Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ataxia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652

  Lasting ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination, known as the cerebellum. […] Ataxia describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements. It can affect walking and balance, hand coordination, speech and swallowing, and eye movements. […] Ataxia symptoms can develop over time or start suddenly. Ataxia can be a symptom of several nervous system conditions. Symptoms may include: Poor coordination. Walking unsteadily or with the feet set wide apart. Poor balance. Trouble with fine motor tasks such as eating, writing or buttoning a shirt. Changes in speech. Back-and-forth eye movements that can’t be controlled. Trouble swallowing. […] The irregular proteins affect the function of nerve cells, primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. They cause the nerve cells to break down and die, known as degeneration. As the disease progresses, coordination problems worsen. […] Most types get worse over time. Each type causes poor coordination but also has other specific symptoms.

• #2 Ataxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17748-ataxia

  Ataxia is when you have problems coordinating how your muscles work, leading to awkward, unwieldy or clumsy movements. […] Ataxia can happen in different ways, each with slightly different effects. […] Ataxia can refer to a group of diseases or a symptom of certain diseases. As a symptom, ataxia is extremely common. […] Ataxia is a symptom that causes problems with coordinating muscle movements, affecting all actions (regardless of whether they’re new or familiar). […] There are three main types of ataxia, which happen in different ways. […] Because there are different types of ataxia, there are also many different possible causes. […] Some examples of conditions or circumstances that can cause ataxia include: Alcohol intoxication (being drunk). […] The treatments for ataxia depend on why it happens in the first place.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/symptoms/

  Some types of ataxia affect children from an early age, while other types may not develop until much later in adulthood. […] Depending on the type of ataxia, the symptoms may stay the same, get progressively worse, or slowly improve. […] The symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia usually get gradually worse over many years. […] The symptoms of AT tend to get worse quite quickly. […] The symptoms vary depending on the type of SCA. […] Episodic ataxia usually first develops during the teenage years. […] The symptoms of episodic ataxia may disappear as a person gets older, although sometimes the condition gets gradually worse over time. […] Acquired ataxia this can affect people of any age and usually develops very quickly over the course of a few days, or sometimes hours; it may improve over time, stay the same or get slowly worse.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/

  Ataxia is a term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech. […] The exact symptoms and their severity vary depending on the type of ataxia a person has. […] Hereditary ataxia is caused by a faulty gene passed on by family members, who may or may not be affected. […] In most cases, there’s no cure for ataxia and supportive treatment to control the symptoms is necessary. […] The outlook for ataxia can vary considerably and largely depends on the type of ataxia you have. Some types may remain relatively stable or even improve with time, but most will get progressively worse over many years. […] Life expectancy is generally shorter than normal for people with hereditary ataxia, although some people can live well into their 50s, 60s or beyond. In more severe cases, the condition can be fatal in childhood or early adulthood. […] For acquired ataxia, the outlook depends on the underlying cause. Some cases may improve or stay the same, while other cases may get gradually worse over time and reduce life expectancy.

• #5 Ataxia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/ataxia-types-brain-and-nervous-system

  Ataxia Symptoms may include: Unsteady walking, Walking with your feet unusually wide apart (called a wide gait), Poor balance, Poor coordination, Trouble with fine motor tasks like writing, Trouble with speech, Trouble swallowing, Back-and-forth eye movements that you can’t control. […] Symptoms of cerebellar ataxia include: Changes in your voice, Dizziness, Fatigue, Headaches, Muscle tremors (shaking or trembling), Slurred speech, Trouble walking, Wide gait. […] Symptoms of sensory ataxia include: Difficulty touching your finger to your nose when your eyes are closed, Inability to sense vibrations, Trouble walking in dim light, Walking with a heavy step, or stomping when you walk. […] Symptoms of vestibular ataxia include: Blurred vision and other eye issues, Nausea and vomiting, Problems standing and sitting, Staggering when you walk, Trouble walking in a straight line, Vertigo, or dizziness.

• #6 Ataxia in children – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/ataxia

  Sensory ataxia is caused by a loss of sensation. If the body cant sense where it is in space, it cant give feedback to improve the accuracy of movements. This type of ataxia can follow damage to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that are known as the peripheral nervous system. […] Vestibular ataxia is caused by damage to the systems that control your balance. These include the inner ear, the oldest parts of the brain (the brainstem) and the connections between the inner ear and the brainstem. […] Cerebellar ataxia symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, headaches, low muscle tone, muscle tremors, slurred speech, voice changes, trouble with walking and coordination, wide stance, and poor vision. […] Sensory ataxia symptoms include inability to sense where the body is with the eyes closed, falling when the eyes are closed, stomping or walking with heavy footsteps, trouble walking in dim lighting, and inability to sense vibrations.

• #7 What is Ataxia? – National Ataxia Foundation

  https://www.ataxia.org/what-is-ataxia/

  Ataxia is a rare neurological disease. It is progressive – affecting a person’s ability to walk, talk, and use fine motor skills. […] Ataxia symptoms vary by person and type of Ataxia. Rate of progression varies as well. Symptoms may worsen slowly, over decades – or quickly, over mere months. Common symptoms of Ataxia are: Lack of coordination, Slurred speech, Trouble eating and swallowing, Deterioration of fine motor skills, Difficulty walking, Gait abnormalities, Eye movement abnormalities, Tremors, Heart problems. […] Individuals with Ataxia often require the use of wheelchairs, walkers, and/or scooters to aid in their mobility.

• #8 Overview of Adult Onset Cerebellar Ataxia

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/overview-of-adult-onset-cerebellar-ataxia/30737/

  Difficulties with gait and balance are the most common symptoms, often described as losing balance, staggering, walking like a drunk, cannot walk a straight line, etc. […] Rate of progression of ataxic symptoms can be associated with specific causes of ataxia. […] Acute and abrupt onset is associated with strokes and structural brain lesions. Rapid progression in hours or days is associated with infectious or parainfectious cerebellitis; immune-mediated disorders such as Miller-Fisher syndrome (MF); acute toxin exposure; rapid metabolic derangement; or multiple sclerosis (MS). […] Progression over weeks to months is associated with paraneoplastic disorders; anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-antibody syndrome; steroidresponsive encephalopathy and ataxia (SREAT or Hashimotos encephalopathy); gluten ataxia in Celiac disease (GA); vitamin deficiency states [e.g. ataxia with vitamin E deficiency or AVED, B1 (thiamine) deficiency]; general medical conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy; infections (HIV, CJD); MS; or sensory polyneuropathy and ganglionopathy (SPN and SG).

