Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic condition characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. […] Estimates of disease prevalence are in the range of 3% to 7%, with certain subgroups of the population bearing higher risk. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of medical morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the increasing recognition that obstructive sleep apnea is a relatively common condition, population data sets to estimate disease prevalence in the United States and abroad did not exist until about 15 years ago. […] Based on available population-based studies that are summarized in Table 1, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea associated with accompanying daytime sleepiness is approximately 3 to 7% for adult men and 2 to 5% for adult women in the general population.

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment – University of Southern California

  https://libcatalog.usc.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991043559999903731&context=L&vid=01USC_INST:01USC&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub%2Cexact%2C%20Medicine%20%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=0

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and decreased work performance, and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. […] The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

• #3 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/html

  The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 was a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women in eleven published epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013. […] OSA is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. […] The prevalence of OSA has increased in epidemiological studies over time. […] It is concluded that OSA is highly prevalent in the population. It is related to age and obesity. […] Differences and the increase in prevalence of sleep apnea are probably due to different diagnostic equipment, definitions, study design and characteristics of included subjects including effects of the obesity epidemic. […] Cardiovascular disease, especially stroke is related to OSA, and subjects under the age of 70 run an increased risk of early death if they suffer from OSA.

• #4 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. […] OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. OSA is most common among older males, but it can also affect females and children. The incidence rises following menopause such that rates are similar in postmenopausal individuals. […] The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour of sleep. […] Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight.

• #5 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults/print

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. […] OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. OSA is most common among older males, but it can also affect females and children. The incidence rises following menopause such that rates are similar in postmenopausal individuals. […] The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour of sleep. When more stringent definitions are used (eg, AHI ≥5 events per hour plus symptoms or AHI ≥15 events per hour), the estimated prevalence is approximately 15 percent in males and 5 percent in females.

• #6 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults/print

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #7 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health […] Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #8 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk. […] Epidemiologic studies from around the world have consistently identified body weight as the strongest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Epidemiologic investigations show that current smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol have been suggested as possible risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. […] There is now a wealth of information indicating that untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular event, a higher propensity of sudden death during sleep, and a greater risk for stroke and all-cause mortality.

• #9 Obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/july/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-obesity

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity are two common conditions affecting the Australian population; obesity is the major risk factor for OSA. […] OSA is one of the most common medical disorders in the general population. Prevalence in adults ranges from 9% to 38% (higher in men and older people) when OSA is defined as disordered breathing present on a sleep study, although prevalence is in the range of 4% to 6% when OSA on sleep study is combined with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. […] Recent evidence suggests that the putative cardiovascular benefits of continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) treatment may be overstated. […] Obesity is the strongest risk factor for developing OSA. Several large epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between weight gain and an increase in the odds of developing OSA. It is estimated that 58% of moderate-to-severe OSA is due to obesity.

• #10 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  The fact that prevalence estimates of obstructive sleep apnea from North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia are not substantially different suggests that this disease is common not only in developed but also in developing countries. […] Finally, it is now apparent that the available estimates of disease prevalence are likely to be lower than the true burden considering that even subtle breathing abnormalities during sleep (i.e., respiratory effort-related arousals) may be of clinical significance. […] Longitudinal data collected by the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study over a 4-year period have shown that weight change is an important determinant of disease progression and regression. […] The consistency of the effects of body weight on disease progression across different cohorts confirms the general clinical impression that many patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with a history of recent weight gain.

• #11 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] Evidence indicates that women underreport the symptoms of loud snoring and witnessed apneas, leading to underreferral to sleep centers. This may explain the marked male predominance (male-to-female ratio of approximately 8:1) in sleep center-based studies. Additionally, women have lower AHIs than men, even after correcting for other demographic factors such as BMI and neck circumference. […] African American individuals appear to be more predisposed to SDB than white persons. This increased predisposition varies according to age. The odds ratio is greater than 3 in children younger than 13 years and is 1.88 in persons younger than 25 years. In elderly African Americans, the risk is increased 2-fold. Examination of craniofacial morphology found that brachycephaly is associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans.

• #12 Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Sleep_apnea_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics On the Web […] The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations. […] In the general population, sleep apnea prevalence is estimated to range from 3,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 individuals. […] Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults. […] Compared with younger adults, the prevalence of sleep apnea is 2 to 3 greater among individuals older than 60-65 years of age. […] Sleep apnea is more common among males. […] The male:female ratio ranges between 2:1 to 3:1.

