Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] This type of sleep apnea happens when the muscles in the back of the throat relax. These muscles support the soft palate, the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate called the uvula, the tonsils, the side walls of the throat and the tongue. […] When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. You can’t get enough air, which can lower the oxygen level in your blood. Your brain senses that you can’t breathe, and briefly wakes you so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #2 Sleep Apnea: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8718-sleep-apnea

  Sleep apnea happens because of: […] An airflow blockage in your upper airway during sleep […] A problem with how your brain regulates your breathing during sleep.

• #3 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by conditions that block airflow through your upper airway during sleep. For example, your tongue may fall backward and block your airway. […] Central sleep apnea is caused by problems with the way your brain controls your breathing while you sleep. […] Many conditions can cause obstructive sleep apnea. Some factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, can be changed. Other factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed. […] Your hormone levels can affect the size and shape of your face, tongue, and upper airway. People who have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), low levels of thyroid hormones, or high levels of insulin or growth hormone have a higher risk for sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can be inherited. Your genes help determine the size and shape of your skull, face, and upper airway.

• #4 What Causes Sleep Apnea? Symptoms, Types & Treatments | BASS Medical Group

  https://www.bassmedicalgroup.com/blog-post/what-causes-sleep-apnea

  Tired of waking up gasping for air or feeling exhausted after a full nights sleep? You could be suffering from sleep apnea a serious sleep disorder that affects breathing and overall health. Sleep apnea doesnt just disrupt rest its linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, and other long-term health conditions. […] OSA is the most common type of sleep apnea, responsible for about 90% of all adult cases. It happens when throat muscles or excess tissue block your airway during sleep. […] Common Causes of OSA: Obesity Over half of people with OSA are overweight, which increases pressure on the airway. Thick neck or narrow airway Naturally small airways or extra soft tissue can increase blockage risk. Age and gender Men and people over 40 are more prone to OSA, though postmenopausal women are also at risk. Family history Genetics may influence throat structure or muscle tone. Alcohol and smoking These relax airway muscles and increase inflammation. Nasal problems Congestion or a deviated septum can make nighttime breathing difficult. Medical conditions Diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease raise your risk of OSA.

• #5 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  Sleep apnea is a common and serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops for 10 seconds or more during sleep. […] The two main types of sleep apnea are obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] In adults, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is excess weight and obesity, which is associated with the soft tissue of the mouth and throat. […] More than half of people with obstructive sleep apnea are either overweight (body mass index, or BMI, of 25-29.9) or obese (BMI of 30.0 or above). […] A 10% weight gain raises your risk of OSA by six times, though the effect goes down after age 60. […] Other possible causes or risk factors for OSA include a narrow throat, a round head, hypothyroidism, excess growth due to hormones (acromegaly), allergies, deviated septum (problem with nose structure), medical conditions that congest upper airways, smoking, and alcohol or drug abuse.

• #6 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] This type of sleep apnea happens when the muscles in the back of the throat relax. These muscles support the soft palate, the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate called the uvula, the tonsils, the side walls of the throat and the tongue. […] When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. You can’t get enough air, which can lower the oxygen level in your blood. Your brain senses that you can’t breathe, and briefly wakes you so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #7 Obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow for proper breathing. These muscles support the back of the roof of the mouth, known as the soft palate. The muscles also support the tongue and side walls of the throat. […] When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide. […] Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/

  Pharyngeal narrowing and closure during sleep is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple factors. Sleep-related reductions in ventilatory drive, neuromuscular factors, and anatomical risk factors all contribute significantly to upper airway obstruction during sleep. […] Anatomical factors that promote pharyngeal narrowing include a large neck circumference, excess soft tissue, bony structures, or blood vessels. Many of these structures can increase pressure around the upper airway, leading to pharyngeal collapsibility and insufficient space for airflow in part of the upper airway during sleep. […] In addition, the upper airway muscle tone is crucial; when muscle tone decreases, it leads to a repetitive total or partial airway collapse. OSA in adults is most commonly associated with obesity, male sex, and advancing age. […] These associations between OSA and various medical disorders are primarily based on observational studies rather than randomized clinical trials.

• #9 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] This type of sleep apnea happens when the muscles in the back of the throat relax. These muscles support the soft palate, the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate called the uvula, the tonsils, the side walls of the throat and the tongue. […] When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. You can’t get enough air, which can lower the oxygen level in your blood. Your brain senses that you can’t breathe, and briefly wakes you so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #10 Obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow for proper breathing. These muscles support the back of the roof of the mouth, known as the soft palate. The muscles also support the tongue and side walls of the throat. […] When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide. […] Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #11 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common breathing disorder in sleep in which the airways narrow or collapse during sleep, causing obstructive sleep apnea. […] The mechanism of upper airway collapse is incompletely understood but is associated with several factors, including obesity, craniofacial changes, altered muscle function in the upper airway, pharyngeal neuropathy, and fluid shifts to the neck. […] The risk of OSAS correlates with body mass index (BMI), in which OSAS increases progressively with increases in BMI, most likely related to upper airway narrowing due to excess fat tissue. […] Obesity can induce a decrease in vital capacity, an imbalance in the ventilation-perfusion ratio, and limitations of lung and chest wall movement. […] The reduction in upper airway volume caused by obesity or craniofacial structural abnormalities and soft tissue changes is an important factor in upper airway collapse.

• #12 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  Upper airway anatomical abnormalities are a key factor in the pathogenesis of OSAS. […] Enlargement of soft-tissue structures in and around the airways is an important cause of pharyngeal airway narrowing in most cases of OSAS. […] Fluid retention may contribute to the pathogenesis of OSAS, and nocturnal rostral fluid shift refers to the nighttime redistribution of fluid accumulated in the legs to the upper parts of the body while lying in bed. […] Although upper airway obstruction may be due to a variety of factors, such as obesity, there is increasing evidence that individual collapsibility is also a key factor in upper airway obstruction. […] The importance of abnormal pharyngeal susceptibility to collapse in the pathogenesis of obstructive apnea was demonstrated by studying the Pcrit in patients with OSAS and in control subjects.

• #13 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  Sleep apnea is a common and serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops for 10 seconds or more during sleep. […] The two main types of sleep apnea are obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] In adults, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is excess weight and obesity, which is associated with the soft tissue of the mouth and throat. […] More than half of people with obstructive sleep apnea are either overweight (body mass index, or BMI, of 25-29.9) or obese (BMI of 30.0 or above). […] A 10% weight gain raises your risk of OSA by six times, though the effect goes down after age 60. […] Other possible causes or risk factors for OSA include a narrow throat, a round head, hypothyroidism, excess growth due to hormones (acromegaly), allergies, deviated septum (problem with nose structure), medical conditions that congest upper airways, smoking, and alcohol or drug abuse.