• #9 Ataxia – Neurology Solutions

  https://www.neurologysolutions.com/movement-disorders/ataxia/

  Ataxia patients may experience: […] Difficulty with balance when standing […] Difficulty with walking which may include: Unsteadiness, which can lead to falls […] Walking with your feet spread widely apart […] Swaying or falling to one side or the other […] The inability to walk in a straight line […] Uncoordinated, clumsy hand movements […] Slurred or difficulty with speech […] Problems with eye movements that may cause double or blurred vision […] Trouble swallowing […] Dizziness. […] Cerebellar ataxia is the most common form of ataxia and initially presents as poor balance in patients. As cerebellar ataxia progresses, the patients ability to walk is increasingly affected. In advanced cases of cerebellar ataxia, patients are often able to stand or walk only with great assistance. […] People with ataxia often have trouble walking, a condition thats also known as unsteady gait (or even ataxic gait.) This can lead to some unwanted and potentially dangerous events such as losing ones balance, stumbling, or falling which can result in serious injury.

• #10 What is Cerebellar Ataxia? | Barrow Neurological InstituteGroup 9

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/cerebellar-ataxia/

  Ataxia describes the inability to control voluntary muscle movements, which can cause problems with balance, walking (gait), speech, swallowing, and eye movements. […] Symptoms, which can develop over time or begin suddenly, may include: Unsteady walk, Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as writing or buttoning a shirt, Changes in speech, Difficulty swallowing, Vision problems, Cognitive and emotional problems, Increased fatigue.

• #11 Cerebellar ataxia: Causes, symptoms and diagnosis | Kenhub

  https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cerebellar-ataxia

  Cerebellar ataxia can lead to a number of symptoms, such as: a wide and unsteady gait when walking, poor hand-eye coordination, tremors, slow and imprecise speech, a lack of sensory capability, cognitive impairment, diplopia (double vision), nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), difficulties when swallowing, hypotonia (floppiness), asynergy (lack of coordination between organs and body parts), dyschronometria (difficulty in estimating time passing), dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform quick and alternating movements). […] Symptoms can vary from person to person, depending on how the cerebellum has been affected. […] Cerebellar ataxia itself is merely a symptom and does not simply have one clear cause. […] Some cerebellar ataxia has no clear cause, and is the result of cerebellar degeneration that has no genetic factor.

• #12 What are the symptoms of ataxia? | Paris Brain Institute

  https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/ataxias/what-are-symptoms-ataxia?t=&utm_source=perplexity

  Depending on the nature of the ataxia, whether acquired or genetic, a variety of symptoms can be observed. Nevertheless, a large majority of patients have cerebellar symptoms, which are related to cerebellar dysfunction. […] Symptoms related to coordination or cerebellar disorders may be of different types. A distinction is made between: Ataxia: Unstable, stumbling, walking with legs or bars apart to maintain balance. Dystopia: Loss of control of the amplitude of movements, slower and jerky gestures, impossibility of performing fine gestures such as writing. Dyarthria: Inable to articulate words correctly, speech is impaired with loss of control of voice amplitude and lip movements. The nystagmus: rapid, involuntary eye oscillations. The eyes move in all directions and slowly return to the original position.

• #13 Ataxia Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/ataxia/symptoms

  Ataxia can affect people in many different ways. Depending on the cause, you may have some symptoms but not others. The age that ataxia starts, as well as the severity, is different for everyone. […] Common symptoms include: Unsteady walking, Poor balance and tendency to fall, Wide-based gait with feet spread far apart, Poor coordination of hands feet and legs (clumsiness), Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as writing and fastening buttons, Slurred speech. […] Some forms of ataxia have other symptoms including: Loss of feeling, Numbness or tingling in the feet or legs (neuropathy), Muscle cramps, tremor when reaching for or holding objects, Difficulty swallowing, Visual problems such as blurred vision and eye movement abnormalities, Seizures, Heart and orthopaedic (muscles, bones and joints) complications.

• #14 Ataxia | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/ataxia.html

  Ataxia is a loss of muscle control. People with ataxia lose muscle control in their arms and legs. This may lead to a lack of balance and coordination and trouble walking. […] The word ataxia usually describes symptoms. But it also describes a group of certain degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. These are: […] Hereditary ataxia may progress over a number of years. How severe the disability is depends on the type of ataxia, the age when the symptoms start, and other factors. […] As the disease gets worse, muscles react less and less to the commands of the brain. This causes balance and coordination to get worse over time. […] Symptoms and when they start may vary, depending on the type of ataxia. The most common symptoms include: Balance and movement problems (affected first), Poor movement of hands, arms, and legs, Slurring of speech, Wide-based gait when walking, Trouble writing and eating, Slow eye movements, Falls.

• #15 Friedreich’s Ataxia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/friedreichs-ataxia

  Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a rare, progressive neurogenetic condition found in approximately 1 in 50,000 people worldwide. […] FA affects the function of the cerebellum, the part of the brain that helps plan and coordinate movements. […] In a person with Friedreich’s ataxia, this flow of sensory information particularly through the peripheral nerves and the spinal cord is severely affected. The loss of nerve sense leads to poor balance and coordination due to a decrease in the ability to identify where your limbs are in space (proprioception) all of these are common symptoms of FA. […] In most cases, ataxia is the first symptom of FA, and a person with the disorder will have general unsteadiness when walking and will often trip or stumble especially in dark conditions. Over time, speech may change and become more slurred, handwriting may become less clear, and fine motor movements of the hands and feet may become harder to execute.

• #16 Ataxia Symptoms In Adults: Spot The Signs

  https://drchandrilchugh.com/ataxia/ataxia-symptoms-in-adults-spot-the-signs/

  Ataxia is characterized by impaired coordination and movement, impacting various aspects of daily life. Recognizing the symptoms early can help in seeking appropriate medical attention and intervention. Ataxia symptoms in adults can manifest in several ways. You may notice poor coordination, an unsteady gait, trouble with fine motor tasks, changes in speech, uncontrolled eye movements, or difficulty swallowing. These symptoms can significantly impact your ability to perform everyday activities and enjoy a good quality of life. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and management of ataxia in adults. It allows healthcare professionals to develop personalized treatment plans and provide comprehensive care tailored to individual needs. […] Ataxia can lead to various complications that can significantly impact your daily life. It is important to be aware of these potential complications and take appropriate measures to manage them. Some of the complications associated with ataxia in adults include: Difficulty with daily activities, Increased risk of falls and injuries, Pressure sores, Respiratory issues, Swallowing difficulties, Speech problems, Dizziness, Spasticity, Rigidity, Tremors, Pain, Fatigue, Low blood pressure, Bowel or bladder dysfunction. […] The common symptoms of ataxia in adults include poor coordination, unsteady gait, balance issues, trouble with fine motor tasks, changes in speech, uncontrolled eye movements, and difficulty swallowing.