• #13 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The prevalence in children is less certain, but the authors sleep center is seeing increasing numbers of adolescent patients, who are often obese and present similarly to many of their adult counterparts, with the important exception that they may be sleepy and/or hyperactive. A 2007 study has suggested that approximately 6% of adolescents have weekly SDB. […] The prevalence of OSA in non-American populations has only been studied in men and has been found to be as low as 0.3% (England) and as high as 20-25% (Israel and Australia). The prevalence of OSA in Australian men is estimated to be 3%. […] Aging is an important consideration of risk for OSA. OSA prevalence increases 2-3 times in older persons (65 y) compared with individuals aged 30-64 years, with an estimated rate as high as 65% in a community sample of people older than 65 years.

• #14 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Definitions, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Variants | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndromes-definitions-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-variants/

  There is also evidence that OSA severity can progress with time. […] Analysis of 8-year follow-up of 282 participants of the Wisconsin cohort study showed a mean increase in the AHI from 2.6 events/hr to 5.1. […] In obese individuals with a body mass index (BMI) over 30, the mean AHI increased from 4.8/hr to 10.1/hr. […] A number of population-based studies have documented several risk factors for the presence of OSA. […] Of these, the most consistent findings have been the presence of obesity and male gender. […] The prevalence of OSA appears to be higher in the elderly than in middle-aged populations. […] Ancoli-Israel and colleagues studied 427 community-dwelling elderly age 65 years or older using limited channel ambulatory monitoring. A prevalence of OSA, defined as an AHI greater than 10/hr, was found to be 62%.

• #15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Definitions, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Variants | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndromes-definitions-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-variants/

  Conventional wisdom is that postmenopausal women have a greater incidence of OSA than premenopausal women. […] An analysis of the Wisconsin cohort study of the risk of having an AHI greater than 15 (adjusted for age and body habitus) found an odds ratio of 3.5 for greater risk in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women. […] One study found that OSA is more common in African American than in white populations. […] Analysis of data for the Wisconsin sleep cohort data by Wetter and colleagues found that current cigarette smokers are at a greater risk for sleep apnea than never smokers. […] Most studies of acute ingestion of alcohol in patients with snoring or OSA have found an increase in the AHI. […] Hypothyroidism has been thought to be associated with sleep apnea. […] Growth hormone excess resulting in acromegaly is also associated with sleep apnea.

• #16 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults/print

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #17 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] Evidence indicates that women underreport the symptoms of loud snoring and witnessed apneas, leading to underreferral to sleep centers. This may explain the marked male predominance (male-to-female ratio of approximately 8:1) in sleep center-based studies. Additionally, women have lower AHIs than men, even after correcting for other demographic factors such as BMI and neck circumference. […] African American individuals appear to be more predisposed to SDB than white persons. This increased predisposition varies according to age. The odds ratio is greater than 3 in children younger than 13 years and is 1.88 in persons younger than 25 years. In elderly African Americans, the risk is increased 2-fold. Examination of craniofacial morphology found that brachycephaly is associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans.

• #18 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults/print

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #19 Epidemiology of Childhood Sleep Apnea | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1164145

  The prevalence of sleep apnea in Black children is 47.1%, the prevalence of sleep apnea in Hispanic children in 12.5%, and the prevalence of sleep apnea in White children is 40.4%. […] 15% of children with sleep apnea have tonsillar hypertrophy. […] 15% of children with sleep apnea have adenoid hypertrophy. […] 1359% of children with sleep apnea are obese. […] Around 16% of children with craniofacial anomalies have sleep apnea. […] 40% of children with neuromuscular disorders have childhood sleep apnea. […] The prevalence of sleep apnea in children with down syndrome is 5376% compared to children without down syndrome, who have disease prevalence of 15%. […] The prevalence of sleep apnea in children with PWS is 57%. […] The prevalence of sleep apnea in children with AS is 2080%.

• #20 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health […] Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #21 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-Epidemiology-Causes-and/991031757913102976

  As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. […] When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. […] Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians.

• #22 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk. […] Epidemiologic studies from around the world have consistently identified body weight as the strongest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Epidemiologic investigations show that current smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol have been suggested as possible risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. […] There is now a wealth of information indicating that untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular event, a higher propensity of sudden death during sleep, and a greater risk for stroke and all-cause mortality.

