie bólu menstruacyjnego i związanych z nim objawów wyniósł 71,9% (41 z 57 pacjentek)²⁶
Częstość występowania zdarzeń niepożądanych wynosiła 10,5% (6 z 57 pacjentek), co potwierdza bezpieczeństwo medycyny Kampo jako opcji terapeutycznej²⁷

Jednakże wyniki badań sugerują, że rokowanie pacjentek pozostaje spójne niezależnie od tego, czy ich leczenie było zgodne z modelem predykcyjnym, czy opierało się na innych opcjach terapeutycznych.²⁸ Konieczne są dalsze badania w celu pełnej oceny skuteczności preparatów Kampo wybieranych na podstawie modelu predykcyjnego.²⁹

Wskazówki diagnostyczne wpływające na prognozę

Precyzyjne rozpoznanie typu bolesnego miesiączkowania ma kluczowe znaczenie dla prawidłowej prognozy i skutecznego leczenia:³⁰³¹

Nieprawidłowe krwawienie maciczne, dyspareunia, ból niecykliczny, zmiany w intensywności i czasie trwania bólu oraz nieprawidłowe wyniki badania miednicy sugerują patologię podstawową (wtórne bolesne miesiączkowanie) i wymagają dalszego badania³²
Badanie miednicy powinno być wykonane u nastolatek, które miały stosunek pochwowy, ze względu na wysokie ryzyko PID (choroby zapalnej miednicy) w tej populacji³³
W przypadku podejrzenia endometriozy należy wykonać badanie miednicy i badanie odbytniczo-pochwowe³⁴
Przezpochwowe badanie ultrasonograficzne powinno być wykonane w przypadku podejrzenia wtórnego bolesnego miesiączkowania – wykazuje 91% czułość i 98% swoistość, dodatni współczynnik wiarygodności 30 i ujemny współczynnik wiarygodności 0,09 dla wykrywania endometriozy jelitowej³⁵

Opcje terapeutyczne i ich wpływ na prognozę

Wybór odpowiedniego leczenia ma kluczowe znaczenie dla prognozy bolesnego miesiączkowania:³⁶³⁷

NLPZ (niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne) – wybór NLPZ powinien opierać się na skuteczności i tolerancji u danej pacjentki, ponieważ nie udowodniono, że którykolwiek NLPZ jest skuteczniejszy od innych³⁸
Doustne, dopochwowe i domaciczne środki antykoncepcyjne – są zalecane w leczeniu pierwotnego bolesnego miesiączkowania, jednak dowody potwierdzające ich skuteczność są ograniczone³⁹
Złożone doustne środki antykoncepcyjne – są leczeniem pierwszego rzutu w przypadku bolesnego miesiączkowania spowodowanego endometriozą⁴⁰
Preparaty Kampo (keishibukuryogan i tokishakuyakusan) – badania wykazują obiecujące wyniki w leczeniu bolesnego miesiączkowania, z poprawą objawów u ponad 70% pacjentek⁴¹

Znaczenie interwencji psychologicznych

Badania pokazują, że interwencje psychologiczne mogą mieć istotny wpływ na długoterminową prognozę bolesnego miesiączkowania:⁴²

Obserwowano znaczącą redukcję intensywności bólu (p.001, d=.6) i poprawę przystosowania do bólu (p.001, d=.4)⁴³
Zmniejszenie katastrofizacji bólu (p.01, d=.4) i zwiększenie postrzeganej kontroli bólu (p.01, d=.3) również przyczyniło się do lepszych wyników⁴⁴
Korelacje między aktywnością fal theta a psychologicznymi miarami doświadczenia bólu (depresja, lęk stanowy i wskaźnik oceny bólu) wskazują na rolę oscylacji theta w emocjonalnym i sensorycznym przetwarzaniu bólu⁴⁵