• #17 Ataxia and MS

  https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/ataxia-ms

  Sensory ataxia in MS causes you to have an unsteady walk. You may drive your heels into the floor when you walk, so it seems like you’re stomping. […] Vestibular ataxia causes vertigo, loss of balance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and eye jitters or twitches. […] Ataxia can make many ordinary daily tasks a real challenge. You may struggle to dress yourself, hold a fork, open a jar, or type on your computer keyboard or phone. […] People with MS who have ataxia are more likely to fall down or trip. […] Ataxia can cause vision problems. You may not be able to control your eye movements or focus, so it’s difficult to read. […] You may have trouble swallowing food, and even choke or gag when you drink a glass of water. […] Ataxia can cause severe fatigue for some people with MS. […] Living with ataxia can take an emotional toll. You may be embarrassed by your tremors or loss of balance.

• #18 Ataxia. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/ataxia

  Ataxia is a motor disorder characterized by a lack of coordination in performing voluntary movements that alters their speed and accuracy. This lack of coordination affects walking, limbs and speech. […] The symptoms mainly affect the coordination of voluntary movements. The most characteristic are: Instability when walking, which generally causes an increase in the support base during walking. In advanced cases the instability can affect the trocar and produce difficulty in remaining seated. […] Incoordination of the voluntary movements in arms and legs, which produces difficulty in performing precision movements and in many cases there is also trembling. […] Speech alteration with difficulty in articulation and control of voice volume, tone and breathing. […] Alteration of the movements of the eyes that can produce double vision (diplopia) or sensation of movements of the objects (nystagmus).

• #19 Ataxia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/ataxia/

  Its possible for someone with acquired ataxia to reduce their symptoms (and sometimes stop them altogether) by making changes to their diet or lifestyle. […] There is no cure for ataxia. If the underlying cause of your ataxia is known, this can sometimes be treated which can help improve symptoms or stop your ataxia getting worse. […] If acquired ataxia is caused by brain damage from a stroke or severe head injury, it might not be possible to treat the condition. […] Ataxia can cause bladder problems like urinary urgency, or sometimes, urinary incontinence. […] Damage to the heart muscle, known as cardiomyopathy can be a feature of inherited ataxia.

• #20 What is Friedreich’s ataxia? – Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance

  https://www.curefa.org/understanding-fa/what-is-friedreichs-ataxia/

  Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a genetic, progressive neuromuscular disease. People with FA experience issues with balance and coordination of movement that lead to life-altering loss of mobility. Other common symptoms can include fatigue, serious heart conditions, scoliosis, and diabetes. FA is life-shortening and affects an estimated 5,000 individuals in the United States and 15,000 worldwide. […] All individuals with FA experience ataxia and neurological symptoms, but the severity and progression of these symptoms differ from person to person. Other symptoms also vary between individuals and are not always present. Different symptoms may appear over time, not necessarily all at once. […] All people with FA experience ataxia, a loss of coordinated movement stemming from a disruption in the nervous system. It affects both fine and gross motor skills. What begins as difficulty with balance or clumsiness progresses to difficulty performing everyday activities.

• #21 Spinocerebellar Ataxias including Machado-Joseph Disease | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinocerebellar-ataxias-including-machado-joseph-disease

  Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) refer to a group of rare, genetic neurological disorders that cause loss of muscle control, coordination, and balance. […] The types and severity of symptoms vary among SCAs, but they are progressive, meaning the symptoms worsen with time. Some forms of SCA may progress slowly over a period of years, while others worsen within months. Generally, people with SCA will require a wheelchair within 10 to 20 years of diagnosis. SCA can be fatal although some people with the disease have an average lifespan. […] Symptoms of SCA include progressive loss of coordination and balance, progressive lack of coordination in the arms and legs, including tremor, slowness of movement, problems with walking (gait), decreased muscle tone, vision problems, particularly with focusing the eyes and unwanted eye movements, difficulty speaking (dysarthria) and swallowing (dysphagia), and cognitive problems (thinking, remembering, and concentration).

• #22 The patient’s journey: the progressive ataxias

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1273458/

  There are many different kinds of progressive ataxia. Although early symptoms tend to be similar, there is no typical patient. The speed at which the condition progresses varies between different types of ataxia and between individuals. The age when symptoms start also varies. […] Progressive ataxia describes a group of uncommon neurological disorders, characterised by problems with balance and coordination. […] The types of ataxia discussed here are chronic conditions that progress slowly and often result in people losing their ability to walk. Another common symptom is slurring of speech. […] Many of the progressive ataxias are inherited conditions. […] Average age of onset is 15 years, but symptoms can start at an age as early as 2 years. […] In general, the older age of onset, the less severe the symptoms.

• #23 Overview of Adult Onset Cerebellar Ataxia

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/overview-of-adult-onset-cerebellar-ataxia/30737/

  Chronic and indolent progression over months to years is most frequently associated with genetic ataxias; toxins (primarily alcohol); MS; storage disorders (lipid, lysosomal, peroxisomal); sporadic neurodegenerative disorders (MSA-C); ILOCA; SPN and SG; or Neurosyphilis (NS). […] Rates of progression vary in individuals. All possible etiologies should be considered when the clinical course is not firmly established.

• #24 Diagnosis and management of progressive ataxia in adults | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/19/3/196

  Rapid progression (within weeks to months) is characteristic of paraneoplastic spinocerebellar degeneration and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. […] Multiple systems atrophy type C can also advance faster than other progressive neurodegenerative ataxias (including inherited types), which generally progress over many years. […] There are validated measures (such as the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia) to monitor the rate of progression serially. […] The impact of cerebellar disease on cognition is not widely known but can significantly impact on morbidity. […] The recommendations in these guidelines are drawn from the wider field of progressive neurological conditions.

• #25 Friedreich’s ataxia symptoms | Friedreich’s Ataxia NewsEnvelope icon

  https://friedreichsataxianews.com/symptoms-of-friedreichs-ataxia/

  Patients usually become increasingly reliant on walking aids to move around. While the rate of FA progression varies, a majority of patients will need a wheelchair within 10-20 years after their symptoms first appear. […] Patients who have lost the ability to walk may maintain upper body strength for some time, but ataxia and muscle weakness can eventually progress to affect the arms and trunk. […] While many symptoms can be observed in FA, their presence and severity is highly variable from patient to patient. Genetics may strongly influence which symptoms of FA a patient experiences and how fast they progress. […] A greater number of repeats — which are associated with lower frataxin levels — is generally linked to earlier disease onset and more severe symptoms. More repeats have been linked to an earlier need for walking assistance devices and to heart disease. […] These forms of FA are associated with a slower disease progression than in typical FA. These patients may be less likely to develop certain symptoms, including cardiomyopathy or scoliosis, and may take longer to become wheelchair-bound.