• #23 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  SDB is common in the United States. The National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research estimated that minimal SDB (RDI 5) affects 7-18 million people in the United States and that relatively severe cases (RDI 15) affect 1.8-4 million people. The prevalence increases with age. SDB remains undiagnosed in approximately 92% of affected women and 80% of affected men. […] OSA is increasingly prevalent, in both adults and children, in modern society. The estimated prevalence has been 2% for women and 4% for men. Similar data have been found in an epidemiologic study from Pennsylvania. More recent research indicates a prevalence of 4% for women and 9% for men. Data from the Wisconsin Cohort Study indicate that the prevalence of OSA in people aged 30-60 years is 9-24% for men and 4-9% for women.

• #24 Epidemiology of Childhood Sleep Apnea | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1164145

  Childhood sleep apnea is characterized as airway obstruction because of upper airway impairment due to reduced oxygen levels or awakening from sleep in children. […] In children, only 15% of children suffer from sleep apnea, which equals to about 20 million100 million children, globally. […] However, childhood sleep apnea tends to be underdiagnosed with about 90% of children not being properly diagnosed with sleep apnea. […] About 90% of children are underdiagnosed for sleep apnea. […] Childhood sleep apnea is usually underdiagnosed because of the difficulty detecting the condition in children. […] The prevalence of childhood sleep apnea is equal in boys and girls, which equivocates to a prevalence of 10 million50 million for both boys and girls. […] Studies have shown that Black children have a higher odds of developing sleep apnea and often have a 20% increase in the severity of sleep apnea.

• #25 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2010531001

  The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. […] OSAS has been estimated to affect about 2-3.5% of children. […] OSAS prevalence has 2 peak periods. The first peak occurs in children from 2 to 8 years of age, with the presence of enlarged adenoid and/or tonsils. A second peak arises during adolescence in relation with weight gain. […] In an epidemiologic study for Korean adolescents from 15 to 18 years of age, the prevalence of snoring and OSAS were 11.2% and 0.9%, respectively. […] The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in Korean children has not been reported.

• #26 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2010531001

  The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. […] OSAS has been estimated to affect about 2-3.5% of children. […] OSAS prevalence has 2 peak periods. The first peak occurs in children from 2 to 8 years of age, with the presence of enlarged adenoid and/or tonsils. A second peak arises during adolescence in relation with weight gain. […] In an epidemiologic study for Korean adolescents from 15 to 18 years of age, the prevalence of snoring and OSAS were 11.2% and 0.9%, respectively. […] The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in Korean children has not been reported.

• #27 Epidemiology of Childhood Sleep Apnea | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1164145

  Childhood sleep apnea is characterized as airway obstruction because of upper airway impairment due to reduced oxygen levels or awakening from sleep in children. […] In children, only 15% of children suffer from sleep apnea, which equals to about 20 million100 million children, globally. […] However, childhood sleep apnea tends to be underdiagnosed with about 90% of children not being properly diagnosed with sleep apnea. […] About 90% of children are underdiagnosed for sleep apnea. […] Childhood sleep apnea is usually underdiagnosed because of the difficulty detecting the condition in children. […] The prevalence of childhood sleep apnea is equal in boys and girls, which equivocates to a prevalence of 10 million50 million for both boys and girls. […] Studies have shown that Black children have a higher odds of developing sleep apnea and often have a 20% increase in the severity of sleep apnea.

• #28 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk. […] Epidemiologic studies from around the world have consistently identified body weight as the strongest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Epidemiologic investigations show that current smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol have been suggested as possible risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. […] There is now a wealth of information indicating that untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular event, a higher propensity of sudden death during sleep, and a greater risk for stroke and all-cause mortality.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11886-020-1257-y

  Given the rising prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), we aimed to review the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic relationship of OSA, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, and to summarize recent advances in the treatment of OSA. […] OSA is associated with an elevated risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrating the cross-sectional increased prevalence of hypertension in OSA as well as the prospectively increased risk of new onset hypertension in OSA. […] A population-based cohort study of 36,963 individuals in Finland followed up to 25 years, demonstrating that OSA is an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and diabetic chronic kidney disease. […] A prospective study of individuals with OSA, demonstrating that higher apnea-hypopnea index is associated with reduced left and right ventricular function.

• #30 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  The most rigorous population-based study determining epidemiologic features of OSA is the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. […] The prevalence of OSA has been well established as a risk factor for OSA in multiple population-based studies and in fact there is direct relationship between the OSA epidemic and the obesity epidemic. […] In summary, there are ethnic differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA. […] In certain medical disorders, the prevalence of OSA exceeds that seen in the general population. […] Population-based cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies have shown a strong and independent association of various measures of OSA severity (AHI and measures of oxygenation) with hypertension. […] Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke.