• #14 Obstructive sleep apnea: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which individuals experience pauses in breathing (apnea) during sleep, which are associated with partial or complete closure of the throat (upper airway). […] The causes of obstructive sleep apnea are often complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic, health, and lifestyle factors, many of which have not been identified. […] Studies suggest that variations in multiple genes, each with a small effect, combine to increase the risk of developing the condition. […] Genes thought to be associated with the development of obstructive sleep apnea are involved in many body processes. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea as 60 to 70 percent of individuals with this condition have obesity. […] Other risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea include alcohol use; frequent nasal congestion; and blockages of the airways, such as by enlarged tonsils. […] Obstructive sleep apnea often occurs on its own, without signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. However, it can also occur as part of a syndrome, such as mucopolysaccharidosis type I or polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #15 What Are The Main Causes Of Sleep Apnea? – Sleep Care Online

  https://www.sleepcareonline.com/articles/what-is-the-main-cause-of-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoppFOIPP5qBg9lOq6wZJplQ_SIcc4SJc4SSWh4pXd97XDc6mVq5

  According to the Obesity Medicine Association, sleep apnea affects as many as 45% of individuals with obesity. The reason is an increased number of fat tissue deposits around the upper airway and the chest. This results in restricted airway function and an increased risk of collapse. […] Smoking significantly increases your risk of sleep apnea. According to the Mayo Clinic, obstructive sleep apnea is 3 times more likely to occur in people who smoke than the people who don’t smoke. Studies show that people who smoke tend to retain fluid in the upper airway, making it more difficult for oxygen to move through. This in turn contributes to an increased risk of apneas. […] While most instances of sleep apnea are rooted in lifestyle, there are some cases that are genetic in nature. Some sleep apnea patients may be born with an abnormal airway that can lead to occurrences of sleep apnea. […] The genetic background to sleep apnea can lead to certain individuals being born with abnormalities in the airway and throat muscles.

• #16 Obstructive sleep apnea – adults: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000811.htm

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a problem in which your breathing pauses during sleep. This occurs because of narrowed or blocked airways. […] When you sleep, all of the muscles in your body become more relaxed. This includes the muscles that help keep your throat open so air can flow into your lungs. […] Some people have a narrow throat. When the muscles in their upper throat relax during sleep, the tissues close in and block the airway. This stop in breathing is called apnea. […] Other factors also may increase your risk of sleep apnea: A lower jaw that is short compared to your upper jaw, Certain shapes of the roof of your mouth (palate) or airway that cause it to collapse more easily, Large neck or collar size, 17 inches (in) or 43 centimeters (cm) or more in men and 16 in (41 cm) or more in women, Large tongue, which may fall back and block the airway, Obesity, Large tonsils and adenoids that can block the airway. […] Central sleep apnea is a different sleep disorder during which breathing also can stop. It occurs when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that regulate breathing.

• #17 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition where a blockage or narrowing in your airway keeps air from moving through your windpipe when you’re asleep. […] A blockage in your upper airway causes obstructive sleep apnea. Your muscles relax when you sleep, even the ones that allow air to flow into your lungs. But there should still be enough room for air to get into your body. With sleep apnea, relaxed muscles and tissues block the airway. This prevents airflow, which causes you to stop breathing. […] OSA can happen to anyone at any age or any body size. It’s more common if you have any of the following: Excess body weight (obesity), Structural abnormalities like having an underbite, small lower jaw, large tongue, large tonsils or large adenoids, a large neck or collar size (16-17 inches/41-43 centimeters), Genetic conditions that affect how your head and neck develop (like Down syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome).

• #18 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The etiology of OSA involves both structural and nonstructural factors, including genetic factors. […] Structural factors related to craniofacial bony anatomy that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include the following: Innate anatomic variations (facial elongation, posterior facial compression), retrognathia and micrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia, brachycephalic head form – Associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans, inferior displacement of the hyoid, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, particularly in children and young adults, Pierre Robin syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, high, arched palate (particularly in women). […] Structural factors related to nasal obstruction that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include polyps, septal deviation, tumors, trauma, and stenosis.

• #19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Causes & Symptoms – ENT in Cayman

  https://www.entincayman.com/ent-conditions/sleep-disorders/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-causes-symptoms/

  OSA occurs when something blocks (obstructs) the airway during sleep and oxygen cannot easily flow through the nose or mouth during sleep. Common conditions that can cause OSA include: […] Nasal passage obstruction A stuffy nose or nasal obstruction can cause a narrowing of the nasal passageway and play a substantial role in OSA. Additionally, swelling of the tissues that line the airway (nasal mucosa) can also impact a persons ability to breathe properly. Nasal passageway obstruction can be caused by enlarged nasal turbinates, deviated septum, enlarged adenoids or nasal polyps. […] Mouth Structure The soft palate is a cluster of tissues that lines the roof of the mouth and runs all the way to the back of the throat. The uvula is attached to the soft palate and hangs down in the back of your throat. If a soft palate is thick, long, or oversized, your airway can be narrowed. Additionally, if the uvula or tonsils are enlarged it can also cause an obstruction, especially during sleep. […] Excess Body Weight Being overweight is often affecting a persons ability to breathe and impact a risk for developing OSA. Excessive weight and weakness of the soft tissue around the neck or throat can narrow the airway and make it more difficult to breathe.

• #20 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obesity is a common factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. In children, however, the most common cause of the problem is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Thirty years ago, approximately 90 percent of tonsillectomies in children were done for recurrent tonsillitis infections. That has changed dramatically today, just 20 percent of these surgeries are done for infections, with 80 percent performed as treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. […] Additional causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children include „low airway tone as in cerebral palsy or Down syndrome,” Dr. Canapari notes.

• #21 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Sleep apnea is when a person stops breathing during sleep. It usually happens because something obstructs, or blocks, the upper airway. This is called obstructive sleep apnea (AP-nee-uh). […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] When we sleep, our muscles relax. This includes the muscles in the back of the throat that help keep the airway open. In obstructive sleep apnea, these muscles can relax too much and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. […] This is especially true if someone has large tonsils or adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep.

• #22 Obstructive sleep apnea – adults: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000811.htm

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a problem in which your breathing pauses during sleep. This occurs because of narrowed or blocked airways. […] When you sleep, all of the muscles in your body become more relaxed. This includes the muscles that help keep your throat open so air can flow into your lungs. […] Some people have a narrow throat. When the muscles in their upper throat relax during sleep, the tissues close in and block the airway. This stop in breathing is called apnea. […] Other factors also may increase your risk of sleep apnea: A lower jaw that is short compared to your upper jaw, Certain shapes of the roof of your mouth (palate) or airway that cause it to collapse more easily, Large neck or collar size, 17 inches (in) or 43 centimeters (cm) or more in men and 16 in (41 cm) or more in women, Large tongue, which may fall back and block the airway, Obesity, Large tonsils and adenoids that can block the airway. […] Central sleep apnea is a different sleep disorder during which breathing also can stop. It occurs when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that regulate breathing.