• #26 Friedreich’s ataxia symptoms | Friedreich’s Ataxia NewsEnvelope icon

  https://friedreichsataxianews.com/symptoms-of-friedreichs-ataxia/

  Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a rare condition marked by the hallmark symptom of ataxia, which is characterized by a lack of coordination and muscle control during voluntary movements. […] FA symptoms usually emerge between the ages of 5-15 and progressively worsen over time. Nevertheless, FA age of onset and the severity and FA progression varies based on the underlying genetic mutation and other clinical factors. […] FA is characterized by progressive degeneration of the nerve fibers running from the body to the spinal cord (peripheral nerves) and of the cerebellum — a brain region that coordinates voluntary movement. […] As the disease progresses, people with FA usually experience profound muscle weakness that significantly impacts walking, upper limb movements, speech, and swallowing.

• #27 Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA): Symptoms, Causes & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24077-spinocerebellar-ataxia

  Ataxia is a degenerative condition that affects your nervous system. It involves problems with coordination and movement. […] Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a group of inherited brain disorders. It affects your cerebellum, a part of your brain vital to coordination of physical movement, and sometimes your spinal cord. This inherited condition worsens over time and causes specific problems with coordination, usually affecting: […] Signs and symptoms of SCA usually appear after age 18 and slowly worsen over several years. […] Spinocerebellar ataxia symptoms often include: […] Theres no known cure for SCA. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. […] Ataxia life expectancy varies widely, depending on the type and severity. Sadly, many cases of SCA cause premature death.

• #28 Spinocerebellar Ataxias including Machado-Joseph Disease | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinocerebellar-ataxias-including-machado-joseph-disease

  SCA1 involves weakness and paralysis of the muscles of the eye and eyelid, blurred and double vision, and problems with moving the eyes. There will be ataxiathe loss of control and coordination of muscles we can willingly moveof the arms and legs, and problems speaking and swallowing. […] SCA2 involves vision problems, eye muscle control, and degeneration of the retina. […] SCA3 is characterized by slowly progressive clumsiness in the arms and legs, a staggering or lurching gait, difficulty with speech and swallowing, impaired eye movements sometimes accompanied by double vision or bulging eyes, and lower limb spasticity. […] SCA6 involves ataxia, problems walking, problems speaking, and involuntary side to side/up and down motions of the eyes that may include limited or reduced vision. SCA6 generally begins between the ages of 20 and 50 years, and progresses slowly.

• #29 Types of Ataxia | Department of Neurology | The University of Chicago

  https://neurology.uchicago.edu/patient-care/ataxia-types

  Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP) is an infantile-onset syndrome described in a single Spanish family that has clinical overlap with the other spinocerebellar ataxias. This disorder has onset between 2 and 14 years of age. Initial symptoms are progressive sensory ataxia and visual loss. […] Among SCA patients the proportion with SCA1 ranges from 3% in Japan to 40% in Russia and South Africa. Initial symptoms are gait unsteadiness, but increasing dysarthria and dysphagia soon follow. The rate of progression in adult-onset SCA1 may vary considerably, with confinement to wheelchair between 3 and 17 years after onset and death from ten to 30 years after onset. […] The mean age of onset of SCA2 is in the 4th decade, but is more rapidly progressive when onset occurs before age 20. In adult-onset SCA2 confinement to wheelchair may occur 10-20 years after onset, and death may occur 10-30 years after onset.

• #30 Types of Ataxia | Department of Neurology | The University of Chicago

  https://neurology.uchicago.edu/patient-care/ataxia-types

  SCA3 or Machado-Joseph disease is the most common recognized form of SCA in most populations. Initial symptoms are usually unsteadiness or stiffness of gait, clumsiness, and slurred speech, but a significant proportion of patients develop diplopia before any gait difficulty. Typically the disease is slowly progressive, leading to the need for assistive devices including a wheelchair 10 to 15 years after onset. […] Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) was originally described in an American family. Initial symptoms consist of slowly progressive gait unsteadiness and dysarthria. The ataxia is very slowly progressive and some patients remain ambulatory for well after 10 years. […] The age of onset of SCA6 ranges from 19 to 71 years, with a mean age of onset in the fifth decade. Initial symptoms are gait unsteadiness, stumbling, and imbalance in about 90% of cases. Symptoms progress slowly, and eventually all patients have gait ataxia, upper limb incoordination, intention tremor, and dysarthria.

• #31 Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA): Symptoms, Causes & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24077-spinocerebellar-ataxia

  How quickly the condition progresses also depends on type and severity. As a result, genetic testing may help with predicting course in addition to making a definitive diagnosis. Many people need a wheelchair within 10 to 15 years of their first symptoms. Its common for people with SCA to eventually need help with daily tasks. […] Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a group of inherited brain disorders. The various types all cause issues with coordination and movement, which worsen over time.

• #32 Signs and Symptoms of Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/friedreichs-ataxia/signs-and-symptoms

  In Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), the sequence and severity of symptoms varies greatly from person to person. Ataxia, or loss of balance and coordination, is usually the first symptom noticed. […] Usually, ataxia first affects the legs and torso, causing frequent tripping, poor performance in sports or just an unsteady walk. Balance and coordination continue to decline over time, and muscles in the legs become weak and easily fatigued, making it increasingly difficult to walk. […] Several years later, people with FRDA may have difficulty with speech, and their words might come out in a slow, jerky pattern. […] Someone with the „typical” form of FRDA might begin using a wheelchair anytime between five and 15 years after disease onset. […] Many people with FRDA whove lost the ability to walk maintain their upper-body strength and coordination for several years afterward. Later in the disease, ataxia and weakness of the arms and hands may interfere with the performing of fine manual tasks like writing or manipulating buttons and zippers. […] Spasticity (muscle tightness) is sometimes experienced by people with FRDA, and may be especially prominent in late-onset cases.

• #33 Friedreich’s Ataxia – Brain Foundation

  https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/friedreichs-ataxia/

  Friedreichs ataxia is a genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from muscle weakness and speech problems to heart disease. Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord and of nerves that control muscle movement in the arms and legs. […] Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15 but can appear as early as 18 months or as late as 30 years of age. The first symptom is usually difficulty in walking. The ataxia gradually worsens and slowly spreads to the arms and then the trunk. Foot deformities such as clubfoot, flexion (involuntary bending) of the toes, hammer toes, or foot inversion (turning in) may be early signs. Rapid, rhythmic, involuntary movements of the eyeball are common.