• #31 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarction, has been independently associated with OSA in both population-based and clinic-based studies. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several population-based studies from various geographical regions and involving a variety of ethnic groups have reported an independent association between self-reported snoring or various measures of severity of OSA quantified by polysomnography (AHI or oxygen saturation) to altered glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. […] OSA can cause daytime sleepiness and adversely impact daytime functioning such as work performance, motor function, and neurocognitive function. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed.

• #32 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarction, has been independently associated with OSA in both population-based and clinic-based studies. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several population-based studies from various geographical regions and involving a variety of ethnic groups have reported an independent association between self-reported snoring or various measures of severity of OSA quantified by polysomnography (AHI or oxygen saturation) to altered glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. […] OSA can cause daytime sleepiness and adversely impact daytime functioning such as work performance, motor function, and neurocognitive function. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed.

• #33 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  The most rigorous population-based study determining epidemiologic features of OSA is the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. […] The prevalence of OSA has been well established as a risk factor for OSA in multiple population-based studies and in fact there is direct relationship between the OSA epidemic and the obesity epidemic. […] In summary, there are ethnic differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA. […] In certain medical disorders, the prevalence of OSA exceeds that seen in the general population. […] Population-based cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies have shown a strong and independent association of various measures of OSA severity (AHI and measures of oxygenation) with hypertension. […] Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke.

• #34 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarction, has been independently associated with OSA in both population-based and clinic-based studies. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several population-based studies from various geographical regions and involving a variety of ethnic groups have reported an independent association between self-reported snoring or various measures of severity of OSA quantified by polysomnography (AHI or oxygen saturation) to altered glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. […] OSA can cause daytime sleepiness and adversely impact daytime functioning such as work performance, motor function, and neurocognitive function. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed.

• #35 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk. […] Epidemiologic studies from around the world have consistently identified body weight as the strongest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Epidemiologic investigations show that current smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol have been suggested as possible risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. […] There is now a wealth of information indicating that untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular event, a higher propensity of sudden death during sleep, and a greater risk for stroke and all-cause mortality.

• #36 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarction, has been independently associated with OSA in both population-based and clinic-based studies. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several population-based studies from various geographical regions and involving a variety of ethnic groups have reported an independent association between self-reported snoring or various measures of severity of OSA quantified by polysomnography (AHI or oxygen saturation) to altered glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. […] OSA can cause daytime sleepiness and adversely impact daytime functioning such as work performance, motor function, and neurocognitive function. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed.

• #37 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as angina pectoris and/or myocardial infarction, has been independently associated with OSA in both population-based and clinic-based studies. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several population-based studies from various geographical regions and involving a variety of ethnic groups have reported an independent association between self-reported snoring or various measures of severity of OSA quantified by polysomnography (AHI or oxygen saturation) to altered glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. […] OSA can cause daytime sleepiness and adversely impact daytime functioning such as work performance, motor function, and neurocognitive function. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed.

• #38 OSA – Prevalence

  https://www.sleepprimarycareresources.org.au/osa/epidemiology

  The prevalence of OSA in middle aged and older people is high but does not always produce symptoms or require treatment. […] OSA, defined as an apnoea hypopnea index 15 events per hour on a sleep study, affects ~20% of the population, while simple snoring which is highly prevalent affects 30% of the adult population. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) – defined as AHI 5 events per hour combined with symptoms e.g. excessive daytime sleepiness (International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) criteria) – affects 2-5% of the general middle-aged population. […] Of Note, the prevalence of OSA in the general population, especially in older adults (ages 65-79 years), based on the standard criteria of an apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) cut-off of 5, is very high. Therefore the a priori chance of a positive diagnosis of OSA is high. […] OSA costs the Australian community an estimated $26 billion annually including direct health costs, cardiovascular complications and loss of productivity.

• #39

  https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidim0021-biopharma-obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-mature-markets/

  Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations in the major mature pharmaceutical markets (the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan). We report the prevalence of OSA for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] Most patient populations are forecast over a period of 20 years for the major mature pharmaceutical markets and 10 years for the other countries covered in this report. […] Clarivate Epidemiologys OSA forecast will answer the following questions: How will changes in the levels of exposure to known risk or protective factors affect the number of people living with OSA? How will demographic trends such as population aging and improving life expectancy affect the epidemiology of OSA over the forecast period? […] In total, Clarivate Epidemiology forecasts 12 OSA patient populations as follows: Total prevalent cases. Total prevalent cases by severity. Total prevalent cases by comorbidity. Diagnosed prevalent cases.