• #23 Tracking the Root Causes of Your Sleep Apnea – Dr. Steven Freeman

  https://drstevenfreeman.com/2018/05/11/tracking-the-root-causes-of-your-sleep-apnea/

  When the tongue moves back in the mouth to the point of blocking the airway, thats when sleep apnea occurs. […] Some people are genetically predisposed to have sleep apnea. Hereditary features such as a narrow throat, thick neck, or round head could create a higher likelihood of airway obstruction when youre in a relaxed, reclining position. OSA is also known to be caused by a deviated septum. […] Excessive alcohol use, smoking, and use of sedatives have all been linked to OSA in adults. Hormonal issues like hypothyroidism and acromegaly can attribute to sleep apnea as well.

• #24 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The etiology of OSA involves both structural and nonstructural factors, including genetic factors. […] Structural factors related to craniofacial bony anatomy that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include the following: Innate anatomic variations (facial elongation, posterior facial compression), retrognathia and micrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia, brachycephalic head form – Associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans, inferior displacement of the hyoid, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, particularly in children and young adults, Pierre Robin syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, high, arched palate (particularly in women). […] Structural factors related to nasal obstruction that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include polyps, septal deviation, tumors, trauma, and stenosis.

• #25 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Causes & Symptoms – ENT in Cayman

  https://www.entincayman.com/ent-conditions/sleep-disorders/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-causes-symptoms/

  OSA occurs when something blocks (obstructs) the airway during sleep and oxygen cannot easily flow through the nose or mouth during sleep. Common conditions that can cause OSA include: […] Nasal passage obstruction A stuffy nose or nasal obstruction can cause a narrowing of the nasal passageway and play a substantial role in OSA. Additionally, swelling of the tissues that line the airway (nasal mucosa) can also impact a persons ability to breathe properly. Nasal passageway obstruction can be caused by enlarged nasal turbinates, deviated septum, enlarged adenoids or nasal polyps. […] Mouth Structure The soft palate is a cluster of tissues that lines the roof of the mouth and runs all the way to the back of the throat. The uvula is attached to the soft palate and hangs down in the back of your throat. If a soft palate is thick, long, or oversized, your airway can be narrowed. Additionally, if the uvula or tonsils are enlarged it can also cause an obstruction, especially during sleep. […] Excess Body Weight Being overweight is often affecting a persons ability to breathe and impact a risk for developing OSA. Excessive weight and weakness of the soft tissue around the neck or throat can narrow the airway and make it more difficult to breathe.

• #26 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] The relationship of OSA to cerebrovascular disease is still being determined. Growing evidence indicates that the prevalence of OSA is increased in patients who have had a stroke. However, whether OSA is a risk factor for stroke or stroke is a risk factor for developing OSA remains unclear.

• #27 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Factors that increase the risk of this form of sleep apnea include: Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of OSA. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] People with thicker necks might have narrower airways. […] You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight or if they’ve gone through menopause.

• #28 Why Sleep Apnea Is So Common & What To Do About It

  https://www.southfloridasinusandallergy.com/sleep-apnea-common/

  Sleep apnea is on the rise. This upsurge is due in part to the fact that sleep apnea can be the result of a wide array of different causes. […] Some common sleep apnea causes and risk factors include: […] Obesity dramatically increases the risk of sleep apnea. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids can also enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Men are two to three times more likely to have sleep apnea than women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight, and their risk also appears to rise after menopause. […] Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which worsens obstructive sleep apnea.

• #29 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. […] Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #30 What Are The Main Causes Of Sleep Apnea? – Sleep Care Online

  https://www.sleepcareonline.com/articles/what-is-the-main-cause-of-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoppFOIPP5qBg9lOq6wZJplQ_SIcc4SJc4SSWh4pXd97XDc6mVq5

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder that affects roughly 22 million Americans, according to the American Sleep Association. Apneas (from the Greek word for breathless) are events that occur when the muscles at the back of the throat relax and cause the soft tissue to block the airway. An individual experiencing an apnea event may cease breathing for up to 10 seconds. In severe cases, apnea events can occur more than 30 times per hour. Most often, the individual does not even realize they are waking up gasping for air. […] While an airway obstruction is the main cause of sleep apnea, several other risk factors must be taken into consideration. […] Sleep apnea tends to be more prevalent in individuals 40 years of age or older and some studies show that there could be as much as a 3:1 ratio of men over women who suffer from it. Individuals with certain anatomical features, such as an underbite or overbite or naturally larger neck circumference, may be more prone to obstructive sleep apnea.

• #31 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Factors that increase the risk of this form of sleep apnea include: Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of OSA. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] People with thicker necks might have narrower airways. […] You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight or if they’ve gone through menopause.

• #32 American Thoracic Society | What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults?

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/what-is-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common problem that affects a persons breathing during sleep. A person with OSA has times during sleep in which air cannot flow normally into the lungs. The block in airflow (obstruction) is usually caused by the collapse of the soft tissues in the back of the throat (upper airway) and tongue during sleep. […] OSA is more common in men, women after menopause and people who are over the age of 65. OSA can also occur in children. People who are at higher risk of developing sleep apnea include those with: Enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids. A family history of OSA. Excessive weightobesity. Jaw problems such as micrognathia (small jaw) or retrognathia (a pulled back jaw). […] If your OSA is from being overweight, weight loss may cause the apnea to go away completely.

• #33 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. […] Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #34 Why Sleep Apnea Is So Common & What To Do About It

  https://www.southfloridasinusandallergy.com/sleep-apnea-common/

  Sleep apnea is on the rise. This upsurge is due in part to the fact that sleep apnea can be the result of a wide array of different causes. […] Some common sleep apnea causes and risk factors include: […] Obesity dramatically increases the risk of sleep apnea. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids can also enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Men are two to three times more likely to have sleep apnea than women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight, and their risk also appears to rise after menopause. […] Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which worsens obstructive sleep apnea.

• #35 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. […] Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #36 Why Sleep Apnea Is So Common & What To Do About It

  https://www.southfloridasinusandallergy.com/sleep-apnea-common/

  Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who don’t smoke. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have difficulty breathing through your nose, whether from an anatomical problem or allergies, you’re more likely to develop sleep apnea.

• #37 Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sleep/obstructive-sleep-apnea/causes.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea usually occurs when the throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and partly or completely block the airway. […] Obstructive sleep apnea can also occur if you have enlarged tissues in your nose, mouth, or throat. For example, you may have enlarged tonsils. […] In children, a common cause of sleep apnea is large tonsils or adenoids. […] Obstructive sleep apnea may occur if you have a facial bone deformity or a jaw problem. […] Fat in the neck area can press down on the tissues around the airways. This narrows the airways and can cause sleep apnea. […] Medicines such as sleeping pills and sedatives can relax the muscles and tissues in the throat, causing it to narrow. […] Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls breathing. This may relax the breathing muscles and cause narrowing of the airway. […] Sleeping on your back and using one or more pillows may make sleep apnea worse.