• #34 Types of Ataxia | Department of Neurology | The University of Chicago

  https://neurology.uchicago.edu/patient-care/ataxia-types

  Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) which represents out 1/2 of all cases of hereditary ataxia has a prevalence of 2-4/100,000 and is the most common form of hereditary ataxia. The classic form has an age of onset between 2-25 years. Gait ataxia progresses steadily, but worsening of both ataxia and scoliosis may seem greater during rapid growth in puberty. Dysarthria and hand incoordination usually develop in the next few years. Progression of the ataxia in the classic form is fairly uniform and patients are wheelchair bound 12 years after onset. […] Infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia (IOSCA) is a rare, recessively inherited condition recognized in a single kindred in Finland. These patients develop clumsiness and lose their ability to walk between 1 and 2 years of age. By school age, they develop ophthalmoplegia and loss of hearing. Neurological examination reveals ataxia, athetosis, and muscle hypotonia with loss of deep tendon reflexes.

• #35 Friedreich’s Ataxia – Brain Foundation

  https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/friedreichs-ataxia/

  Friedreichs ataxia usually results, within eight to ten years following the onset of symptoms, in an inability to walk. […] Generally, within 15 to 20 years after the appearance of the first symptoms, the person is confined to a wheelchair, and in later stages of the disease, individuals become completely incapacitated. Most people with Friedreichs ataxia die in early adulthood if there is significant heart disease, the most common cause of death. Some people with less severe symptoms live much longer.

• #36 Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1113394-clinical

  Even in classic ataxia-telangiectasia with ataxia and telangiectasia, the onset of clinical symptoms and the rate of progression are variable. Several reports describe differences in the age of presentation and the rates of progression. […] Ataxia has its onset in infancy, becoming apparent when the child begins to walk (usually from 12-14 mo). From this early stage, ataxia is associated with abnormal head movements and is slowly and steadily progressive; however, the normal development of motor skills between ages 2-5 years tends to mask the progression of ataxia, so that parents may report an actual improvement in gait. At this point, a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, ataxic or athetoid, is frequently made, but children who are affected have a peculiar gait like little clowns; this finding is highly suggestive of ataxia-telangiectasia.

• #37 Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1113394-clinical

  Ataxia is relentlessly progressive, but the pace is variable, even in the same sibship. Beyond age 5 years, the progression of the ataxia becomes increasingly apparent, and misdiagnosis of Friedreich ataxia may be made, particularly if the telangiectasia has not yet appeared. In a study of 70 patients with ataxia-telangiectasia, the incidence of the onset of symptoms of ataxia was 20% prior to age 1 year, 65% before age 2 years, and 85% by age 4 years. At a typical rate of progression, the child requires a wheelchair by age 10 or 11 years, even when muscular strength continues to be good. […] Dyssynergia and intention tremor of the extremities become prominent features with age. […] The myoclonus may result in sudden and frequent falling and, in itself, make the child nonambulatory. […] Slow initiation and performance of all voluntary activity and muscular hypotonia are characteristic and are also manifestations of cerebellar symptomatology.

• #38

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/ataxia/

  Ataxia is a term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech. […] Any part of the body can be affected, but people with ataxia often have difficulties with: balance and walking, speaking, vision, swallowing, tasks that require a high degree of control, such as writing and eating. […] The exact symptoms and their severity vary depending on the type of ataxia a person has. […] The outlook for ataxia can vary considerably and largely depends on the type of ataxia you have. Some types may remain relatively stable or even improve with time, but most will get progressively worse over many years. […] The symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia usually get gradually worse over many years. People with the condition tend to have a shorter life expectancy than normal. […] The symptoms of AT tend to get worse quite quickly. People with the condition usually live until the age of 19 to 25, although some may live into their 50s.

• #39 Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1113394-clinical

  The early absence of spinal signs in younger patients with ataxia-telangiectasia is consistent with the histopathologic findings that significant spinal cord involvement occurs much later than the devastating early cerebellar degeneration. […] Choreoathetosis is seen more in older children than in younger children, in whom the purely cerebellar picture predominates and may be so marked in some patients as to overshadow or mask the ataxia. […] The hypotonic cerebellar facies, though often described in the literature as masklike, appears so only in older patients with ataxia-telangiectasia, in whom the facial skin has become atrophic and inelastic. […] The wasted face, the scattered gray hairs, the oculocutaneous telangiectasia, and the stooped posture give the older children an appearance of premature aging.

• #40 Episodic ataxia: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/episodic-ataxia/

  Episodic ataxia is a group of related conditions that affect the nervous system and cause problems with movement and coordination. People with episodic ataxia have episodes of poor coordination and balance (ataxia). During these episodes, many people also experience dizziness (vertigo), nausea and vomiting, migraines, blurred or double vision, slurred speech, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Seizures, muscle weakness, and paralysis that affect one side of the body (hemiplegia) may also occur during these episodes. […] Episodes of ataxia and other symptoms can begin anytime from early childhood to adulthood. They can be triggered by environmental factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, certain medications, physical activity, and illness. The duration of episodes may vary from seconds to days, and the frequency ranges from several episodes per day to one or two every few months. Between episodes, affected individuals may have no signs or symptoms. However, some continue to experience ataxia, which may worsen over time. […] Researchers have identified at least 11 types of episodic ataxia, distinguished by their pattern of signs and symptoms, age of onset, length of episodes, and genetic cause.

• #41 Episodic ataxia — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/episodic-ataxia/

  Episodic ataxia is characterised by ataxic symptoms that occur in attacks with a clear onset and resolution. […] Ataxic symptoms occur in attacks with a clear onset and resolution. There may be a recognisable trigger, such as emotional stress, physical exertion, environmental temperature, caffeine, alcohol or sudden movement. […] The core features during an episode are ataxia, dysarthria and nystagmus. Other features can include sweating, vertigo, headache, muscle stiffness or weakness, rippling muscle movement (myokymia), dystonia, tremor, diplopia, hemiplegia, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus. […] Episodes can vary in length from seconds to days. Frequency and age of onset vary. […] Interictal features such as ataxia, myokymia or gaze-evoked nystagmus may be present and can be progressive. […] Joint contractures can develop as a complication. […] Brain imaging may show cerebellar vermis atrophy.