• #40 The Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Poland—Polysomnography and Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2109

  The aim of this study is to provide a brief summary of the epidemiological data on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) diagnosis and therapy in different regions of Poland from 2010 to 2019. […] We requested data from the National Health Service concerning the number of new diagnoses of OSAS, the polysomnographies (PSGs) that were performed, and reimbursements of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in each region of Poland in the period 2010–2019. […] The constant increase in the number of polysomnographies performed and PAP reimbursements suggests the need to create a national network between regional sleep centers to provide proper care for patients with OSAS, and PAP therapy. […] The prevalence of OSAS in the adult population is estimated to be 3–7%; however, some recent studies suggest that OSAS is considerably more frequent and affects up to approximately 84% of men and 61% of women.

• #41 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology Forecast to 2030: 11

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/04/2140033/0/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030-11-Year-Forecasts-7MM-Coverage-and-Age-and-Gender-Specific-Cases.html

  Obstructive Sleep Apnea epidemiology report gives a thorough understanding of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. […] This section encompassing Obstructive Sleep Apnea epidemiology, provides insights about historical and current patient pool and forecasted trends for every seven major countries. […] The Obstructive Sleep Apnea epidemiology covered in the report provides historical and forecasted Obstructive Sleep Apnea epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2017 to 2030. […] The report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken.

• #42 The Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Poland—Polysomnography and Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2109

  Pływaczewski et al. estimated the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Poland at 7.5% on the basis of a group of 676 patients from Warsaw. […] To our knowledge, information about general epidemiological data on OSAS diagnosis in Poland is limited. […] Our data provide a general overlook of the epidemiology of diagnosis and PAP therapy of OSAS in Poland from 2010 to 2019. […] Our data suggest that, depending on the region, OSAS diagnoses range from 390 to 1328/100,000 habitants (p < 0.001). [...] The economic, social, and demographic differences will be investigated in additional studies. [...] The data highlight that, in each region of Poland, the number of performed PSGs increases continuously with every year, as presented in Figure 1D,E. [...] The number of reimbursements of PAP therapy is lower than the number of performed PSGs and diagnoses of OSAS. [...] The constant increases in the number of polysomnographies performed and PAP reimbursements suggest the need to create a national network between regional sleep centers to provide proper care for patients with OSAS, and PAP therapy.

• #43

  https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidim0021-biopharma-obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-mature-markets/

  Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations in the major mature pharmaceutical markets (the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan). We report the prevalence of OSA for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] Most patient populations are forecast over a period of 20 years for the major mature pharmaceutical markets and 10 years for the other countries covered in this report. […] Clarivate Epidemiologys OSA forecast will answer the following questions: How will changes in the levels of exposure to known risk or protective factors affect the number of people living with OSA? How will demographic trends such as population aging and improving life expectancy affect the epidemiology of OSA over the forecast period? […] In total, Clarivate Epidemiology forecasts 12 OSA patient populations as follows: Total prevalent cases. Total prevalent cases by severity. Total prevalent cases by comorbidity. Diagnosed prevalent cases.

• #44 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in changes in ventilation and intermittent hypoxemia and arousals, which may result in diurnal sleepiness and may lead to cognitive impairment and cardiovascular morbidity. The OSA syndrome is defined on the basis of recognition of symptoms (especially daytime sleepiness) and the objective measurement of disordered breathing during sleep. […] Although obstructive sleep apnea clearly is a common disorder within the general population, its incidence is hard to establish, because methodologic differences among the various epidemiologic studies have made comparisons difficult. […] Epidemiologic studies have focused on two levels of abnormal sleep quantification: OSA, when defined physiologically as increased obstructive breathing events (apneas or hypopneas) during sleep, usually with an AHI of 5 or more events/hour; and the clinical syndrome (the combination of an AHI of 5 or more events/hour and significant self-reported symptoms, especially daytime sleepiness).

• #45 The Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Poland—Polysomnography and Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2109

  Pływaczewski et al. estimated the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Poland at 7.5% on the basis of a group of 676 patients from Warsaw. […] To our knowledge, information about general epidemiological data on OSAS diagnosis in Poland is limited. […] Our data provide a general overlook of the epidemiology of diagnosis and PAP therapy of OSAS in Poland from 2010 to 2019. […] Our data suggest that, depending on the region, OSAS diagnoses range from 390 to 1328/100,000 habitants (p < 0.001). [...] The economic, social, and demographic differences will be investigated in additional studies. [...] The data highlight that, in each region of Poland, the number of performed PSGs increases continuously with every year, as presented in Figure 1D,E. [...] The number of reimbursements of PAP therapy is lower than the number of performed PSGs and diagnoses of OSAS. [...] The constant increases in the number of polysomnographies performed and PAP reimbursements suggest the need to create a national network between regional sleep centers to provide proper care for patients with OSAS, and PAP therapy.