Zalecenia dla pacjentek wpływające na prognozę

Aby poprawić prognozę bolesnego miesiączkowania, zaleca się:⁴⁶⁴⁷

Skonsultowanie się z lekarzem, jeśli ból menstruacyjny uniemożliwia codzienne funkcjonowanie⁴⁸
Stosowanie leków przeciwbólowych, leczenia hormonalnego i innych środków łagodzących ból⁴⁹
Unikanie przyjmowania silnego bólu menstruacyjnego jako normalnej części każdego cyklu miesiączkowego – jeśli pacjentka doświadcza bólu miesiączkowego zakłócającego funkcjonowanie, powinna leczyć ból, aby nie stał się on częścią miesięcznego doświadczenia miesiączkowania⁵⁰

Podsumowanie prognozy

Prognoza bolesnego miesiączkowania różni się w zależności od typu (pierwotny vs wtórny) i skuteczności leczenia:⁵¹⁵²⁵³

W pierwotnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu prognoza jest zazwyczaj korzystna, z tendencją do zmniejszania się bólu wraz z wiekiem i dobrą odpowiedzią na leczenie⁵⁴
We wtórnym bolesnym miesiączkowaniu prognoza zależy od skutecznego leczenia choroby podstawowej, a ból może nasilać się z wiekiem⁵⁵⁵⁶
Od 5% do 10% miesiączkujących osób doświadcza silnego bólu menstruacyjnego, który zakłóca ich styl życia⁵⁷
Zmniejszenie katastrofizacji bólu wiąże się z lepszymi długoterminowymi wynikami⁵⁸
Badania nad biomarkerami neurofizjologicznymi, takimi jak oscylacje theta, mogą w przyszłości przyczynić się do lepszych strategii terapeutycznych i dokładniejszych prognoz⁵⁹

Rozpoznanie bolesnego miesiączkowania i wdrożenie odpowiedniego leczenia może znacząco poprawić jakość życia pacjentek i zapobiegać długotrwałemu cierpieniu. Zaawansowane badania nad czynnikami prognostycznymi i modelami predykcyjnymi mogą w przyszłości przyczynić się do bardziej spersonalizowanego i skutecznego podejścia terapeutycznego.⁶⁰⁶¹