• #42 Episodic Ataxia Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ataxia-5184300

  Episodic ataxia is a group of uncommon disorders that cause periods during which a person is unable to control bodily movements (ataxia). Episodes can last anywhere from seconds to days and can occur several times a day or once or twice every few months. […] In some people, ataxia gets progressively worse. In others, it may disappear over time. […] Unlike EA1, episodic ataxia type 2 can lead to injury to the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordination. Due to this slowly worsening damage, people with EA2 can lose voluntary control of the muscles in between their periodic attacks as well. […] Not all types of episodic ataxia are numbered, such as episodic ataxia with paroxysmal choreoathetosis and spasticity. […] This form progresses slowly and does not respond well to treatment. […] Symptoms of both EA1 and EA2 improve with acetazolamide, a medication that is usually used as a diuretic or to help change acidity levels in the blood. […] Episodes of uncontrollable muscle movements vary in length and frequency and may improve over time.

• #43

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/ataxia/

  The symptoms vary depending on the type of SCA. They can include: problems with balance and co-ordination many people find walking difficult and need to use a wheelchair after a few years. […] The symptoms of episodic ataxia may disappear as a person gets older, although sometimes the condition gets gradually worse over time. […] Acquired ataxia can have a wide range of potential causes. […] Damage can occur as a result of injury or illness (acquired ataxia) or because the cerebellum or spinal cord degenerates because of an inherited faulty gene (hereditary ataxia). […] In most cases, there’s no cure for ataxia and supportive treatment to control the symptoms is necessary. […] The treatment for ataxia can vary depending on exactly what type of ataxia you have. […] In a few cases of ataxia, it may be possible to improve the condition or stop it getting worse by treating the underlying cause.

• #44 Ataxia | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/ataxia

  People with ataxia have problems with balance and coordination when they move. It is a symptom caused by different diseases. These diseases affect the parts of the central nervous system that control your balance and coordination. […] Symptoms generally start in adulthood. They may accompany other symptoms that are often symptoms of Parkinsons disease (stiffness, slow movements, tremors while resting) or autonomic neuropathy (having trouble controlling blood pressure, and bladder and bowel function). […] This can start suddenly or gradually. It is a symptom of many medical and neurological conditions, including: Vascular injury (stroke), Metabolic problems, such as hypothyroidism and vitamin E or B12 deficiency, Exposure to certain drugs or toxins, such as long-term alcohol exposure, heavy metals, and some seizure or cancer medications, Infectious diseases, such as HIV, syphilis or a viral infection of the brain, Cancer, either in the brain or other areas of the body, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Head trauma, Cerebral palsy, Congenital malformations.

• #45 Acute cerebellar ataxia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001397.htm

  Acute cerebellar ataxia is sudden inability to coordinate muscle movement due to disease or injury to the cerebellum. This is the area in the brain that controls muscle movement. Ataxia means loss of muscle coordination, especially of the hands and legs. […] Ataxia may affect movement of the middle part of the body from the neck to the hip area (the trunk) or the arms and legs (limbs). […] Common symptoms of ataxia include: Clumsy speech pattern (dysarthria), Repetitive eye movements (nystagmus), Uncoordinated eye movements, Walking problems (unsteady gait) that can lead to falls, Difficulty controlling arm movements. […] People whose condition was caused by a recent viral infection should make a full recovery without treatment in a few months. Strokes, bleeding, or infections may cause permanent symptoms.

• #46

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/ataxia

  Vestibular ataxia affects the inner ear and ear canals. It dulls the sense of balance and ability to detect head movements. Symptoms include blurred vision, dizziness and difficulty walking in a straight line. […] You can recover from ataxia symptoms when they start because of another disorder thats treatable. For example, if a vitamin deficiency caused your ataxia symptoms, increasing your vitamin levels should stop the symptoms and the ongoing damage to your nervous system. […] When your ataxia symptoms were caused by a hereditary or sporadic genetic ataxia condition, treatment will minimize your symptoms, but your ataxia condition wont be cured. […] The best treatment for acquired ataxia symptoms with an underlying cause such as a stroke or a head injury is treatment for the underlying condition. Once the existing condition has been dealt with, the ataxia symptoms should improve. […] While there is no cure for a genetic ataxia condition, treatment aims to manage symptoms. Medications may be prescribed for individual symptoms.

• #47

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ataxia/symptoms/

  Idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA) this usually begins at around 50 years of age and gets slowly worse over time. […] Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency a similar condition to Friedreich’s ataxia caused by problems with the body’s ability to use vitamin E in the diet; it’s often possible to control the symptoms with vitamin E supplements.

• #48 Types of Ataxia | Department of Neurology | The University of Chicago

  https://neurology.uchicago.edu/patient-care/ataxia-types

  About 1/3 of SCA patients do not appear to suffer from a form of familial SCA. These patients have a more slowly progressive form, may remain ambulatory for well beyond 5 years, and do not have a shortened life span. The remaining approximately 2/3 of sporadic ataxia patients develop a form of multiple system atrophy (MSA), characterized by ataxia associated with a combination of dementia, ophthalmoplegia, bulbar findings, tremor, bradykinesia or rigidity, autonomic dysfunction or other neurological abnormalities. […] false

• #49 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ataxia-Types.aspx

  One of the earliest symptoms noticed in ataxia is loss of balance and co-ordination in the limbs. The limbs may feel numb or may lose strength altogether. […] Walking becomes difficult as the sufferers may have to keep their feet apart to prevent falling over. A wheelchair may be required for transportation in most patients with ataxia sooner or later. […] As the condition progresses there is difficulty in speaking and the condition affects the mouth and the tongue. Speech starts to slur and becomes unclear. Slowly the capacity to swallow food becomes difficult with the person often choking on food. […] The symptoms are similar to hereditary ataxias but they are rapid in onset. In addition they may result after certain diseases or conditions such as strokes, multiple scleroses etc. […] These ataxias are rare and generally begin around the age of 50 and then progressively worsen with time. There are symptoms affecting walking, balance, disturbed sleep, double vision, cognitive changes, memory loss, and urinary incontinence. etc.

• #50 Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.911

  Tremor is an elemental component of SCAs, with diverse phenomenology, and emphasizes the role of the cerebellum in tremor. […] The clinical scenario becomes intriguing when the patient presents with a postural tremor in the absence of significant ataxia, or with a predominant rest tremor. […] Hence, tremor forms an essential component of SCAs. […] A report from a SCA cohort documented an association between postural tremor and ataxia progression. […] While the rate of ataxia progression was faster in SCA2 with postural tremor, a reverse trend was seen in SCA1 and SCA6, and there was no such correlation in SCA3. […] The presence of tremor had no association with the age of ataxia onset, gender, or age at assessment. […] Tremor in SCA2 was found to be associated with a longer duration of disease, larger CAG repeat expansion, and faster progression.