• #38 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. […] Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #39 Why Sleep Apnea Is So Common & What To Do About It

  https://www.southfloridasinusandallergy.com/sleep-apnea-common/

  Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who don’t smoke. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have difficulty breathing through your nose, whether from an anatomical problem or allergies, you’re more likely to develop sleep apnea.

• #40 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] The relationship of OSA to cerebrovascular disease is still being determined. Growing evidence indicates that the prevalence of OSA is increased in patients who have had a stroke. However, whether OSA is a risk factor for stroke or stroke is a risk factor for developing OSA remains unclear.

• #41 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. […] Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #42 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by conditions that block airflow through your upper airway during sleep. For example, your tongue may fall backward and block your airway. […] Central sleep apnea is caused by problems with the way your brain controls your breathing while you sleep. […] Many conditions can cause obstructive sleep apnea. Some factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, can be changed. Other factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed. […] Your hormone levels can affect the size and shape of your face, tongue, and upper airway. People who have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), low levels of thyroid hormones, or high levels of insulin or growth hormone have a higher risk for sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can be inherited. Your genes help determine the size and shape of your skull, face, and upper airway.

• #43 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Like hypothyroidism, acromegaly is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] Environmental exposures include smoke, environmental irritants or allergens, and alcohol and hypnotic-sedative medications. […] A study examined 52 candidate genes most likely to influence OSA. […] The study found the following variants in European Americans: C-reactive protein (CRP) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were associated with the AHI as both a longitudinal and a dichotomous trait. […] CRP appears to mediate inflammation; it is thought to be a marker of inflammation. Such inflammation may increase OSA by increasing mucosal edema and reducing airway caliber. […] GDNF influences ventilatory control. It appears to sense oxygen and carbon dioxide at sleep onset transitions, hence playing a role in CSA.

• #44 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] The relationship of OSA to cerebrovascular disease is still being determined. Growing evidence indicates that the prevalence of OSA is increased in patients who have had a stroke. However, whether OSA is a risk factor for stroke or stroke is a risk factor for developing OSA remains unclear.

• #45 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The following are some conditions associated with OSA: obesity hypoventilation syndrome, a breathing disorder in people with obesity, who also underbreathe during the daytime; endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism, acromegaly, and polycystic ovary syndrome, which may affect your breathing when you’re asleep; chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; neuromuscular conditions, such as a stroke, which can interfere with brain signals to your chest muscles and airway; heart or kidney failure, which may cause fluid to build up in your neck and obstruct the upper airway; pregnancy. […] The risk for OSA increases if you have physical features that narrow your upper airway. Risk factors of OSA include: obesity; large tonsils; a large tongue, which can block the airway; retrognathia, which is when your lower jaw is shorter than your upper jaw; a narrow palate or airway that collapses more easily; smoking; drinking large quantities of alcohol; family history of OSA.

• #46 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] The relationship of OSA to cerebrovascular disease is still being determined. Growing evidence indicates that the prevalence of OSA is increased in patients who have had a stroke. However, whether OSA is a risk factor for stroke or stroke is a risk factor for developing OSA remains unclear.

• #47 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Like hypothyroidism, acromegaly is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] Environmental exposures include smoke, environmental irritants or allergens, and alcohol and hypnotic-sedative medications. […] A study examined 52 candidate genes most likely to influence OSA. […] The study found the following variants in European Americans: C-reactive protein (CRP) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were associated with the AHI as both a longitudinal and a dichotomous trait. […] CRP appears to mediate inflammation; it is thought to be a marker of inflammation. Such inflammation may increase OSA by increasing mucosal edema and reducing airway caliber. […] GDNF influences ventilatory control. It appears to sense oxygen and carbon dioxide at sleep onset transitions, hence playing a role in CSA.

• #48 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by conditions that block airflow through your upper airway during sleep. For example, your tongue may fall backward and block your airway. […] Central sleep apnea is caused by problems with the way your brain controls your breathing while you sleep. […] Many conditions can cause obstructive sleep apnea. Some factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, can be changed. Other factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed. […] Your hormone levels can affect the size and shape of your face, tongue, and upper airway. People who have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), low levels of thyroid hormones, or high levels of insulin or growth hormone have a higher risk for sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can be inherited. Your genes help determine the size and shape of your skull, face, and upper airway.

• #49 What Causes Sleep Apnea?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-apnea/causes/

  Obesity is the most common risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Some people have large tonsils or adenoids, or smaller airways, which can contribute to breathing problems during sleep. […] Some conditions or genetic factors can lead to an imbalance in facial structure that can cause the tongue to sit farther back in the mouth and lead to sleep apnea. […] If obstructive sleep apnea runs in your family, you may be at increased risk for having the condition. […] People who have persistent nasal congestion at night are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea, probably because of the narrowed airways. […] People who smoke are 3 times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. […] Using these substances can increase the relaxation of the muscles in the throat, making obstructive sleep apnea worse. […] Having asthma is also a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] The neurological communication that happens between the brain and body to regulate breathing can be numbed by benzodiazepines and opioids, which can contribute to sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but being a male and getting older both put you at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] Having hypertension may increase your risk of having obstructive sleep apnea, and untreated sleep apnea can also lead to hypertension. […] One study found that people who have type 2 diabetes were 48 percent more likely to have sleep apnea than those without diabetes who were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Prior stroke is linked to both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, but it’s not clear which is causing which. […] Congestive heart failure can also increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

• #50 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The following are some conditions associated with OSA: obesity hypoventilation syndrome, a breathing disorder in people with obesity, who also underbreathe during the daytime; endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism, acromegaly, and polycystic ovary syndrome, which may affect your breathing when you’re asleep; chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; neuromuscular conditions, such as a stroke, which can interfere with brain signals to your chest muscles and airway; heart or kidney failure, which may cause fluid to build up in your neck and obstruct the upper airway; pregnancy. […] The risk for OSA increases if you have physical features that narrow your upper airway. Risk factors of OSA include: obesity; large tonsils; a large tongue, which can block the airway; retrognathia, which is when your lower jaw is shorter than your upper jaw; a narrow palate or airway that collapses more easily; smoking; drinking large quantities of alcohol; family history of OSA.

• #51 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. […] In many cases, doctors cannot figure out the root cause of CSA. […] But some CSA is linked to another illness, a medication, or your environment: Stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure can cause CSA with a distinctive Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern. […] Heart conditions, kidney problems, and other illnesses can also cause non-CSB CSA. […] Some medications and drugs, especially opiates like hydrocodone or fentanyl, can cause CSA. […] Increasing evidence links sleep apnea to conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart attack, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nocturnal angina, heart failure, hypothyroidism, and an abnormal heart rhythm. […] About half of sleep apnea patients have hypertension, and untreated sleep apnea increases the risk of heart-related illness and death.