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#2 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#3 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#4 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#5 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#6 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#7 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#8
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Significantly, none of the prognostic outcomes showcased notable differences. These outcomes included the improvement rate of both menstrual pain and other related symptoms, the duration of continuation with the same Kampo formula, and the incidence of adverse events. […] Our study demonstrated that 71.9% (41 out of 57 patients) experienced an alleviation in menstrual pain and related symptoms. […] The observed incidence rate of adverse events of 10.5% (6 out of 57 patients) further underscores the safety of Kampo medicine as a therapeutic option. […] Our revalidation of the prediction model showed an accuracy rate of approximately 80%, using a population similar to a previous study. […] However, this agreement rate does not factor in patients in the various-options group who received Kampo formulas other than TSS and KBG.
#9 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#10 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#11 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#12 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#13 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#14 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#15 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#16 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#17 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#18 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Theta oscillation (47Hz) is well documented for its association with neural processes of memory. […] The goal of the present study is to investigate the theta encoding of sensory and emotional information of long-term menstrual pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM). […] The correlations between theta activity and the psychological measures pertaining to pain experience (depression, state anxiety, and pain rating index) implicate the role of theta oscillations in emotional and sensory processing of pain. […] The present study provides evidence for the role of theta oscillations in encoding the immediate and sustained effects of pain experience in young women with PDM. […] In a recent PDM study based on resting MEG data, we demonstrated the importance of the low frequency component in the prediction of pain intensity in cases of spontaneous pain.
#19 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Our regression results revealed that MCC theta activity in the pain-free state (POV) could be a predictive factor for the severity of long-term pain at the sensory level. […] Our findings suggest that the psychological outcomes of long-term pain experience would be manifested as theta oscillation in the sensory-limbic regions in young women with PDM. […] Our findings on theta oscillation could be applied to the treatment of PDM and chronic pain, via methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.
#20 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Our regression results revealed that MCC theta activity in the pain-free state (POV) could be a predictive factor for the severity of long-term pain at the sensory level. […] Our findings suggest that the psychological outcomes of long-term pain experience would be manifested as theta oscillation in the sensory-limbic regions in young women with PDM. […] Our findings on theta oscillation could be applied to the treatment of PDM and chronic pain, via methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.
#21 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#22 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#23
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Two representative Kampo formulas, keishibukuryogan and tokishakuyakusan, are frequently prescribed for patients with dysmenorrhea. […] To evaluate the prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea using the established prediction model and assess the treatment outcomes between those treated in accordance with the prediction model and those who received various other treatments. […] The prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea and the incidence of adverse events remained consistent, regardless of whether the treatment approach was in accordance with the prediction model or varied. […] Further studies are warranted to assess the prognosis when Kampo formulas are chosen based on the prediction model in the various-options population. […] Our findings indicate that the prognosis of patients remained consistent regardless of whether their treatments aligned with the model-accordance or fell into the various-options category.
#24
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Two representative Kampo formulas, keishibukuryogan and tokishakuyakusan, are frequently prescribed for patients with dysmenorrhea. […] To evaluate the prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea using the established prediction model and assess the treatment outcomes between those treated in accordance with the prediction model and those who received various other treatments. […] The prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea and the incidence of adverse events remained consistent, regardless of whether the treatment approach was in accordance with the prediction model or varied. […] Further studies are warranted to assess the prognosis when Kampo formulas are chosen based on the prediction model in the various-options population. […] Our findings indicate that the prognosis of patients remained consistent regardless of whether their treatments aligned with the model-accordance or fell into the various-options category.
#25
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Significantly, none of the prognostic outcomes showcased notable differences. These outcomes included the improvement rate of both menstrual pain and other related symptoms, the duration of continuation with the same Kampo formula, and the incidence of adverse events. […] Our study demonstrated that 71.9% (41 out of 57 patients) experienced an alleviation in menstrual pain and related symptoms. […] The observed incidence rate of adverse events of 10.5% (6 out of 57 patients) further underscores the safety of Kampo medicine as a therapeutic option. […] Our revalidation of the prediction model showed an accuracy rate of approximately 80%, using a population similar to a previous study. […] However, this agreement rate does not factor in patients in the various-options group who received Kampo formulas other than TSS and KBG.
#26
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Significantly, none of the prognostic outcomes showcased notable differences. These outcomes included the improvement rate of both menstrual pain and other related symptoms, the duration of continuation with the same Kampo formula, and the incidence of adverse events. […] Our study demonstrated that 71.9% (41 out of 57 patients) experienced an alleviation in menstrual pain and related symptoms. […] The observed incidence rate of adverse events of 10.5% (6 out of 57 patients) further underscores the safety of Kampo medicine as a therapeutic option. […] Our revalidation of the prediction model showed an accuracy rate of approximately 80%, using a population similar to a previous study. […] However, this agreement rate does not factor in patients in the various-options group who received Kampo formulas other than TSS and KBG.