• #51 Ataxia: Definition, Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ataxia

  Ataxia is an impairment of muscle control or coordination. […] It can affect people of any age. Its often progressive, meaning that symptoms worsen over time. The rate of progression can vary by person as well as by type of ataxia. […] Some of the most common symptoms of ataxia can include: problems with coordination and balance, which can include clumsiness, an unsteady gait, and frequent falling; trouble with fine motor tasks, such as writing, picking up small objects, or buttoning clothes; slurred or unclear speech; tremors or muscle spasms; difficulties with eating or swallowing; unusual eye movements, such as slower than normal eye movement, or nystagmus, a type of involuntary eye movement. […] Its important to remember that ataxia symptoms can vary by the type of ataxia as well as its severity.

• #52 Ataxia – Neurological condition

  https://www.brainresearchuk.org.uk/neurological-conditions/ataxia

  Affected people may experience the following: Problems with coordination and balance […] Depending on the type of SCA, signs and symptoms can onset anytime from childhood to late adulthood. For most people, symptoms get progressively worse, severely affecting their ability to walk and talk, and to live independently. […] Friedreich’s ataxia is the most common type of hereditary ataxia. Symptoms usually develop before the age of 25 years. The symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia usually get gradually worse over time. People with the condition tend to have a shorter-than-average life expectancy. […] Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rarer type of hereditary ataxia. The symptoms of AT tend to get worse quite quickly. People with the condition generally don’t live beyond their mid-twenties.

• #53 Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.911

  Overall, the various case series suggest that tremor is most common in SCA2, followed by SCA3 and least in SCA1. […] And, in general, a higher prevalence of tremor in SCA was noted with worsening of ataxia, except for postural tremor in SCA1 and SCA2. […] However, there is considerable variation in tremor data in SCAs, and contradicting reports often deviate from this general trend. […] Tremors in SCAs display a diverse phenomenology. […] The prevalence of the different types of tremors varies among the SCAs, with tremor being exceedingly common in some, such as SCA12. […] While postural or action tremor is the commonest presentation, several SCAs also manifest rest tremor, and several other tremor types. […] Tremors in SCAs bear important pathophysiological connotations linked to the cerebellar networks, and it helps to substantiate the role of the cerebellum as a primary driving force for tremor.

• #54 What is Friedreich’s ataxia? – Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance

  https://www.curefa.org/understanding-fa/what-is-friedreichs-ataxia/

  About 70% of people with FA have scoliosis, or sideways curvature of the spine. In some individuals this can progress and require corrective surgery. […] Fatigue impacts most people with FA. More than just general tiredness, fatigue is a type of exhaustion that can affect everyday activities. […] Over time, people with FA may develop slurred speech, called dysarthria. This can cause difficulty with communication. […] While not typically present at time of diagnosis, people with FA can develop loss of peripheral, central, and color vision over time. Vision impairment with FA has impact on quality of life. […] People with FA can develop hearing impairment. In particular, people with FA may have difficulty understanding the speech of others, especially in a noisy environment. This symptom is not usually present at the time of diagnosis.

• #55 Ataxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17748-ataxia

  In many cases, people develop ataxia symptoms because theyre tired or stressed. […] There are certain warning signs that ataxia is happening because of a more severe problem that needs medical attention. […] Whether or not ataxia will affect your lifespan depends entirely on why its happening. […] Ataxia is often a symptom of conditions that affect your brain, nervous system or ears.

• #56 Mild symptoms: I happen to have found out that I… – Ataxia UK

  https://healthunlocked.com/ataxia-uk/posts/171023/mild-symptoms

  I happen to have found out that I have inherited late onset cerebellar ataxia (probably SCA6) from my father. […] I imagine that most people, when they see me, do not think I have ataxia, because I do not exhibit any typical symptoms. In fact I am hardly aware of my symptoms. […] However, I have the image of my father who, by my age, zigzagged when he walked and was already slurring his speech. […] Although I have now come to terms with the fact that I will acquire these symptoms in the coming years (or decades), for the first year or so after my diagnosis I found it difficult to entertain the idea that, as I grew older, I would be disabled like my father. […] I would like to say I get on with my life without thinking about it but I wouldnt be on here if that was the case. […] I would also recommend Wii fit exercise and healthy diet.

• #57 Ataxia: How to Improve Balance and Coordination After Injury

  https://www.flintrehab.com/ataxia/?srsltid=AfmBOooJ15AFHVSETeinJ4zpczZgUqUT6FWhavz_xqN5wrHVsxvcT0xf

  Survivors with ataxia typically experience imbalance, appear clumsy and have poor coordination of the arms, hands, or legs. Symptoms of ataxia can present suddenly or develop over time. Ataxia can also affect different parts of the body. […] Symptoms vary and may be unpredictable. Therefore, its important to consult with your healthcare provider if you experience any new or recurrent symptoms. They can provide you with a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. […] Treating ataxia is important because if left untreated, it can progress and get worse over time. As ataxia progresses, muscles can become less responsive to the commands of the brain. As a result, coordination and balance can worsen and other complications can develop. […] If left untreated, ataxia may progress and increase the risk of developing complications. Therefore, obtaining a proper diagnosis is essential to begin treatment. One of the most essential elements for treating ataxia is rehabilitation which can include a combination of physical, occupational, speech, and home therapy exercises.

• #58 Ataxia: Symptoms, Causes and Management (Hardcover) | Sandman Books

  https://www.sandmanbooks.com/book/9781639877980?srsltid=AfmBOoo9nFPz5UZbQtfH8m_s25M1Pa11jc1AsusbOgjGpVK2B1JJDTM6

  Ataxia is a term used to refer to a group of neurological diseases that are characterized by a lack of voluntary muscle coordination, movements, balance and speech. […] The most common symptoms of this disease are speech changes, difficulty in walking, lack of coordination in eye movements, tremors, heart problems, and problems while eating and swallowing. […] A patient’s functionality and progress can be evaluated using certain assessment tools such as imaging tests, blood tests, lumbar puncture and genetic testing.

• #59 Ataxia in children – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/ataxia

  Vestibular ataxia symptoms include dizziness, nausea and vomiting, problems standing and sitting upright, and trouble walking in a straight line. […] Ataxia is diagnosed by a physical exam with one of our pediatric ataxia experts. During the exam, your child’s doctor will test each brain system that can cause ataxia to identify which type of ataxia your child has. […] Treatment for ataxia depends on what causes it. For example, if a child has a vitamin E or vitamin B12 deficiency that’s causing ataxia, we can give your child extra vitamins to make their symptoms disappear. In most cases, your child’s doctor will manage ataxia symptoms with the goal of preventing the ataxia from getting worse.