• #46 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in changes in ventilation and intermittent hypoxemia and arousals, which may result in diurnal sleepiness and may lead to cognitive impairment and cardiovascular morbidity. The OSA syndrome is defined on the basis of recognition of symptoms (especially daytime sleepiness) and the objective measurement of disordered breathing during sleep. […] Although obstructive sleep apnea clearly is a common disorder within the general population, its incidence is hard to establish, because methodologic differences among the various epidemiologic studies have made comparisons difficult. […] Epidemiologic studies have focused on two levels of abnormal sleep quantification: OSA, when defined physiologically as increased obstructive breathing events (apneas or hypopneas) during sleep, usually with an AHI of 5 or more events/hour; and the clinical syndrome (the combination of an AHI of 5 or more events/hour and significant self-reported symptoms, especially daytime sleepiness).

• #47 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health […] Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #48 The Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Poland—Polysomnography and Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2109

  Pływaczewski et al. estimated the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Poland at 7.5% on the basis of a group of 676 patients from Warsaw. […] To our knowledge, information about general epidemiological data on OSAS diagnosis in Poland is limited. […] Our data provide a general overlook of the epidemiology of diagnosis and PAP therapy of OSAS in Poland from 2010 to 2019. […] Our data suggest that, depending on the region, OSAS diagnoses range from 390 to 1328/100,000 habitants (p < 0.001). [...] The economic, social, and demographic differences will be investigated in additional studies. [...] The data highlight that, in each region of Poland, the number of performed PSGs increases continuously with every year, as presented in Figure 1D,E. [...] The number of reimbursements of PAP therapy is lower than the number of performed PSGs and diagnoses of OSAS. [...] The constant increases in the number of polysomnographies performed and PAP reimbursements suggest the need to create a national network between regional sleep centers to provide proper care for patients with OSAS, and PAP therapy.

• #49 The Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Poland—Polysomnography and Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2109

  Pływaczewski et al. estimated the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Poland at 7.5% on the basis of a group of 676 patients from Warsaw. […] To our knowledge, information about general epidemiological data on OSAS diagnosis in Poland is limited. […] Our data provide a general overlook of the epidemiology of diagnosis and PAP therapy of OSAS in Poland from 2010 to 2019. […] Our data suggest that, depending on the region, OSAS diagnoses range from 390 to 1328/100,000 habitants (p < 0.001). [...] The economic, social, and demographic differences will be investigated in additional studies. [...] The data highlight that, in each region of Poland, the number of performed PSGs increases continuously with every year, as presented in Figure 1D,E. [...] The number of reimbursements of PAP therapy is lower than the number of performed PSGs and diagnoses of OSAS. [...] The constant increases in the number of polysomnographies performed and PAP reimbursements suggest the need to create a national network between regional sleep centers to provide proper care for patients with OSAS, and PAP therapy.

• #50 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health […] Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment – University of Southern California

  https://libcatalog.usc.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991043559999903731&context=L&vid=01USC_INST:01USC&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub%2Cexact%2C%20Medicine%20%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=0

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and decreased work performance, and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. […] The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

• #52 Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Young Adult Population: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1386

  The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested to differ according to different age groups. […] The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of OSA prevalence among healthy adults aged 18–30 years in the general population. […] The pooled prevalence of OSA among young adults was 16% (CI 95%, 8–29%, I² = 92%, χ² = 1.47). […] Findings from our review highlight the need to include OSA-related assessment and intervention in the overall health care of young adults. […] By early detection and offered treatment, further complications related to comorbidities may be omitted.

• #53 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disease characterized by the presence of breathing pauses during the night, which is considered a public health problem due to its consequences. The severity of OSA is mainly described using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), which is the number of apneas and hypopneas recorded per hour of sleep. However, OSA is a very heterogeneous and complex disease that is not entirely well defined by this single parameter. Although at present, both the diagnosis and the classification of severity and treatment management of these patients are mostly determined by their AHI, the heterogeneity of the disease may explain the lack of response to treatment found in some clinical trials. […] In recent years, various approaches to better characterize patients with OSA have been developed through cluster analysis. This method allows studying the relationships present between groups of patients, selecting patients who are similar to each other but significantly different from others. However, to date, most approaches have provided partial results, including only patients with mild-moderate OSA or moderate-severe OSA, focusing exclusively on sleep characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities or response to treatment, or suffer from having a small sample size.