• #52 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with macroglossia and increased soft tissue mass in the pharyngeal region and thus with an increased risk of SDB. […] The relationship of OSA to cerebrovascular disease is still being determined. Growing evidence indicates that the prevalence of OSA is increased in patients who have had a stroke. However, whether OSA is a risk factor for stroke or stroke is a risk factor for developing OSA remains unclear.

• #53 What Causes Sleep Apnea?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-apnea/causes/

  Obesity is the most common risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Some people have large tonsils or adenoids, or smaller airways, which can contribute to breathing problems during sleep. […] Some conditions or genetic factors can lead to an imbalance in facial structure that can cause the tongue to sit farther back in the mouth and lead to sleep apnea. […] If obstructive sleep apnea runs in your family, you may be at increased risk for having the condition. […] People who have persistent nasal congestion at night are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea, probably because of the narrowed airways. […] People who smoke are 3 times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. […] Using these substances can increase the relaxation of the muscles in the throat, making obstructive sleep apnea worse. […] Having asthma is also a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] The neurological communication that happens between the brain and body to regulate breathing can be numbed by benzodiazepines and opioids, which can contribute to sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but being a male and getting older both put you at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] Having hypertension may increase your risk of having obstructive sleep apnea, and untreated sleep apnea can also lead to hypertension. […] One study found that people who have type 2 diabetes were 48 percent more likely to have sleep apnea than those without diabetes who were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Prior stroke is linked to both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, but it’s not clear which is causing which. […] Congestive heart failure can also increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

• #54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition where a blockage or narrowing in your airway keeps air from moving through your windpipe when you’re asleep. […] A blockage in your upper airway causes obstructive sleep apnea. Your muscles relax when you sleep, even the ones that allow air to flow into your lungs. But there should still be enough room for air to get into your body. With sleep apnea, relaxed muscles and tissues block the airway. This prevents airflow, which causes you to stop breathing. […] OSA can happen to anyone at any age or any body size. It’s more common if you have any of the following: Excess body weight (obesity), Structural abnormalities like having an underbite, small lower jaw, large tongue, large tonsils or large adenoids, a large neck or collar size (16-17 inches/41-43 centimeters), Genetic conditions that affect how your head and neck develop (like Down syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome).

• #55 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Factors that increase the risk of this form of sleep apnea include: Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of OSA. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] People with thicker necks might have narrower airways. […] You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Men are 2 to 3 times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight or if they’ve gone through menopause.

• #56 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Some conditions that affect how your brain controls your airways and chest muscles can raise your risk. These include heart failure, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis. […] Opioid use disorder or long-term use of prescribed opioid-based pain medicines can cause problems with how your brain controls sleep. […] Genetic conditions, such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, can raise your risk. […] As you get older, normal changes in how your brain controls breathing during sleep may raise your risk for sleep apnea.

• #57 Sleep Apnea Treatment, Symptoms, Complications, Types & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/sleep_apnea/article.htm

  Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing (airflow) during sleep. […] Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the muscles of breathing. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when the brain sends a signal to the muscles and the muscles make an effort to take a breath, but they are unsuccessful because the airway becomes obstructed and prevents an adequate flow of air. […] Central sleep apnea may occur in premature infants (born before 37 weeks of gestation) or in full-term infants. […] Central sleep apnea usually occurs in adults with other medical problems. […] In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), apneas have four components: the airway collapses or becomes obstructed, an effort is made to take a breath, the oxygen level in the blood drops, and the brain signals the body to wake up and take a breath.

• #58 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  The term central sleep apnea (CSA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders in which respiratory effort is diminished or absent in an intermittent or cyclical fashion during sleep. […] In most cases, central sleep apnea is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndromes or is caused by an underlying medical condition, recent ascent to high altitude, or narcotic use. Primary central sleep apnea is a rare condition, the etiology of which is not entirely understood. […] Two types of pathophysiologic phenomena can cause central sleep apnea syndromes: 1) ventilatory instability or 2) depression of the brainstem respiratory centers or chemoreceptors. […] Ventilatory instability is the mechanism behind CSB-CSA, high-altitude periodic breathing, and probably primary central sleep apnea.

• #59 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Patients usually have predisposing factors such as heart failure, stroke, or renal failure, as well as a lower resting PaCO2 than normal. […] The patient has a history of an underlying disorder other than heart failure or renal failure. […] The single most important feature is that high-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] This is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] This is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] Central sleep apnea may emerge during titration of CPAP in patients previously diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Up to 40% of healthy individuals may exhibit central apneas during sleep-wake transition. […] During a PSG review, central apneas are commonly seen following an arousal or after a sigh and are usually inconsequential.

• #60 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Some conditions that affect how your brain controls your airways and chest muscles can raise your risk. These include heart failure, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis. […] Opioid use disorder or long-term use of prescribed opioid-based pain medicines can cause problems with how your brain controls sleep. […] Genetic conditions, such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, can raise your risk. […] As you get older, normal changes in how your brain controls breathing during sleep may raise your risk for sleep apnea.

• #61 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #62 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. […] In many cases, doctors cannot figure out the root cause of CSA. […] But some CSA is linked to another illness, a medication, or your environment: Stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure can cause CSA with a distinctive Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern. […] Heart conditions, kidney problems, and other illnesses can also cause non-CSB CSA. […] Some medications and drugs, especially opiates like hydrocodone or fentanyl, can cause CSA. […] Increasing evidence links sleep apnea to conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart attack, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nocturnal angina, heart failure, hypothyroidism, and an abnormal heart rhythm. […] About half of sleep apnea patients have hypertension, and untreated sleep apnea increases the risk of heart-related illness and death.

• #63 Sleep Apnea Causes | ResMed Australia

  https://www.resmed.com.au/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea-causes

  Central sleep apnea causes: Blunting of your breathing reflex. This can occur in people who have had obstructive sleep apnea for a long time. […] Slow blood circulation due to heart failure can affect your normal breathing reflexes. […] Certain pain medications can reduce your urge to breathe, e.g. morphine. […] A stroke or other brain problem can affect the part of your brain controlling breathing. […] Weak lung muscles brought on by a neuromuscular disorder. […] A chest wall or lung abnormality may have caused your lungs to be too stiff. […] High altitude causes central sleep apnea in some people.