• #60 Symptoms Of Ataxia And How They Progress – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/symptoms-of-ataxia-and-how-they-progress/

  Ataxia represents a neurological disorder that entails the disturbance in coordination of voluntary movement. It attacks various parts of the body and can cause balance and walking problems, speech disorders, and disturbances in fine motor skills. […] A deteriorated sense of balance and coordination, difficulty walking, or an uncoordinated gait are usually the first symptoms. Disease progression may also include a change in muscle tone, spasticity, rigidity, and alterations in eye movements, such as nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye roving). […] Abnormal gait is often the initial characteristic sign of ataxia, manifested as unsteady balance that leads to walking problems. […] As ataxia progresses, walking becomes more difficult, and the risk of falls increases. People with ataxia are more likely to fall, which can lead to serious injuries. Over time, fine motor skills and dexterity are also lost, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as buttoning clothes and writing.

• #61 Ataxia | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/ataxia.html

  Ataxia may be short-term (temporary), such as being under the influence of alcohol, medicine, or drugs. Or it can be long-term (permanent) from a stroke or other brain or nerve injury. It can also get worse (be progressive) from a degenerative disorder. Your prognosis depends on the cause. […] There is no cure for hereditary ataxia. But treatments can help manage symptoms. Treating other causes of ataxia can also help reduce symptoms. […] Each type of ataxia may progress differently. Falling or becoming chair- or bed-bound may lead to injury, pressure sores, infection, and blood clots. […] In severe cases, a person may have rigidity that is not treatable, breathing trouble, or choking, which can lead to death.

• #62 The patient’s journey: the progressive ataxias

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1273458/

  Patients have often already had children before their own inherited condition is diagnosed. […] The impact of the diagnosis of a hereditary condition reaches well beyond the individual. […] Their stories reflect the variety of progressive ataxias in terms of severity of symptoms, and they also show people at different stages of their lives. […] It doesn’t stop; there’s always something else. […] Although the progressive ataxias are often life shortening, it is impossible to predict life expectancy. This is because there are many different progressive ataxias and variation between individuals is great. […] For some patients, the last stages of their illness will require continuing care by professionals in a care home. […] It should be emphasised, however, that total physical dependency is not the inevitable outcome for all people with the disorder. […] Early diagnosis is so important for patients. They can access appropriate help earlier in the course of their disease. […] Communication between the patient’s doctor, other professionals, and the patient is vital.

• #63 Ataxia

  https://healthlibrary.osfhealthcare.org/85,P08765

  Ataxia may progress over a number of years. […] As the disease gets worse, muscles react less and less to the commands of the brain. This causes balance and coordination to get worse over time. […] Each type of ataxia may progress differently. […] Ataxia may be short-term (temporary), such as being under the influence of alcohol, medicine, or drugs. Or it can be long-term (permanent) from a stroke or other brain or nerve injury. It can also get worse (be progressive) from a degenerative disorder. Your prognosis depends on the cause. […] In severe cases, a person may have rigidity that is not treatable, breathing trouble, or choking, which can lead to death.

• #64 Ataxia: Definition, Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/ataxia

  The root cause of ataxia will determine the prognosis and outlook for the future. Seeking help for problems with balance and coordination can help lower the risk of complications. With ataxia, complications can include: Disability, Falls and injuries, Problems at work or school, Trouble with everyday activities, such as walking, driving and self-care.

• #65 Cerebellar ataxia: Symptoms and Treatments | Ada Health

  https://ada.com/conditions/cerebellar-ataxia/

  Cerebellar ataxia is a condition which can lead to a decrease in quality of life. […] Cerebellar ataxia is not always permanent. […] There are also forms of cerebellar ataxia which can improve after a while. […] The most common symptoms of cerebellar ataxia are a loss of balance and issues with walking and muscle coordination. […] In the end stages of cerebellar ataxia, the symptoms will be more severe than in the beginning of the condition due to the damage to the cerebellum.

• #66 Ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis: 7 Symptoms of Poor Muscle Control | MyMSTeam

  https://www.mymsteam.com/resources/ataxia-in-multiple-sclerosis-8-symptoms-of-poor-muscle-control

  Ataxia can make you feel more clumsy and more likely to fall. […] A tremor is an uncontrolled shaking movement. Tremors can affect the head, vocal cords, torso, arms, and legs. […] Having speech problems. […] Damage to nerve cells in the cerebellum can cause dysfunction in several areas that your brain uses to help you eat. […] Vision problems are often the first symptom people with MS notice. Ataxia can cause blurred or double vision, making it hard to read or watch moving objects. […] Multiple sclerosis and ataxia can cause fatigue. Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of MS. […] Ataxia is a common symptom of MS that can significantly affect your quality of life.

• #67 Mild symptoms: I happen to have found out that I… – Ataxia UK

  https://healthunlocked.com/ataxia-uk/posts/171023/mild-symptoms

  I am now 68 years old and have been suffering from balance problems for the last 20 years, also eye problems, my eyes seem to be moving all the time when I try to concentrate on something I cant use stairs without a rail to hold. […] My nieces daughter was recently diagnosed with Ataxia, she is only 21 years old and her symptoms are very similar to my own although she is progressively getting more disabled whereas my condition has remained more or less the same.

• #68 Ataxia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355655

  Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own. […] Symptoms such as stiffness, tremor and dizziness might improve with other medicines. Your healthcare professional also might recommend adaptive devices or therapies. […] Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia.

• #69 Cerebellar ataxia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia

  For many years, it was thought that postural and balance disorders in cerebellar ataxia were not treatable. However, the results of several recent studies suggest that rehabilitation can relieve postural disorders in patients with cerebellar ataxia. There is now moderate level evidence that rehabilitation is efficient to improve postural capacities of patients with cerebellar ataxia particularly in patients with degenerative ataxia or multiple sclerosis. Intensive rehabilitation programs with balance and coordination exercises are necessary. […] Additionally, mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia may be treatable with buspirone. It is thought that the buspirone increases the serotonin levels in the cerebellum and so decreases ataxia.

• #70 Ataxia and MS

  https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/ataxia-ms

  You may start to feel limited in what activities or tasks you can manage without help from family or friends. […] Tremors are difficult to treat in MS. But a combination of treatments and adjustments to how you perform movements may help you manage ataxia. […] A physical therapist (PT) can guide you to learn and perform a series of exercises to build strength and stability in your core muscles. […] Your physical therapist can prescribe a cane, brace, or walker for you and teach you how to use them properly. […] If you have tremors in the muscles around your mouth, your doctor can refer you to a speech therapist. […] Your doctor may prescribe one of these medications off-label that may relieve your tremors, although they may not be FDA-approved to treat MS tremors.

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