• #54 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Therefore, we feel that an integrated approach to improve the characterization of OSA should consider gender and should jointly evaluate sleep disturbances, symptoms and comorbidity associated with the disease. In this way, a more accurate estimate of the disease burden of the different subtypes identified could be obtained and, at a later stage, it would possibly allow accurate and adequate management directed at the individual needs of each patient. […] The main finding of our study is the identification of four OSA subtypes, with a predominance of males in three of them (young males with moderate OSA and ORL disorders, adults with severe symptomatic OSA without cardiovascular disease, and older adults with severe OSA and cardiovascular disease) and a fourth with the percentage of female was significantly higher (with mood disorders). These different phenotypes could have implications in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of OSA patients, but validation of these cluster and more research to establish them in the clinical practice are needed.

• #55 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Therefore, we feel that an integrated approach to improve the characterization of OSA should consider gender and should jointly evaluate sleep disturbances, symptoms and comorbidity associated with the disease. In this way, a more accurate estimate of the disease burden of the different subtypes identified could be obtained and, at a later stage, it would possibly allow accurate and adequate management directed at the individual needs of each patient. […] The initial data collection was performed on 2454 subjects and a total of 429 patients were excluded in whom the quality of the study was inadequate, the study result was negative, or had Central Sleep Apnea. The general characteristics of the cohort of 2025 selected OSA patients are summarized. In general, terms, our cohort is mainly characterized by being men of mean age with a mean BMI of 28.8 kg/m2, moderate-severe OSA and whose most frequent comorbidities are arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.

• #56 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Identifying distinct clinical profiles of OSA creates a foundation for offering more personalized therapies in the future. A future validation of these clusters is needed before using them in clinical practice. Follow-up studies are needed to describe the applicability of these clusters to clinical practices, and examine whether the response to treatment differs among OSA patients with distinct patterns of clinical presentations, particularly in terms of changes in symptom presentation, blood pressure and cardiovascular comorbidities.

• #57 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  The main finding of our study is the identification of four OSA subtypes, with a predominance of males in three of them (young males with moderate OSA and ORL disorders, adults with severe symptomatic OSA without cardiovascular disease, and older adults with severe OSA and cardiovascular disease) and a fourth with the percentage of female was significantly higher (with mood disorders). These different phenotypes could have implications in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of OSA patients, but validation of these cluster and more research to establish them in the clinical practice are needed. […] Identifying distinct clinical profiles of OSA creates a foundation for offering more personalized therapies in the future. A future validation of these clusters is needed before using them in clinical practice. Follow-up studies are needed to describe the applicability of these clusters to clinical practices, and examine whether the response to treatment differs among OSA patients with distinct patterns of clinical presentations, particularly in terms of changes in symptom presentation, blood pressure and cardiovascular comorbidities.

• #58 Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Full Text

  https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease, and is traditionally associated with increased cardiovascular risk. […] A high comorbidity burden worsens prognosis, but some data suggest that CPAP might be protective especially in patients with comorbidities. […] The frequent association of OSA with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has been recognized since the early studies, but the role of OSA as an independent risk factor has long remained controversial due to the presence of powerful confounders, such as hypertension and obesity. […] Currently, comorbidities are a major topic in clinical research on OSA. Several recent studies reported a high prevalence of comorbidities in OSA patients. […] According to some studies, the comorbidity burden progressively increases with OSA severity.

• #59 Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Full Text

  https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9

  A recent study from Taiwan in a large number of OSA patients analyzed prevalence of comorbidities at diagnosis and their relationship with mortality risk during follow up. […] The authors identified ten comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality risk, and developed a comorbidity score for OSA by taking into account the relative risk associated with each disease state and the number of comorbidities. […] Other studies on the prognostic impact of comorbidities in OSA patients examined the effects of CPAP treatment. […] Therefore, occurrence of comorbidities could identify subgroups of OSA patients at high risk, who might show benefit from CPAP treatment. […] Many studies have examined the role of OSA as a pathogenetic factor in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as the potential protective effects of CPAP treatment.

• #60 Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Full Text

  https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9

  A recent study from Taiwan in a large number of OSA patients analyzed prevalence of comorbidities at diagnosis and their relationship with mortality risk during follow up. […] The authors identified ten comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality risk, and developed a comorbidity score for OSA by taking into account the relative risk associated with each disease state and the number of comorbidities. […] Other studies on the prognostic impact of comorbidities in OSA patients examined the effects of CPAP treatment. […] Therefore, occurrence of comorbidities could identify subgroups of OSA patients at high risk, who might show benefit from CPAP treatment. […] Many studies have examined the role of OSA as a pathogenetic factor in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as the potential protective effects of CPAP treatment.