• #64 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #65 The Causes of Sleep Apnea | Snoring & Sleep Apnea Center

  https://www.44snore.com/blog/TheCausesofSleepApnea

  CSA is less common and occurs when the brain fails to transmit the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. Some causes of CSA include: Heart failure: Conditions that affect the heart, such as congestive heart failure, can lead to CSA. Stroke: Brainstem injuries, often caused by a stroke, can disrupt the brain’s respiratory control centers. Narcotic pain medications: The use of opioids and certain medications can suppress the brain’s respiratory drive, leading to CSA. High-altitude exposure: People who rapidly ascend to high altitudes may develop high-altitude central sleep apnea due to changes in oxygen levels. Cheyne-Stokes respiration: A specific type of CSA that is associated with periodic breathing patterns often seen in heart failure and other conditions.

• #66 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Patients usually have predisposing factors such as heart failure, stroke, or renal failure, as well as a lower resting PaCO2 than normal. […] The patient has a history of an underlying disorder other than heart failure or renal failure. […] The single most important feature is that high-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] This is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] This is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] Central sleep apnea may emerge during titration of CPAP in patients previously diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Up to 40% of healthy individuals may exhibit central apneas during sleep-wake transition. […] During a PSG review, central apneas are commonly seen following an arousal or after a sigh and are usually inconsequential.

• #67 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #68 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. […] In many cases, doctors cannot figure out the root cause of CSA. […] But some CSA is linked to another illness, a medication, or your environment: Stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure can cause CSA with a distinctive Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern. […] Heart conditions, kidney problems, and other illnesses can also cause non-CSB CSA. […] Some medications and drugs, especially opiates like hydrocodone or fentanyl, can cause CSA. […] Increasing evidence links sleep apnea to conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart attack, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nocturnal angina, heart failure, hypothyroidism, and an abnormal heart rhythm. […] About half of sleep apnea patients have hypertension, and untreated sleep apnea increases the risk of heart-related illness and death.

• #69 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Patients usually have predisposing factors such as heart failure, stroke, or renal failure, as well as a lower resting PaCO2 than normal. […] The patient has a history of an underlying disorder other than heart failure or renal failure. […] The single most important feature is that high-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] This is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] This is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] Central sleep apnea may emerge during titration of CPAP in patients previously diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Up to 40% of healthy individuals may exhibit central apneas during sleep-wake transition. […] During a PSG review, central apneas are commonly seen following an arousal or after a sigh and are usually inconsequential.

• #70 Sleep Apnea Causes | ResMed Australia

  https://www.resmed.com.au/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea-causes

  Central sleep apnea causes: Blunting of your breathing reflex. This can occur in people who have had obstructive sleep apnea for a long time. […] Slow blood circulation due to heart failure can affect your normal breathing reflexes. […] Certain pain medications can reduce your urge to breathe, e.g. morphine. […] A stroke or other brain problem can affect the part of your brain controlling breathing. […] Weak lung muscles brought on by a neuromuscular disorder. […] A chest wall or lung abnormality may have caused your lungs to be too stiff. […] High altitude causes central sleep apnea in some people.

• #71 Sleep apnea: Symptoms, treatments, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/178633

  Most people with sleep apnea have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This happens when there is a physical blockage in the upper airway. Another type, central sleep apnea (CSA), is due to a signaling problem in the nervous system. […] Various factors can contribute to the blocking or collapse of the airway. They include the following: lax muscles and other tissues in the mouth and throat, nasal congestion, thickened tissues and additional fat stores around the airway, an underlying neurological problem. […] These can result from: genetic factors, colds and allergies, obesity, thyroid problems, heart or kidney failure, large or swollen tonsils. […] Experts have linked CSA with the following: diseases that affect the central nervous system, such as encephalitis, neurological and kidney disorders, heart failure, stroke, acclimatizing to high altitude, use of opioids and other depressant drugs, recent ascent to high altitude, the use of pain relief medication.

• #72 What Can Cause Sleep Apnea?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea-causes

  In CSA, improper signaling from your central nervous system (your brain and spinal cord) can result in irregular breathing during sleep. It is much more rare than OSA. […] According to a 2023 review, the most common cause of this is ventilator instability, a state in which the brain overreacts to small changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. […] The causes of signaling issues in CSA are less clear. For some people, brain damage or neurodegenerative conditions, like dementia or Parkinson’s disease, may play a role. For others, the causes of ventilator instability are unknown.

• #73 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #74 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #75

  https://www.apneamed.org/pages/causes-of-sleep-apnea

  Heart troubles, such as heart failure, can lead to central sleep apnea. […] Experiencing one or more strokes highly raises your chances of having CSA or complex sleep apnea syndrome. […] Aging is a factor in both OSA and CSA. […] Narcotic medications which contain opioids and/or benzodiazepines can interfere with your brains neurological communication pathways which control your breathing. […] CSA is also more common in men than in women.

• #76 The 3 Types of Sleep Apnea

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-apnea/three-types-sleep-apnea/

  Unlike obstructive sleep apnea, which is caused by a mechanical problem that blocks the airway, central sleep apnea occurs because the brain is not sending the proper messages to the muscles that control breathing. […] Central sleep apnea, less common than obstructive sleep apnea, occurs when the brain does not send proper messages to the muscles that control breathing, often affecting people with underlying illnesses such as brain infections or conditions that affect the brainstem. […] A third type of sleep apnea called complex sleep apnea, also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, is a combination of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The causes of complex sleep apnea are not yet fully understood.

• #77 The Causes of Sleep Apnea | Snoring & Sleep Apnea Center

  https://www.44snore.com/blog/TheCausesofSleepApnea

  CSA is less common and occurs when the brain fails to transmit the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. Some causes of CSA include: Heart failure: Conditions that affect the heart, such as congestive heart failure, can lead to CSA. Stroke: Brainstem injuries, often caused by a stroke, can disrupt the brain’s respiratory control centers. Narcotic pain medications: The use of opioids and certain medications can suppress the brain’s respiratory drive, leading to CSA. High-altitude exposure: People who rapidly ascend to high altitudes may develop high-altitude central sleep apnea due to changes in oxygen levels. Cheyne-Stokes respiration: A specific type of CSA that is associated with periodic breathing patterns often seen in heart failure and other conditions.

• #78 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Patients usually have predisposing factors such as heart failure, stroke, or renal failure, as well as a lower resting PaCO2 than normal. […] The patient has a history of an underlying disorder other than heart failure or renal failure. […] The single most important feature is that high-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] This is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] This is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] Central sleep apnea may emerge during titration of CPAP in patients previously diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Up to 40% of healthy individuals may exhibit central apneas during sleep-wake transition. […] During a PSG review, central apneas are commonly seen following an arousal or after a sigh and are usually inconsequential.

• #79 Complex Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/complex-mixed-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOopTXkuFNfwUc2wTx-_z4Mev2BPu4WeivEHfUMJH5BYbSlFtIO0N

  Complex sleep apnea can develop when a person is receiving treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. While both obstructive and central sleep apnea cause a person to experience pauses in their breathing during sleep, the reasons for these pauses are different. […] There are many possible ways in which treating obstructive sleep apnea may cause a person to experience central apneas. […] Researchers have identified certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing complex sleep apnea. These risk factors include: Male sex, Advanced age, Sleeping on the back, Opiate usage, Heart disease, Severe obstructive sleep apnea, Higher altitude, Treatment with CPAP or BiPAP on a high setting. […] Complex sleep apnea may be discovered while the doctor monitors or adjusts the pressure settings on a PAP or BiPAP machine.