#27
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Significantly, none of the prognostic outcomes showcased notable differences. These outcomes included the improvement rate of both menstrual pain and other related symptoms, the duration of continuation with the same Kampo formula, and the incidence of adverse events. […] Our study demonstrated that 71.9% (41 out of 57 patients) experienced an alleviation in menstrual pain and related symptoms. […] The observed incidence rate of adverse events of 10.5% (6 out of 57 patients) further underscores the safety of Kampo medicine as a therapeutic option. […] Our revalidation of the prediction model showed an accuracy rate of approximately 80%, using a population similar to a previous study. […] However, this agreement rate does not factor in patients in the various-options group who received Kampo formulas other than TSS and KBG.
#28
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Two representative Kampo formulas, keishibukuryogan and tokishakuyakusan, are frequently prescribed for patients with dysmenorrhea. […] To evaluate the prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea using the established prediction model and assess the treatment outcomes between those treated in accordance with the prediction model and those who received various other treatments. […] The prognosis of patients with dysmenorrhea and the incidence of adverse events remained consistent, regardless of whether the treatment approach was in accordance with the prediction model or varied. […] Further studies are warranted to assess the prognosis when Kampo formulas are chosen based on the prediction model in the various-options population. […] Our findings indicate that the prognosis of patients remained consistent regardless of whether their treatments aligned with the model-accordance or fell into the various-options category.
#29
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
A comparative interventional study between the prediction model and formula selection by Kampo specialists is still required. […] To fully assess the efficacy of Kampo formulas chosen by the prediction model within the various-options group, prospective studies with a larger sample size and a control group are warranted.
#30 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#31 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Changes in timing and intensity of the pain or dyspareunia may suggest endometriosis, and menstrual flow abnormalities may be associated with adenomyosis or leiomyomata. […] A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. […] A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. […] However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. […] Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. […] Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.
#32 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and sometimes results in activity restriction. […] A history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination in patients who have had vaginal intercourse, may reveal the cause. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology. […] Abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspareunia, noncyclic pain, changes in intensity and duration of pain, and abnormal pelvic examination findings suggest underlying pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea) and require further investigation. […] Endometriosis is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. […] About 10% of young adults and adolescents with dysmenorrhea have secondary dysmenorrhea; the most common cause is endometriosis.
#33 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Changes in timing and intensity of the pain or dyspareunia may suggest endometriosis, and menstrual flow abnormalities may be associated with adenomyosis or leiomyomata. […] A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. […] A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. […] However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. […] Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. […] Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.
#34 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
Changes in timing and intensity of the pain or dyspareunia may suggest endometriosis, and menstrual flow abnormalities may be associated with adenomyosis or leiomyomata. […] A pelvic examination should be performed in adolescents who have had vaginal intercourse because of the high risk of PID in this population. […] A pelvic examination is not essential for adolescents with symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea who have never had vaginal intercourse. […] However, if endometriosis is suspected, pelvic and rectovaginal examinations should be performed. […] The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the clinical history and physical examination. […] Laparoscopy is indicated if the etiology remains unknown after an appropriate noninvasive evaluation has been completed. […] Transvaginal ultrasonography should be performed if secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected.
#35 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
It has a 91% sensitivity and 98% specificity, a positive likelihood ratio of 30, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 for detection of bowel endometriosis. […] The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. […] Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis.
#36 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#37 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
It has a 91% sensitivity and 98% specificity, a positive likelihood ratio of 30, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 for detection of bowel endometriosis. […] The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. […] Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis.
#38 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
It has a 91% sensitivity and 98% specificity, a positive likelihood ratio of 30, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 for detection of bowel endometriosis. […] The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. […] Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis.
#39 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
It has a 91% sensitivity and 98% specificity, a positive likelihood ratio of 30, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 for detection of bowel endometriosis. […] The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. […] Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis.
#40 Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0301/p341.html
It has a 91% sensitivity and 98% specificity, a positive likelihood ratio of 30, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 for detection of bowel endometriosis. […] The choice of NSAID should be based on effectiveness and tolerability for the individual patient, because no NSAID has been proven more effective than others. […] Oral, intravaginal, and intrauterine hormonal contraceptives have been recommended for management of primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. […] Combined oral contraceptives are the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis.