• #61 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Identifying distinct clinical profiles of OSA creates a foundation for offering more personalized therapies in the future. A future validation of these clusters is needed before using them in clinical practice. Follow-up studies are needed to describe the applicability of these clusters to clinical practices, and examine whether the response to treatment differs among OSA patients with distinct patterns of clinical presentations, particularly in terms of changes in symptom presentation, blood pressure and cardiovascular comorbidities.

• #62 Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Full Text

  https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9

  In summary, the association of OSA and cancer is biologically plausible, as shown by the experimental studies using the intermittent hypoxia model. […] Comorbidities are frequent in OSA patients, and OSA appears as a potential trigger for worse prognosis by worsening chronic organ damage, justifying the hypothesis of a dangerous liaison between OSA and comorbidities. […] Careful assessment of comorbidities should become standard clinical practice for OSA patients.

• #63 Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Full Text

  https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9

  In summary, the association of OSA and cancer is biologically plausible, as shown by the experimental studies using the intermittent hypoxia model. […] Comorbidities are frequent in OSA patients, and OSA appears as a potential trigger for worse prognosis by worsening chronic organ damage, justifying the hypothesis of a dangerous liaison between OSA and comorbidities. […] Careful assessment of comorbidities should become standard clinical practice for OSA patients.

• #64 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/html

  The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 was a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women in eleven published epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013. […] OSA is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. […] The prevalence of OSA has increased in epidemiological studies over time. […] It is concluded that OSA is highly prevalent in the population. It is related to age and obesity. […] Differences and the increase in prevalence of sleep apnea are probably due to different diagnostic equipment, definitions, study design and characteristics of included subjects including effects of the obesity epidemic. […] Cardiovascular disease, especially stroke is related to OSA, and subjects under the age of 70 run an increased risk of early death if they suffer from OSA.

• #65 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment – University of Southern California

  https://libcatalog.usc.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991043559999903731&context=L&vid=01USC_INST:01USC&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub%2Cexact%2C%20Medicine%20%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=0

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and decreased work performance, and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. […] The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

• #66 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk. […] Epidemiologic studies from around the world have consistently identified body weight as the strongest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Epidemiologic investigations show that current smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol have been suggested as possible risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. […] There is now a wealth of information indicating that untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular event, a higher propensity of sudden death during sleep, and a greater risk for stroke and all-cause mortality.

• #67

  https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidim0021-biopharma-obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-mature-markets/

  Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations in the major mature pharmaceutical markets (the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan). We report the prevalence of OSA for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] Most patient populations are forecast over a period of 20 years for the major mature pharmaceutical markets and 10 years for the other countries covered in this report. […] Clarivate Epidemiologys OSA forecast will answer the following questions: How will changes in the levels of exposure to known risk or protective factors affect the number of people living with OSA? How will demographic trends such as population aging and improving life expectancy affect the epidemiology of OSA over the forecast period? […] In total, Clarivate Epidemiology forecasts 12 OSA patient populations as follows: Total prevalent cases. Total prevalent cases by severity. Total prevalent cases by comorbidity. Diagnosed prevalent cases.

• #68 Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-defining-heterogeneity-sleep-apnea-syndrome-articulo-S030028962100096X

  Identifying distinct clinical profiles of OSA creates a foundation for offering more personalized therapies in the future. A future validation of these clusters is needed before using them in clinical practice. Follow-up studies are needed to describe the applicability of these clusters to clinical practices, and examine whether the response to treatment differs among OSA patients with distinct patterns of clinical presentations, particularly in terms of changes in symptom presentation, blood pressure and cardiovascular comorbidities.

• #69 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment – University of Southern California

  https://libcatalog.usc.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991043559999903731&context=L&vid=01USC_INST:01USC&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub%2Cexact%2C%20Medicine%20%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=0

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and decreased work performance, and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. […] The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

• #70 Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Young Adult Population: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1386

  The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested to differ according to different age groups. […] The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of OSA prevalence among healthy adults aged 18–30 years in the general population. […] The pooled prevalence of OSA among young adults was 16% (CI 95%, 8–29%, I² = 92%, χ² = 1.47). […] Findings from our review highlight the need to include OSA-related assessment and intervention in the overall health care of young adults. […] By early detection and offered treatment, further complications related to comorbidities may be omitted.

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