• #80 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obesity is a common factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. In children, however, the most common cause of the problem is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Thirty years ago, approximately 90 percent of tonsillectomies in children were done for recurrent tonsillitis infections. That has changed dramatically today, just 20 percent of these surgeries are done for infections, with 80 percent performed as treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. […] Additional causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children include „low airway tone as in cerebral palsy or Down syndrome,” Dr. Canapari notes.

• #81 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Sleep apnea is when a person stops breathing during sleep. It usually happens because something obstructs, or blocks, the upper airway. This is called obstructive sleep apnea (AP-nee-uh). […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] When we sleep, our muscles relax. This includes the muscles in the back of the throat that help keep the airway open. In obstructive sleep apnea, these muscles can relax too much and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. […] This is especially true if someone has large tonsils or adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep.

• #82 American Thoracic Society | What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults?

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/what-is-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  The type of device or surgery will depend on what has cause the apnea. […] When the tonsils or adenoids are causing the throat to be blocked, surgery can be done to take out the tonsils (tonsillectomy) and/or adenoids (adenoidectomy). Surgery may also be helpful for people with jaw problems. Other surgeries for OSA either clear out tissue from the back of the throat, reposition the tongue forward, or implant a nerve stimulator to cause the tongue to move forward during sleep. These surgeries are not, however, as effective as CPAP to control OSA and are usually reserved for people who fail CPAP.

• #83 Sleep Apnea Causes | What You Should Know About OSA

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/causes

  In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the upper air passage is narrowed or blocked during sleep by the tongue and other soft tissues. […] Not all obstructive sleep apnea is caused by soft tissue obstruction. The airway may also be narrowed by excessive body weight or may just be naturally more narrow, making it more likely to collapse. […] In children, obstructive sleep apnea is often caused by enlarged tonsils or adenoids. But obesity is increasingly playing a greater role in childhood sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea, a much rarer condition, occurs when the brain intermittently fails to send the appropriate signals to the breathing muscles for respiration.

• #84 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others) […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #85 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others) […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #86 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others) […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #87 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others) […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #88 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others) […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #89 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common breathing disorder in sleep in which the airways narrow or collapse during sleep, causing obstructive sleep apnea. […] The mechanism of upper airway collapse is incompletely understood but is associated with several factors, including obesity, craniofacial changes, altered muscle function in the upper airway, pharyngeal neuropathy, and fluid shifts to the neck. […] The risk of OSAS correlates with body mass index (BMI), in which OSAS increases progressively with increases in BMI, most likely related to upper airway narrowing due to excess fat tissue. […] Obesity can induce a decrease in vital capacity, an imbalance in the ventilation-perfusion ratio, and limitations of lung and chest wall movement. […] The reduction in upper airway volume caused by obesity or craniofacial structural abnormalities and soft tissue changes is an important factor in upper airway collapse.

• #90 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  Upper airway anatomical abnormalities are a key factor in the pathogenesis of OSAS. […] Enlargement of soft-tissue structures in and around the airways is an important cause of pharyngeal airway narrowing in most cases of OSAS. […] Fluid retention may contribute to the pathogenesis of OSAS, and nocturnal rostral fluid shift refers to the nighttime redistribution of fluid accumulated in the legs to the upper parts of the body while lying in bed. […] Although upper airway obstruction may be due to a variety of factors, such as obesity, there is increasing evidence that individual collapsibility is also a key factor in upper airway obstruction. […] The importance of abnormal pharyngeal susceptibility to collapse in the pathogenesis of obstructive apnea was demonstrated by studying the Pcrit in patients with OSAS and in control subjects.

• #91 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  A low respiratory arousal threshold may be an important endotype of OSAS. […] The loop gain is a measure of respiratory instability, which refers to unstable ventilatory chemoreflex control and is recognized as a key pathophysiological feature that contributes to OSAS. […] Increased pharyngeal dilator muscle activity in OSAS patients compared with matched controls has been interpreted as evidence of a neuromuscular protective compensatory reflex in response to anatomical compromise in OSAS. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OSAS are complex and multifactorial, and furthermore, the underlying causes of OSAS vary substantially between afflicted individuals, with many unknown and poorly understood aspects.

• #92 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  A low respiratory arousal threshold may be an important endotype of OSAS. […] The loop gain is a measure of respiratory instability, which refers to unstable ventilatory chemoreflex control and is recognized as a key pathophysiological feature that contributes to OSAS. […] Increased pharyngeal dilator muscle activity in OSAS patients compared with matched controls has been interpreted as evidence of a neuromuscular protective compensatory reflex in response to anatomical compromise in OSAS. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OSAS are complex and multifactorial, and furthermore, the underlying causes of OSAS vary substantially between afflicted individuals, with many unknown and poorly understood aspects.

• #93 Sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea

  In CSA, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. […] Other risk factors include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. […] A systemic disorder, sleep apnea is associated with a wide array of effects, including increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, and neurodegeneration. […] Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.

• #94 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to dangerous and sometimes life-threatening complications that may include: Daytime drowsiness (dangerous if you’re driving or doing something that needs your full, undivided attention), Heart damage and heart failure, Chronic health conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension) or Type 2 diabetes, Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), Stroke, Sudden cardiac death.

• #95 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. […] In many cases, doctors cannot figure out the root cause of CSA. […] But some CSA is linked to another illness, a medication, or your environment: Stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure can cause CSA with a distinctive Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern. […] Heart conditions, kidney problems, and other illnesses can also cause non-CSB CSA. […] Some medications and drugs, especially opiates like hydrocodone or fentanyl, can cause CSA. […] Increasing evidence links sleep apnea to conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart attack, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nocturnal angina, heart failure, hypothyroidism, and an abnormal heart rhythm. […] About half of sleep apnea patients have hypertension, and untreated sleep apnea increases the risk of heart-related illness and death.

• #96 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to dangerous and sometimes life-threatening complications that may include: Daytime drowsiness (dangerous if you’re driving or doing something that needs your full, undivided attention), Heart damage and heart failure, Chronic health conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension) or Type 2 diabetes, Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), Stroke, Sudden cardiac death.

• #97 Sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea

  In CSA, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. […] Other risk factors include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. […] A systemic disorder, sleep apnea is associated with a wide array of effects, including increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, and neurodegeneration. […] Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.