#41
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
Significantly, none of the prognostic outcomes showcased notable differences. These outcomes included the improvement rate of both menstrual pain and other related symptoms, the duration of continuation with the same Kampo formula, and the incidence of adverse events. […] Our study demonstrated that 71.9% (41 out of 57 patients) experienced an alleviation in menstrual pain and related symptoms. […] The observed incidence rate of adverse events of 10.5% (6 out of 57 patients) further underscores the safety of Kampo medicine as a therapeutic option. […] Our revalidation of the prediction model showed an accuracy rate of approximately 80%, using a population similar to a previous study. […] However, this agreement rate does not factor in patients in the various-options group who received Kampo formulas other than TSS and KBG.
#42 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#43 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#44 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#45 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Theta oscillation (47Hz) is well documented for its association with neural processes of memory. […] The goal of the present study is to investigate the theta encoding of sensory and emotional information of long-term menstrual pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM). […] The correlations between theta activity and the psychological measures pertaining to pain experience (depression, state anxiety, and pain rating index) implicate the role of theta oscillations in emotional and sensory processing of pain. […] The present study provides evidence for the role of theta oscillations in encoding the immediate and sustained effects of pain experience in young women with PDM. […] In a recent PDM study based on resting MEG data, we demonstrated the importance of the low frequency component in the prediction of pain intensity in cases of spontaneous pain.
#46 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#47 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#48 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#49 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#50 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#51 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#52 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#53 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#54 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Period pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common experience for many during menstruation. […] Over 50% of people who menstruate experience some pain with their period. […] In fact, pain is the most common problem that people complain of during their menstrual cycles. […] Period pain can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of menstrual pain and is typically caused by uterine contractions. […] In general, primary dysmenorrhea becomes less painful with age. […] The risk of dysmenorrhea is increased for those that get a period before age 11, have heavier or longer periods, experience high stress levels, or smoke. […] Secondary dysmenorrhea is period pain that’s caused by an underlying health issue. […] This type of dysmenorrhea tends to last longer than normal pain from menstrual cramps.
#55 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#56 Managing period pain | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-period-pain
Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. […] Pain-relief medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain-relief measures can help. […] In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. […] See your doctor if your period pain stops you from doing your normal daily activities. […] If you have secondary dysmenorrhoea, its best to treat the underlying cause. […] Your doctor might prescribe hormonal contraception for your period pain.
#57 Menstrual Pain Facts & Stats | Haleon HealthPartner
https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/pain-relief/conditions/menstrual-pain/facts-stats/
Secondary dysmenorrhea typically worsens with age. […] Approximately 80% of people who have periods experience menstrual pain at some point in their lifetime. […] Patients may experience menstrual pain anytime between their first period and menopause. […] The majority of people who menstruate experience discomfort during their periods, particularly on day one of menstruation. […] 5% to 10% of menstruating people experience severe period pain that disrupts their lifestyle. […] Experiencing menstrual pain is often genetic. […] 40% of people with periods experience menstrual pain alongside premenstrual symptoms including bloating, mood swings, tender breasts, swollen stomach, lack of concentration, tiredness, and clumsiness. […] Severe menstrual pain should not be a normal part of every menstrual cycle. If a patient is having disruptively painful periods, suggest treating the pain so that it does not become part of the monthly experience of menstruating.
#58 Predictors of outcome in a cohort of women with chronic pelvic pain – a follow-up study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929498/
A reduction in pain intensity (p.001, d=.6), improvement in adjustment to pain (SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p.001, d=.4) and depressive symptoms (p.01, d=.2)), as well as a reduction in catastrophizing pain (p.01, d=.4) and an increase in perceived pain control (p.01, d=.3) were observed. […] At a 3 year follow-up, improvement in pain intensity in women with CPP was not associated with baseline pain appraisals and coping strategies. A reduction in catastrophizing was related to better outcome in the long term.
#59 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Our regression results revealed that MCC theta activity in the pain-free state (POV) could be a predictive factor for the severity of long-term pain at the sensory level. […] Our findings suggest that the psychological outcomes of long-term pain experience would be manifested as theta oscillation in the sensory-limbic regions in young women with PDM. […] Our findings on theta oscillation could be applied to the treatment of PDM and chronic pain, via methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.
#60
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/12010/patient_prognosis_and_prediction_model_for_taking.13.aspx
A comparative interventional study between the prediction model and formula selection by Kampo specialists is still required. […] To fully assess the efficacy of Kampo formulas chosen by the prediction model within the various-options group, prospective studies with a larger sample size and a control group are warranted.
#61 Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16039-4
Our regression results revealed that MCC theta activity in the pain-free state (POV) could be a predictive factor for the severity of long-term pain at the sensory level. […] Our findings suggest that the psychological outcomes of long-term pain experience would be manifested as theta oscillation in the sensory-limbic regions in young women with PDM. […] Our findings on theta oscillation could be applied to the treatment of PDM and chronic pain, via methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.