• #98 Causes Complications of Sleep Apnea – Fort Worth ENT & Sinus

  https://fortworthent.net/ear-nose-throat/snoring-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/sleep-medicine-snoring-or-sleep-apnea/causes-complications-of-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea typically occurs due to throat muscles relaxing causing the patients airway to narrow or close, whereby an adequate amount of air cannot be taken in. […] This lack of air can cause the oxygen level in the blood to lower. […] Because sleep apnea causes sudden drops in oxygen levels, OSA sufferers are at risk for many other serious health conditions: […] OSA patients have a greater likelihood of developing insulin resistance. […] OSA can cause complications with certain medications or general anesthesia, and is generally a concern when sedation or surgery is required. […] Other risks of OSA are: Increased stress levels: The release of stress hormones can be triggered by OSA. […] Obesity changes pharyngeal shape and size which can block the upper airway. […] Use of these substances, especially near bedtime, can relax throat muscles and cause or worsen sleep disordered breathing. […] Smoking can increase inflammation and fluid retention in the throat.

• #99 Sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea

  In CSA, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. […] Other risk factors include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. […] A systemic disorder, sleep apnea is associated with a wide array of effects, including increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, and neurodegeneration. […] Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.

• #100 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to dangerous and sometimes life-threatening complications that may include: Daytime drowsiness (dangerous if you’re driving or doing something that needs your full, undivided attention), Heart damage and heart failure, Chronic health conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension) or Type 2 diabetes, Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), Stroke, Sudden cardiac death.

• #101

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/sleep-apnea

  There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive and central. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common. […] Most cases of sleep apnea are caused because something blocks the soft tissues of the throat during sleep; obstructed breathing causes the sufferer to partially wake (called arousals) and this can happen as many as 60 to 70 times per hour, resulting in fatigue and sleepiness the next day. […] High-risk factors include being overweight or obese, having a large neck and using alcohol and tobacco. Obstructive sleep apnea and its symptoms increase the risk for elevated blood pressure, myocardial infarction, stroke, obesity, sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and driving and work-related accidents.

• #102 Sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea

  In CSA, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. […] Other risk factors include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. […] A systemic disorder, sleep apnea is associated with a wide array of effects, including increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, and neurodegeneration. […] Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.

• #103 Causes Complications of Sleep Apnea – Fort Worth ENT & Sinus

  https://fortworthent.net/ear-nose-throat/snoring-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/sleep-medicine-snoring-or-sleep-apnea/causes-complications-of-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea typically occurs due to throat muscles relaxing causing the patients airway to narrow or close, whereby an adequate amount of air cannot be taken in. […] This lack of air can cause the oxygen level in the blood to lower. […] Because sleep apnea causes sudden drops in oxygen levels, OSA sufferers are at risk for many other serious health conditions: […] OSA patients have a greater likelihood of developing insulin resistance. […] OSA can cause complications with certain medications or general anesthesia, and is generally a concern when sedation or surgery is required. […] Other risks of OSA are: Increased stress levels: The release of stress hormones can be triggered by OSA. […] Obesity changes pharyngeal shape and size which can block the upper airway. […] Use of these substances, especially near bedtime, can relax throat muscles and cause or worsen sleep disordered breathing. […] Smoking can increase inflammation and fluid retention in the throat.

• #104 Causes Complications of Sleep Apnea – Fort Worth ENT & Sinus

  https://fortworthent.net/ear-nose-throat/snoring-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/sleep-medicine-snoring-or-sleep-apnea/causes-complications-of-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea typically occurs due to throat muscles relaxing causing the patients airway to narrow or close, whereby an adequate amount of air cannot be taken in. […] This lack of air can cause the oxygen level in the blood to lower. […] Because sleep apnea causes sudden drops in oxygen levels, OSA sufferers are at risk for many other serious health conditions: […] OSA patients have a greater likelihood of developing insulin resistance. […] OSA can cause complications with certain medications or general anesthesia, and is generally a concern when sedation or surgery is required. […] Other risks of OSA are: Increased stress levels: The release of stress hormones can be triggered by OSA. […] Obesity changes pharyngeal shape and size which can block the upper airway. […] Use of these substances, especially near bedtime, can relax throat muscles and cause or worsen sleep disordered breathing. […] Smoking can increase inflammation and fluid retention in the throat.

• #105 Sleep Apnea: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8718-sleep-apnea

  Sleep apnea happens because of: […] An airflow blockage in your upper airway during sleep […] A problem with how your brain regulates your breathing during sleep.

• #106 Sleep Apnea: Types, Causes, Risk Factors, Effects on Health

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea

  Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder that happens when your breathing stops and starts while you’re asleep. […] What causes sleep apnea depends on what type you have: […] Obstructive sleep apnea. Things that narrow your airway or interfere with your airflow, including obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, or a thick neck, can cause this type. […] Central sleep apnea. Anything that affects your brain’s control of your breathing and chest muscles can cause this type. This includes hormone levels as well as certain health conditions. Opioid use can have this effect, as can changes that come with aging. […] Some research has indicated that apnea might run in families.

• #107 Always Tired? You May Have Sleep Apnea | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/always-tired-you-may-have-sleep-apnea

  Getting treatment for obstructive sleep apnea or OSA can save your life and help you feel better every day. […] Obstructive sleep apnea, also called OSA, causes you to stop breathing in your sleep for several seconds, up to many times an hour. […] When you have OSA, the apnea is caused by an obstruction or blockage. Usually the blockage is tongue muscles, soft palate or parts of your throat that relax too much during sleep and block your airway. […] Chronic (ongoing), untreated OSA may increase your risk of heart attack, stroke, type 2 diabetes, glaucoma, and some types of cancer along with other serious health conditions. […] Taking certain medicines, such as sedatives or sleep aids, that slow or lessen breathing can also contribute to OSA. […] A diagnosis will determine if your OSA is mild, moderate, or severe based on the average number of times you pause breathing each hour during sleep.

• #108 What Are the Causes of Sleep Apnea?

  https://enticare.com/2024/01/05/causes-of-sleep-apnea/

  Certain physical attributes, such as a narrow airway, large tonsils, or a recessed chin, can contribute to the obstruction of the airway and increase the risk of sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea is more common in older adults. As we age, muscle tone decreases, including the muscles in the throat, making airway collapse more likely during sleep. […] Understanding the causes of sleep apnea is the first step toward effective management. By identifying and addressing contributing factors, individuals can significantly improve their sleep quality and overall health.

• #109 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  A low respiratory arousal threshold may be an important endotype of OSAS. […] The loop gain is a measure of respiratory instability, which refers to unstable ventilatory chemoreflex control and is recognized as a key pathophysiological feature that contributes to OSAS. […] Increased pharyngeal dilator muscle activity in OSAS patients compared with matched controls has been interpreted as evidence of a neuromuscular protective compensatory reflex in response to anatomical compromise in OSAS. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OSAS are complex and multifactorial, and furthermore, the underlying causes of OSAS vary substantially between afflicted individuals, with many unknown and poorly understood aspects.

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